Atomic Structure FULL

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
THEORY
NCERT SOLUTIONS
41 YEARS OF JEE MAINS ADVANCE SOLVED MCQS
32 YEARS OF NEET MCQS
Total Sessions - 10
SESSION -1
AIM
1) To introduce Fundamental particles
2) To introduce Thomson’s and Rutherford Atomic model
3) To introduce terms like atomic number, mass number and isotopes, isobars, isotones
John Dalton coined the term atom. The atom is the fundamental particle of matter and
considered to be indivisible and indestructible.
In fact, the atom as the whole is electrically neutral as number of protons in it is equal to
number of electrons.
The electron, proton and neutron are the main fundamental particles of an atom.
Discovery of electron – study of Cathode rays:

J.J. Thomson observed that, when a high voltage is applied between the electrodes fitted
in discharge tube,at a very low pressure,some invisible radiations are emitted from the
cathode. At this stage wall of the discharge tube near cathode starts glowing.
Gas at low
Discharge tube
Pressure
Faint green glow


Cathode rays
To vacuum pump
Discharge tube experiment – production of cathode rays

Glowing is due to the bombardment of glass wall by the cathode rays. It may be noted that
when the gas pressure in the tube is 1 atm, no electric current flows through the tube.
This is because the gases are poor conductor of electricity.
Origin of Cathode rays:

Cathode rays are first produced in cathode due to bombardment of the gas molecules by the
high-speed electrons emitted first from the cathode.
Properties of Cathode rays

i. Cathode rays travel in straight lines with high speed.
ii. Cathode rays are made up of material particles.
iii. Cathode rays carry negative charge, the negatively charged material particles constituting
the cathode rays are called electrons.
iv. Cathode rays produce heating effect.
v. They cause ionization of the gas through which they pass.
vi. They produce X-rays when they strike against the surface of hard metals like tungsten,
molybdenum etc.
vii. They produce green fluorescence on the glass walls of the discharge tube exp : zinc
sulphide.
viii. They affect the photographic plates.
ix. They possess penetrating effect (i.e., they can easily pass-through thin foils of metals).
x. The nature of the cathode rays does not depend upon the nature of the gas, taken in
the discharge tube and the nature of cathode material.
xi. For each cathode rays, the ratio of charge (e) to mass (m) is constant
Discovery of proton – study of Anode rays:

Goldstein discovered the presence of positive rays.
He performed discharge tube experiment in which he took perforated cathode and a gas at
low pressure was kept inside a discharge tube.
On applying high voltage between electrodes, new rays were coming from the side of anode
and passing through the hole in the cathode gives fluorescence on the opposite glass wall
coated with zinc sulphide.
These rays were called anode rays or canal rays or positive rays.
Perforated cathode
H2 gas at low pressure
Anode rays
 ZnS coating
To vacuum pump
H.V
. Production of anode rays
Origin of anode or positive rays:

In the discharge tube the atoms of gas lose negatively charged electrons. These atoms, thus,
acquire a positive charge. The positively charged particle produced from hydrogen gas was
called the proton.
H→ H+(proton) + e-
Properties of Anode rays:

i) They travel in straight lines. However, their speed is much less than that of the cathode
rays.
ii) They are made up of material particles.

iii) They are positively charged, hence they called as canal rays or anode rays.’
iv) The nature of anode rays depends on the gas taken in the discharge tube.
v) For different gases taken in discharge tube the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of the positive
particles constituting the positive rays is different.
Fundamental particles:
1) Electron: Electron is a universal constituent discovered by the J.J. Thomson.
* Charge: It was determined by Mullikan by oil drop experiment as -1.602x10-19coulombs
or 4.803x10-10 e.s.u.
* Mass:9.11x10-28g (nearly equal to 1/1837th of mass of hydrogen atom).
* Specific charge:e/m ratio is called specific charge & is equal to 1.76x108 coulombs/gm.
* Mass of one mole of electrons: It is 0.55 mg.
* Charge on one mole of electron is 96500 coulombs or 1 faraday.
* Density: 2.17x1017 g/cc.
2. Proton: (+1p0 or 1H1)

* It was discovered by Goldstein.
* Charge:It carries positive charge i.e.1.602 x 10-19coulombs or 4.803x10-10 esu.
* Mass:1.672x10-24g or 1.672x10-27kg.It is 1837 times heavier than an electron.
* Specific charge (e/m):9.58x104coulomb/gm.
3. Neutron (0n1)
* It was discovered by Chadwick by bombarding Be atom with high speed -particles.
𝟒𝐁𝐞𝟗 +𝟐 𝐇𝐞𝟒 → 𝟔𝐂
𝟏𝟐
+ 𝟎 𝐧𝟏
* Charge: Charge less or neutral particle.
* Mass:1.675x10-24 g or 1.675x10-27 kg.
* Density:1.5x1014 g/cm3 and is heavier than proton by 0.18%.
* Specific charge: It is zero.
* Among all the elementary particles neutron is the heaviest and least stable.
Properties of Electron, Proton and Neutron

Properties Electron Proton Neutron
Discovery J.J.Thomson Goldstein Chadwick
-19 -19
Charge -1.6022x10 C 1.6022x10 C Zero
-31 -27
Mass 9.109x10 kg 1.672x10 kg 1.675x10-27 kg
Spin ½ ½ ½
Charge -1 +1 0
Location Outside the nucleus In the nucleus In the nucleus
Classical Models of Atom:

1) Thomson’s Atomic Model
According to Thomson, an atom is a sphere of positive charge having a number of
embedded electrons in it and sufficient enough to neutralize the positive charge. This
model is compared with a water melon in which seeds are embedded or pudding in which
raisins are embedded. Therefore, this model, sometime called watermelon model or raisin
or plum pudding model.
Thomson’s model of an atom

Limitation:
This model failed explain the results of scattering experiment of Rutherford and the
stability of atom.
2) Rutherford’s Atomic Model:

Rutherford, performed -ray scattering experiment in which he bombarded thin foils of
metals like gold, silver, platinum or copper with a beam of fast moving radioactive particles
originated from a lead block. The presence of 𝛼 particles at any point around the thin foil of
gold after striking it was detected with the help of a circular zinc sulphide screen. The point
at which a𝛼 particle strikes this screen, a flash of light is given out.
Observations and Conclusions

 particles ZnS screen
Beam of 
particles + Nucleus
Gold foil (100 nm thickness)
i. Most of the -particles passed through the gold foil without any deflection from
their original path.
Bcz atom has largely empty space as most of the -particles passed through the
foil undeflected.
ii. A few of the alpha particles are deflected fairly at large angles while some are
deflected through small angles.
Bcz there is heavy positive charge at the center of the atom which causes
repulsions.
The entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
iii. A very few -particles are deflected back along their path.
According to Rutherford,
1. Atom is spherical and mostly hollow with a lot of empty space in it.
2. It has a small positively charged part at its center known as nucleus.
3. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. The electrons revolve round the nucleus with
very high speeds in circular paths called orbits.
4. The number of extra nuclear electrons is equal to the number of units of positive charge
in the nucleus. Therefore the atom is electrically neutral. Electrons and the nucleus are
held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.
5. Rutherford’s model has resemblances with solar system. Hence it’s also known as planetary
model of the atom.
6. There is an empty space around the nucleus called extra nuclear part. In this part
electrons are present. As the nucleus of the atom is responsible for the mass of the atom,
the extra nuclear part is responsible for its volume.
Drawbacks:
1. According to the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, when a charged particle moves
under the influence of attractive force it loses energy continuously in the form of
electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, an electron in an orbit will emit radiation.
As a result of this, the electron should lose energy at every turn and move closer
and closer to the nucleus following a spiral path.
The ultimate result is that it will fall into the nucleus thereby making the atom
unstable.
i.e., Rutherford’s model cannot explain the stability of the atom.
2. If the electrons lose energy continuously, the spectrum is expected to be continuous

but the actual observed spectrum consists of well-defined lines of definite frequencies.
Here the loss of energy by the electrons is not continuous in an atom.
Atomic number (Z): Atomic number denotes the number of protons or the number of
electrons in the neutral atom.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom or ion
= Number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Mass number (A): The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom of an element and indicated as A.
Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom are collectively known as nucleons.
Therefore, the mass number is also known as nucleon number.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons (Z) + Number of neutrons (n)
The number of neutrons (n) in an atom is equal to the difference between the mass
number and the atomic number.
n = A – Z
Mass Number A
X OR XA
Atomic Number Z Z
Symbol of Element
where X is the symbol for the element with superscript A and subscript Z, both on the left
hand side.
Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones:

Isotopes: The atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but
different mass numbers are called isotopes.
Exp- 6 C12 , 6C13 , 6C14 1 2
1H , 1H , 1H
3
8 O16 , 8 O17 , 8 O18 17 Cl35 , 17 Cl37
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus. But they
have the same number of protons and electrons.
Bcz of same number of electrons they show same chemical properties.They have
different number of neutrons, so they will have different masses and hence different
physical properties.
Isobars:The atoms of different elements which have the same mass number but different
atomic numbers are called isobars.
Exp: 18 Ar 40 , 19 K 40 , 20 Ca40 40
20𝐶𝑎
They have same number of nucleons. But they are differ chemically because the chemical
characteristics depend upon the number of electrons which is determined by the atomic
number.
Isotones:Isotones are the atoms of different elements which have the same number of
neutrons.
Eg: i. 6 C14 , 7 N15 , 8 O16 (n = 8) ii. 14 Si30 , 15P31, 16 S32 (n = 16)
Isotones show different physical and chemical properties.
SESSION -1 CLASS EXERCISE

39
1. The number of neutrons present in 19
K is:
a) 39 b) 19 c) 20 d) None of these
2. The nucleus of the atom (Z > 1) consists of:
a) Proton and neutron b) Proton and electron
c) Neutron and electron d) Proton, neutron, electrons
3. The no, of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to it’s:
a) Atomic weight b) Atomic number
c) Equivalent weight d) Electron affinity
4. The specific charge of the canal rays:
a) Is not constant but changes with gas filled in discharge tube
b) Remains constant irrespective of the nature of gas in discharge tube
c) Is maximum when gas present in discharge tube is hydrogen
d) Is 9.58 x 104 coulombs/g
5. Proton is:
a) Nucleus of deuterium b) Ionized hydrogen molecule
c) Ionized hydrogen atom d) An α-particle
6. According to the Rutherford which statement is correct?
a) Electron revolves in fixed circular path around the nucleus
b) Electron revolves around the nucleus
c) Electron does not decrease its energy at the time of revolution
d)Electron obeys law of conservation of momentum at the time of revolution.
7. Rutherford's scattering experiments led to the discovery of
a) Nucleus
b) Presence of neutrons in the nucleus
c) Both a and b
d) Revolving nature of electrons around the nucleus
8. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil of gold shows that:
a) Nucleus is heavy b) Nucleus is small c) Both a and b
d) Electrons create hindrances in the movement of α –particles
9. α-particles are represented by
a) Lithium atoms b) Helium nuclei
c) Hydrogen nucleus d) None of the above
HOMEEXERCISE:
1. The species in which one of the fundamental particles is missing is
a) Helium b) Protium c) Deuterium d) Tritium
2.The discovery of neutron is late because neutron has
a) +ve charge b) –ve charge
c) neutral charge d) lightest particle
3. Which of the following statements are correct?
a) Isotopes have same number of protons
b) Isobars have same nucleon number.
c) Isobars have same number of protons
d) Both a and b
4. The charge on electron is calculated by
a) Mullikan b) J J Thomson c) Ruther ford d) Newton
5. J J Thomson Model could able to explain the following?
a) Stability of Atom b) electrical neutrality of atom
c) Stability of nucleus d) all of these
6. The thickness of the gold foil used in Ruther Ford α ray scattering experiment
a) 0.0004 cm b) 0.0004 m c) 0.0004 mm d) 0.004 cm
7. What is the size of atom predicted by Ruther Ford?
a) 10-13cm b) 10-14cm c) 10-12cm d) 10-8cm
8. If Thomson Model is correct what should be the observation in α-ray scattering experiment
a) All the α-rays should pass through the gold foil
b) Only few α-rays should pass through the gold foil
c) 98% of α-rays should get reflected back
d) Both b & c
9. Which part of atom is responsible for volume of atom?
a) Nucleus b) extra nuclear part c) protons d)
unknown particles
SESSION – 2 AND 3
AIM-To understand nature of Electromagnetic Radiation
Nature of Light (Electromagnetic Radiation): Electromagnetic radiation do not need any

medium for propagation e.g visible, ultra violet, infrared, x-rays, -rays, radio waves, radiant
energy etc.
Two theories were proposed to explain the nature and the propagation of light
i. Corpuscular theory: This theory was proposed by Newton. According to this theory
light is propagated in the form of invisible small particles. i.e. light has particle
nature.
The particle nature of light explained some of the experimental facts such as
reflection and refraction of light but it failed to explain the phenomenon of
interference and diffraction. Therefore, was discarded and ignored.
ii. Wave theory of light (electromagnetic wave theory): was explained by James Clark
Maxwell in 1864 to explain and understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation.
Features of this theory are:
a. The light is a form of electromagnetic radiations.
b. The light radiations
consist of electric
and magnetic fields
oscillating
perpendicular to
each other.
Components of radiation
iii) The vertical component of wave, ‘E’ indicates the change in the strength of the electric
field and the horizontal component of the wave ‘H’ indicates the change in the strength of
the magnetic field.
iv) These radiations do not require any medium for propagation.
v) The radiations possess wave character and travel with the velocity of light i.e. 3x108
m/sec because of the above characteristics, the radiation is called electromagnetic
radiations or waves.
Electromagnetic radiation is explained by following characteristics:
1. Wave length:
The distance between two successive crests, troughs or between any two consecutive
identical points in the same phase of a wave is called wave length. It is denoted by the
letter (lambda).
The wave length is measured in terms of meters (m), centimeters (cm), angstrom units (A0)
nanometers (nm), picometers (pm) and also in millimicrons (m).
The S.I. unit of wavelength is meter, m
1A0 = 10–10 m or 10–8 cm
1nm = 10–9 m or 10–7 cm = 10A0
1pm = 10–12m or 10–10 cm =10−2 A0
2.Frequency:
The number of waves that pass-through a given point in one second is known as
frequency of radiation. It is denoted by the ‘v’ (nue).
Crest  Crest
a
a 
Trough Trough
Wave motion of the radiation
SI unit of frequency is per second(s–1) or Hertz (Hz). A cycle is said to be completed when a
wave consisting of a crest and a trough passes through a point.
3.Velocity:
The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called velocity or speed of the wave (C).
SI unit is meters per second (ms–1).
C of electromagnetic radiation in vaccum is a constant commonly called the speed of light and
is denoted by ‘c’.It is equal to 3 × 108ms–1.
4.Wave number:
The number of waves that can be present at any time in unit length is called wave number.
It is denoted by  (nue bar).
It is the reciprocal of wave length.
1
Wave number =  =

It is expressed in per centimeter (cm–1) or per meter (m–1).

The SI unit of wave number is m–1.
Wave length, wave number𝝂̅ , frequency 𝝂 and velocity c are related as follows
c = 
5.Amplitude:
The height of the crest or the depth of the trough of the wave is called amplitude of
the wave. It is denoted by A.
The amplitude determines the strength or intensity or brightness of radiation.
6.Time period:
It is the time taken by the wave for one complete cycle or vibrations. It is denoted by T.
It is expressed in second per cycle.
1 1
T= ( where  = frequency)
𝑉 
Electromagnetic spectrum:
The arrangement of different types of electromagnetic radiations in the order of
increasing wavelengths or decreasing frequencies is known as electromagnetic spectrum.
 increases
 10-16 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-4 10-2 101 106
 decreases
Rays Cosmic - x- Ultra Visible Near Far Micro Radio Long E decreases
rays rays rays violet IR IR wave waves RW
V I B G Y O R
Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

3800 Å 4300 4800 5300 5800 6300 6900 7600 (in Å)
Limitations of Electromagnetic Wave Theory :

Electromagnetic wave theory was successful in explaining the properties of light such as
interference, diffraction etc.
But it could not explain the following:
(i) The phenomenon of black body radiation.
(ii) The photoelectric effect.
(iii) The change heat capacity of solids as a function of T.
(iv) The line spectra of atoms with special reference to hydrogen.
These phenomena could be explained only if electromagnetic waves are supposed to have
particle nature.
Black body radiation:

When a radiant energy falls on the surface of a body, a part of it is absorbed, a part of it is
reflected and the remaining energy is transmitted.
An ideal body is expected to absorb completely the radiant energy falling on it is known as a
black body. A black body is not only a perfect absorber but also a perfect emitter of
radiant energy.
A hollow sphere coated inside with a platinum black, which has a small hole in its wall can act
as a near black body.
The radiation emitted by a black body kept at high temperature is called black body
radiation.A black body radiation is the visible glow that the solid object gives off when heated.
A graph is obtained by plotting the intensity of radiation against wave length gives the
following details.
1. The nature of radiation depends upon the T of the black body.

2. If the energy emitted is continuous the curve should be as shown by the dotted lines.
3. At a given temperature the intensity of radiation increases with the wave length, reaches
maximum and then decreases.
4. The intensity of radiation is greatest at the medium wave lengths and least at highest and
lowest wave lengths.
5. As the temperature increases the peak of maximum intensity shifts towards the shorter
wave lengths.
Planck’s quantum theory:

In order to explain black body radiation, Max Planck proposed quantum theory of radiation.
Postulates
1. The emission of radiation from a body is due to the vibrations of the charged particles in
the body.
2. The energy is emitted or absorbed by a body discontinuously in the form of small packets
of energy called quanta.
3. The energy of each quantum of light is directly proportional to the frequency of the
radiation.
E  or, E = h
Where ‘h’ is known as Planck’s constant.
The value of ‘h’, 6.6256 × 10–34 Jsec- or 6.6256 × 10–27ergs sec-

4. In case of light, the quantum of energy is called a photon.
The total amount of energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be some whole number
multiple of quantum,
E = nh  , where n is an integer such as 1,2,3 . . . . .
This means that a body can emit or absorb energy equal to hv, 2hv, 3hv . . . . . Or any
other integral multiple of h. This is called quantization of energy.
5. The emitted radiant energy is propagated in the form of waves.
PhotoElectric Effect:
When radiations with certain minimum frequency (ν0 ) strike the surface of a metal, the
electrons are ejected from the surface of the metal. It is called photoelectric
effect,electrons emitted are called photoelectron.
Incident light
Detector
Metal Surface
Evacuated glass tube
Electrons
− +
− +
Photoelectric effect
For each metal a certain minimum frequency is needed to eject the electrons called as
threshold frequency (  ) which differs from metal to metal.

o
K.E. of photoelectron
K.E. of photoelectron
K. E. constant
o
Frequency of absorbed Intensity of Incident

photon radiation
K.E. as a function of frequency K.E. as a function of intensity
It was explained by Einstein. When light of suitable frequency falls on a metal surface, the
light photon gives its energy to the electron of metal atom and the electron is ejected from
metal surface by absorbing this energy. The minimum energy of a photon required to eject
an electron from a metal is called work function () of the metal. The remaining part of the
energy (h  - ) of photon is used to increase the kinetic energy of the ejected electron. If
o is the threshold frequency and  , the frequency of incident light then
Work function,  = h o .
 According to Einstein, E = h 
 Kinetic energy of photo electron Ek = E -  = h − ho
CLASS EXERCISE
1. The frequency of a radiation whose wave length is 600 nm is
a) 3 x 1014 sec-1 b) 4 x 1014 sec-1
c) 5 x 1014 sec-1 d) 3 x 1015 sec-1
2. The wavelength of light having wave number 4000 cm-1 is

a) 2.5 μm b) 250 μm c) 25 μm d) 25nm μm
-1
3. What is the energy of photons that corresponds to a wave number of 2.5 × 10-5 cm ?
a) 2.5 × 10-20 erg b) 5.1 × 10-23 erg

c) 5.0 × 10-22 erg d) 8.5 × 10-22 erg

4. The frequency of radiation having wave number 10m-1 is:
a) 10s-1 b) 3×107s-1
c) 3×1010s-1 d) 3×109s-1
5. The wavelengths of two photons are 2000Å and 4000Å respectively. What is the ratio of
their energies?
a) 1/4 b) 4 c) 1/2 d) 2
6. In photo electric effect the number of photo electrons emitted is proportional to
a) Intensity of incident beam b) Frequency of incident beam
c) Velocity of incident beam d) Work function of photo cathode
7. The kinetic energy of the photo electrons does not depend upon
a) Intensity of incident radiation b) frequency of incident radiation
c) Wavelength of incident radiation d)wave number of incident radiation
8. The work function of a metal is 3.1x10-19 J. Which frequency of photons will not cause the
ejection of electrons?
-1
a) 5 x 1014 s b) 5 x 1015 kHz
-1
c) 6 x 1014 s d) 5 x 1012 Hz
9. The work function of a metal is 4.2 eV. If radiation of 2000 falls on the metal, then the
kinetic energy of the fastest photo electrons is
a) 1.6 × 10-19 J b) 16 × 1010 J
c) 3.2 × 10-19 J d) 6.4 × 10-10 J

