WN USE CH Uae FURTHER PURE PU ee STUDENT BOOKPDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL FURTHER PURE UA EUG‘tshes by Posen Edvation Line, 80 Star, Landon, W2R ORL. ‘wwespearsorgioaschaols com Cops ffi specications ora Pearson qualifies may be found nthe ‘websteHipe/quatTeatonspecrson.com “ox © Pearson Eduction Listes 2018 ‘Designed by Pearson Education Lint 2018 “ypest by Tec StL, Gateshead UK ted ny Ere Prat Orighaltuisations © Petron Education Limies 2018 sated by © Tect-Set i, Gateead, UR (Cove design © Pearson Eatcation Lmtd 2018, “The igs of ug Attod, Jack Baractouph, lan Belson, Lew Cope, Cares ‘Garo Cox, Koh Gatck, Danll Goldberg, Alc Macphorsn, Anne MeAoe, ‘Bronwen Moran, SuNSholson, Lauter Pateman, Joe Pern Kath Pleer ‘Gong San, Joe Stakowsh, Hary Sh, Gao Staoy ané Dave Wikis fo ‘cents the ashore of his work have been aserted by them in accordance ‘wr tre Copyright Designs ana Patents Act 1988 Fst pubines 2018 ‘ris Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘catalogue recor for his book fs avalable fom the Beh Library sangre ees 548 Copyright noice ‘Allights reserve. 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Endorsmant of arovoure dees mean that he resource i rogue to schave ths Pearson quailtin, pox dows rea that Is tre ery eutabe matora avaible to support the qualcaton and ary rsource 1s produced by te awarding body shal icudo tha and ther approprateCOL COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS 1 2 ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 28 3 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS 36 4 COORDINATE SYSTEMS 49 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 71 5 MATRICES 76 6 TRANSFORMATIONS USING MATRICES 92 7 SERIES 116 8 PROOF 127 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 141 EXAM PRACTICE 145 GLOSSARY 147 ANSWERS 150 INDEX 173CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS 1.1 IMAGINARY AND COMPLEX NUMBERS 1.2 MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS 1.3 COMPLEX CONJUGATION 1.4 ARGAND DIAGRAMS 1.5 MODULUS AND ARGUMENT 1.6 MODULUS-ARGUMENT FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS: 1.7 ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 1.8 SOLVING CUBIC AND QUARTIC EQUATIONS CHAPTER REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 2 ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2.1 ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION 2.2 FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH NEW ROOTS CHAPTER REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS 3.1 LOCATING ROOTS 3.2 INTERVAL BISECTION 3.3 LINEAR INTERPOLATION 3.4 THE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD CHAPTER REVIEW 3 = 15 16 18 22 28 29 3 34 36 37 39 4 44 47 aca CHAPTER 4 COORDINATE SYSTEMS 49 4.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 50 4.2 THE GENERAL EQUATION OF A PARABOLA 53 4.3 THE EQUATION FOR A RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA. THE EQUATION OF THE ‘TANGENT AND THE EQUATION OF THE NORMAL 60 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 68 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 ” CHAPTER 5 MATRICES 76 5.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES 77 5.2 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION 80 5.3 DETERMINANTS 85 5.4 INVERTING A 2 x 2 MATRIX 87 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 89 CHAPTER 6 TRANSFORMATIONS USING MATRICES 92 6.1 LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 93 6.2 REFLECTIONS AND ROTATIONS 97 6.3 ENLARGEMENTS AND STRETCHES 102 6.4 SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONS 106 6.5 THE INVERSE OF A LINEAR ‘TRANSFORMATION CHAPTER REVIEW 6 110 113CUTS at CHAPTER 7 SERIES 116 7.1 SUMS OF NATURAL NUMBERS == 117 7.2 SUMS OF SQUARES AND CUBES 120 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 124 CHAPTER 8 PROOF 127 8.1 PROOF BY MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 128 8.2 PROVING DIVISIBILITY RESULTS == 132 8.3 USING MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION: ‘TO PRODUCE A PROOF FOR A GENERAL TERM OF A RECURRENCE RELATION 134 8.4 PROVING STATEMENTS INVOLVING MATRICES 137 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 139 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 141 EXAM PRACTICE 145 GLOSSARY 147 ANSWERS 150 INDEX 173ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning, 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout, + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r spect he problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interprets et eos = Challenge questions provide extra stretch t j 3. Transferable skills repent iatrmation S= + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book 5 MATRICES Each