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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

EDM Process Parameters Impact on MRR and TWR for Titanium

Alloy [Ti6al4v] and their Optimization Using Taguchi and Topsis
Method-An experiential Analysis

Avdhesh Kumar Sharma1

1
GLA University, Mathura

avdesh.sharma@gla.ac.in

Abstract

To pick ideal or close to ideal cutting conditions in different sorts of metal cutting
strategy overhaul issues, it joins the utilization of at any rate one of the current
appearing and streamlining methods, making the structure a bound together and
persuading mean. The Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is perhaps the most
striking and most saw non-customary machining measure used. In this current work a
figure is made for ideal game plan of limits from a gathering for most outrageous
material removal rate (MRR) and least wear rate (TWR). A lot of investigations reliant
on L9 display obtained by Taguchi strategy are performed for four data boundary (peak
current, pulse on time, pulse off time and gap voltage), all of them having 3 levels of
characteristics. The results of each set of investigation is recorded for evaluating MRR
and TWR. The results got for MRR and TWR are analysed using TOPSIS methodology
for confirmation of ideal course of action of cycle boundaries of EDM which gives
most outrageous MRR and least TWR. Results obtained here show that the model
embraced here has a sufficient display for progression.

Keywords: EDM Machine, MRR and TWR, Peak Current, Pulse on Time, Pulse off
Time, Gap Voltage.

1. Introduction

For machining purpose, now a days the most effective, advanced and efficient is electrical discharge
machining (EDM). Any material no matter it is hard or having complicated design or shape can be
machined using EDM. A lot of efforts has been put in research to analyse the effects of different
parameters on machining performance of EDM and to optimize them for different performance features.
Sanchez et al. [1] with help of a cluster of experiments, constructed an inversion model for the values
of input parameters of EDM. For prediction of performance characteristics like MRR, EWR and surface
roughness (SR), ANOVA technique and regression model were adopted for AISI 1045 steel. Aliakbari
et al. [2] used a rotary EDM process to machine X210CrNi12 alloy for different features like MRR,
EWR, SR and OC. He found that output was more affected by electrical parameters rather than by non-
electrical parameters, also on increasing the tool hole numbers, performance features like MRR, EWR
and SR increases and gives better flushing condition and to decrease TWR the tool hole number has to