10. A photo electric emitter has a threshold frequency v0. When light of frequency 2v0 is
incident, the speed of photo electrons is V. When light of frequency 5v0 is incident, the
speed of photo electrons will be

a) 4V b) 2V c) 2.5V d)√2.5V
HOME EXERCISE
1. Wave theory failed to explain the following properties
a) diffraction b) interference
c) black body radiation d) all the above
2. Plank’s quantum theory is explained which of the following properties
a) quantization b) black body radiation
c) diffraction d) both a & b
3. The electromagnetic radiation with high energy

a) radio waves b) X-rays c) Infra-red radiation d) visible light
4. The atomic transition gives rise to radiation of frequency 104 Hz. The change in energy per
mole of atoms taking place would be:
a) 3.99 × 10–6J b) 3.99J c) 6.62×10––24J d) 6.62× 10–30J
5. Two electromagnetic radiations having energy ratio 3:2 is falling on metal surface and
producing metallic luster what is the ratio of wave numbers of those radiation?
a) 1:2 b) 2:3 c) 3:2 d) 9:4
6. The energy of the photons which corresponds to light of frequency
3×1015 sec-1 is
a) 1.9876×10-15 ergs b) 2.9876×10-8 ergs
c) 1.9876×10-10 ergs d) 1.9876×10-11 ergs

7. Find the frequency of light that correspond to photons energy
5.0 x 10-5 erg
a) 2.2x1011 sec-1 b) 7.5x1021 sec-1
c) 4.0 x 10-5 sec-1 d) 4.0 x 104 sec-1

8. Photoelectric effect shows:
a) Particle-like behavior of light
b) Wave like behavior of light
c) Both wave like and particle-like behavior of light behavior of light
d) none
9. When the frequency of light incident on a metallic plate is doubled, the KE of the emitted
photoelectrons will be:
a) Doubled b) Halved
c) Increased but more than doubles of previous KE d) Unchanged
SESSION - 4
AIM - To introduce Atomic Spectra
ATOMIC SPECTRA
Spectrum is the impression produced on a screen when radiations of a particular
wavelengths are analyzed through a prism or diffraction grating. Spectra are broadly
classified into two.
(i) Emission Spectrum.
(ii) Absorption Spectrum.
1. Emission Spectrum: When the radiation emitted from some source, e.g., from the sun
or by passing electric discharge through a gas at low pressure or by heating some
substance to high temperature etc. is passed directly through the prism and then
received on the photographic plate, the spectrum obtained is called ‘Emission spectrum’.
The spectrum of a radiation emitted by a substance in its excited state is an emission
spectrum.
Emission Spectrum is of two types:
a) Continuous Spectrum and b) Discontinuous Spectrum
a. Continuous Spectrum: When white light from any source such as sun, a bulb or any hot
glowing body is analyzed by passing through a prism, it is observed that it splits up into
seven different colours from violet to red, (like rainbow), as shown in fig.
7-colours
White light
Beam
•
VIBGYOR
Slit Prism
Photographic
plate
These colors are so continuous that each of them merges into the next. Hence, the spectrum
is called continuous spectrum.
It may be noted that on passing through the prism, red colour with the longest wavelength is
dedicated least while violet colour with shortest wavelength is deviated the most.
b. Discontinuous Spectrum: When gases or vapours of a chemical substance are heated in
an electric Arc or in a Bunsen flame, light is emitted. If the ray of this light is passed
through a prism, a line spectrum is produced.
• A discontinuous spectrum consisting of distinct and well-defined lines with dark areas
in between is called line spectrum. It is also called atomic spectrum.
• The emission spectrum consisting of a series of very closely spaced lines is called band
spectrum.
Band spectrum is the characteristic of molecules. Hence it is also known as molecular
spectrum. The band spectrum is due to vibrations and rotations of atoms present in a molecule.
Differences between line and band spectrum
Line spectrum Band spectrum
1. The line spectrum has sharp, 1. The band spectrum has many closed
distinct well defined lines. lines.
2. The line spectrum is the 2. The band spectrum is characteristic

characteristic of atoms and is of molecules and is also called
also called atomic spectrum. molecular spectrum.
3. The line spectrum is due to 3. The band spectrum is due to
transition of electrons in an vibrations and rotations of atoms in
atom. a molecule
4. The line spectrum is given by 4. The band spectrum is given by hot
inert gases, metal vapors and metals and molecular nonmetals.
atomized nonmetals.
2. Absorption spectra: When white light from any source is first passed through the
solution or vapours of a chemical substance and then analyzed by the spectroscope, it is
observed that some dark lines are obtained. Further, it is observed that the dark lines are at
the same place where coloured lines are obtained in the emission spectra for the same
substance.
Difference between emission spectra and absorption spectra
EMISSION SPECTRA ABSORPTION SPECTRA
1. Emission spectrum is 1. Absorption spectrum is obtained when
obtained when the radiation the white light is first passed through
from the source are directly the substance and the transmitted light
analyses in the spectroscope. is analyzed in the spectroscope.
2. It consists of bright 2. It consists of dark lines in the otherwise
coloured lines separated by continuous spectrum.
dark spaces.
3. Emission spectrum can be 3. Absorption spectrum is always
continuous spectrum (if discontinuous spectrum of dark lines.
source emits white light) or
discontinuous, i.e., line
spectrum if source emits
some coloured radiation.
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen:

When hydrogen gas at low pressure is taken in the discharge tube and the light emitted on
passing electric discharge is examined with a spectroscope, the spectrum obtained is called
the emission spectrum of hydrogen which contain large number of lines which are
grouped into different 5 different series,
• Lyman series,
• Balmer series
• Paschen series
• Brackett series
• Pfund series.
• Humpry series
The wave numbers of all the lines in all the series can be calculated by the Rydberg equation.
1 1 1
ν̅ = = RZ2 ( 2 − 2 )
λ n1 n2
Where n1 and n2 are whole numbers, n2> n1.
For one electron species like He+, Li2+ and Be3+, the value of R is 109677 cm–1× Z2, where Z
is the atomic number of the species.
Different series of spectral lines in hydrogen emission spectrum

Name of the series n1 n2 Spectral region
Lyman series 1 2,3,4,5,6,7….. Ultraviolet
Balmer series 2 3,4,5,6,7… Visible
Paschen series 3 4,5,6,7…… Near infrared
Brackett series 4 5,6,7…. Infrared
Pfund series 5 6,7…. Far infrared
The wave number for any single electron species like He+, Li2+ and Be3+ can be calculated from
1 1
the equation ν̅ = Z 2 R H (n2 − n2 )
1 2
CLASS EXERCISE
1. Number of spectral lines possible when an electron falls from fifth orbit to ground state in
hydrogen atom is
a) 4 b) 15 c) 10 d) 21
2. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of energy?
a) n = 1 to n = 2 b) n = 2 to n = 3
c) n = 3 to n = 4 d) n = 4 to n = 5
3. Which of the following spectral line is associated with a minimum wavelength?
a) n = 5 to n = 1 b) n = 4 to n = 1
c) n = 3 to n = 1 d) n = 2 to n = 1
4. Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom the one which gives an absorption line is lowest
frequency is
a) n =1 to n= 2 b) n = 3 to n = 5
c) n = 2 to n = 1 d) n = 5 to n = 3
5. The first emission line of Balmer series in H spectrum has wave number equal to
9R 7R 3R 5R
a) 400H cm−1 b) 144H cm−1 c) 4H cm−1 d) 36H cm−1
0
6. If the series limit of wave length of the Lyman series for hydrogen atoms is 912A. then the
series limit of wave length for the Balmer series of hydrogen atom is
912
a) 912Ao b) 2 × 912A° c) 4×912A° d) 2 A°
HOMEEXERCISE
1. There are three energy levels in an atom. How many spectral lines are possible in its emission
spectra?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
2. The wave length of second line in the Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is equal to
(R=Rydberg constant)
a) 36/5R b) 5R/36 c) 3R/16 d) 16/3R
3. When an electron falls from higher orbit to third orbit in hydrogen atom, the spectral time
observed
a) Balmer series b) Lyman series
c) Brackett series d) Paschen series
4. Which of the following electronic transitions require the largest amount of energy?
a) n = 1→n =2 b) n = 2→n = 3 c) n = 3→n = 4 d) n = 4 →n = 5
5. The wave number of the series limiting line for the Lyman series for hydrogen atom is (R =
109678 cm-1).
a) 82259 cm-1 b) 109678 cm-1
c) 1.2157 x 10-5 cm d) 9.1176 x 10-6 cm
SESSION – 5 AND 6
AIM-To introduce Bohr’s and Sommerfeld’s Atomic models

To overcome the objections of Rutherford model and to explain the hydrogen spectrum,Bohr
proposed a quantum mechanical model.
POSTULATES OF BOHR’S THEORY

• The electrons revolve round the nucleus with definite velocity in certain fixed closed
circular paths called orbits (or) shells (or) stationary state. These shells are numbered
as 1, 2, 3, 4 or termed as K, L, M, N from the nucleus.
• Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. As long as an electron is

revolving in an orbit it neither loses nor gains energy. Hence these orbits are called
stationary states or stable orbits+
• The centrifugal force of the revolving electron in a stationary orbit is balanced by the
electrostatic attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
• Electron can revolve only in orbits whose angular momentum are an integral multiple of
the factor h/2 π.
nh
mvr = 2π
Where m = mass of electron,
v = velocity of electron,
r = radius of the orbit and
‘n’ is the integral number like, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . , is called principal quantum number and h =
Planck’s constant
• The energy of an electron changes only when it moves from one orbit to another.
Outer orbits have higher energies while inner orbits have lower energies.
The energy is absorbed when an electron moves from inner orbit to outer orbit. The
energy is emitted when the electron jumps from outer orbit to inner orbit.
• The energy emitted or absorbed in a transition is equal to the difference between
the energies of the two orbits (E2 – E1). Energy emitted or absorbed is in the form
of quanta.
E=E2 – E1 = hv
Here E1 and E2 are the lower and higher allowed energ states.
• Expressions for radius of orbit:

Consider an electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e–’ revolving round the nucleus of charge ‘Ze’ in a
circular orbit of radius ‘r’.
Let ‘v’ be the tangential velocity of the electron. As per coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force
of attraction between the moving electron andthenucleus is –Ze2/r.
For the atom to be stable an equal centrifugal force must act away from the nucleus. This
centrifugal force is equal to –mv2/r, where ‘m’ is the mass of electron and ‘r’ is the radius of
the orbit.
In a stationary orbit
–Ze2 −mv2 Ze2
= or = mv2
r2 r r
𝑛ℎ
As per Bohr’s quantum condition, mvr = 2𝜋
nh 2 𝑛2 ℎ 2
∴v= 2πmror v = 4𝜋2𝑚2 𝑟 2
Substituting the value of v2, we get

Ze2 mn2 h2 n2 h2
or = 4π2 m2r2 or r =
r 4π2 mZe2
Radius for ‘nth’ orbit, rn =

n2 h2
4π2 mZe2
Substituting the standard values, of h, , m and e, we get radius of nth orbit rn =

0.529×n2
A°
Z
For hydrogen, Z=l and n=1 for first orbit,
The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen is 0.529 A0 or 0.0529 nm or 52.9 pm. This value is
known as Bohr’s radius. As the value of n increases, the radius of the orbit will increase.
n2 h2
In S.I units, rn = 4π2mKZe2
1
Where,K = 4π∈ (ϵ0 = permitivity of air = 8.854 × 10−12 Farad Metre)
0
• Expression for Energy of electron:

The total energy of electron is the sum of kinetic and potential energies.Kinetic energy due to
motion of electron is mv2, where m is the mass of electron and v is its velocity.
1
2
Ze2 Ze2
K.E = 2mv2 =
1
∵ mv 2 =
2r 2r
−Ze2
P.E of electron = 𝑟
Total energy of electron, En = K.E + P.E
Ze2 Ze2 1 Ze2
En= 2r − = −2
r r
Substituting the value of r, we get energy of electron in nth orbit,

−Ze2 4π2 mZe2 −2π2 mZ2 e4
En = or En=
2n2 h2 n2 h2
Substituting the values of m, e, h and𝜋 in the equation, we get
−13.6 ×𝑍2
En = eV per atom
𝑛2
−313.6×𝑍 2
or En = k cal mol–1
𝑛2
−1312×Z2 –1
or En = kJ mol
n2
−2.18×10−11 𝑍 2
or En = erg per atom
𝑛2
−2.18×10−18 𝑍 2
orEn = j/atom
𝑛2
2π2 mK2 Z2 e4
In S.I units: En = − n 2 h2
–1
WhereK = 4𝜋𝜖 and 𝜀𝑜 beingpermittivity of air and is equal to 8.854 × 10–12 Farad metre
1
0
• Derivation of Rydberg equation:

When a gas is subjected to electric discharge or heated by a flame, the electrons in the ground
state of the atom absorb energy and they are promoted to higher quantum states. As theyare
not stable in these states, they emit energy and return to ground state or any other lower
energy states.If E2 is the energy of the higher energy state, E1 is the energy of the lower
energy state and 𝜈 is the frequency of emitted radiation E2 – E1 = h𝜈
If the numbers of the higher and lower energy states are n2 and n1 respectively, En2 =
−2π2 mZe4 1
. n2
h2 2
−2π2 mZe4 1
En1 = . n2
h2 1
−2π2 mZe4 1 1
En2 − E n1 = [n2 − n2 ]
h2 1 2
En2 − En1
But En2 − En1 = hcν̅ and ν̅ = ch
1 −2π2 mZe4 1 1
ν̅ = λ = [n2 − n2 ]
ch2 1 2
This equation is similar to Rydberg equation.

1 1 1
[ν̅ = = R × ( 2 − 2 )]
λ n1 n2
2π2 mZ e4
Rydberg constant R should be equal to R = ch3
Substituting the values, we get RH= 1,09,681cm-1.This value is almost equal to Rydberg’s
constant 1,09,677 cm–1.
The frequencies of the spectral lines in the hydrogen spectrum calculated by using Bohr’s
equation are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. This is a concrete
proof of the validity of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom.
• Expression for velocity of electron:
As per Bohr’s quantum conditions,
nh nh
mvr = 2π or v = 2πmr
n2 h2
∵ r = 4π2 m Ze2
nh 4π2 m Ze2
∴ v = 2πm × n2 h2
2πZe2
v= cms −1
n
Substituting the values of 𝜋, e and h in the above expression
2.18×108 ×𝑍 –1
vn= cm s
𝑛
8
Thus the velocity of electron in the first orbit of hydrogen atom is 2.18 ×10 cm s–1. As
the number of the orbit increases, the velocity of the electron decreases.
Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum by Bohr’s Theory:

Bohr’s theory successfully explains the origin of lines in hydrogen emission spectrum.
Hydrogen atom has only one electron. It is present in K shell of the atom (n = 1). When
hydrogen gas is subjected to electric discharge, energy is supplied. The molecules absorb
energy and split into atoms. The electrons in different atoms absorb different amounts of
energies. By the absorption of energy the electrons are excited to different higher energy
levels.
Atoms in the excited state are unstable. Therefore the electrons jump back into different
lower energy states in one or several steps. In each step the energy is emitted in the form of
radiation and is indicated by a line.
Each line has a definite frequency and thus the emission spectrum of hydrogen has many
spectral lines.
• Lyman series are obtained in UV region, when electron returns to the ground state from
higher energy levels 2, 3, 4, 5 ......... and so on.
• Balmer series are obtained in visible region when electron returns to second energy level
from higher energy levels 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on.
• Paschen series are obtained in near infrared region, when electron returns to third
energy level from higher energy levels 4, 5, 6.... And so on.
• Brackett series are obtained in mid infrared region when electron returns to fourth
energy level from higher energy levels 5, 6, 7 . . . and so on.
• Pfund series are obtained in far infrared region when electron returns to the fifth
energy level from higher energy levels 6, 7…….
The maximum number of lines produced when electrons jumps from nth level to ground level is
𝑛(𝑛−1)
equal to, Or ∑(𝑛2 − 𝑛1 )
2
Where, n2 = higher energy level.

n1 = lower energy level.
n = difference in the two energy levels.
Merits and demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model:

1. Bohr’s model explains the stability of the atom. The electron revolving in a stationary orbit
does not lose energy and hence it remains in the orbit forever.
2. Bohr’s theory successfully explains the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.
3. This theory not only explains hydrogen spectrum but also explains the spectra of one
2+ 3+
electron species such as He+, Li and Be etc.
4. The experimentally determined frequencies of spectral lines are in close agreement with
those calculated by Bohr’s theory.
5. The value of Rydberg constant for hydrogen calculated from Bohr’s equation tallies with
the value determined experimentally.
Limitations of Bohr’s model:
1. Bohr’s theory fails to explain the spectra of multielectron atoms.
2. It could not explain the fine structure of atomic spectrum.
3. It does not explain the splitting of spectral lines into a group of finer lines under the
influence of magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) and electric field (Stark effect).
4. Bohr’s theory predicts definite orbits for revolving electron. It is against the wave nature
of electron.
5. Bohr’s theory is not in agreement with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Sommerfeld’s Atomic Model:

It is an extension of Bohr’s model. In this model, the electrons in an atom revolve around
the nuclei in elliptical orbit. The circular path is a special case of ellipse. Association of
elliptical orbits with circular orbits explains the fine line spectrum of atoms.
Radial Velocity
Tar velocity
•
Avg Velocity
• major axis
focus
Minor axis
n=4,k=4
n=4,k=3
n=4,k=2
• n=4, k=1, k  0
Sommerfeld’s orbits in hydrogen atom

The main postulates are:
i) The motion of electron in closed circular orbits is influenced by its own nucleus and is set
up into closed elliptical paths of definite energy levels.
ii) The nucleus is one of the foci for all these orbits.
iii) The angular momentum of electron in closed elliptical paths is also quantized i.e. k (h/2),
where k is another integer except zero.
n length of major axis
iv) The ratio = length of min or axis suggests for the possible number of subshells in a shell.
k
Possible values of k for n = 4 are 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. For any given value of n, k cannot
be zero as in that case, the ellipse would degenerate into a straight line passing through
the nucleus. When n = k, path becomes circular.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. The ratio of radius of 2nd and 3rd Bohr orbit is
a) 3 : 2 b) 9 : 4 c) 2 : 3 d) 4 : 9
2. According to Bohr’s model, the angular momentum of an electron in 4th orbit is
a) h/3 b)h/2 c) 2h/ d) 3h/2
3. The radius of Bohr’s first orbit in hydrogen atom is 0.053nm. The radius of second orbit of
He+ would be
a) 0.0265 nm b) 0.053 nm c) 0.116 nm d) 0.212 nm
4. The minimum energy required to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state
a) 13.6 eV b) -13.eV c) 3.4 eV d) 10.2 eV
5. The ratio of kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen
atom is
a) 1:2 b) -1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:1
6. The ratio of potential energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen
atom is
a) 2:1 b)-1:2 c) 1:1 d) -1:2
7. The ratio of kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit of a hydrogen
atom is
a) 1 : -1 b) -2:1 c) 1:1 d) -1:2
8. In a certain Bohr orbit the total energy is -4.9 eV for this orbit, the kinetic energy and
potential energy are respectively.
a) 9.8 eV, - 4.9 eV b) 4.9 eV, - 98 eV
c) 4.9 eV, - 4.9 eV d) 9.8 eV, - 9.8 eV
9. If speed of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen be ‘x’, then speed of the electron in
second orbit of He+ is:
a) x/2 b) 2x c) x d)4x
10. The ratio of the difference in energy between the first and second Bohr orbits to that
between the second and third Bohr orbit is
a) 1/2 b) 1/3 c) 4/9 d) 27/5
HOME EXERCISE
+2
1. Calculate the ratio of the radius of in 3rd energy level of Li ion of 2nd energy level of He+
ion
a)3:2 b)1:2 c)2:3 d)1:1
2. Of the following, which of the statement(s) regarding Bohr’s theory is wrong?
a) Kinetic energy of an electron is half of the magnitude of its potential energy
b) Kinetic energy of an electron is negative of total energy of electron
c) Energy of electron decreases with increase in the value of the principal quantum number
d) The ionization energy of H-atom in the first excited state is negative of one fourth of
the energy of an electron in the ground state.
3. If first ionization energy of hydrogen is E, then the ionization energy of He+ would be:
a) E b) 2E c) 0.5E d) 4E
4. The ratio of radii of first orbits of H, He+ and Li2 is:
a) 1:2:3 b) 6:3:2 c) 1:4:9 d) 9:4:1
5. The angular momentum of an electron in the M shell of H- atom is
a) 3h /2  b) h/ 2  c) h /  d) 2h / 
6. If ionization potential of H-atom is 13.6 eV, the ionization potential of He+ is

a) 54.4 eV b) 6.8eV c)13.6eV d) 27.2eV
18
7. The ionization energy of H-atom is its ground state is 2.17x10- J. The ionization energy of
+2
Li in the ground state will be
a) 1.953 x 10-15 J b) 1.953 x 10-16 J
c) 1.953 x 10-17J d) 1.953 x 10-18 J