chante ie mapped othe specticaton content or easy reterence Each chapter stats with a Istof Learning abjectives “Thora world apotcaions ofthe “The Prior knowledge = mathematics you are about to check helps make sure = Teamn are highlighted at the stat You are raat start the ‘ofthe chapter chapter Glossary terms wil be dont by bold lus text on thai first appearanceCUCL aor section begins — | with explanation and key eaming poms ince sae ae signposted where they naturally occur Inthe exeresee and amples Sop by-stop worked ‘examples focus onthe ey types of questions yeu need to tackle Execise questions ae careuly graded so they uth examesive Exam-style questions renae nate and Jurors ger you Jradualy ing you up [areready forthe xa are flagged with © gradual bing yo Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chapter end with a Chaoterreviow with © anda Summay of key points, Altar every few chapters, a Reviow exercise Felps you consolte your teaming with a ots of exam-sive questions Exam practice Mathematics Interational Advanced Sub ny! Batvanced Level Further Pure Mathematics 1 TAful practice paper atthe back oF the book helos you prepare forthe real thingvili QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Further Pure Mathematics 1 (FP2) is a compulsory uni International Advanced Subsidiary in Further Mathematics International Advanced Level in Further Mathematics ‘the following qualifications: Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, SSS ES [Availity FPL Further Pure Mathematis1 |332960fIAS [75 | Lhour30mins_| January and June Paper cade WEHOI/O1 16596 of AL First assessment June 2019 AS: International Advanced Subsidiary, IAL: International Advanced A Level. Assessment objectives and weightings Mirmum ae cei Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques ina AO | variety of contexts. 3% Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form, Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent ‘x03. | situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the orginal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of ‘804 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5% _ritically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications. Use contemporary calculator technology and other permitted resources (such as formulae 1805 | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use such 5% ‘technology, and its limitation, Give answers to appropriate accuracy. 30% 10%Relationship of assessment objectives to units CEU Uu cassie My a Ld rey Marks out of 75 25-30 25-30 os 5-10 5-10 % Bea 335-40 0-6 ony ca Calculators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements given in the table below. Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +,~ x v¥, 4, Im.x,€5 xf, sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and in radians; memory. Prohibitions Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + built-in symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic differentiation and/or integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the internet mx, ixun ey @ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book. Download solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online. Use of technology problems and consolidate your understanding, graphically using technology. Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio resources for a graphic calculator. GeeGebra CASIO. GeoGebra-powered interactives Graphic calculator interactives [EXE):Show coordinates Interact with the mathematics you are learning Explore the mathematics you are learning and using GeoGebra’s easy-to-use tools, gain confidence in using a graphic calculator Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials will guide you through how to use to access the function press: your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casio's scientific Guenw) G) Gurr) @ \ and colour graphic calculators. Finding the value of the first derivative CED Wea cuteness sep git autoinsrctons ™ ‘on exactly which buttons to press and what he Gs a ae ucts on YOU Cake should appear on your calculator’s screenER a NUMBERS eee After completing this chapter you should be able to: Understand and use the definitions of imaginary and complex numbers > page 2 Add and subi Find solutions to any quadratic equation with real coe +t complex numbers > pages2-3 cients > pages 4-5 Multiply complex numbers » pages5-6 Understand the definition of a complex conjugate ~ pages 7-8 Divide complex numbers ~ pages 7-8 Show complex numbers on an Argand diagram > pages 9-10 Find the modulus and argument of a complex number > pages 11-16 Write a complex number in modulus-argument form > pages 15-16 Solve quadratic equations that have complex roots + pages 16-18 Solve cubic or quartic equations that have complex roots > pages 18-22 eee ceeecece Simplify each of the following, b/c In each case, determine the number of distinct teal roots of the equation f(x) =0. a fx) =3x?