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

reduce. Gopalakannan et al. [3] prepared a metal matrix composite of aluminium 7075 and studied the
effect of different process parameters of EDM on different performance features like MRR, EWR and
SR. He concluded that two parameters pulse current and pulse on time considerably affect the MRR
and TWR, while pulse current and pulse duration affects the SR highly. The results obtained by them
are in confirmation with optimal set following with an error of 3.21%, 6.19% and 4.63% in MRR, EWR
and SR respectively. Lin et al. [4] used Grey-Taguchi to investigate the influence of process parameters
of micro milling EDM for maching of Inconel 718 alloy. The performance features taken into
consideration were electrode wear (EW), MRR, and working gap. He shows that EW decreases, MRR
increases and working gap decreases with optimal set of process parameters of micro milling EDM.
Majumdar et al. [5] develops empirical relation between input process parameters and output, then
applied three different DMPSO techniques for optimal set of process parameters and a comparative
study was done between the above said three DMPSO techniques. He found that DMPSO-CF algorithm
gives the better optimization for EDM process parameters. Manivannan et al. [6] evaluated the optimal
set of process parameters of micro EDM for machining AISI 304 steel. L27 array of experiments were
performed cased on Taguchi. With help of TOPSIS the optimization was done for input parameters and
to identify the input given by each experiment ANOVA technique was applied. Using ANOVA he
conclude that of all process parameters, feed rate and current were the most influential. The machined
hole quality with the optimal set of parameters was analysed using SEM and results obtained were
satisfactory regarding hole quality. Marafona et al. [7] studied the effect of hardness, a surface property
on MRR and surface roughness and also the effect on EDM performance. He developed a linear
regression model working with hardness and other variables which helps in predicting MRR with an
error of 1.06% as suggested by him. He also conclude that EDM machining is also affected by material
surface hardness other than by its thermal properties. Nakalje et al. [8] used MDN 300 steel which is
having high strength and hardness for machining using EDM process. He found that discharge current,
pulse on time and pulse off time has higher influence on performance criteria like MRR, TWR, relative
wear ratio (RWR) and SR in comparison to other parameters, he also used SEM to analyse surface
roughness and he found that surface roughness is worse with higher discharge current and large pulse
time. Rahang et al. [9] done the modification on the surface of aluminium as base metal to increase its
hardness including EDM. He created a hard layer of mixture of tungsten and copper on the surface of
base metal which is aluminium as well as optimizing the different process parameters for tool wear rate
(TWR), material transfer rate (MTR), surface roughness and edge deviation. His results shows that the
hardness increases three times with respect to the hardness of base metal i.e. aluminium. Tang et al.
[10] optimize the process parameters of EDM with help if grey relational analyses and Taguchi
combined. He uses tap water as working fluid in place of conventional dielectric fluid for the sake of
health and environment as it will not produce any harmful gases and with tap water as working fluid he
obtained high MRR thus reducing the overall cost of machining. Vikas et al. [11] done experiments to
optimize the process parameters of EDM to maximize MRR for two materials EN19 and EN41. He
analysed that for any combination set of process parameters the MRR is high for EN41 with respect to
EN19, due to the fact that carbon percentage is more in EN19 and as carbon percentage increases it
becomes hard to machine which is why EN19 is not easy to machine. In this present work titanium
grade 5 alloy [Ti6al4v] is chosen for maching with help of EDM and process parameters are optimized
based on Taguchi and TOPSIS. The reason for choice of titanium grade 5 alloy is that as it is widely or
mostly used grade of titanium due to its favourable properties suited for different areas like aerospace,
medical etc. Many other researcher have also working on same area [12-17]

2. Details of experiment

2.1 Experimental Machine and Tool

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

Figure 1. Schematic of EDM

Figure 1 shows the schematic of EDM. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a controlled metal-
departure process that is used to remove metal by strategies for electric shimmer deterioration. In this
method an electric shimmer is used as the cutting mechanical assembly to cut (deteriorate) the work-
piece to make the finished part to the perfect shape. The metal-ejection process is performed by applying
a throbbing (ON/OFF) electrical charge of high-repeat course through the anode to the work-piece. This
removes (crumbles) extraordinarily little bits of metal from the work-piece at a controlled rate. EDM
flash disintegration is equivalent to having an electrical short that consumes a little opening in a bit of
metal it contacts. With the EDM procedure both the work-piece material and the cathode material must
be conduits of power. A pre-shaped or framed anode (tool), usually produced using graphite or copper,
is moulded to the type of the hole it is to replicate. The framed anode is taken care of vertically down
and the converse state of the terminal is dissolved (consumed) into the strong work-piece. During the
EDM procedure the work-piece and the terminal are lowered in the dielectric oil (kerosene/EDM oil),
which is an electrical separator that assists with controlling the bend release. The dielectric oil, that
gives a methods for flushing, is siphoned through the circular segment hole. This evacuates suspended
particles of work-piece material and terminal from the work pit. EDM machine’s specification used in
this work is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Specifications of EDM
Designations Value
Model ZNC 50 A
Maximum Work Piece Size 800*500*325(mm*mm*mm)
Resolution 0.0005 mm
Peak Current Reach Up to 20 ampere
Gap Voltage Reach 10 to 120 volts
Pulse Duration Reach 0.3 to 550 μ-seconds
Connected Load 10 KVA
Heat Generation 12 K-Cal/Hour
Temperature to be maintained 20+/- 2°C
X,Y and Z axis travel 400,300 and 300mm respectively
Dielectric solution (DS) kerosene oil
Thermal conductivity for DS 0.158 W/m-K
Specific Heat Capacity for DS 2.2 J/g-K
Dynamic Viscosity for DS 1.56 g/m-sec

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

The material selected for machining on EDM machine and for which the performance features are
optimized is titanium grade 5 alloy [Ti6Al4V] because of its wide usage in many applications. The
work-piece taken is in cylindrical rod form whose pictorial view and its specification is shown in Figure
2 and Table 2 respectively.