8. If the value of E = - 78.5 K.cal /mole. The order of the orbit in hydrogen atom is
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
9. The ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The energy required to remove an
electron in the n = 2 state of the hydrogen atom is
a) 3.4 eV b) 6.8 eV c) 13.6 eV d) 27.2 eV
10. The minimum energy (numerical value) required to be supplied to H-atom to push its
electron from 2nd orbit to the 3rd orbit
a) 1.9 eV b) 2.2 eV c) 2.7 eV d) 7.0 eV
SESSION- 7
AIM
1) To introduce de Broglie’s theory
2) To introduce Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle.
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (de-BROGLIE’S WAVE THEORY)

Light exhibits different properties such as diffraction, interference, photoelectric effect,
Compton effect, reflection and refraction. The phenomenon of diffraction and interference
can be explained by the wave nature of the light. But the phenomenon of photoelectric
effect and Compton Effect can be explained by the particle nature of the light. Thus light
has dual nature. De-Broglie proposed that matter like radiation, should also exhibit dual
behavior.
hc
Einstein’s generalization of Planck’s theory is given as, E = hν = λ
2
Einstein’s mass energy relationship is E = mc
Equating above two equations, we get
hc 2 h h
= mc or = mc or λ = mc
λ λ
h
Where ‘c’ is the velocity of light. If the velocity of micro particle is ‘v’ then, λ = mV
This is de Broglie’s equation,
Where ‘λ’ is the de Broglie’s wave length, ‘m’ is the mass of the moving particle and ‘h’ is Planck’s
constant.
h
P = mv or λ = P .
Here 𝜆 signifies wave nature and P signifies particle nature.
This is applicable to microparticles like electron, proton, etc., and not applicable for
macrobodies like cricket ball, bullet etc.
The electron moving with high speed possesses both the particle nature and the wave nature.
The waves associated with material particles are known as matter waves or particle waves.
The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
“It is impossible to determine simultaneously and accurately the exact position and
momentum or velocity of a sub-atomic particle like electron in an atom”.
One can determine the position of a particle very accurately, and then the determination of
its velocity becomes less accurate. Similarly, one can determine the velocity of a particle very
accurately, and then the determination of its position becomes less accurate. The certainty in
one factor introduces the uncertainty in another factor.
If the uncertainty in the determination of the position of a small particle is given by Δx and
uncertainty in its momentum is Δp, then
ℎ
(Δx) (Δp) ≥ 𝑛𝜋
Where n = 1,2,3,4.........
For an electron revolving around the nucleus in an atom the value of n is nearly 4.
Thus Heisenberg’s principle can also be stated as the product of uncertainty in position and
momentum of an electron like micro particle moving with high speed cannot be less than h/4.
Heisenberg’s equation can also be written as,
ℎ
(Δx) (Δv) ≥ 4𝜋𝑚
Where m is the mass of the particle and Δv is uncertainty in velocity.
If the position of the particle is known exactly (Δx = 0), Δv becomes infinity (∞) and vice versa.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is not applicable to those objects which cannot change their
position by themselves when a light falls on them. It is applicable for micro particles like
electrons.
Significance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
Like de Broglie equation, although Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle holds good for all
objects but it is significance only for microscopic particles. The reason for this is quite
obvious. The energy of the photon is insufficient to change the position and velocity of bigger
bodies when it collides with them. For example, the light from a torch falling on a running rat
in a dark room, neither change the speed of the rat nor its direction, i.e., position.
This may be further illustrated with the following examples:
For a particle of mass 1 mg, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠−1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = = = 10−28 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
4𝜋𝑚 4×3.1416×(10−6 𝑘𝑔)
Thus, the product of Δx and Δ𝜐 is extremely small. For particles of mass greater than 1 mg,
the product will still smaller. Hence, these values are negligible.
For a microscopic particle like an electron, we have
ℎ 6.625×10−34 𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠−1
Δx.Δ𝜐 = 4𝜋𝑚 = 4×3.1416×(9×10−31 𝑘𝑔) ≈ 10−4 𝑚2 𝑠 −1
CLASS EXERCISE
–1
1. A ball of 100g mass is thrown with a velocity of 100ms . The wavelength of the de Broglie
wave associated with the ball is about
a) 6.63 × 10–35 m b) 6.63 × 10–30 m
c) 6.63 × 10–35 cm d) 6.63 × 10–33 m
2. If kinetic energy of a proton is increased nine times the wavelength of the de-Broglie wave
associated with it would become
a) 3 times b) 9 times c) 1/3 times d) 1/9 times
3. Number of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in the 3rd orbit
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
-10
4. The uncertainty in position and velocity of a particle are 10 m and
5.27x10-24ms-1 respectively. Calculate the mass of mass of the particle.(h=6.625 10-34 J-s)
5. Calculate the uncertainty in velocity a cricket ball of mass 150g. if the uncertainty in its
0
positionis the order of 1A (h=6.6x10-34kg m2 s-1)
6. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600 m sec-1 with an accuracy of 0.005%
certainty with the position of the electron can be located is:(h=6.6x10-34kg m2 s-1, mass of
electron=9.1 x 10-31kg)
a) 1.52x10-4 m b)5.1x10-3 m c)1.92 x10-3 m d) 3.84 x 10-3
HOME EXERCISE
1. The de Broglie wavelength of 1mg grain of sand blown by a 20ms-1 wind is:
a) 3.3x10-29 b)3.3x10-21 m c) 3.3  10-49M d) 3.3  10-42 m
2. If the kinetic energy of an electron is increased 4 times, the wavelength of the Broglie wave
associated with it would become:
1 1
a) 4times b) 2times c) times d) times
2 4
3. The momentum of the particle having the wave length of 1Å is
a) 6.6x 10-19 gram cm/sec b) 6.6 x 1019 gram cm/sec
c) 6.6 x 1034 gram cm/sec d) 6.6 x 10-34 gram cm/sec
4. If the uncertainty in the position of an electron is 10-8cm, the uncertainty in its velocity is
a) 3×108 cm/sec b) 5.8×107 cm/sec
c) 6.625×109 cm/sec d) 7.35 × 10-8 cm/sec
5. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1x10-5 kg-m/s. The uncertainty in its
position will be (h = 6.6x10-34 Joule-sec)
a) 1.05 x 10-28m b) 1.05 x 10-26 m
c) 5.27 x 10-30 m d) 5.25 x 10-28 m
6. The uncertainty in the momentum of an electron is 10-5kg.m/sec. The uncertainty in its
position will be
a) 1.05 x 10-28 m b) 1.05 x 10-26m
c) 5.27 x 10-30m d) 5.25 x 10-25m
SESSION –8 AND 9
AIM
1) To introduce wave mechanical model of atom.
2) To introduce Quantum numbers.
3) To understand shapes of orbitals and Probability distribution.
THEORY
Classical mechanics, based on Newton’s laws of motion, was successful in explaining the
motion of macroscopic bodies like falling stones or motion of planets around the sun etc. But
it failed when applied to microscopic particles like electrons, atoms, molecules etc.Hence new
branch introduced called as ‘Quantum mechanics’.
Schrodinger Wave Equation:
Quantum mechanics, as developed by Erwin Schrodinger is based on the wave motionassociated
with the particles. The Schrodinger differential wave equation is given by
∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ ∂2 ψ 8π2 m
+ + + (E − V)ψ
∂x2 ∂z2 ∂y2 h2
Here x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates of the electron

m = mass of electron
h = Planck’s constant
E = total energy of the electron (KE + PE)
V = potential energy of the electron (PE)
ψ= wave function of the electron.
Significance of ψ: ψ is the wave function. It gives the amplitude of the electron wave.
The intensity of light is proportional to the square of amplitude (ψ2). Just as 𝛙2 indicates
the density of photons in space, 𝛙2 in case of electron wave denotes the probability of
finding an electron in the space or probability of finding the electron is also maximum.
Quantum numbers:
The behavior of an electron in an atom is described mathematically by a wave function or
orbital. They are principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum
number and spin quantum number.
‘Set of numbers used to describe energy, size, shape of orbitals in an atom’ called as
quantum numbers.
1.Principal quantum number(n):
• ‘n’ can be any whole number value such as 1,2,3,4, etc. The energy shells corresponding
to these numbers are K, L, M, N, etc.
• Principal Quantum no. indicates the main energy level to which the electron belongs.
It also indicates the average distance of an electron from nucleus and also the speed
of the atomic electron.
• As the ‘n’ value increases the distance of electron from the nucleus increases and its
energy also increases.
• The maximum no. of electrons that can be present in an orbit is given by 2𝑛2 . The
maximum no. of electron in K, L, M, and N shells are 2,8,18 and 32 respectively.
0.529×𝑛2
• The radius of the orbit is given by the expression: rn = Ao.
𝑍
• The energy of the electron/orbit is given by the expression.
−13.6×𝑍 2
En= cm/sec
𝑛
2.18×108 ×𝑍
• The velocity of the electron is given by the expression. Vn= cm /sec.
𝑛
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number:

• Azimuthal Quantum number was introduced by Sommerfeld’s to explain the fine
spectrum.
• It is also called as secondary quantum no. or orbital angular momentum quantum number
or subsidiary quantum number.
• It is denoted by l.
• ‘l’ can have the values from 0 to (n-1), a total of ‘n’ values. ‘l’ values 0,1,2,3 indicates
s,p,d,f. s,p,d and f are spectroscope terms which indicates sharp. Principle, diffuse and
fundamental respectively.
• Azimuthal Quantum number indicates the sub-shell to which the electron belongs. It
also determines the shapes of the orbital in which the electron is present.
• Each main energy shell can have ‘n’ number of sub-shells.
n l
1 0 (1s)
2 0 (2s), 1 (2p)
3 0 (3s), 1 (3p), 2(3d)
4 0 (4s), 1(4p), 2(4d), 3(4f)
• The orbital angular momentum (L) of an electron is given by the expression: L=

ℎ
√𝑙(𝑙 + 1)2𝜋
3. Magnetic Quantum number:

• Magnetic quantum number was introduced by Lande to explain Zeeman Effect.
• It is denoted by m or ml.
• This quantum number refers to different orientations of electron could in a particular
subshell. These orientations are called the orbitals.
• An electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus generates an electric .This
electric field in turn produces a magnetic field which can interact with the external
magnetic field. Thus, under the influence of the external magnetic field, the electrons
of a subshell can orient themselves in certain preferred regions of space around the
nucleus called orbitals. The magnetic quantum number determines the number of
preferred orientations of the electron present in a subshell.
Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, therefore, the magnetic quantum
number determines the number of orbitals present in any subshell.
• ‘m’ can have values from – 𝑙 to +𝑙 including zero, a total (2 𝑙+1) values.
Subshell 𝒍 m values No. of orientations (Orbitals)
s 0 0 1
p 1 -1, 0, +1 3
d 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
F 3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7
• When l = 0, m has only one value, m = 0. The sub-level‘s’ has one orbital called s orbital.
• When l =1, m can have 3 values m = –1, 0, +1. The sub-level ‘p’ has three space orientations
or three orbitals. The three orbitals are designated as px, py and pz.
• When l = 2, m can have 5 values m = –2,–1, 0, +1, +2. The sub-level ‘d’ has five space
orientations or five orbitals. The five orbitals are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx,
dx2 −y2 and dz2 .
• When l = 3, m can have 7 values m = –3,–2,–1,0,+1,+2,+3. The sub-level ‘f’ has seven space
orientations or seven orbitals.
The magnetic quantum number gives orientation of orbitals in space. All the orbitals
present in a sublevel have same energy and shape. They are called ‘degenerate orbitals’,
which differ in their spatial orientation.
• Each value of ‘m’ constitutes an orbital in the sublevel.
• Maximum no. of electrons in subshell : 2(2𝑙+1) or (4 𝑙+2).
4. Spin Quantum Number:

• Spin Quantum number was proposed by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
• It is denoted by ‘s’ or ‘ms’.
• It indicates the direction of spinning of electron present in any orbital.
• Since the electron in an orbital can spin either in the clockwise direction or in anti-
clockwise direction, hence for a given value of m, s can have only two values, i.e., +1/2
and -1/2 or these are very often represented by two arrows pointing in the opposite
direction, i.e.,↑and ↓.
If an orbital contains two electrons, the two magnetic moments oppose and cancel each
other.
Thus, in an atom, if all the orbitals are fully filled, net magnetic moment is zero and the
substance is diamagnetic (i.e., repelled by the external magnetic field). However, if some
half-filled orbitals are present, the substance has a net magnetic moment and is
paramagnetic (i.e., attracted by the external magnetic field).
• The spin angular momentum (𝜇 s) of an electron is given by
h
μs = √s(s + 1) 2π
Atomic Orbital:
The three dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the
electron is maximum is called an atomic orbital.
Differences between orbit and orbital:
Orbit Orbital
1. n orbit is a well-defined circular 1. An orbital is the region of space around
path 1. An orbital is the region of the around the nucleus where the
space around the probability of finding the electron is
around the nucleus in which the maximum (95%)
electron revolves.
2. An orbit represents the movement of 2. An orbital represents the movement of
electron in one plane. electron in three dimensional spaces.
3. An orbit means the position as well as 3. In an orbital it is not possible to find the
the velocity of the electron can be position as well as velocity of the
known with Certainty. electron can be known with certainty.
4. Orbits are circular or elliptical shaped. 4. They have different shapes like
spherical, dumbbell etc
Orbitals have different shapes. s-
orbital is Spherical and p orbital is
dumb bell shaped.
5. Orbits do not have directional 5. Except ‘s’ orbitals, all other orbitals
characteristics. have directional characteristics
6. An orbit can have a maximum number 6. An orbital can accommodate a
of2n2 electrons. maximum of only two electrons.
Node- The three dimensional space around the nucleus where the probability of finding
the electron is minimum or zero.
y
z
Nucleus
node
x
(2s)
(1s)
Types of Nodes:
Nodes are of two types: a) Radial Node b) Angular Node
A radial node is the spherical region around then nucleus, where the probability if finding the
electron is zero (Ψ2 = 0).
Similarly,nodal plane(angular plane) have zero probability of finding electron.

Calculation of no. of nodes:
No. of Radial nodes = n−𝑙 − 1
No. of angular nodes = 𝑙
Total no. of nodes = n-1
Ex: In a 3p -orbital
No. of Radial nodes = 3-1-1 = 1
No. of angular nodes = 1
Total no. of nodes = 2.
Shapes of Orbitals:
• s –Orbitals: s- Orbital can accommodate electrons with l = 0 and these orbitals are
present in every orbit starting from 1st orbit.
Orbital in which e-s with n=1 , l = 0 are present is called 1s - orbital.

All s-orbitals are spherical in shape and the size of sphere increases with ‘n’ value. s - Orbitals
are spherically symmetrical because the probability of finding the electron around the nucleus
is same in all directions.
• p – Orbitals:
p- Sublevel begins from 2nd orbit. For p - sublevel l = 1, indicates that each p - sub level
contains three orbitals with ‘m’ values –1, 0, +1. These are designated as px, py and pz,
depending on the axis in which electron density is present.
In px-orbital, electron density is concentrated along the x-axis.

p-Orbitals have dumb-bell shape. Each p -orbital has two lobes separated by one nodal plane.
The probability density function is zero on the plane where the two lobes touch each other.
The nodal planes for px, py and pz - orbitals are YZ, ZX and XY - planes respectively.
The three orbitals present in a given p - sublevel will have same shape, size and energy but
different orientations (differ in m value). These three orbitals are perpendicular to each other
and the angle between any two p - orbitals is 90o.
• d - Orbitals:begins from 3rd orbit (n = 3). For d- sub level l= 2, indicates that each d -
sublevel contains five orbitals with ‘m’ values –2, –1, 0, +1, +2. These are designated as
dxy,dyz,dzx, 𝑑𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 and d𝑧 2 .
All the d-orbitals (except d𝑧 2 ) have double dumb-bell shape. Each d-orbital has four lobes
separated by two nodal planes.
In case of dxy, dyz and dzxorbitals, lobes are present in between the corresponding axes.
i.e.,between x and yaxis in case of dxy orbital. Whereasin d𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 and d𝑧 2 orbitals lobes are
present along the axes. dxy Orbital contains yz and zx as nodal planes. dyz and dzx contain
(xy,zx) and (xy,yz) planes respectively. d𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 orbitalcontains two nodal planes perpendicular to
each other and which make an angle of 45o with respect to x and y axes. 𝑑 2 orbital does not
𝑧
contain nodal planes.
5 dorbitals present in a given d- sublevel will have same energy in the ground state.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. If the above radial probability curve indicates ‘2s’ orbital, the distance between the
peak points X.Y is:
a) 2.07Å b) 1.59Å c) 0.53Å d) 1.1Å

2. The wave function curve which crosses ‘x’ axis maximum number of times in the graph drawn
between distance from nucleus r(on x axis) and radial wave function R(ψr).
a)4d b)4p c)4s d)4f
3. The number of nodal planes is greatest for the orbital:

a) 4s b) 2p c) 3d d) 2s
4. The radial distribution curve of the orbital with double dumbbell shape in the 4 th principle
shell consists of ‘n’ nodes, n is
a) 2 b) 0 c)1 d) 3
5. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers represents as impossible
arrangements?
n l m s
a) 3 2 –2 ½
b) 4 0 0 ½
c) 3 2 –3 ½
d) 5 3 0 –1/2.
6. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z =
37) is
1 1 1 1
a) 5, 0, 0, +b) 5, 1, 0, + c) 5, 1, 1, + d) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
7. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital having same spin quantum number will be:
a) l + 2 b) 2l + 1 c) l(l + 1) d) √l(l + 1)
1
8. The four quantum number of last electron of an atom are 4, 0, 0, + then atomic number
2
of that element could be
a) 19 b) 55 c) 36 d) 37
9. The number of atomic orbitals with quantum numbers n = 3, l = 1, m = 0
a) 1 b) 6 c) 3 d) 5
HOME EXERCISE
1. Which of the following can be negative?
a) 4πr2ψ2 b) 4πr2ψ2dr c) ψ d) ψ2
2. The quantum number not obtained from the Schrodinger’s wave equation is
a) n b) l c) m d) s
3. Maxima’s in Radial probability distribution curve of 2s is
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
4. In which of following case would the probability of finding an electron in dxyorbital be
zero?
a) Xy and yz plane b) xy and planes
c) xz and yz planes d) z-direction, yz and xz planes
5. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
a) Size of the orbital b) spin angular momentum
c) Orbital angular momentum d) orientation of the orbital in space
6. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:
1 h h h
a) . b) zero c) d) 2.
2 2 2 2
7. What will be all 4-Sets of Quantum Number for last electron of sodium?
a) n = 3 l=0 m=0 s = +1/2
b) n = 3 l=1 m=1 s = +1/2
c) n = 2 l=0 m=0 s = +1/2
d) n = 2 l = 1 m=1 s = +1/2
8. p - orbitals of an atom in presence of magnetic field are:
a) Threefold degenerate b) Two fold degenerate
c) Non-degenerate d) none of these
9. The quantum number that is no way related to an orbital
a) principal b) azimuthal c) magnetic d) spin
SESSION – 10
AIM-To introduce Electronic Configuration
ENERGY OF ORBITALS
The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is determined only by the principal quantum
number. Within a shell, all hydrogen orbitals have the same energy, independent of the other
quantum numbers.
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f
Although the shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals are different, an electron has the same energy when
it is in 2s orbital or 2p orbital. The energy of an electron in a multielectron atom depends,
not only on its principal quantum number, but also on its azimuthal quantum number. The s, p,
d and f orbitals within a given shell have slightly different energies in a multi electron atom.
Electronic configuration of multi electron atoms:

