QUANTIFICATION OF SULPHATES IN GROUNDWATER

SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM TOWNSHIP, LAHORE

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

By

SARA ARSHID

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY, LAHORE
2023
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the research work described in this thesis submitted by Ms. Sara Arshad to
the Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University has been
carried out under my/our direct supervision. I have personally gone through the raw data and
certify the correctness and authenticity of all the results reported herein. I further certify that the
thesis data have not been used in part or full, in a manuscript already submitted or in the process
of submission partial/complete fulfillment of the award of any other degree from any other
institution or home or abroad. We also certify that the enclosed manuscript has been prepared
under my supervision and I endorse its evaluation for the award of BS degree through the official
procedure of the university.

________________
Dr. Hina Chaudhry
Supervisor

Date:

Verified By

_________________
Name
Chairperson
Stamp
Department of Environmental science

Date :

_________________
Controller of Examination
Stamp

Date: ___________
 DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my parents, peers, and teachers, whose unwavering
support and guidance have shaped my journey. My parents' love and sacrifices
have been my driving force, while my peers' camaraderie and shared experiences
have motivated me. I am grateful to my teachers for nurturing my curiosity and
imparting knowledge. This dedication is a small tribute to their belief in me and the
profound impact they have had on my growth. With deep gratitude, I embark on
new paths, armed with the lessons learned and the confidence instilled by these
remarkable individuals
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
“He who taught (the use of pen), taught man which he knew not”

First and foremost, I would like to praise Allah the Almighty, the Most Gracious, and the Most
Merciful for His blessings in the completion of this thesis.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to everyone who has contributed to
the completion of this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Hina Chaudhary, for her
guidance, support, and invaluable insights throughout this research journey. Her expertise,
patience, and continuous encouragement have been instrumental in shaping the direction and
quality of this work.
I am grateful to the faculty members of the Department of Environmental Science at Lahore
College for Women University, for providing me with a stimulating academic environment and
resources essential for conducting my research. Their dedication to teaching and commitment to
excellence have greatly enriched my academic experience.

I am indebted to the participants of this study who willingly dedicated their time and shared their
perspectives. Their contributions were pivotal in providing valuable data and enhancing the
overall validity of this research.

I would like to acknowledge the assistance and support received from my colleagues and friends.
Their encouragement, discussions, and feedback have been crucial in refining my ideas and
motivating me to persevere through the challenges encountered during this study.

I am profoundly grateful to my family for their unwavering love, encouragement, and belief in
my abilities. Their constant support and understanding have been the pillars of strength that
carried me through the highs and lows of this research journey.

Lastly, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to everyone else who has played a part,
however big or small, in the completion of this thesis. Your support, whether through
discussions, proofreading, or providing moral support, has made a significant difference.

Completing this thesis would not have been possible without the collective contributions and
support of all these individuals, and for that, I am sincerely grateful.

Sara Arshid
 CONTENTS

Title Page No.

List of Table i
List of Figures ii
List of Abbreviations iii
Abstract iv
Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................. 1
Aims and Objectives...................................................
11
Chapter 2: Review of Literature ………………………………............... 12

Chapter 3: Material and Methods……………………………….............. 31

Study Area………………………………………….... 31

Sampling plan……………………………………....... 34

Sampling Protocol………………………………….... 35

Laboratory Analysis Techniques…………………….. 36

Equipment and Reagents…………………………….. 36

Sample Preparation…………………………………... 37

Procedure…………………………………………….. 37

Calibration…………………………………………… 38

Quality Control Measures………………………….. 38

Chapter 4: Results………………………………………………............. 40

Chapter 5: Discussion................................................................................ 46

Conclusion……………………………………………. 50

Recommendations……………………………………. 51

References……………………………………………….... 53