Table 2. Specifications of titanium grade 5 work piece

Properties/ Specification Value
Atomic Volume 0.011 m3/kmol
Density 4.512 Mg/m3
Hardness, Rockwell C 3730 MPa
Elastic Modulus 910 MPa
Yield strength 153 GPa
Melting Point 1933K
Thermal Conductivity 150mm length and 12mm diameter
Size of Sample 0.011 m3/kmol

Figure 2. Pictorial view of titanium work-piece

In this work the tool acquired for machining of work-piece material which is also work as electrode in
EDM machining is copper cadmium electrode (Cu-Cd) which is widely being used in industries for
tooling of EDM. The tool taken is in cylindrical rod form whose pictorial view and its specification is
shown in Figure 3 and Table 3 respectively.

Table 3. Specifications of Cu-Cd tool

Properties/ Specification Value

Thermal Conductivity 389 W/m0 K
Melting Point 1100 0C
Electrical Resistivity 1.64 ohm-cm
Specific Heat Capacity 0.395 J/gm-0C
Size of Sample 10 mm (ø) * 60mm

Figure 3. Copper Cadmium (Cu-Cd) tool

2.2 Design of experiment based on Taguchi

The four process parameters so far the literature suggested which have considerable influence on the
performance features are selected for analysis in this work and these parameters are peak current (Ip),
pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff) and gap Voltage (Vg). These four parameters which acts as
factors are selected with three different level of values for the cluster of experiments based on Taguchi.
Table 4 show the four factors with the selected level of values of these four factors.

Table 4. Four factors each with three level of values

Factor Symbol Process Parameters Units Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
1 Peak Current (Ip) Ampere 10 15 20
2 Pulse On Time (Ton) Micro-seconds 50 75 100
3 Pulse off Time (Toff) Micro-seconds 5 7 9
4 Gap Voltage(Vg) Volts 40 60 80

2.3 Orthogonal and L9 array based on Taguchi

The Taguchi strategy includes decreasing the variety in a procedure through strong plan of
investigations. The general goal of the technique is to deliver top notch item effortlessly to the producer.
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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

Old style exploratory structure techniques are excessively unpredictable and are most certainly not
simple to utilize. Countless examinations must be done when the quantity of procedure parameters
increment. To take care of this issue, the Taguchi technique utilizes an extraordinary structure of
symmetrical exhibits to consider the whole parameter space with just few investigations. Orthogonal
array obtained, based on Taguchi for different selected level values is as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Orthogonal array.
Experiment No. Factor1 Factor2 Factor3 Factor 4
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2
3 1 3 3 3
4 2 1 2 3
5 2 2 3 1
6 2 3 1 2
7 3 1 3 2
8 3 2 1 3
9 3 3 2 1

Taguchi test structure of analyses recommends L9 symmetrical exhibit, where 9 trials are adequate to
advance the parameters. In light of primary factor, the factors are doled out at segments, as specified by
symmetrical exhibit. The L9 array for this work with selected level values of different factors which
form the cluster for performing the experiments is as shown in Table 6.

Table 6. The L9 array for conducting the experiments

Experiment No. Peak Current (Ip)
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 15
5 15
6 15
7 20
8 20
9 20
Pulse On Time (Ton) Pulse Off Time (Toff) Gap Voltage (V)
50 5 40
75 7 60
100 9 80
50 7 80
75 9 40
100 5 60
50 9 60
75 5 80
100 7 40

The 9-tests were performed in the reason of the above table on the distinctive mix of factors as showed
up in table {6}. Earlier and later of each test, readings are taken for examination of MRR and TWR.