The distribution and arrangement of electrons in the main shells, subshells and orbitals
of an atom is called electronic configuration of the element.
• Aufbau Principle:
“In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing
energies”.
In other words electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and enter
into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy orbitals are filled.
The relative energy of an orbital is given by
(n +l )rule. As(n+l) value increases, the energy of orbital increases.
• The orbital with the lowest (n + l) value is filled first.
• When two or more orbitals have the same (n +l) value, the one with the lowest ‘n’
value (or) highest ‘l ’ value is preferred in filling.
Exp-Consider two orbitals 3d and 4s.
n+l value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5 and of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4. Since 4s has lowest(n +l) value, it is filled first
before filling taking place in 3d.
Consider the orbitals 3d, 4p and 5s
The (n + l) value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
The (n +l) value of 4p = 4 + 1 = 5
The (n +l) value of 5s = 5 + 0 = 5
These three values are same. Since the ‘n’ value is lower to 3d orbitals, the electrons prefer
to enter in 3d, then 4p and 5s.
The order of increasing energy of atomic orbitals is:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on.
The sequence in which the electrons occupy various orbitals can be easily remembered with
the help of Moeller’s diagram as shown in Fig
• Pauli’s Exclusion principle:stated as “No two electrons in an atom can have the same
set of values for all the four quantum numbers”.This means that two electrons in an
orbital may have the same n, same l and same m but differ in spin quantum number. In
an orbital if one electron has clockwise spin, the other has anticlockwise spin. It follows
that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
Exp- helium atom has two electrons in its 1s orbital. Quantum numbers for first electron are
n =1, l = 0, m = 0 and s = +1/2. Quantum numbers for second electron are:
n =1, l = 0, m =0, s = –1/2.
The two electrons have the same value for n, same value for l and same value for m but differ
in s.
• Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity:

According to this rule, when electrons are filled in degenerate orbitals of a subshell, pairing
of an electron takes place only when each orbital of the subshell is filled with one electron
each.It can be also stated that, in ground state of an atom, the configuration which has
more number of unpaired electrons is most stable.
Thus in s, p, d and f subshells, pairing starts from 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th electrons respectively.
Ex: Electronic configuration of N (7) is 1s2 2s2 2p3.
The electrons in 2p subshell are occupied sing ally. i.e., 1s2 2s2 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1
Electronic configuration of elements from 1 to 30

1 H 1s1 1s1
2 He 1s2 1s2
3 Li 1s2 2s1 [He] 2s1
4 Be 1s2 2s2 [He] 2s2
5 B 1s2 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p1
6 C 1s2 2s2 2p2 [He] 2s2 2p2
7 N 1s2 2s2 2p3 [He] 2s2 2p3
8 O 1s2 2s2 2p4 [He] 2s2 2p4
9 F 1s2 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p5
10 Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6
11 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 [Ne] 3s1
12 Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 [Ne] 3s2
13 Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p1
14 Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p2
15 P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p3
16 S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 [Ne]3s2 3p4
17 Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p5
18 Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
19 K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 [Ar] 4s1
20 Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 [Ar] 4s2
21 Sc 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 [Ar] 3d1 4s2
22 Ti 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2
23 V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2
24 Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 [Ar] 3d5 4s1
25 Mn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s2
26 Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2
27 Co 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2
28 Ni 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2
29 Cu 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 [Ar] 3d10 4s1
30 Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2
Stability of atoms
Extra stability is associated with atoms in which degenerate orbitals are either half-filled
or completely filled due to
(1) Symmetrical distribution of electrons
(2) Exchange energy. Greater the exchange energy greater is the stability.
The presence of half-filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals gives greater
stability to atoms.
1
It is for this reason the electronic configurations of Cr and Cu are represented as [Ar] 4s
5 1 10
3d and [Ar] 4s 3d respectively.
CLASS EXERCISE
1. When 3d-orbital is complete, the newly entering electron goes into:
a) 4f b) 4s c) 4p d) 4d
2. An electron will have the highest energy in the set:
a)3, 2, 1, ½ b)4, 2, –1, 1/2 c)4, 1, 0, –1/2 d) 5, 0, 0, ½
3. Which has minimum number of unpaired d-electrons?
3+ 3+ 2+ 3+
a) Fe b) Co c) Co d) Mn
4. Which of the following is violation of Pauli’s exclusion principle?
2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p
a) b) c) d)
5. The number of electrons in M shell of an element with atomic number 24 is
a) 24 b) 12 c) 13 d) 8
HOME EXERCISE
1. The maximum number of unpaired electrons present in 4f -energy level is:
a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 6
2. The number of unpaired electrons in fluorine atom is:
a) 7 b) 5 c) 1 d) 2
3. Which set has the same number of unpaired electrons in their ground state?
– 3+ 3+
a) N, P, V b) Na, P, Cl c)Na + , Mg 2+ , Al d)Cl ,Fe ,Cr
4. In which of the following electron distributions in ground state, only the Hund’s rule is
violated
2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p
a) b) c) d)
8 2
5. Electronic configuration of Ni is [Ar] 3d , 4s . The electronic configuration of
next element is:
10 1 9 2
a) [Ar] 3d , 4s b) [Ar] 3d , 4s
8 2 1
c) Ar] 3d , 4s , 4p d) none of these
NCERT Exercise
Question 1:
(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Solution 1:
–31
(i) Mass of one electron = 9.10939×10 kg
–31
Number of electrons that weigh 9.10939 × 10 kg = 1
–3
Number of electrons that will weigh 1 g = (1 × 10 kg)
1
− 31
(110−3 kg)
9.1093910 kg
–3 + 31
= 0.1098 × 10
= 0.1098 × 1028
= 1.098 × 1027
–31
(ii) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 × 10 kg
23 –31
Mass of one mole of electron = (6.022 × 10 ) × (9.10939 ×10 kg)
–7
= 5.48 × 10 kg
–19
Charge on one electron = 1.6022 × 10 coulomb
–19 23
Charge on one mole of electron = (1.6022 × 10 C) (6.022 × 10 )
4
= 9.65 × 10 C
Question 2:
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
14
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of C. (Assume that mass of a
–27
neutron = 1.675 × 10 kg).
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3 at STP. Will the answer
change if the temperature and pressure are changed?
(i) Number of electrons present in 1 molecule of methane (CH4)
Solution 2:
{1(6) + 4(1)} = 10
23
Number of electrons present in 1 mole i.e., 6.023 × 10 molecules of methane
23 24
= 6.022 × 10 × 10 = 6.022 × 10
23
(ii) (a) Number of atoms of 14C in 1 mole= 6.023 × 10
Since 1 atom of 14C contains (14 – 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of neutrons in 14 g of 14C is (6.023 ×
1023) ×8. Or, 14 g of 14C contains (6.022 × 1023 × 8) neutrons.
Number of neutrons in 7 mg
6.0221023 87 mg
=
1400 mg
= 2.4092 × 1021
–27 14
(b) Mass of one neutron = 1.67493 × 10 kg Mass of total neutrons in 7 g of C
21 –27
= (2.4092 × 10 ) (1.67493 × 10 kg)
–6
= 4.0352 × 10 kg
(iii) (a) 1 mole of NH3 = {1(14) + 3(1)} g of NH3

= 17 g of NH3
= 6.022× 1023 molecules of NH3
Total number of protons present in 1 molecule of NH3
= {1(7) + 3(1)}
= 10
Number of protons in 6.023 × 1023 molecules of NH3
= (6.023 × 1023) (10)
= 6.023 × 1024
⇒ 17 g of NH3 contains (6.023 × 1024) protons.
Number of protons in 34 mg of NH3
6.0221024 34 mg
=
1700 mg
= 1.2046 × 1022
–27
(b) Mass of one proton = 1.67493 × 10 kg
Total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3
–27
= (1.67493 × 10 kg) (1.2046 × 1022)
–5
= 2.0176 × 10 kg
The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom is independent of temperature and pressure
conditions. Hence, the obtained values will remain unchanged if the temperature and pressure is changed.
Question 3:
How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?
13
6
C , 168 O , 24
12
Mg, 56
26
Fe, 88
38
Sr
Solution 3: 13
C:
6
Atomic mass = 13
Atomic number = Number of protons = 6
Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) – (Atomic number)
= 13 – 6 = 7
16
8
O:
Atomic mass = 16 Atomic number = 8 Number of protons = 8
= 16 – 8 = 8
24
Mg :
12
Atomic mass = 24
= 24 – 12 = 12
56
Fe:
26
Atomic mass = 56
= 56 – 26 = 30
88
Sr :
38
Atomic mass = 88
= 88 – 38 = 50
Question 4:
Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and Atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17, A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Solution 4:
35
(i) 17 Cl
233
(ii) 92 U
(iii) 94Be
Question 5:
Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (λ) of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency (ν)
and wave number ( v ) of the yellow light.
Solution 5:
From the expression,
c
=
v
We get,
c ...........
v= (i)

Where,
ν = frequency of yellow light
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 m/s
–9
λ = wavelength of yellow light = 580 nm = 580 × 10 m Substituting the values in expression (i):
8
v = 310 = 5.171014S −1
58010−9
Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp
–1
= 5.17 × 1014 s
1
Wave number of yellow light, v =

1
= − 9
= 1.72106 m−1
58010
Question 6:
Find energy of each of the photons which
(i) correspond to light of frequency 3× 1015 Hz.
(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 Å
Solution 6:
(i) Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,
E = hv
Where,
–34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626×10 Js
15
ν = frequency of light = 3×10 Hz
–34
Substituting the values in the given expression of E: E = (6.626×10 ) (3×1015)
–18
E = 1.988×10 J
(ii) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength (λ) is given by the expression,
hc
E=

–34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626×10 Js
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3×108 m/s Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E=
(6.62610−34 )(3108 )
J
0.5010−10
E = 3.9810−15 J
Question 7:
–10
Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 × 10 s.
Solution 7:
1
Frequency (ν) of light =
Period
1
= − 10
= 5.0109 s−1
2.010 s
c
Wavelength (λ) of light =
v
Where,
c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3×108 m/s
Substituting the value in the given expression of λ
3108
= = 6.010−2m
5.0109
1 1
Wave number (v ) of light = =1.66101m−1 =16.66m
 6.010 − 2
Question 8:
What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J of energy?
Solution 8:
Energy (E) of a photon = hν
Energy (En) of ‘n’ photons = nhν
E
n= n
hc
Where,
–12
λ = wavelength of light = 4000 pm = 4000 ×10 m

–34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10 Js
Substituting the values in the given expression of n:
(1)(400010−12 )
n= = 2.0121016
( 6.62610−34 )(310 )
8
Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of 4000 pm and energy of 1 J are 2.012×1016.
Question 9:
–7
A photon of wavelength 4 × 10 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13
eV. Calculate
(i) the energy of the photon (eV),
(ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and
–19
(iii) the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10 J).
Solution 9:
hc
(i) Energy (E) of a photon = hv =

Where,
–34
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10 Js
–7
λ = wavelength of photon = 4 × 10 m
Substituting the values in the given expression of E:
E=
( 6.62610−34 )(3108 )
= 4.969510−19 J
410−7
–19
Hence, the energy of the photon is 4.97×10 J.
(i) The kinetic energy of emission Ek is givenby
= hv − hv0
= (E −W )eV
 4.969510 −19 
= −19 
eV − 2.13eV
 1.602010 
= (3.1020 – 2.13) eV
= 0.9720 eV
Hence, the kinetic energy of emission is 0.97 eV.
(ii) The velocity of a photoelectron (ν) can be calculated by the expression,
1 2
mv = hv = hv0
2
2(hv − hv0 )
v=
m
Where, (hv − hv0 ) is the kinetic energy of emission in Joules and ‘m’ is the mass of the photoelectron.
Substituting the values in the given expression of v:
2(0.97201.602010−19 )
v= J
9.1093910−31kg
= 0.34181012 m2s−2
–1
v = 5.84 × 105 ms
–1
Hence, the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.84 × 105 ms .
Question 10:
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate
–1
the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol .
Solution 10:
NAhc
Energy of sodium (E) =

=
( 6.0231023mol−1 )(6.62610−34 Js)(3108 ms−1)
24210−9 m
= 4.947×105 J mol–1
= 494.7×103 J mol–1
–1
= 494 kJ mol
Question 11:
A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57 µm. Calculate the rate of
emission of quanta per second.
Solution 11:
–1
Power of bulb, P = 25 Watt = 25 Js
hc
Energy of one photon, E = hν =

E=
( 6.62610−34 )(3108 )
= 34.8710−20 J
(0.5710 )
− 6
–20
E = 34.87×10 J
Rate of emission of quanta per second
25
= = 7.1691019 s−1
34.8710−20
Question 12:
Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of
wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold frequency (v0 ) and work function (w0 ) of the metal.
Solution 12:
–10
Threshold wavelength of radian ( 0 ) = 6800 Å = 6800 × 10 m
Threshold frequency (v0 ) of the metal
c 3108 ms−1
= = = 4.411014s−1
0 −7
6.810 m
Thus, the threshold frequency (v0 ) of the metal is 4.41×1014 s-1.
Hence, work function (w0 ) of the metal = hv0
–34
= (6.626×10 Js) (4.41×1014 s–1)
–19
= 2.922×10 J
Question 13:
What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from
an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?
Solution 13:
The ni = 4 to nf = 2 transition will give rise to a spectral line of the Balmer series. The energy involved in
the transition is given by the relation,
1 1 
E = 2.1810−18  2 − 2 
 n1 n f 
1 1
E = 2.1810−18  2 − 2 
4 2 
1− 4 
= 2.1810−18 
 16 
−3
= 2.1810−18  
 16 
–19
E = – (4.0875 × 10 J)
The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.
hc
Wavelength of light emitted ( ) =
E
hc
Since E =

Substituting the values in the given expression of λ:
=
(6.62610−34 )(3108 )
4.087510−19
 = 4.863110−7 m
 = 486.310−9 m
= 486 nm
Question 14:
How much energy is required to ionise a H atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit? Compare your
answer with the ionization enthalpy of H atom (energy required to remove the electron from n =1 orbit).
Solution 14:
The expression of energy is given by,
−(2.1810−18 ) Z 2
En =
n2
Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom
n = principal quantum number
For ionization from n1 = 5 to n2 = ,
E = E − E5
 ( −2.1810−18 J ) (1)2   − ( 2.1810−18 J ) (1)2 
=   −  J
 (  )  ( ) 
2 2
5
  
(2.1810−18 J )
–20
Hence, the energy required for ionization from n = 5 to n =  is 8.72 × 10 J. Energy required for n1 =
1 to n = ,
E = E − E5
 ( −2.1810−18 J ) (1)2   − ( 2.1810−18 J ) (1)2 
=   −  J
 ( )
   () 
2 2
1
  
= (−2.1810−18 J )(1− 0)
= 2.1810−18 J
Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5th orbital of hydrogen atom as compared to
that in the ground state.
Question 15:
What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to
the ground state?
Solution 15:
When the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to the ground state, the following transitions are
possible:
Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in the emission spectrum.

The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the nth level drops down to the ground state is
n ( n −1)
given by. Given, =
2
n=6
6 ( 6 −1)
Number of spectral lines = = 15
2
Question 16:
–18 –1
(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10 J atom . What is the
energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
Solution 16:
(i) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is calculatedas:
−(2.1810−18 ) −2.1810−18
E5 = =
( 5)
2
25
–20
E5 = –8.72×10 J
(ii) Radius of Bohr’s nth orbit for hydrogen atom is givenby,
rn = (0.0529 nm) n2
For,
n=5
r5 = (0.0529 nm) (5)2
r5 = 1.3225 nm
Question 17:
Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
hydrogen.
Solution 17:
For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of wave number (v ) is given by,
 1 
1
v=  2 − 2  (1.097107m −1 )
 (2) nf 
 
Wave number (v ) is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition. Hence, for the longest
wavelength transition, (v ) has to be the smallest.
For (v ) to be minimum, nf should be minimum. For the Balmer series, a transition from ni = 2 to nf = 3 is
allowed. Hence, taking nf = 3, we get:
–1
6
v = 1.5236 × 10 m
 1 1
v =(1.097 107 m−1 )  2 − 2 
 (2) 3 
 
 1 1
v= (1.097107 m−1 ) − 
 4 9
9−4
v= (1.097 107m −1 )  
 36 
 5 
v= (1.097107 m−1 )  
 36 
v =1.5236106 m−1
Question 18:
What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit
to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the
ground state? The ground state electron energy is –2.1810−11 ergs .
Solution 18:
Energy (E) of the nth Bohr orbit of an atom is given by,
−(2.1810−18 ) Z 2
En =
n2
Where,
Z = atomic number of the atom
–11
Ground state energy = –2.18×10 ergs
–11 –7
= –2.18×10 ×10 J
–18
= –2.18×10 J
Energy required to shift the electron from n = 1 to n = 5 is given as:
E = E5 − E1
− ( 2.1810−18 ) (1)
2
= − (−2.1810−18 )
( 5)
2
 1
= (2.1810−18 ) 1− 
 25 
 24 
= (2.1810−18 )  = 2.092810−18
 25 
hc
Weight of emitted light =
E
=
(6.62610−34 )(3108 )
(2.092810−18 )
= 9.49810−8 m
Question 19:
–18
The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = (–2.18 × 10 )/n2 J. Calculate the energy
required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of light in
cm that can be used to cause this transition?
Solution 19:
2.1810−18
En = J
n2
Given,
E = E − E2
 −2.1810−18   −2.1810−18 
=   −  J
 ()   (2 ) 
2 2
  
 2.1810−18 
= − 0 J
 4 
Energy required for ionization from n = 2 is given by,
–18
= 0.545 × 10 J
–19
∆E = 5.45 × 10 J
hc
=
E
Here, λ is the longest wavelength causing the transition.
=
(6.62610−34 )(3108 ) = 3.64710−7 m
5.4510−19
–10
= 3647 × 10 m
= 3647 Å
Question 20:
7 –1
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 10 ms .
Solution 20:
According to de Broglie’s equation,
h
=
mv
Where,
λ = wavelength of moving particle
m = mass of particle, v = velocity of particle, h = Planck’s constant
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:
6.62610−34 Js
=
( )(
9.1093910−31kg 2.05107 ms−1 )
 = 3.54810−11m
–1
Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of 2.05×10 7 ms is 3.54810 −11 m
Question 21:
–31 –25
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 × 10 J, calculate its wavelength.
Solution 21:
From de Broglie’s equation,
h
=
mv
Given,
Kinetic energy (K.E.) of the electron = 3.0 × 10–25 J
1
Since K.E. = mv2
2
2K.E.
Velocity ( v ) =
m
2(3.010−25 J)
=
9.1093910−31 kg
= 6.5866104
V = 811.579ms-1
Substituting the value in the expression of λ:
6.62610−34 Js
=
(9.1093910−31kg )(811.579ms−1 )
 = 8.962510−7 m
Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625×10–7 m.
Question 22:
Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of electrons?
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2-, Ar
Solution 22:
Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons.
Number of electrons in sodium (Na) = 11
Number of electrons in (Na+) = 10
A positive charge denotes the loss of an electron.
Similarly,
Number of electrons in K+ = 18
Number of electrons in Mg2+ = 10
Number of electrons in Ca2+ = 18
A negative charge denotes the gain of an electron by a species.
Number of electrons in sulphur (S) = 16
∴ Number of electrons in S2- = 18
Number of electrons in argon (Ar) = 18
Hence, the following are isoelectronic species:
(1) Na+ and Mg2+ (10 electrons each)
(2) K+, Ca2+, S2- and Ar (18 electrons each).
Question 23:
(i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions: (a) H– (b) Na+ (c) O2–(d) F–
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by (a) 3s1 (b)
2p3 and (c) 3p5?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations? (a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2
3d1.
Solution 23:
(i) (a) H– ion
The electronic configuration of H atom is 1s1.
A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of H– = 1s2
(b) Na+ ion
The electronic configuration of Na atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
A positive charge on the species indicates the loss of an electron by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0 or 1s2 2s2 2p6
(c) O2– ion
The electronic configuration of 0 atom is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
A dinegative charge on the species indicates that two electrons are gained by it.
∴ Electronic configuration of O2- ion = 1s2 2s2 p6
(d) F– ion
The electronic configuration of F atom is 1s2 2s2 2p5.
A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.
∴ Electron configuration of F– ion = 1s2 2s2 2p6
(ii) (a) 3s1

Completing the electron configuration of the element as 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element
= 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
∴ Atomic number of the element = 11
(b) 2p3
Completing the electron configuration of the element as 1s2 2s2 2p3.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7

(c) 3p5
Completing the electron configuration of the element as 1s2 2s2 2p5.
∴ Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9
(iii) (a) [He] 2s1

The electronic configuration of the element is [He] 2s1 = 1s2 2s1.
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [He] 2s1 is lithium (Li).
(b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3
The electronic configuration of the element is [Ne] 3s2 3p3 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3 is phosphorus (P).
(c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1
The electronic configuration of the element is [Ar] 4s2 3d1 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1.
Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d1 is scandium (Sc).
Question 24:
What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?
Solution 24:
For g-orbitals, l = 4.
As for any value ‘n’ of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can have a value
from zero to (n – 1).
∴ For l = 4, minimum value of n = 5.
Question 25:
An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and m, for this electron.
Solution 25:
For the 3d orbital:
Principal quantum number (n) = 3
Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2
Magnetic quantum number (ml) = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2
Question 26:
An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce
(i) the number of protons and
(ii) the electronic configuration of the element.
Solution 26:
(i) For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
∴ Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29
(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.
Question 27:
Give the number of electrons in the species H +2 , H2 and O2+
Solution 27:
H 2+ :
Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule (H2) = 1 + 1 = 2
∴ Number of electrons in H 2+ = 2 – 1 = 1 H2:
H 2:
Number of electrons in H2 = 1 + 1 = 2
O2+ :
Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule (O2) = 8 + 8 = 16
∴ Number of electrons in O+2 = 16 – 1 = 15
Question 28:
(i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml?
(ii) List the quantum numbers (ml and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f
Solution 28:
(i) n = 3 (Given)
For a given value of n, l can have values from 0 to (n – 1).
∴ For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values.
For l = 0, m = 0
l = 1, m = –1, 0, 1
l = 2, m = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2
∴ For n = 3
l = 0, 1, 2
m0 = 0
m1 = –1, 0, 1
m2 = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2
(ii) For 3d orbital, l = 2.
For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values i.e., 5 values.
∴ For l = 2
m2 = –2, –1, 0, 1, 2
(iii) Among the given orbitals only 2s and 2p are possible. 1p and 3f cannot exist. For p-orbital, l = 1.
For a given value of n, l can have values from zero to (n – 1).
∴ For l is equal to 1, the minimum value of n is 2.
Similarly,
For f-orbital, l = 4.
For l = 4, the minimum value of n is 5. Hence, 1p and 3f do not exist.
Question 29:
Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.
(a) n = 1, l = 0;
(b) n = 3; l =1
(c) n = 4; l = 2;
(d) n = 4; l =3.
Solution 29:
(a) n = 1, l = 0 (Given) The orbital is 1s.
(b) For n = 3 and l = 1 The orbital is 3p.
(c) For n = 4 and l = 2 The orbital is 4d.
(d) For n = 4 and l = 3 The orbital is 4f.
Question 30:
Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not
1
A n=0 l=0 m =+
ml = 0 s
2
1
B n=1 l=0 m =−
ml = 0 s
2
1
C n=1 l=1 ml = 0 m =+
s
2
1
D n=2 l=1 ml = 0 m =−
s
2
1
E n=3 l=3 ml = – 3 m =+
s
2
1
F n=3 l=1 ml = 0 m =+
s
2
Solution 30:
(a) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the value of the principal quantum number
(n) cannot be zero.
(b) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
(c) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.
For a given value of n, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1). For n = 1, l = 0 and not 1.
(d) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
(e) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible. For n = 3,
l = 0 to (3 – 1)
l = 0 to 2 i.e., 0, 1, 2
(f) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.
Question 31:
How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
1
(a) n = 4, and ms =−
2
(b) n = 3, l = 0
Solution 31:
(a) Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n = 2n2
∴ For n = 4,
Total number of electrons = 2 (4)2
= 32
The given element has a fully filled orbital as 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.
Hence, all the electrons are paired.
1
∴ Number of electrons (having n = 4 and ms =− ) = 16
2
(b) n = 3, l = 0 indicates that the electrons are present in the 3s orbital. Therefore, the number of electrons
having n = 3 and l = 0 is 2.
Question 32:
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de
Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
Solution 32:
Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr’s postulate, the angular momentum of
that electron is given by:
h
mvr = n ..................(1)
2
Where,
n = 1, 2, 3, …
According to de Broglie’s equation:
h
=
mv
h
or mv = ..................(2)

Substituting the value of ‘mv’ from expression (2) in expression (1):
hr h
=n ...........(3)
 2
Since ‘2πr’ represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit (r), it is proved by equation (3) that the
circumference of the Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie’s wavelength
associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
Question 33:
What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4
to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?
Solution 33:
For He+ ion, the wave number (v ) associated with the Balmer transition, n = 4 to n = 2 is given by:
1 1 1
v= = RZ 2  2 − 2 
  n1 n2 
Where,
n1 = 2
n2 = 4
Z = atomic number of helium
1 21 1
v = = R ( 2)  − 
  4 16 
4 −1
= 4R  
 16 
1
3R
v= =
 4
4
=
3R
According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have the same wavelength as that of
He+.
2 1 1  3R
R (1)  2 − 2  =
 n1 n2  4
 1 1 3
 2 − 2 = … (1)
 1
n n2  4
By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only when
n1 = 1and n2 = 2.
The transition for n2 = 2 to n = 1 in hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as Balmer
transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum.
Question 34:
Calculate the energy required for the process He(+g) ⎯⎯
→He(2g+) + e−
The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18×10–18 J atom-1
Solution 34:
Energy associated with hydrogen-like species is given by,
−18 Z2
En = −2.1810  2  J
n 
For ground state of hydrogen atom,
E = E − E1

18 ( )
 1 2 
= 0 − −2.1810  2  J
−
  (1) 
 
E = 2.1810−28 J
For the given process, He+(g) ⎯⎯
→He2(g+) + e−
An electron is removed from n = 1 to n = ∞.
E = E − E1
18 ( 2 )
  2 
= 0 − −2.1810  2
−  J
  (1) 
 
E = 8.7210−18 J
The energy required for the process 8.7210−18 J
Question 35:
If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be placed
side by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm long.
Solution 35:
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10–2 m
Length of the scale = 20 cm
= 20×10–2 m
Diameter of a carbon atom = 0.15 nm
= 0.15×10–9 m
One carbon atom occupies 0.15×10–9 m.
Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line
2010−2 m
=
0.1510−9 m
=133.33107
=1.33109
Question 36:
2×108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length of this
arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Solution 36:
Length of the given arrangement = 2.4 cm
Number of carbon atoms present = 2×108

∴ Diameter of carbon atom
2.410−2 m
=
2108 m
= 1.210−16 m
Diameter
Radius of carbon atom =
2
1.210−10 m
=
2
= 6.010−11m
Question 37:
o
The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6 A. Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in pm and (b) number of atoms
present in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged side by side lengthwise.
Solution 37:
Diameter
(a) Radius of zinc atom =
2
o
2.6 A
=
2
= 1.310−10 m
= 13010−12 m
= 130 pm
(b) Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm
= 1.6×10–2 m
Diameter of zinc atom = 2.6×10–10 m
Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement
1.610−2 m
=
2.610−10 m
= 0.6153108 m
= 6.153107
Question 38:
A certain particle carries 2.5×10–16C of static electric charge. Calculate the number of electrons present
in it.
Solution 38:
Charge on one electron = 1.6022×10–19 C
⇒ 1.6022×10–19C charge is carried by 1 electron.
Number of electrons carrying a charge of 2.5×10–16 C
 2.510−16 C 
= 1 −19 
 1.602210 
= 1.560 × 103 C
=1560 C
Question 39:
In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining X-rays. If
the static electric charge on the oil drop is –1.282×10–18C, calculate the number of electrons present on
it.
Solution 39:
Charge on the oil drop = 1.282×10–18 C
Charge on one electron = 1.6022×10–19C
∴ Number of electrons present on the oil drop
1.282 10−18C
=
1.6022 10−19 C
= 0.8001101
= 8.0
Question 40:
In Rutherford’s experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc. have been
used to be bombarded by the α-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used, what
difference would be observed from the above results?
Solution 40:
A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with the foil of heavier atoms.
Lighter atoms would be able to carry very little positive charge. Hence, they will not cause enough
deflection of α-particles (positively charged).
Question 41:
35
79
Symbols 35 Br and 79Br can be written, whereas symbols 79 Br and 35 Br
are not acceptable. Answer briefly.
Solution 41:
The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z)
is ZA X
79 81
Hence 35 Br is acceptable but 35 Br is not acceptable.
79 35
Br can be written but Br cannot be written because the atomic number of an element is constant, but
the atomic mass of an element depends upon the relative abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is necessary
to mention the atomic mass of an element.
Question 42:
An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the
atomic symbol.
Solution 42:
Let the number of protons in the element be x.
∴ Number of neutrons in the element
= x + 31.7% of x
= x + 0.317x
= 1.317x
According to the question,
Mass number of the element = 81
(Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81
 x +1.317x = 81
2.317x = 81
81
x=
2.317
x = 35
Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.
Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its nucleus, the atomic
number of the given element is 35.
The atomic symbol of the element is 81
35Br .
Question 43:
An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains 11.1% more
neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
Solution 43:
Let the number of electrons in the ion carrying a negative charge be x.
Then,
Number of neutrons present
= x + 11.1% of x
= x + 0.111x
= 1.111x
Number of electrons in the neutral atom = (x – 1)
(When an ion carries a negative charge, it carries an extra electron)
∴ Number of protons in the neutral atom = x – 1
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 37

∴ (x – 1) + 1.111x = 37
2.111x = 38
x = 18
Number of electrons = 18; Number of protons = 18 – 1 = 17
Atomic number of the ion = 17; Atom correspondence to ion = cl
−1
∴ The symbol of the ion is 37
17 Cl
Question 44:
An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons.
Assign the symbol to this ion.
Solution 44:
Let the number of electrons present in ion A3+ be x
Number of neutrons in it = x + 30.4% of x = 1.304 x
Since the ion is tripositive,
⇒ Number of electrons in neutral atom = x + 3
∴ Number of protons in neutral atom = x + 3
Given,
Mass number of the ion = 56
(x + 3) + (1.304x) = 56
2.304x = 53
53
x=
2.304
x = 23
Number of protons = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26
The symbol of the ion 56 26 Fe
3+
Question 45:
Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of frequency:
(a) radiation from microwave oven
(b) amber light from traffic signal
(c) radiation from FM radio
(d) cosmic rays from outer space and
(e) X-rays.
Solution 45:
The increasing order of frequency is as follows:
Radiation from FM radio < amber light < radiation from microwave oven < X- rays < cosmic rays
The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:
Cosmic rays < X-rays < radiation from microwave ovens < amber light < radiation of FM radio.
Question 46:
Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of photons emitted is 5.6
× 1024, calculate the power of this laser.
Solution 46:
Power of laser = Energy with which it emits photons
Nhc
Power = E =

Where,
N = number of photons emitted
c = velocity of radiation
λ = wavelength of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy (E):
(5.6 1024 )(6.626 10−34 Js)(3108 ms−1 )
E=
(337.110−9 m)
= 0.3302×107 J
= 3.33×106 J
Hence, the power of the laser is 3.33×106 J.
Question 47:
Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate
(a) the frequency of emission,
(b) distance traveled by this radiation in 30 s
(c) energy of quantum and
(d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.
Solution 47:
Wavelength of radiation emitted = 616 nm = 616×10–9 m (Given)
(a) Frequency of emission ( v )
c
v=

Where,
Substituting the values in the given expression of: ( v )
8
v = 3.010 m/s
61610−9 m
= 4.87×108 ×109 ×10–3 s–1
ν = 4.87×1014 s–1
Frequency of emission (ν) = 4.87×1014 s–1
(b) Velocity of radiation, (c) = 3.0×108 ms–1
Distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s
= (3.0×108 ms–1) (30 s)
= 9.0×109 m
(c) Energy of quantum (E) = hν (6.626×10–34 Js) (4.87×1014 s–1)
Energy of quantum (E) = 32.27×10–20 J
–20
(d) Energy of one photon (quantum) = 32.27×10 J
–20
Therefore, 32.27×10 J of energy is present in 1 quantum. Number of quanta in 2 J of energy
2J
=
32.2710−20 J
= 6.19 × 1018 = 6.2 × 1018
Question 48:
In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the photon
–18
detector receives a total of 3.15×10 J from the radiations of 600 nm, calculate the number of photons
received by the detector.
Solution 48:
hc
From the expression of energy of one photon (E), E =

Where,
E=
( 6.62610−34 Js)(3108 ms−1 )
(60010−9 m)
E = 3.313×10–19 J
Energy of one photon = 3.313×10–19 J
Number of photons received with 3.15×10–18 J energy
3.1510−18 J
=
3.31310−19 J
= 9.5
≈ 10
Question 49:
Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed radiation source of
duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has the duration of 2 ns and the number
of photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 × 1015, calculate the energy of the source.
Solution 49:
Frequency of radiation (ν),

1
v=
2.010−9 s
ν = 5.0×108 s–1
Energy (E) of source = Nhν
Where,
N = number of photons emitted
ν = frequency of radiation
Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):
E = (2.5×1015) (6.626×10–34 Js) (5.0×108 s–1)
E = 8.282×10–10 J
Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282×10–10 J.
Question 50:
The longest wavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589 and 589.6 nm. Calculate the
frequency of each transition and energy difference between two excited states.
Solution 50:
(i) Given,
Wavelength associated with first transition, λ1 =589 nm =589 × 10–9 m
Wavelength associated with second transition, λ2 = 589.6 nm =589.6 × 10–9 m
c 3108 ms−1
Frequency of first wavelength is v1 = =
1 58910–9 m
14 –1
= 5.093 × 10 s
c 3108 ms−1
And, frequency of second wavelength is v2 = =
2 589.610–9 m
= 5.088 × 1014s-1
(ii) Energy difference between two excited states is given as,
ΔE = hv1 – hv2
Or, ΔE = h(v1 – v2)
= 6.626 × 10-34 Js × (5.093 × 1014 s-1 – 5.088 × 1014 s-1)
= 6.626 × 10-34 Js × 0.005 × 1014 s-1
= 3.31 × 10-22 J
Question 51:
The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength and (b) the
threshold frequency of the radiation. If the caesium element is irradiated with a wavelength 500 nm,
calculate the kinetic energy and the velocity of the ejected photoelectron.
Solution 51:
It is given that the work function (W0 ) for caesium atom is 1.9 eV.
hc
(a) From the expression, W 0= , we get:
0
hc
0 =
W0
Where,
0 = threshold wavelength
Substituting the values in the given expression of ( 0 ):
0 =
(6.62610−14 Js)(3.0108 ms−1 )
1.91.60210−19 J
0 = 6.5310−7 m
Hence, the threshold wavelength 0 is 653 nm.
(b) From the expression, W0 = hv0 , we get:
W0
v0 =
h
Where,
v0 = threshold frequency
Substituting the values in the given expression of v0
1.91.60210−19 J
v0 =
6.62610−34 Js
(1 eV = 1.602×10–19 J)
14
v0 = 4.593×10 s-1
Hence, the threshold frequency of radiation ( v0 ) is 4.593×1014 s–1.
(c) According to the question:
Wavelength used in irradiation (λ) = 500 nm
Kinetic energy = h (ν - v0 )
1 1
= hc − 
  0 
−
= (6.626 10−34 Js )( 3.0 108ms −1 )  0 
 0 
 (653 − 500)10−9 m 
= (1.9878Jm )  −18 2 
 (653)(500 )10 m 
=
(1.987810−26 )(153109 )
(653)(500)
= 9.3149×10-20 J
Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron = 9.3149×10–20 J
1
Since K.E = mv2 = 9.314910−20 J
2
v=
(
2 9.314910−20 J )
9.1093910 11
m2s−2
v = 2.04511011m2s−2
v = 4.52×105 ms–1
Hence, the velocity of the ejected photoelectron (v) is 4.52×105 ms–1.
Question 52:
Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths. Calculate (a)
threshold wavelength and, (b) Planck’s constant.
λ (nm) 500 450 400
(
v  10–5 cm s–1 ) 2.55 4.35 5.35
Solution 52:
(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be  0nm(=  010−9 m), the kinetic energy of the radiation is
given as:
1
h ( v − v0 ) = mv2
2
Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:
1 1  1
hc  −  = mv2
  0  2
 1 1  1
hc  − 9 = m(2.5510 
+5
10−2 ms−1 )
 500 10 0  10−9
m  2
hc 1  1 1
 −  = m (2.5510 +3ms −1 2
) (1)
10 m  500 0  2
−9
Similarly,
hc 1  1 1
−  = m (3.4510 ms ) (2)
2
+3 −1

10 m  450 0  2
−9
hc 1  1 1
 = m (5.3510 ms ) (3)
+3 −1 2
 −
10 m  400 0  2
−9
Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

 0 − 400 
 400  ( 5.3510+3 ms −1 )2
= 0 
=
 0− 500  ( 2.5510 +3 ms −1 )2
 500 
 0 
50 − 2000  5.35 2 28.6225

=  =
40 − 2000  2.55  6.5025
50 − 2000
= 4.40177
40 − 2000
17.60700 − 50 = 8803.537 − 2000
6805.537
0 =
12.607
0 = 539.8nm
0 = 540 nm
Threshold wavelength ( 0 ) = 540 nm
Note: part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of velocity given in the question.
50 − 2000  5.35 2 28.6225
=  =
40 − 2000  2.55  6.5025
50 − 2000
= 4.40177
40 − 2000
17.60700 − 50 = 8803.537 − 2000
6805.537
0 =
12.607
0 = 539.8nm
0 = 540 nm
Question 53:
The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be
stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the work
function for silver metal.
Solution 53:
From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon (E) is equal to the sum of
the work function (W0 ) of radiation and its kinetic energy (K.E.) i.e., E = W0 + K.E.
W0 = E – K.E.
hc
Energy of incident photon (E) = Where,

E=
(6.62610−34 Js)(3.0108ms−1)
256.710−9 m
= 7.74410−19 J
7.74410−19
1.60210−19 eV
E = 4.83 eV
The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of the photoelectron. Hence,
K.E = 0.35 V
K.E = 0.35 eV
Work function, W0 = E – K.E.
= 4.83 eV – 0.35 eV
= 4.48 eV
50 − 2000  5.35 2 28.6225
=  =
40 − 2000  2.55  6.5025
50 − 2000
= 4.40177
40 − 2000
17.60700 − 50 = 8803.537 − 2000
6805.537
0 =
12.607
0 = 539.8nm
0 = 540 nm
Question 54:
If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound electrons is ejected out
with a velocity of 1.5×107 ms–1, calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Solution 54:
Energy of incident photon (E) is given by,
hc
E=

=
( 6.62610−34 Js)(3.0 108 ms−1 )
(15010−12 m)
= 1.325210−15 J
= 13.25210−16 J
Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)
1
= me v 2
2
= ( 9.1093910−31 kg )(1.5107 ms −1 )
1 2
2
= 10.2480 × 10−17 J
= 1.02510−16 J
Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be obtained as:
= E – K.E
= 13.252×10–16 J – 1.02×10–16 J
= 12.227×10–16 J
12.22710−16
= eV
1.60210−19
= 7.6103 eV
50 − 2000  5.35 2 28.6225
=  =
40 − 2000  2.55  6.5025
50 − 2000
= 4.40177
40 − 2000
17.60700 − 50 = 8803.537 − 2000
6805.537
0 =
12.607
0 = 539.8nm
0 = 540 nm
Question 55:
Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and can be represented
as v = 3.29×1015(Hz) [1/32 - 1/n2]
Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region of the spectrum.
Solution 55:
Wavelength of transition = 1285 nm
= 1285×10–9 m (Given)
1 1 
v = 3.29×1015  2 − 2 
3 n 
(Given)
c
Since v =