3. Experimental procedure and data collection

A series of experiments based on the cluster obtained by Taguchi L9 array were performed on EDM
machine in mechanical engineering department of GLA University, Mathura. The weight of both, the
work-piece and tool were measured before and after of each set of experiment and each set of
experiment run is 10 minutes. Both work-piece and tools were clamped in EDM machine after cleaning
them properly to remove dust and impurities. The work-piece is totally lowered in kerosene during the
machining procedure and afterward gradually bring down the instrument until flashes are produced.
The round cathode is preferred over various conditions of terminals, gives higher MRR and lower TWR.
Kerosene was used as dielectric fluid which serves the purpose of controlling the separating of the
starting hole between the cathode and work-piece, cooling the warmed material to shape the EDM chips
and expelling EDM chips from the starting territory.to flush away the material from the sparking zone.
The weights of both pieces were measured using a digital weighing scale with an accuracy of 0.001 gm.
The data obtained from the 9 experiments suggested by L9 array for material removed from both, the
work-piece and tool is shown in Table 7 and Table 8 respectively.

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

Table 7. Data table for material removed from work-piece

Experiment Wt. of work-piece Wt. of work-piece Time (min) Material Removed
Set No. before machining after machining (g)
(g) (g)
1 28.2036 28.1695 10 0.0341
2 28.1695 28.139 10 0.0305
3 10.793 10.7611 10 0.0319
4 10.7611 10.73 10 0.0311
5 10.7886 10.7425 10 0.0461
6 10.7425 10.7009 10 0.0416
7 10.7859 10.7278 10 0.05815
8 10.7278 10.6814 10 0.04635
9 10.7897 10.7275 10 0.06224

Table 8. Data table for material removed from Cu-Cd tool

Experiment No. Wt. of tool Wt. of tool Time Material Removed
before machining after machining (min) (g)
(g) (g)
1 25.9195 25.8963 10 0.0232
2 25.8963 25.886 10 0.0103

3 25.8843 25.8769 10 0.0074

4 25.8769 25.8594 10 0.0175

5 25.8575 25.822 10 0.0355

6 25.822 25.814 10 0.008

7 25.767 25.6914 10 0.0756

8 25.6914 25.6641 10 0.0273

9 25.6634 25.6316 10 0.0318

4. Results and discussion

Based on the data collected from experiments for weights of work-piece and tool before and after of
each experiment, the Material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) is calculated with help of
equation (1) and equation (2) as follows :

MRR = (Wwb-Wwa)/t ……………………..(1)

Where, Wwb and Wwa represents the work-piece weights prior and later machining process (in gm)
respectively and t is time of machining (in min.).
TWR = (Wtb-Wta)/t …………………….(2)
Where, Wtb and Wta represents the tool weights prior and later machining process (in gm) respectively
and t is time of machining (in min.).
The material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) is determined for the entire arrangement
of analyses based on weight distinction of work piece material and apparatus material individually with
assistance of above indicated conditions and determined MRR and TWR in various trials performed is
appeared in table 9 appeared here.

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

Table 9. Calculated MRR and TWR in different experiments performed

Experiment Peak Current Pulse On Time Pulse Off Time Gap Voltage MRR TWR
No. (Ip) (Ton) (Toff) (V) (g/min) (g/min)
1 10 50 5 40 0.00341 0.00232
2 10 75 7 60 0.00305 0.00103
3 10 100 9 80 0.00319 0.00074
4 15 50 7 80 0.00311 0.00175
5 15 75 9 40 0.00461 0.00355
6 15 100 5 60 0.00416 0.0008
7 20 50 9 60 0.005815 0.00756
8 20 75 5 80 0.004635 0.00273
9 20 100 7 40 0.006224 0.003181

From above table it can be seen that the maximum MRR is obtained in experiment number 9 and
minimum TWR is obtained in experiment number 3.
4.1 Implementation of TOPSIS for decision making
The standard TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method
attempts to choose alternatives that simultaneously have the shortest distance from the positive idealt
solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution. The positive perfect arrangement
augments the advantage measures and limits the cost models, while the negative perfect arrangemen -
amplifies the cost standards and limits the advantage rules. The initial step comprises of characterizing
the characteristics and choices. The properties are named useful (for example higher the better) or non
useful (for example bring down the better).

The Objective is to assess the 9 other options, and the traits are MRR, TWR. For this specific issue,
MRR is considered as useful quality (i.e., higher qualities); while TWR is considered as non-
advantageous (i.e., littler qualities).
4.1.1 Decision matrix
All the information of MRR and TWR is represented in form of a matrix called decision matrix as
shown below

 0.00341 0.002324 
 0.00305 0.00103 

 0.00319 0.00074 
 
 0.00311 0.00175 
F (n)   0.00461 0.00355 
 
 0.00416 0.00080 
0.005815 0.007561
 
0.004635 0.002727 
0.006224 0.003181


We then find the square of each value

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

1.16281E  05 5.40098 E  06

 9.3025 E  06 1.0609 E  06 

1.01761E  05 5.476 E  07 
 
 9.6721E  06 3.0625 E  06 
F (n)   2.12521E  05 1.26025 E  05 
 
1.73056 E  05 0.00000064 
3.38142 E  05 5.71687 E  05
 
2.14832 E  05 7.43653 E  06
3.87382 E  05 1.01188 E  05 


Overall sum of Sq. of MRR and TWR is 0.000173372 and 9.80385E-05 respectively and overall square
root of the sum of MRR and TWR are 0.013167085 and 0.009901439.
4.1.2 Normalized matrix
The measured estimations of EDM execution determination parameters are then standardized utilizing
condition given beneath.
Rij = xij / {max (xij)}, i=1 to m&j = 1 to n

0.258979114 0.234713367 
 0.231638211 0.104025287 

0.242270785 0.074736614 
 
0.236195028 0.176741993 
 0.35011546 0.358533758 
 
 0.31593933 0.08079634 
 0.44163154 0.763626406 
 
0.352014134 0.275414523 
0.472693844 0.321266446 

The general significance of properties (Rij) can be appointed the qualities, and the loads (Wj) considered
are MRR=0.7; and TWR=0.3; the loads relegated depend on relative significance of traits, however the
aggregate of characteristics ought to be 1.
4.1.3 Weighted normalized matrix
The weighted normalized matrix is calculated using equation given below.
Vij = Rij × Wj

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

 0.18128538 0.07041401 
0.162146748 0.031207586 

0.169589549 0.022420984 
 
 0.16533652 0.053022598 
0.245080822 0.107560127 
 
 0.221157531 0.024238902 
0.309142078 0.229087922 
 
0.246409894 0.082624357 
 0.330885691 0.096379934 

The maximum values of MRR and TWR are 0.330885691 and 0.229087922 respectively. The minimum
values of MRR and TWR are 0.162146748 and 0.022420984 respectively. Subsequent to ascertaining
the standardized framework utilizing condition (2), the following stage is to get the positive perfect
(best) and negative perfect (most noticeably awful) arrangement. These are determined utilizing
condition (3) and condition (4).
V+ = {(maxi Vij / j ɛ J) ( mini Vij | j ϵ J’| i=1, 2…..m)} ……………(3)
V- = {(mini Vij / j ɛ J) ( maxi Vij | j ϵ J’| i=1, 2…..m)} …………....(4)