3.010 ms−1
8
=
128510−9 m
v = 2.33×1014 s−1
Substituting the value of ν in the given expression,
1 1 
3.291015  − 2  = 2.331014
9 n 
1 1 2.331014
= =
9 n2 3.291015
1 1
− 0.708210−1 = 2
9 n
1
 2 =1.110−1 − 0.708210−1
n
1
2
= 4.02910−2
n
1
n=
4.02910−2
n = 4.98
n≈5
Hence, for the transition to be observed at 1285 nm, n = 5. The spectrum lies in the infra-red region.
Question 56:
Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition if it starts from the orbit having radius 1.3225 nm
and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this transition belongs and the region of the spectrum.
Solution 56:
The radius of the nth orbit of hydrogen-like particles is given by,
0.529n2 o
r= A
Z
52.9n2
r= pm
Z
For radius ( r1) = 1.3225 nm
= 1.32225×10–9 m
= 1322.25×10–12 m
= 1322.25 pm
rZ
n12 = 1
52.9
1322.25Z
n12=
52.9
Similarly,
211.6Z
n22=
52.9
2
n1 1322.5
=
n22 211.6
n12
= 6.25
n22
n1
= 2.5
n2
n1 25 5
= =
n2 10 2
 n1 = 5 and n2 =2
Thus, the transition is from the 5th orbit to the 2nd orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series. Wave number
(v ) for the transition is given by,
 1 1
1.097107 m−1  2 − 2 
2 5 
 21 
=1.097107 m−1  
100 
= 2.303106m–1
1
Wavelength (λ) associated with the emission transition is given by,  =
v
1
=
2.303106 m−1
= 0.434×10–6 m
λ = 434 nm
Question 57:
Dual behavior of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope often used
for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of material. If the velocity of the
electron in this microscope is 1.6×106 ms–1, calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with this
electron.
Solution 57:
h
=
mv
6.62610−34 Js
=
(9.1093910−31 kg)(1.6106 ms−1 )
= 4.55×10–10 m
λ = 455 pm
de Broglie’s wavelength associated with the electron is 455 pm.
Question 58:
Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the determination of the
structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic velocity
associated with the neutron.
Solution 58:
h
=
mv
h
v=
m
Where,
v = velocity of particle (neutron)
m = mass of particle (neutron)
λ = wavelength
Substituting the values in the expression of velocity (v),
(6.62610−34 ) Kg m2 s−1
=
(1.67510−27 kg)(810−10 m)
6.626103
= ms −1
1.675 8
= 4.94  102 ms–1
v = 494 ms–1
Velocity associated with the neutron = 494 ms–1
Question 59:
If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19×106 ms–1, calculate the de Broglie wavelength
associated with it.
Solution 59:
According to de Broglie’s equation,
h
=
mv
Where,
λ = wavelength associated with the electron
m = mass of electron
v = velocity of electron
Substituting the values in the expression of λ:
6.62610−34 Js
=
( )(
9.1093910−31 kg 2.19106 ms−1 )
100
 = 3.3210−10 m = 3.3210−10 m
100
 = 33210−12 m
 = 332 pm
Wavelength associated with the electron = 332 pm
Question 60:
The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 V is 4.37×105 ms–1. If the
hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the wavelength associated with this
velocity.
Solution 60:
According to de Broglie’s expression,
h
=
mv
Substituting the values in the expression,
6.62610−34 Js
=
(0.1kg )(4.37 105 ms−1 )
 = 1.51610−38 m
Question 61:
If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of +0.002 nm, calculate the uncertainty in
the momentum of the electron. Suppose the momentum of the electron is h/4π m × 0.05 nm, is there any
problem in defining this value.
Solution 61:
From Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,
h 1 h
x p =  p = .
4 x 4
Where,
∆x = uncertainty in position of the electron
∆p = uncertainty in momentum of the electron
Substituting the values in the expression of ∆p:
1 6.62610−34 Js
p = 
0.002 nm 4(3.14)
1 6.62610−34 Js
= 
210−12 m 4 3.14
–1
= 2.637×10–23 Js m
∆p = 2.637 × 10–23 kg ms–1 (1 J = 1 kg ms2s–1)
Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron = 2.637×10–23 kg ms–1.
h
Actual momentum =
4m  0.05nm
6.62610−34 Js
=
43.145.010−11m
= 1.055 × 10–24 kg ms–1
Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty, the value cannot be defined.
Question 62:
The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing energies. If
any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:
1. n = 4, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
2. n = 3, l = 2, ml= 1 , ms = +1/2
3. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
4. n = 3, l = 2, ml = –2 , ms = –1/2
5. n = 3, l = 1, ml = –1 , ms= +1/2
6. n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2
Solution 62:
For n = 4 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 4d.
For n = 3 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 3d.
For n = 4 and l = 1, the orbital occupied is 4p.
Hence, the six electrons i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are present in the 4d, 3d, 4p, 3d, 3p, and 4p orbitals
respectively.
Therefore, the increasing order of energies is 5(3p) < 2(3d) = 4(3d) < 3(4p) = 6(4p) < 1 (4d).
Question 63:
The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons in 2p orbital, 6 electrons in 3p orbital
and 5 electrons in 4p orbital. Which of these electron experiences the lowest effective nuclear charge?
Solution 63:
Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multi-electron atom) is dependant upon the
distance between the nucleus and the orbital, in which the electron is present. As the distance increases,
the effective nuclear charge also decreases.
Among p-orbitals, 4p orbitals are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35) charge. Hence,
the electrons in the 4p orbital will experience the lowest effective nuclear charge. These electrons are
shielded by electrons present in the 2p and 3p orbitals along with the s-orbitals. Therefore, they will
experience the lowest nuclear charge.
Question 64:
Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective nuclear charge?
(i) 2s and 3s, (ii) 4d and 4f, (iii) 3d and 3p
Solution 64:
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of a multi-
electron atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge experienced by the electron(s) in it.
(i) The electron(s) present in the 2s orbital will experience greater nuclear charge (being closer to the
nucleus) than the electron(s) in the 3s orbital.
(ii) 4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to the nucleus.
(iii) 3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than 3f.
Question 65:
The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital. Which electrons will experience more
effective nuclear charge from the nucleus?
Solution 65:
Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.
The higher the atomic number, the higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons while aluminium
has 13 protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14) than aluminium, which has a nuclear
charge of (+13). Thus, the electrons in the 3p orbital of silicon will experience a more effective nuclear
charge than aluminium.
Question 66:
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in: (a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe and (e) Kr.
Solution 66:
(a) Phosphorus (P): Atomic number = 15
The electronic configuration of P is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
The orbital picture of P can be represented as:
From the orbital picture, phosphorus has three unpaired electrons.

(b) Silicon (Si): Atomic number = 14
The electronic configuration of Si is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
The orbital picture of Si can be represented as:
From the orbital picture, silicon has two unpaired electrons.

(c) Chromium (Cr): Atomic number = 24
The electronic configuration of Cr is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
The orbital picture of chromium is:
From the orbital picture, chromium has six unpaired electrons.

(d) Iron (Fe): Atomic number = 26
The electronic configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
The orbital picture of chromium is:
From the orbital picture, iron has four unpaired electrons.

(e) Krypton (Kr): Atomic number = 36
The electronic configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
The orbital picture of krypton is:
Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in krypton.
Question 67:
(a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of –1/2 for n = 4?
Solution 67:
(a) n = 4 (Given)
For a given value of ‘n’, ‘l’ can have values from zero to (n – 1).
l = 0, 1, 2, 3
Thus, four sub-shells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.
(b) Number of orbitals in the nth shell = n2
For n = 4 Number of orbitals = 16
If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with ms value of −  .
1
 2
 1
 Number of electrons with ms value of −  is 16.
 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chapter – 02
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
41 years of JEE mains & advance solved papers

Topic 1 Preliminary Developments and Bohr’s Model
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option)
1. which one of the following about an electron occupying the 1s orbital in a hydrogen
atom is correct? (The Bohr radius is represented by a0) (2019, 9 April ii)
(a) The electrons can be found at a distance 2a0 from the nucleus
(b) The magnitude of the potential energy is double that of its kinetic energy on an average.
(c) The probability density of finding the electron is maximum at the nucleus.
(d) The total energy of the electron is maximum when it is at a distance a0 from the nucleus.
Solution: (d) is incorrect. For 1s orbital radial probability density (R2) against r is given as:
For 1s orbital, probability density decreases sharply as we move away from the nucleus.
The radial distribution curves obtained by plotting radial probability functions v/s r for 1s orbital
is given as,
The graph initially increases and then decreases. It reaches a maximum at a distance very close
to the nucleus and then decreases. The maximum in the curve corresponds to the distance at
which the probability of finding the electron in maximum.
Page number 1 For any queries Gmail: activesite123@gmail.com Contact No. : 9844532971
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2. If p is the momentum of the fastest electron ejected from a metal surface after the
irradiation of light having wavelength , then for 1.5p momentum of the photoelectron,
the wavelength of the light should be__________.(Assume kinetic energy of ejected
photoelectron to be very high in composition to work function) (2019 main)
4 3 2 1
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
Solution: (a) The expression of kinetic energy of photo electrons,

1
KE = 2 mv 2 = E − E0
1
When, KE >> E0 , the equation becomes, KE= 2 mv 2 = E
1 hc p2 hc
=> mv 2 = => 2m2 =
2  
1 1
=>  = hc × 2m2 × p2 =>  ∝ p2
hc
E= = energy of incident light.

E0 = threshold energy or work functions.

1 2
1 (mv)2 1 p2
mv = × = × 2 where p = momentum = mv
2 2 m2 2 m
2 p1 2
As per the given condition, =( )
1 p2
2 p 2 2 2 4
=> =( ) =( ) =
 1.5 × p 3 9
4
=> 2 =  [where 1 = , p1 = p]
9
3. What is the work function of the metal, if the light of wavelength 4000A0 generates
photoelectron of velocity of 6×105 ms-1 from it?
(mass of electron = 9×10-31 kg
Velocity of light = 3×108 ms-1
Planks constant = 6.626 ×10-34 Js
Charge of electron = 1.6×10-19 Je V-1) (2019 main,12 Jan I)
(a) 4.0 eV (b) 2.1 eV (c) 0.9 eV (d) 3.1 eV
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Solution: Work function of metal (∅) = hv0

where, v0 = thershold frequency
1
Also, m v 2 = hv − hv0
2 e
1
or m v 2 = hv − ∅ … . . (i)
2 e
1 hc
me v 2 = − ∅ … . . (ii)
2 
Given:  = 4000 × 10−10 m
v = 6 × 105 ms−1 ,
me = 9 × 10−31 kg, c = 3 × 108 ms−1
h = 6.626 × 10−34 Js
Thus, on sustituting all the given values in Eq. (i). we get
1
= × 9 × 10−31 kg × (6 × 105 ms −1 )2
2
6.626×10−34 Js×3×108 ms−1
= −∅
4000×10−10 m
∴ ∅ = 1.62 × 10−21 kgm2 s −2 − 4.96 × 10−19 J

= 3.36 × 10−19 J [1kgm2 s−2 = 1J]
= 2.1eV
4. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV. The energy of second excited
state of He+ ion in eV is (2019,main,10 Jan II)
(a)-54.4 (b) -3.4 (c) -6.04 (d) -27.2
Solution: The ground state energy of H atom is +13.6eV.
For second excited state, n = 2 + 1 = 3
Z2
∴ E3 (He+ ) = −13.6 × eV [for He+ , Z = 2]
n2
22
= −13.6 × eV = −6.04 ev
32
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
5. Which of the graphs shown below does not represent the relationship between incident
light and the electron ejected from metal surface? (2019 main, 10 Jan I)
Solution: (d) For photoelectric effect
(i)
where, KE= Kinetic energy of ejected electrons
KE = Ennergy of incident light = hν
E0 = Threshold energy =hv0
ν = Frequency of incident light
ν0 = Threshold frequency
Slope = ±1, intercept = - E0

(ii) KE of ejected electrons does not depends on the intensity of incident light.
So, option (b) is correct
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(iii) When, number of ejected electrons is plotted with frequency of light, we get
So, option ( c) is also correct

(iv) KE = hν - hν 0
Slope = +h, intercept = -hν0. So, option (d) is not correct.
6. A stream of electron from a heated filament was passed between two charged plates
kept at a potential different V. esu. If e and m are charge and mass of an electron,
respectively, then the value of h/ (where,  is wavelength associated with electron
wave) is given by (2016 main )
(a) 2 meV (b) √meV (c)√2mev (d)meV
Solution:
As you see in options, energy term is mentioned hence,
we have to find out relation between h/ and energy.
PLAN For this, we shall use de–Broglie wavelength and kinetic
energy term in eV.
h
De-Broglie wavelength for an electron () = p
h
 p= … . (i)

Kinetic energy of an electron = eV

p2
As we know that, KE = 2m
p2
∴ eV = 2m or p = √2mev …(ii)
h
From equation (i)and (ii), we get = √2mev

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
7. Rutherford’s experiment, which established the nuclear model of the atom , used a
beam of (2002,3M)
(a) β -particles, which impinged on a metal foil and got absorbed
(b) ϒ -rays, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
(c) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
(d) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
Solution: Rutheford used α-particle (He2+ nuclei) in his experiment.
8. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment eventually led to the conclusion that
(1986,1M)
(a) mass and energy are related
(b) electrons occupy space around the nucleus
(c) neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus
(d) the point of impact with matter can be precisely determined
Solution: According to Rutherford’s model, there is a heavily positively charged nucleus and
negativity charged electrons occupies space around it in order to maintain electro –neutrality.
9. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of (1985,1M)

(a) 10−10 cm (b)10−13 cm (c)10−15 cm (d)10− 8 cm
Solution: Radius of a nucleus is in the order of 10-13cm, a fact.
10. Bohr’s model can explain (1985, 1M)

(a) the spectrum of H- atom only (b) spectrum of an atom or ion containing one electron only
(c) the spectrum of H2 molecule (d) the solar spectrum
Solution: Bohr’s model is applicable to one–electron system only.
11. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of e/m (charge/mass) for electron(e),
proton(p), neutron(n) and alpha(α) is (1984,1M)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(a) e, p, n, α (b) n, p, e, α (c) n, p, α, e (d) n, α, p, e

Solution: Neutron has no charge, hence e/m is zero for neutron. Next, α- particle (He2+) has
very high mass compared to proton and electron, therefore very small e/m ratio. proton and
electron have same charge (magnitude ) but former is heavier, hence has smaller value of e/m.
e
:n < α< p< e
m
12. Rutherford’s scattering of experiment is related to the size of the (1983,1M)

(a) nucleus (b) atoms (c) electron (d) neutrons
Solution: The negligible small size of nucleus compared to the size of atom was first
established in Rutherford’s experiment.
13. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of α-particles showed for the first time that the
atom has (1981, 1M)
(a) Electrons (b) protons (c) nucleus (d) neutrons
Solution: The most important findings of Rutherford’s experiment is discovery of nucleus.
Objective Questions II (One or more than one correct option)

14. The energy of an electron in the first bohr orbit of H-atom is -13.6 eV. The possible
energy value(s) of the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of H-atom is__ (1988)
(a) – 3.4 eV (b) – 4.2 eV (c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 6.8 eV
Solution: Energy of electron in H atom is determined by the expression :
13.6
En = − eV where, n = 1,2,3 … ..
n2
13.6
In excited states, E2 = − = −3.4 eV
4
13.6
E3 = − = −1.51eV etc.
9
15. The atomic nucleus contains (1988, 1M)

(a) protons (b) neutrons (c) electrons (d) photons
Solution: Nucleus is composed of neutrons and protons.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
16. The sum of the number of neutrons and proton in the isotope of hydrogen is (1986, 1M)
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
Solution: The isotropes of hydrogen are 1H2 and 1H3.
17. When the α-particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go straight
through the foil because (1984,1M)
(a) α-particle are much heavier than electrons (b) α-particle are positively charged
(c) most part of the atoms is empty space (d) α-particle move with high velocity
Solution: Most of the α-particles undeflected when sent through thin metal foil, because
(i) it is much heavier than electrons.
(ii) most part of atom is empty space.
18. Many elements have non –integral atomic masses, because (1984,1M)
(a) they have isotopes
(b) their isotopes have non integral masses
(c) their isotopes have different masses
(d) the constituents, neutrons, protons and electrons, combine to give fractional masses
Solution: Many elements have several isotopes. For such elements, atomic mass is average
of the atomic masses of different isotopes, which is usually non- integral.
Match the Columns

19. According to Bohr’s theory, En = Total energy, K n = Kinetic energy,
Vn = Potential energy r n = Radius of nth orbit.
Match the following: (2006, 6M)
Column I Column II
Vn p. 0
A. =?
Kn
B. If radius of nth orbit ∝ Enx , x =? q. -1
C. Angular momentum in lowest orbital r. -2
1
D. rn ∝ Z y , y =? s. 1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1 Ze2
Solution: 𝐀. Vn = − 4πε ( )
0 r
1 Ze2 Vn
Kn = − ( ) Therefore, = −2 − (r)
8πε0 r Kn
Ze2
𝐁. En = − 8πε r ∝ r −1 => x = −1 − (q)
0
h
𝐂. Angular momentum = √l(l + 1) 2π = 0 in 1s orbital – (p)
a0 n2 1
D. rn = => r ∝ Z − (s)
Z n
Fill in the Blanks

20. The light radiation with discrete quantities of energy are called ……… (1993,1M)
Solution: Photons have quantized energy.
21. The mass of a hydrogen is ……kg. (1982,1M)

10−3
Solution: Mass of one H-atom =6.023×1023kg = 1.66×10-27 kg
22. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of …….. in their nuclei. (1982,1M)
Solution: Isotopes have different number of neutrons.
23. Elements of the same mass number but of different atomic numbers are known as……..
(1983,1M)
Solution: Isobars have same mass number but different atomic numbers.
Subjective Questions
24. With what velocity should an α-particle travel towards the nucleus of a copper atom so
as to arrive at a distance 10-13 m from the nucleus of the copper atom? (1997©,3M)
Solution: When α-particle stop at 10-13 from nucleus, kinetic energy is zero, i. e. whole of
its kinetic energy at the starting point is now converted into potential energy.
Potential energy of this α-particle can be determined as
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Z1 ×Z2 e2
PE =
(4πε0 )r
(Z1 = +2, Z2 = +29, ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 J −1 C 2 m−1 , r = 10−13 m)

2
2×29×(1.6×10−19 )
 |PE|= 4×3.14×8.85×10−12 ×10−13 J = 1.33× 10−13 J = kinetic energy of α-particle at t = 0
1
 KE = 2 mv 2 = 1.33 × 10−13
 2×1.33×10−13
v = √4×1.66×10−27 = 6.3×106ms-1
Topic 2 - Quantum Mechanical Theory (Electronic Configuration and Quantum Number)

Objective Question I (Only one correct option)
1. Among the following, the energy of 2s –orbital is lowest in (2019,main,12 April II)
(a) K (b) H (c)Li (d) Na
Solution: The energy of 2s –orbital is lowest in K(potassium). An orbital gets larger as the
principal quantum number n increases. Correspondingly, the energy of the electron in such an
orbital becomes less negative, meaning that the electron is less strongly bond and as less
energy. The graph principal quantum number with atomic number is
2. The electrons are more likely to be found (2019 main, 12 April I)
(a) in the region a and c (b) in the region a and b

(c) only in the region a (d) only in the region c
Solution: The electrons are more likely to be found in the region a and c. At b, wave function
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
becomes zero and is called radial nodal surface or simply node.
The graph between wave function (ψ)and distance (r) from the nucleus helps in determining the
shape of orbital
3. The ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral series of hydrogen spectrum is
found to be about 9. The spectral series are (2019 main,10 April II)
(a) Lyman and Paschen (b) Brackett and Pfund
(c) Paschen and Pfund (d) Balmer and Brackett
Solution: According to Redberg ‘s equation,
1 RH 1 1 1 1 1
= ( 2 − 2 ) or ∝ ( 2 − 2)
 hc n1 n2  n1 n2
For shortest wavelength, i.e., highest energy spectral line, n2 will be (∞).
For the given spectral series, ratio of the shortest wavelength of two spectral series can be
calculated as follows:
1 1 1
L − −0 1
32 ∞2 9
(a) = 1 1 = =
p − 1−0 9
12 ∞2
1 1
BK − 1 16 16
52 ∞2
(b) = 1 1 = × =
pF − 25 1 25
42 ∞2
1 1
p −
5 ∞2 1 9 9
( c) = 1 1 = × =
pf − 25 1 25
32 ∞2
1 1
B − 1 4 1
42 ∞2
( d) = 1 1 = × =
Bk − 16 1 4
22 ∞2
Note: Lyman = L (n1 = 1), Balmer = B(n1 = 2), Paschen = p(n1 = 3), Brackett = Bk(n1 = 4), Pfund = Pf (n1 = 5)
4. The graph between |ψ|2 and r (radial distance ) is shown below .This represents
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(2019 main,10 April I)
(a) 1s-orbital (b) 2p-orbital (c) 3s-orbital (d) 2s- orbital
Solution: The graph between |ψ|2 and r radial density plots having (n-l-1) number of radial
nodes. For 1s, 2s, 3s and 2p orbitals these are respectively.
Thus, the given graph between |ψ|2 and r represents 2s orbital.
5. For any series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen, let ∆v̅ = v̅max − v̅min be the
difference in maximum and minimum frequencies in cm-1.
The ratio ∆v̅Lyman /∆v̅Balmer is (2019 main, 9Aril I)
(a) 27: 5 (b) 5: 4 (c) 9: 4 (d) 4: 1
Solution: For any given series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen.
Let ∆v̅ = v̅max − v̅min be the difference in maximum and minimum frequencies in cm−1.
For Lyman series, ∆v̅ = v̅max − v̅min
1 1
General formula; v̅ = 109677 [n2 − n2]
i f
For Lyman n1 = 1, n2 = 2, 3…
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1 1 1
v̅max = 109,677 ( − ) = 109,677 ( − 0) = 109,677
1 ∞ 1
1 1
v̅min = 109,677(1 − (2)2)
109,677×3 109,677
∆v̅lyman = v̅max − v̅min = 109.677 − [ ]=
4 4
1 1 109677
For Balmer series, v̅max = 109,677 [(2)2 − ∞] => 4
1 1 109677×5
v̅min =109,677 [(2)2 − (3)2] => 36
∆v̅ = v̅max − v̅min