V+MRR = 0.330885691 V+TWR = 0.022420984

V-MRR = 0.162146748 V+TWR = 0.229087922
Higher qualities are sure perfect answers for MRR while for TWR lower esteems are valuable for result
of the investigation. Subsequently, greatest and least standardized qualities are picked as the positive
and negative perfect answer for MRR and least and most extreme standardized qualities are picked as
the positive and negative perfect answer for TWR.
4.1.4 Calculation of separation measures
This progression is to get the partition measures, and these are determined utilizing condition (5) and
(6).
S+ i = √Σm1 (Vij – Vj+) ^2, i=1 to m ….………….(5)
S- i = √Σm1 (Vij – Vj-) ^2, i=1 to m .……………(6)
S1+=0.1571101 S1-=0.159823958
S2+=0.168967557 S2-=0.197880336
S3+=0.161296142 S3-=0.206800915
S4+=0.168353755 S4-=0.176094216
S5+=0.120876587 S5-=0.147129418
S6+=0.109743218 S6-=0.213189252
S7+=0.207807622 S7-=0.14699535
S8+=0.103733343 S8-=0.168972937
S9+=0.07395895 S9-=0.214672404

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

The partition of every option from perfect arrangement is given by n-dimensional Euclidean separation.
S+i signify positive perfect detachment measure as square base of entirety of square of contrast between
positive perfect arrangement V+j and option Vij for each quality. S-i signifies negative perfect detachment
measure as square base of entirety of square of contrast between negative perfect arrangement V-j and
the option Vij for each property. The positive and negative perfect partition measures S+I and S-I are
acquired for 9 other options.
4.1.5 Relative closeness table
The relative closeness of a particular alternative to the ideal solution is calculated using equation (7).
Table 10 shows the relative closeness of each set of observations with the ideal solution.
Ci = S-I / (S+i + S- i) ……………..(7)
Table 10. Relative closeness table
C1=0.504281424 8
C2=0.539407039 6
C3=0.561810835 4
C4=0.511236038 7
C5=0.548978065 5
C6=0.660156143 2
C7=0.414301316 9
C8=0.619615130 3
C9=0.743759822 1

For every other option, relative closeness to perfect arrangement is resolved as proportion of negative
perfect detachment measure partitioned by a whole of negative perfect division measure and positive
perfect division measure. This is required to change over various reaction esteems into a solitary
presentation reaction esteem for every other option.
The relative closeness to perfect arrangement esteems are masterminded in plummeting request for all
the other options. In this way options are methodical masterminded as for ideal execution measure
which yields the best estimations of information process parameters. This relative closeness to perfect
arrangement is considered as the exhibition measure for EDM process.
5. Conclusion
It is inferred that a deliberate methodology of demonstrating and assurance of ideal or close to ideal
cutting conditions has indicated an intriguing potential with regards to both item and procedure quality
improvement of metal cutting activity, the nonexclusive structure for process parameter enhancement
in metal slicing activity endeavours to give a solitary , united and organized approach to manage choose
ideal or near ideal cutting conditions in various kinds of metal cutting technique headway issues, it
merges the use of in any event one of the current showing and smoothing out methodologies, making
the framework a bound together and convincing mean. MRR assumes a significant job in the assembling
area as it settles on the time and at last expense. The ideal blend of methodology parameters are gotten
by utilizing obvious techniques and play out the statement test for support of the outcomes. Taguchi is
utilized to get that the obligation of every parameter for overhaul of execution measures. In this work
utilizing different estimations of Current, voltage, pulse on schedule and pulse off time, considered as
info process parameters, Taguchi technique was used for maximization of MRR and minimization of
TWR and with implementation of TOPSIS technique to optimize the values of process parameters based
on the weightage provided it was found that the relative closeness of option 9 out of the 9 sets of
experiments is closest to the ideal solution so it is concluded that maximum MRR and minimum TWR
were obtained for optimal process parameters with peak current of 20 ampere, pulse on time of 100
micro seconds, pulse off time of 7 micro seconds and gap voltage of 40 volts.
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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

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FSAET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1116 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012030

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