109677 109677 × 5 1
∆v̅Balmer = −[ ] = 109,677 ( )
4 36 9
109,677
∆v̅lyman 4 9
= = = 9 ∶ 4.
∆v̅Balmer 109,677 4
9
6. The quantum number of four electrons are given below:

(i) n = 4, l = 2, m1 = -2, ms = -1/2
(ii) n = 3, l = 2, m1 = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, m1 = 0, ms = +1/2
(iv) n = 3, l = 1, m1 = 1, ms = -1/2
The correct order of their increasing energies will be (2019 main ,8April lI)
(a) IV < III < II < I (b) I < II < III < IV
(c) IV < II < III < I (d) I < III < II < IV
Solution: Smaller the value of (n + l), smaller the energy. If two or more sub-orbits have same
values of (n + l), sub–orbits with lower values of n has lower energy. The (n + l) values of the
given option are as follows:
I. n = 4, l = 2, n + l = 6
II. n = 3, l = 2; n + l = 5
III. n = 4, l = 1, n + l = 5
IV. n = 3, l = 1, n + l = 4
Among II and III, n = 3 has lower value of energy. Thus, the correct order of their increasing
energies will be IV<II<III<I
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
7. If the de- Broglie wavelength of the electron in nth Bohr orbit in a hydrogenic atom is
equal to 1.5 πa0 (a 0 is Bohr radius), then the value of n/Z is (2019 main,12 Jan II)
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.40 (d) 1.50
Circumference 2πr
Solution: Number of waves = => n =
Wavelength λ
∴ 2πr = nλ … … . (i)
a0 n2
Also, we known that radius (r) of an atom is given by, r= Z
n2
Thus , Eq. (i)becomes, 2πa0 = nλ … .. (ii)
Z
n2
∴ 2πa0 = n (1.5πa0 ) [Given, λ = 1.5πa0]
Z
n 1.5πa0 1.5
= = = 0.75
Z 2πa0 2
8. The de- Broglie wavelength (λ) associated with a photoelectron varies with the
frequency (v) of the incident radiation as ,[v0 is threshold frequency](2019 main,11 Jan)
1 1 1 1
(a) λ ∝ 1 (b) λ ∝ (c) λ ∝ (v−v (d)λ ∝
(v−v0 )4
3 0) 1
(v − v0 )2 (v − v0 )2
h
Solution: de –Broglie wavelength (λ) for electron is given by, λ = … . (i)
√2m K.E
Also, according to photoelectric effect, KE = hv -hv0

h
On substituting the value of KE in Eq (i) ,we get, λ =
√2m×(hv−hv0 )
1
∴ λ∝
(v − v0 )1/2
9. Which of the following combination of statement is true regarding the interpretation of

the atomic orbit? (2019 main,9 Jan II)
I. An electron in an orbital of high angular momentum stays away from the nucleus
than an electron in the orbital of lower angular momentum.
II. For a given value of the principal quantum number, the size of the orbit is inversely
proportional to the azimuthal quantum number.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
III. According to wave mechanics, the ground state angular momentum is equal to h/2π
IV. The plot of ψ vs r for various azimuthal quantum numbers, shows peak shifting
towards higher r value.
(a) I, III (b) II, III (c) I, II (d) I, IV
nh
Solution: (I) Angular momentum, mvr = 2π
=> mvr ∝ n ∝ Distance from the nucleus

(II) This statement is incorrect as size of an orbit ∝ Azimuthal quantum number(l)
bcz n is constant)
(III) This statement is incorrect as at ground state, n = 1, l = 0
h
 Orbital angular momentum (wave mechanics) = √l(l + 1) 2π = 0 [bcz l = 0]
(IV) The given plot is
10. Heat treatment of muscular pain involves radiation of wavelength of about 900nm.
Which spectral line of H –atom is suitable for this purpose? [R H = 1 × 105 cm−1 ,
h = 6.6 × 10−34 Js, c = 3 × 108 ms−1 ] (2019 main,11 jan )
(a) Paschen, 5 → 3 (b) Paschen, ∞ → 3 (c)Lyman, ∞ → 1 (d)Balmer, ∞ → 2
1 1 1
Solution: ∆E = hc × λ = hc [rH (n2 − n2) × Z 2 ]
1 2
1 1 hc
=> n2 − n2 = [ for H, atom z = 1]
1 2 RH ×λ×Z2 ×hc
1 1 1
=R = (1×107m−1) × (900×10−9m)
H ×λ
1 1
 − n2 = 1/9
n21 2
1 1 1 1 ∴ n1 = 3,
So, in option (b) − 2 = −0= [ ]
32 ∞ 9 9 n2 = ∞
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
11. For emission line of atomic hydrogen from ni = 8 to nf = n, the plot of wave number
1
(v) against ( 2) will be (The Rydberg constant, R h is in wave number unit)
n
(2019 main,9 Jan I)

(a) Non linear (b) linear with slope –RH
(c) linear with slope RH (d) linear with intercept -RH
Solution: According to Rydberg ′ sformula,
1 1
wavew number (v̅) = R H z 2 [ 2 − 2 ]
ni nf
Given, ni = n, nf = 8 [bcz it is the case of emissiom]
1 1
v̅ = RH × (1)2 [n2 − 82 ]
1 1 RH RH
v̅ = RH[n2 − 64] = −
n2 64
−RH
In comparing with equation of straight line, y = mx + c, we get slope = RH, intercept = 64
1
This, plot of wave number (v̅) against n2 will be linear with slope (+RH).
12. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is
[Plank’s constant (h) = 6.6262×10-34Js; mass of electron = 9.1091×10-31kg:
charge of electron (e) = 1.60210×10-19C;
permittivity of vacuum (ϵ0 ) = 8.854185×10-12 kg-1 m-3 A2 (2017 main)
(a) 1.65A0 (b) 4.76 A0 (c) 0.529 A0 (d) 2.12A0
Solution: Bohr radius (rn) = ∈0 n2 h2
n2 h2
rn = 4π2 me2kZ
1
k = 4πε
0
n2 h2 ε a0
rn = π2 me20Z = n2 Z
where, m = mass of electron

h = plank’s constant
k = coulomb constant
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
n2 × 0.53
rn = A
Z
Radius of nth Bohr orbit for H-atom = 0.53 n2A0 [Z = 1 for H-atom]
Therefore Radius of 2nd Bohr orbit for H-atom = 0.53×(2)2 = 2.12A0
13. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom in a spherical shell of
infinitesimal thickness, dr, at a distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is
4πr2dr. The qualitative sketch of the dependence of P on r is (2016 Adv)
Solution: (c) This graph shows the probability of finding the electron within shell at
various distance from the nucleus (radial probability). The curve shows the maximum,
which means that the radial probability is greatest for given distance from the nucleus.
This distance is equal to Bohr’s radius =a0
(a) It is for 2s –orbital.

(b) It is radial wave function for 1s
(c) Correct
(d) Probability cannot be zero at a certain distance from nucleus.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
14. Which of the following is the energy of a possible excited state of H atom? (2015 main)
(a) + 13.6eV (b) - 6.8eV (c) - 3.4eV (d) + 6.8eV
13.6
Solution: En = − eV where, n = 1,2,3 … ..
n2
−13.6
In excited state, E2 = = −3.4eV
4
15. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of rubidium atom
(Z = 37) is (2013 main )
(a) 5, 0, 0, +1/2 (b) 5, 1, 0, +1/2 (c) 5, 1, 1, +1/2 (d) 5, 0, 1, +1/2
Solution: Given, atomic number of Rb, Z = 37
Thus, its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s1. Since, the last electron of valence electron enter in
5s-subshell.
So, the quantum number are n = 5, l = 0, (for s-orbital), m = 0(m = +l to -l), s = +1/2 or -1/2.
Z2
16. Energy of an electron is given by, E = - 2.178 × 10-18 J (n2). Wavelength of light required
to excite an electron in an hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be

(h = 6.62 × 10-34Js and c = 3.0 × 108 ms-1 ) (2013 main)
(a) 1.214 × 10-7 m (b) 2.816 × 10-7 m (c) 6.500 × 10-7 m (d) 8.500 × 10-7 m
Z2
Solution: Given, in the question E = -2 .178 × 10-18J[n2]
1
For hydrogen, Z = 1, E1 = -2 .178 × 10-18J[12]
1
E2 = -2 .178×10-18J[[22 ]
1 1 hc
Now, E1 - E2, i.e. ∆E = 2.178 × 10−18 (12 − 22 ) = ƛ
1 1 6.62 × 10−34 × 3.0 × 108

2.178 × 10−18 ( 2 − 2 ) =
1 2 λ
λ ≅ 1.21 × 10−7 m
17. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of a Hydrogen atom is [a0 is
Bohr radius ] (2012)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
h2 h2 h2 h2
(a) 4π2 ma2 (b) (c) (d)
0 16π2 a20 32π2 a20 64π2 a20
nh n2 h2
Solution: According to Bohr’s model, mvr = 2π => (mv)2 = 4π2 r2
1 n2 h2
KE = 2 mv 2 = 8π2 r2 m ……….(i)
Also, Bohr’s radius for H-atom is, r=n2 a0

h2 h2
Substituting ‘r’ in Eq.(i) gives, KE = 8π2 n2a2 m when n = 2, KE = 32π2 a2 m
0 0
18. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p respectively are (2005,1M)

(a) 2 and 0 (b) 0 and 2 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 1
Solution: The number of radial nodes is given by expression (n – l - 1)
For 3s, number of nodes = 3 – 0 – 1 = 2
For 2p, number of nodes = 2 – 1 – 1 = 0
19. Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that of Bohr orbit of H-atom ?
(2004,1M)
(a) n = 2, Li2+ (b) n = 2, Be3+ (c) n = 2, He+ (d) n = 3, Li2+
a0 n2
Solution: Expression for Bohr’s orbit is ,rn = = a0 when n = 2, Z = 4.
Z
20. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration 1s7, it would have energy lower than
that of the normal ground state configuration 1s2 2s2 2p3, because the electron would be
closer to the nucleus, yet 1s7 is not observed, because it violates (2002,3M)
(a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (b) Hund ‘s rule
(c) Pauli exclusion principle (d) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits
Solution: 1s7 violate Pauli exclusion principle, according to which an orbital cannot have more
than two electrons.
21. The quantum numbers +1/2 and -1/2 for the electron spin represent (2001,1M)
(a) rotation of the electron in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction respectively
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(b) rotation of the electron in anti-clockwise direction respectively

(c) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively
(d) two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogue
Solution: +1/2 and -1/2 just represent two quantum mechanical spin states which have no
classical analogue.
22. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200g and moving at a speed of
5 m/h is of the order (2001,1M)
(a) 10-10m (b) 10-20m (c) 10-30m (d)10-40m
6.625×10−34
h
Solution: Using the de- Broglie’s relationship: λ = mv = 0.2 × 5
= 2.3 × 10−30 m
60×60
23. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital (2001,1M)

(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) zero
Solution: Nodal plane is an imaginary plane on which probability of finding an electron is zero
or minimum. Every p-orbital has one nodal plane
24. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2 , 2s 2 2p6 , 3s 2 , 3p6 3d5 , 4s1 .
This represent its_____ (2000,1M)
(a) excited state (b) ground state (c) cationic form (d) anionic form
Solution: 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d5 4s1 is ground state electronic configuration of Cr.
25. The electrons, identified by quantum numbers n and l,

(i) n = 4, l = 1, (ii) n = 4, l = 0, (iii) n = 3, l = 2, (iv) n = 3, l = 1 can be placed in order of
increasing energy, from the lowest to highest, as (1999,2M)
(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii) (c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Solution: (i) n = 4, l = 1 ➔4p-orbital

(ii) n = 4, l = 0 ➔ 4s-orbital
(iii) n = 3, l = 2➔ 3d-orbital
(iv) n = 3, l = 1➔ 3d-orbital
According to Aufbau principle, energies of above-mentioned orbitals are in the order of
(iv)3p < (ii)4s < (iii)3d < (i)4p
26. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-atom is -13.6eV. The possible
energy value(s) of the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbit of hydrogen is (are)
(1998,2M)
(a) - 3.4eV (b) - 4.2eV (c) - 6.8eV (d) + 6.8eV
kZ2
Solution: The energy of an electron in a Bohr atom is expressed as, En = − n2
where, k = Constant,
Z = Atomic number
N = orbit number
= - 13.6 eV for H (n = 1)
−13.6
When n = 2, E2 = 2 eV = −3.40eV (n can have only integral value 1,2,3…∞)
2
27. For a d - electron, the orbital angular momentum is (1997,1M)

h h h h
(a√6 (2π) (b)√2 ( )
2π
(c) ( )
2π
(d) 2 ( )
2π
h h
Solution: The orbital angular momentum(L) = √l(l + 1) 2π = √6 2π (l = 2 for d − orbital)
28. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by (1997)
(a) Heisenberg (b) Bohr (c)Plank (d) Einstein
Solution: Bohr first made use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom and proposed
that energy of electron in an atom is quantized.
29. which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired electrons? (1996,1M)
+ + + +
(a) Mg 2 (b) Ti3 (c) V 3 (d) Fe2
Solution: Mg 2+ = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 no unpaired electron
Ti3+ = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d1 one unpaired electron.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
V 3+ = 1s2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d2 two unpaired electrons.

Fe2+ = 1s2 2s 2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 four unpaired electrons.
30. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s − orbital is (1996,1M)

1 h
(a)+2 . 2π (b)zero h (d)√2. 2π
h
(c)
2π
Solution: Expression for orbital angular momentum (L) is
h
L = √l(l + 1) 2π = 0 for 2s electrons
∴ For s orbital, l = 0
31. Which of the following relates to photons both as wave motion and as a stream of
particle? (1992,1M)
(a) Interference (b) E = mc2 (c) Diffraction (d) E = hv
Solution: Diffraction is property of wave, E = mc 2 determine energy of particle and E = hv
determine energy of photon. Interference phenomena is exhibited by both matter and waves.
32. Which of the following does not characterize X-rays? (1992,1M)

(a) The radiation can ionize gases (b) It causes ZnS to Florence
(c)Deflected by electric and magnetic fields (d) Have wavelength shorter than UV-rays
Solution: X-ray is electrically neutral, not deflected in electric or magnetic fields
33. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of Cl atom is (1989,1M)
Order is → n, l, m
(a) 2, 1, 0 (b) 2, 1, 1 ( c) 3, 1, 1 (d) 3, 0, 0
Solution: CI (17) = 1s2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p5
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
The last, unpaired electron has, n = 3, l = 1(p) and m can have any of the three value (-1, 0, +1)
34. The correct ground state electronic configuration of the most Cr-atom is (1989,90,1M)
(a) [Ar]3d5 4s1 (b) [Ar]3d4 4s1 (c) [Ar]3d6 4s0 (d) [Ar]3d5 4s1
Solution: Cr (24) = 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 3d5 4s1
The above configuration is exception to Aufbau’s principle
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
35. The outer most electronic configuration of the most electronegativity element is (1988)
(a) ns2 np3 (b) ns2 np4 (c) ns2 np5 (d) ns2 np6
Solution: Fluorine, a halogen, is the most electro negativity atom, has the electronic
configuration 2s 2 2p5 (valence shell).
36. The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau principle is violated (1988,1M)
Solution: Option (b) is wrong representation according to Aufbau principle. A high energy
atomic orbital (2p) cannot be filled unless the low energy orbital (2s) is completely occupied.
37. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to___
(1988,1M)
(a) the number of electrons undergoing the transition
(b) the nuclear charge of the atom
(c) the difference in the energy of the energy levels involves in the transition
(d) the velocity of the electron undergoing the transition
1 1 hc 1
Solution: Transition energy (∆E) = kZ 2 (n2 − n2) = i.e., ∆E ∝ λ
1 2 λ
38. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 200A wavelength radiation to that of 4000 A0
radiation is (1986,1M)
(a) ¼ (b)4 (c) ½ (d) 2.
hc
Solution: E = λ
E λ
=> E1 = λ2 = 2
2 1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
39. Which one of the following sets of the quantum numbers represents an impossible
arrangement? (1986 ,1M)
n l m s
(a) 3 2 -2 1/2
(b) 4 0 0 ½
(c ) 3 2 -3 ½
(d) 5 3 0 -1/2
Solution: n l m s
3 2 -3 ½
This is the wrong set of quantum number because |m| cannot be greater than l.
40. Electronic radiation with maximum wavelength is (1985 ,1M)

(a) X-ray (b) radio wave (c) X-ray (d) infrared
Solution: The wave length order is X –ray < ultraviolet < infrared < radio wave
41. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom is absorb a photon but not to
emit a photon? (1984,1M)
(a) 3s (b) 2p (c) 2s (d) 1s
Solution: When electron jumps to lower orbit protons are emitted while photons are absorbed
when electron when electron jumps to higher orbit. 1s–orbital is the lower most, electron in
this orbital can absorb photons but cannot emit.
42. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence (outermost) electron of rubidium
(Z = 37) is (1984,1M)
(a) 5, 0, 0, +1/2 (b) 5, 1, 0, +1/2 (c) 5, 1, 1, +1/2 (d) 6, 0, 0, +1/2
1 1
Solution: The valence shell configuration of Rb is [Kr]5s1 , n = 5, m = 0, l = 0, s = ± 2 or − 2
43. The principle quantum number of an atom is related to the (1983,1M)

(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orientation of the orbital in space (d) orbital angular momentum
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Solution: The principle quantum number ‘n’ represents orbit number hence it determine the
size of orbitals.
44. Any p-orbital can accommodate up to (1983,1M)

(a) Four electrons (b) six electrons
(c) two electrons with parallel spin (d) two electrons with opposite spins
Solution: According to Pauli explosion principle, an atomic orbital can accommodate at the
most ,two electrons, with opposite spin.
Objective Questions II (One or more than one correct option )

45. The ground state electronic configuration of N-atom can be represented by (1999, 3M)
Solution: (a, d) - Both (a) and (d) are correct. The 3 electrons in the 2p orbitals must have same
spin, no matter up-spin or down-spin.
46. Which of the following statement (s) is (are) correct ? (1998,2M)

(a) The electronic configuration of Cr is [Ar] 3d5 4s1 (atomic number of Cr =24)
(b) The magnetic quantum number may have a negative value
(c) In the silver atom, 23 electrons have a spin of one type and 24 of the opposite type.
(atomic number of Ag =47)
(d) The oxidation state of nitrogen in HN3 is – 3.
Solution: (a) Cr = [Ar]3d5 4s1 , an exception to aufbau principle.
(b) For a given value of l, m can have any value from (-l to +l), so can have negative value.
(c) Ag is in copper group with d10 s1 configuration. i.e., 46 electrons are spin paired.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
76
47. An isotopes of 32 Ge is (1984 , 1M)
(a) 77
32 Ge (b) 77
32 As (c) 77
34 Se (d) 77
34 Se
Solution: Isotones have same number of neutrons.

76 77 78
32 Ge , 33 As and 34 Se have same number(44) of neutrons, hence they are isotones .
Assertion and Reason

Read the following questions and answer as per the direction given below:
(a) Both statements I and II are correct, statement-II is the correct explanation of
statement-I.
(b) Both statement I and II are correct; statement II is not correct explanation of statement I
(c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement I is correct; statement II is correct.
48. Statement I The first ionization energy of Be is greater than that of B.
Statement II 2p –orbital is lower in energy than 2s. (2000)
Solution (c) Assertion is correct Be (1s2, 2s2) has stable electronic configuration, removing an
electron require more energy than the same for B(2p1). Reason is innocent (Aufbau principle).
Passage Based Questions
The hydrogen like species Li2+ is in as spherically symmetric state S1 with one radial node. Upon
absorbing light, the ion undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one radial node and
its energy is equal to the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom.
49. The state S1 is ___________ (2010)

(a) 1s (b) 2s (c) 2p (d) 3s
Solution: S1 is spherically symmetrical state, i.e., it corresponds to a s-orbital. Also, it has one
radial node. Number of radial nodes = n – l – 1
=>n–0–1 = 1
=>n = 2 i.e., S1 = 2s-orbital.
50. Energy of the state S1 in units of hydrogen atom ground state energy is (2010)
(a) 0.75 (b) 1.50 (c) 2.25 (d) 4.50
kZ2
Solution: Ground state energy of electron in H-atom (EH ), EH = = k(z = 1, n = 1)
n2
k(3)2 9
For S1 state of Li2+, E = = 4 k = 2.25k
22
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
51. The orbital angular momentum quantum number of the state S2 is (2010)
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
qk
Solution: In S2 state, E(Li2+ ) = k(given), k = n2
 n=3
Since, S2 has one radial node.
3–l–1=1
l=1
Match the columns

Answer Q.52, Q.53 and Q.54 by appropriately matching the information given in the 3
columns of the following table.
The wave function, 𝛙𝐧 , l, 𝐦𝟏 is a mathematical function whose value depends upon spherical polar
coordinates (r, 𝛉, ∅) 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐮𝐦𝐬 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 n, l, ml. Here r
is the distance from the nucleus, 𝛉 is the colatitude and ∅ is azimuth. In the mathematical funcrtion
given in the table, Z is the atomic number and a0 is Bohr radius. (2017.Adv)
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
3
(I) 1s orbital Z 2
Zr
−( ) (P)
(i) ψ n l 𝑚𝑙 ∝ ( ) e a0
a0
1
(II) 2s-orbital (ii) one radial node (Q) Probability density at nucleus ∝
a3
0
5
(III) 2pz - Z 2 −(
Zr
) (R) Probability density is maximum at nucleus
orbital (iii) ψn l 𝑚𝑙 ∝ ( ) re a0 cosθ
a0
(IV) 3d2z- (iv) xy-plane is a nodal plane (S) Energy needed to excite electron from n = 2 state to n = 4
orbital state is 27/32 times the energy needed to excited electron
from n = 2 state to n = 6 state
52. For He+ ion, the only INCORRECT combination is

(a) (I) (i) (s) (b) (II) (ii) (q) (c) (I) (iii) (R) (d) (I) (i) (R)
Solution: In the wave function (ψ) expression for 1s-orbital of He+ , there should be no angular
part. Hence (iii) can’t be true for ψ1s of He+ .
53. For the given orbital in column 1, only CORRECT combination for any hydrogen-like
species is
(a) (II) (ii) (P) (b) (I) (ii) (S) (c) (IV) (iv) (R) (d) (III) (iii) (P)
Solution: Correct: 2s orbital has one radial node.
Number of radial nodes = n – l – 1 = 2 – 0 – 1 = 1
Also, when radial part of wave function (ψ) plotted against “r”, ψ changes its sign at node.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
54. For hydrogen atom, the only CORRECT combination is

(a) (I) (i) (p) (b) (I) (iv) (R) (c) (II) (i) (Q) (d) (I) (i) (S)
Solution: i is the correct expression of wave function for 1s orbital of hydrogenic system.
55. Match the entries in column 1 with the correctly related quantum number in column II.
(2008,6M)
Column I Column II
A. Orbital angular momentum of the electron in a p. Principal quantum number
hydrogen like atomic orbital.
B. A hydrogen like one electron wave function obeying q. Azimuthal quantum number
Pauli’s principle.
C. Shape, size and orientation of hydrogen like atomic r. Magnetic quantum number
orbitals.
D. Probability density of electron at the nucleus in s. Electron spin quantum number
hydrogen –like atom.
Solution:
h
A. Orbital angular momentum (L) = √l(l + 1) 2π
i.e., L depends on azimuthal quantum number only.

B. To describe a one electron wave function, three quantum numbers n, l and m are needed.
Further to abide by Pauli exclusion principle, spin quantum number(s) is also needed.
C. For shape, size and orientation, only n, l and m are needed.
D. Probability density (ψ2 ) can be determined if n, l and m are known.
Fill in the blinks

56. The outer most electronic configuration of Cr is___ (1994,1M)
Solution: Cr = [Ar]3d5 4s1
57. 8g each of oxygen and hydrogen at 270 C will have the total kinetic energy in the ratio
of_______ (1989,1M)
Solution: 1 : 16
58. The uncertainty principle and the concept of wave nature of matter were proposed by
____ and ____ respectively. (1988,1M)
Soln: Heisenberg proposed uncertainty principle and de-Broglie proposed wave nature of e-.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
59. Wave functions of electrons in atoms and molecules are called ___ (1993,1M)
Solution: Orbital
60. The 2px, 2py and 2pz orbital of atom have identical shapes but differ in their_(1993,1M)
Solution: 2px , 2py and 2pz have different orientation in space.
61. When there are two electrons in the same orbital, they have ___ spins. (1983,1M)
Solution: Two electrons in same orbital must have opposite spin.
True /False
62. In a given electric field , β-particles are deflected more than α-particles in spite of α-
particles having larger charge. (1993,1M)
Solution: Very large mass of α particles than β particles is responsible for less deflection in
former case.
63. The electron density in the XY–plane in 3dx2 − y2 orbital is zero . (1986,1M)
Solution: 3dx2 − y2 orbital lies in XY-plane.
64. The energy of the electron in the 3d–orbital is less than that in the 4s orbital in the
hydrogen atom. (1983,1M)
Solution: Aufbau principle.
65. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiations of wavelengths of 10-6 to 10-5cm (1983, 1M)
Solution: This is the wavelength of infrared radiation.
66. The outer electronic configuration of the ground state chromium atom is 3d 4 4s2
(1982,1M)
Solution: Cr = 3d5 4s1
Integer Answer Type Question

67. Not considering the electronic spin, the degeneracy of the second excited state (n = 3)
of H-atom is 9, while the degeneracy of the second excited state of H– is (2015 Adv.)
Solution: In an one electron (hydrogenic) system, all orbitals of a shell remains degenerate,
hence in second excited state, the degeneracy of H-atom is nine.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
In case of many electrons system, different orbitals of a shell are non-degenerate. Hence,
68. In an atom, the total number of electrons having quantum (2014 Adv)
n = 4, |m1| = 1 and ms = -1/2 is____
Solution:
This problem is based on concept of quantum number. Follow the following
PLAN steps to solve this problem.
Write all possible orbitals having combination of same principal,
azimuthal, magnetic and spin quantum number.
Then count the all-possible electrons having given set of quantum numbers.
For n = 4, the total number of possible orbitals are,
According to question |m𝑙 | = 1, i. e. there are two possible values of m𝑙 , i.e. +1 and -1 and one
1
orbital can contain maximum two electrons one having s =+ 2 and other having s = -1/2.
So, total number of orbitals having {|m𝑙 | = 1} = 6
1
Total number of electrons having {|m𝑙 | = 1 and ms = − } = 6 2
69. The atomic masses of He and Ne are 4 and 20 amu respectively. The value of the de
Broglie wavelength of the He gas at -730C is M times that of the de –Broglie wavelength
of Ne at 7270C. M is ___ (2013 Adv)
Solution:
1 3
PLAN KE = mv 2 = RT
2 2
∴ m2 𝑣 2 = 2mKE ∴ mv = √2mKE
h h h
λ(wavelength) = m𝑣 = ∝ 2m(T) where, T = temperature in Kelvin
√2mKE √
0 h
λ (He at − 73 C = 200K) = √2×4×200
0 h
λ (Ne at 727 C = 1000K) =
√2 × 20 × 1000
λ(He) 2×20×1000
∴ λ(Ne) = M = √ =5 Thus, M = 5
2×4×200
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
70. The work function (∅) of some metals is listed below. The number of the metals which will be
show photoelectric effect when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the metal is (2011)
Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe Pt W
∅(𝐞𝐕) 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.3 4.7 6.3 4.75
hc hc 6.625×10−34 ×3×108
Solution: Energy of photon = J= eV = 300×10−9 ×1.602×10−19 = 4.14 eV
λ eλ
For photoelectric effect to occur, energy of incident photons must be greater than work
function of metal. Hence, only Li, Na, K and Mg have work function less than 4.14V.
71. The maximum number of electrons that can have principal quantum number, n = 3 and spin
quantum number ms = -1/2, is _____ (2011)
Solution: When n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2 i.e. there are 3s, 3p and 3d–orbitals. If all these orbitals are
completely occupied as .
Total 18 electrons, 9 electrons with s = +1/2 and 9 with s = -1/2
Alternatively - In any orbit, there can be a maximum of 2n2 electrons. Hence ,when n = 3,
number of maximum electrons = 18. Out of these 18 electrons, 9 can have spin -1/2 and
remaining 9 with spin +1/2
Subjective Questions
72. (a) Calculate velocity of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom (Given, r = a0)
(b) Find de-Broglie wavelength of the electron in first Bohr orbit.
(c) Find the orbital angular momentum of 2p-orbital in terms of h/2π units (2005,2M)
nh
Solution: (a) mvr = 2π
nh 6.625×10−34
=> v = 2πmr = 2×3.14×9.1×10−10 ×0.529×10−10 = 2.18× 106 ms−1
h 6.625×10−34
(b) λ =m𝑣 = 9.1×10−31 ×2.18×106 = 0.33 × 10−9 m
h h
(c) Orbital angular momentum, (L)=√𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 2π = √2 (2π) [bcz For p − orbital, 𝑙 = 1]
73. (a) The schrodinger wave equation for equation for hydrogen atom is
3
1 1 2 r −r/2a
ψ2s = ( ) (2 − )e 0
4(2π)1/2 a0 a0
where, a0 is Bohr ′ s radius. Let the radial node in 2s be at r0 . Then, find r in terms of a0
(𝐛) A base having mass 100g moves with velocity 100m/s.
Find out the value of wavelength of base ball. (2003,2M)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2 2 r0
1 r
Solution: (a) At radial node, ψ2 must vanishes i. e. , ψ22s = 0 = [4√2π] (2 − a0 ) ea0
0
r
=> 2 - a0 = 0 => r0 = 2a0
0
h 6.625×10−34
(b) λ = m𝑣 = 100×10−3×100 = 6.625 × 10−35 m
= 6.625×10-25A0 (negligibly small)
74. The wavelength corresponding to maximum energy for hydrogen is 91.1nm.

Find the corresponding wavelengtyh for 𝐻𝑒 + ion. (2003,2M)
1 1 1
Solution: The general Rydberg ‘s equation is 𝑣̅ = λ = R(Z)2 (n2 − n2)
1 2
1
 ∝ Z2
λ
λ(He+ ) Z(H)2 1
 = Z(He+)2 = 4
λ(H)
λ(H) 91.2
 λ (He+ ) = = nm = 22.8nm
4 4
75. Calculate the energy required to excite 1L of hydrogen gas at 1 atom and 298 K to the
first excited state of atomic hydrogen. The energy for the dissociation of H – H bond is
436kJ mol-1. (2000)
pV 1×1
Solution: Moles of H2 = RT = 0.082×298 = 0.0409
=> Bond energy = 0.0409×436 = 17.84 KJ

Number of H–atoms produced after dissociation = 2×0.0409×6.023×1023 = 4.93×1022
1
Transition energy /atom = 2.18× 10−18 (1 − ) J
4
3
= 4 × 2.18 × 10−18 J
3
 Total transition energy = 4 × 2.18 × 10−18 × 4.93 × 10−22 J
 = 80.60×103J = +80.60kJ
 Therefore, total energy required = dissociates energy + transition energy
 = (17.84 + 80.60)kJ = 98.44kJ
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
76. An electron beam can undergo diffraction by crystals. Through what potential should a
beam of electrons be accelerated so that its wavelength becomes equal to 1.54A0 __
(1997, 2M)
1
Solution: If accelerated by potential difference of V volt, then 2 m𝑣 2 = eV
p2
=> 2m = eV, here p = momemtum (mv)
h h
Using de –Broglie equation, λ = p =
√2meV
6.625×10−34
 1.54× 10−10 = (2×9.1×10−31 ×1.6×10−19 V)1/2
Solving for V gives: V = 63.56V.
77. Considering the hydrogen atom to be proton embedded in a cavity of radius a0 (Bohr’s
radius) whose charge is neutralized by the addition of an electron to the cavity in
vacuum, infinitely slowly. Estimate the average total energy of an electron in its ground
state in a hydrogen atom as the work done in the above neutralization process. Also, If
the magnitude of the average kinetic energy is half the magnitude of the average
potential energy, find average potential energy. (1996,2M)
Solution: The work done in the given neutralization process is
∞ e2
W=− ∫a F dr and F = 4πε 2
0 0r
e2 1 ∞ e2
 W = 4πε [𝑟 ] = = Total energy (E)
0 a0 4πε0 r
Now, if ‘V’ is magnitude pf potential energy, then according to given information, kinetic
v
energy (Ek) is V/2.Therefore, E = −v + 2 (PE is always negative)
v
=-2
e2
 V = -2E = 4πε
0r
78. Calculate the wave number for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series
of atomic hydrogen (1996,1M)
1 1 1
Solution: The Rydberg’s equation for H- atom is λ = 𝑣̅ (wave number ) = R H (n2 − n2 )
1 2
For Balmer series n1 = 2 and n2 = 3, 4,5,……∞

For shortest λ, n2 has to be maximum , i. e infinity.
1 1 R H 1.09 × 107
Then 𝑣̅ = R H ( − ) = = = 2.725 × 106 m−1
4 ∞ 4 4
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
79. Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light to 4500A0. If one quantum
of radiation is absorbed by each molecule, calculate the kinetic energy of iodine atoms.
(Bond energy of I2 = 240kJmol-1 (1995,2M)
Solution: After breaking of the bond I2 molecule, the remaining energy would be distributed
uniformly to iodine atoms as their kinetic energy, i.e.,
E (energy of photons) = Bond energy + 2×kinetic energy
6.625×10−34 ×3×108 240×103
=> = 6.023×1023 + 2 × Ek
4500×10−10
Ek = 2.16 × 1020 J/atom
80. Find out the number of waves made by a Bohr’s electron in one complete revolution in
its 3rd orbit. (1994,3M)
Solution: The Bohr de-Broglie relationship is 2πr = nλ = circumference of Bohr’s orbit.
i.e. number of complete waves formed in one complete revolution of electron in any Bohr
orbit is equal to orbit number, hence three.
81. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the
Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum? (1993, 3M)
Solution: The expression for transition wavelength is given by Rydberg’s equation
1 1 1
= RHZ2 ( 2 − 2)
𝜆 n1 n2
Equating the transition wavelength of H atom and He +ion,
1 1 4 4
RH ( 2 − 2) = RH ( 2 − 2 )
n1 n2 2 4
Equating term wise on left to right of the above equation gives n1 = 1 and n2 = 2
82. Estimate the difference in energy between 1st and 2nd Bohr’s orbit for a hydrogen atom.
At what minimum atomic number, a transition from n = 2 to n = 1 energy level would
result in the emission of X-rays with l = 3.0×10-8m? Which hydrogen atom-like species
does this atomic number correspond to? (1993,5M)
Solution: For H atom, the energy of a stationary orbit is determined as
k
En = − 2 where, constant (2.18 × 10−18 J)
n
1 3
➢ ∆E(n = 2 to n = 1) = k (1 − 4) = 4 k = 1.635 × 10−18 J
kZ 2
For a H like species , energy of station ary orbit dermined as En = − 2
n
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
where, Z = atomic number

2 1 1
 ∆E = kZ (n2 − n2)
1 2
1 ∆E k 1 1 3
 = = Z 2 (1 − 4) = R H Z 2 × 4
λ hc hc
4 4
 Z 2 = 3R = 3×1.097×10 8−
= 4.05
Hλ 7 ×3×10
 Z = 2(He+)
83. According to Bohr’s theory, the electronic energy of hydrogen atom in the nth Bohr’s
21.7×10−19
orbit is given by:En = − J. Calculate the longest wavelength of electron from
n2
the third Bohr’s orbit of the He+ ion. (1990, 3M)

Solution: For H-like species, the energy of stationary orbit is expressed as E (X) = Z 2 × E(H)
4×21.7×10−19
 For He+(Z = 2), then, E = - J.
n2
 For longest wavelength transition from 3rd orbit, electron must jump to 4th orbit and
the transition energy can be determined as
1 1
∆E = +4 × 21.7 × 10−19 ( − ) J = 4.22 × 10−19 J
9 16
hc
Also, ∆E =
λ
hc 6.625 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
λ= = m
∆E 4.22 × 10−19
= 471× 10−9 m = 471nm
84. What is the maximum number of electrons that may be present in all the atomic orbitals
with principal quantum number 3 and azimuthal quantum number 2? (1985,2M)
Solution: Ten, the given value of n and l corresponds to 3d-orbit which has 5 fold
degeneracy level.
85. Give reason why the ground state outermost electronic configuration of silicon is
(1985, 2M)
Solution: The 2nd configuration is against Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity which states that
the singly occupied degenerate atomic orbitals must have electrons of like spins
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
21.7×10−12
86. The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En = − erg. Calculate the
n2
energy required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the
longest wavelength (in cm) of light that can be used to cause this transition? (1984, 3M)
Solution: The required transition is n1 =2 two n2 = ∞ and corresponding transition
1 1
energy is ∆E = 21.7 × 10−12 (n2 − n2) erg
1 2
21.7
= × 10−12 erg = 5.425X10−12 erg
4
The longest wavelength that can cause above transition bcan be determined as :
hc 6.625×10−34 ×3×108
λ = ∆E = 5.425×10−12 ×10−7
= 3.66× 10−7 m = 3.66 × 10−5 cm
87. Calculate the wavelength in Angstroms of the photon that is emitted when an electron
in the Bohr’s orbit, n = 2 returns to the orbit, n = 1 in the hydrogen atom. The ionization
potential of the ground state hydrogen atom is 2.17×10-11 erg per atom. (1982,4M)
Solution: Ionisation potential of H − like species = E1 = 2.17 × 10−11 erg
1
=> ∆E = 2.17 × 10−11 (1 − 2 ) × 10−7 J = 1.6275 × 10−18 J
2
hc 6.625×10−34 ×3×108
=> λ = ∆E = 1.6275×10−18 m = 122 × 10−9 m = 1220A0
88. The energy of the electron in the second and third Bohr’s orbit of the hydrogen atom is
-5.42×10-12erg and -2.451×10-12erg respectively. Calculate the wavelength of the
emitted light when the electron drops from third to the second orbit. (1981,3M)
Solution: Transition energy = [−2.41 − (−5.42)] × 10 erg = 3.01 × 10−12 erg
−12
= 3.01× 10−19 J [1 erg = 10−7 J]

hc
Also, ∆E = λ
6.625×10−34 ×3×108
 λ= m = 660× 10−9 m = 660nm.
3.01×10−19

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1 ACTIVE SITE EDUTECH - 9844532971

Discovery of electron – study of Cathode rays:

Faint green glow

Discharge tube experiment – production of cathode rays

Origin of Cathode rays:

Properties of Cathode rays

Discovery of proton – study of Anode rays:

Origin of anode or positive rays:

Properties of Anode rays:

ii) They are made up of material particles.

2. Proton: (+1p0 or 1H1)

Properties of Electron, Proton and Neutron

Classical Models of Atom:

Thomson’s model of an atom

2) Rutherford’s Atomic Model:

Observations and Conclusions

Gold foil (100 nm thickness)

2. If the electrons lose energy continuously, the spectrum is expected to be continuous

Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones:

8 O16 , 8 O17 , 8 O18 17 Cl35 , 17 Cl37

SESSION -1 CLASS EXERCISE

Nature of Light (Electromagnetic Radiation): Electromagnetic radiation do not need any

It is expressed in per centimeter (cm–1) or per meter (m–1).

Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Limitations of Electromagnetic Wave Theory :

Black body radiation:

1. The nature of radiation depends upon the T of the black body.

Planck’s quantum theory:

The value of ‘h’, 6.6256 × 10–34 Jsec- or 6.6256 × 10–27ergs sec-

threshold frequency (  ) which differs from metal to metal.

Frequency of absorbed Intensity of Incident

a) 3 x 1014 sec-1 b) 4 x 1014 sec-1

c) 5 x 1014 sec-1 d) 3 x 1015 sec-1

2. The wavelength of light having wave number 4000 cm-1 is

a) 2.5 × 10-20 erg b) 5.1 × 10-23 erg

c) 5.0 × 10-22 erg d) 8.5 × 10-22 erg

a) 1.6 × 10-19 J b) 16 × 1010 J

c) 3.2 × 10-19 J d) 6.4 × 10-10 J

speed of photo electrons will be

3. The electromagnetic radiation with high energy

a) 1.9876×10-15 ergs b) 2.9876×10-8 ergs

c) 1.9876×10-10 ergs d) 1.9876×10-11 ergs

5.0 x 10-5 erg

a) 2.2x1011 sec-1 b) 7.5x1021 sec-1

c) 4.0 x 10-5 sec-1 d) 4.0 x 104 sec-1

2. The line spectrum is the 2. The band spectrum is characteristic

Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen:

Different series of spectral lines in hydrogen emission spectrum

AIM-To introduce Bohr’s and Sommerfeld’s Atomic models

POSTULATES OF BOHR’S THEORY

• Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. As long as an electron is

• Expressions for radius of orbit:

Substituting the value of v2, we get

Radius for ‘nth’ orbit, rn =

Substituting the standard values, of h, , m and e, we get radius of nth orbit rn =

• Expression for Energy of electron:

Substituting the value of r, we get energy of electron in nth orbit,

• Derivation of Rydberg equation:

This equation is similar to Rydberg equation.

Explanation of Hydrogen Spectrum by Bohr’s Theory:

Where, n2 = higher energy level.

Merits and demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model:

Sommerfeld’s Atomic Model:

Sommerfeld’s orbits in hydrogen atom