+ 8x4 10 b fx) =2x?- 9x47 € flx) 4x84 129 Pure 1section23 ff 3. Forthe triangle shown, find the values of: bo a 50 v180 + Pure 1 Section 1.5 Complex numbers contain a real part and an imaginary part. Engineers and physicists often describe quantities with two components using a single complex number. This allows them to model complicated situations such as air flow over acyclist. + International GCSE Mathematics 4 Find the solutions of x? = Bx + 6 =0, giving your answers in the form a = vB where a and b are integers « Pure Section 241 Write a 5 in the form p + qv/3 where p and g are rational numbers. «Pure 1 Section 1.6Pea) eS Oy KD Imaginary and complex numbers The quadratic equation ax? +x += 0 has eal solutions given by the discriminant is b? ~ 4ac. bs P= hac + IFB®— dae 0, there ae two distinct real roots. ne a + If b?—4ae =, there are two equal real roots. IF the expression under the square root is negative, _* fb? =Aae-<0, there are no real rots. Pure 1 Section 25, there are no real solutions. You can find solutions to the equation in all cases by extending the number system to include v= Since there is no real number that squares to produce -1, the number V1 is called an imaginary number, and is represented using the letter i. Complex numbers have a real part and an imaginary part, for example 3 + 2i, tint CED tre set oF a complex = An imaginary number is a number ‘numbers is written as C. - of the form bi, where b ER. ary ore ie eect = Acomplex number is written in casemate + Imi) = bis the imaginary part the form a + bi, where a, bE R. a SSS GD) ED wor Write each of the following in terms of i. Ea Ina complex number, the real part and the imaginary part cannot be combined to form a single term. ™ Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtra their real parts and adding or subtracting their imaginary parts. ® You can muttiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the usual way. ex Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a, b € R. 10+ 61 a (2+ 5i)+(7 +31) © 5 -8i) a +504 (7 +3) b (2-si)-(6-11 2-5) + 1-5 “INH -3+6iCosas Crate EIED werner Do not use your calculator 1. Write each of the following in the form hi, where bis a real number. a b 9 vs ger this exercise. 2. Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a, b a (5+ 21)+ (8+) b (4+ 10) #1 -8)) © (7+ 6i) + (-3- Si) @ (+48) + (G+) © (20+ 121) (1 ¥3i) f Q-i)-C5+39 g (-4-6i) -(-8 - 8) h Gy2 +i)- (2-1) i (-2-T+U43)-C124i) fj (1845) - 5-2) -G +7) 3 Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + hi, where a, b ER. a 27 +21) b H8-4i) € 23+i)+32+i) 544 3i) - 4-1 +21) 154251 5 941i py 843i 7-21 cm) 4 2 ©® 4 Write in the form a + bi, where « and 6 are simplified surds, afi p 228i 2 Las 5 Given that z = 7- 6i and w = 7 + 6i, find, CEEED complex cumbersare often in the form ail, were, 662 Ri represented by the letter zor the letter az-w bw4e © 6 Given that -3 + biand z)—2)=7+2i, find aand b where a,b€R. (2 marks) ® 7 Given that =A ba, © 22 +52) 4+ i and 2) = 7 ~3i, find, in the form a + bi, where a, b € R: + biand w= abi, where a, b € B, show that: is always imaginary ® 8 Given that a 2+ wisalways real bata) Oe ay You can use complex numbers to find solutions to any quadratic equation with real coefficients. ® IF 2 — 4ac <0 then the quadratic equation neither of which are real. GEES) ED veoeime Solve the equation = +9 =0. Example @) Solve the equation =? + 6: +25 = 0. Method 1 (Completing the square) +3°-9 + 3F-94+25 +3" +16 Method 2 (Quadratic formula) Ax1x 25 ‘Do not use your calculator in this exercise, ax? + bx + ¢=0 has two distinct complex roots, 1 Solve each of the following equations, Write your answers in the form +hi a 2?4121=0 be 3274 150= 38-2? +40=0 e2 +120=0 f 622412227Cosas Crate 2. Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a + bi GLED Te tere hand side of each equation a © - 32-92-16 isin completed square form alteady. Use ren inverse operations tofind the values of = ¢ 16iz+ 1) +11=2 3 Solve each of the following equations, Write your answers in the form a + bi. a 2+2045=0 b 2-224 10=0 © P442429=0 d 2+102+26=0 e 2452425=0 f243245=0 4 Solve cach of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a + bi. a 24524420 b 72-3243=0 e52-243=0 5 The solutions to the quadratic equation 2? ~ 82 + 21 = O are 2, and z Find z, and =,, giving each in the form a + iyB. EP) 6 The equation 2 + bz + 11 = 0, where b € R, has distinct non-real complex roots. Find the range of possible values of 5. (3 marks) ©@&) Muttiptying complex numbers You can multiply complex numbers using the same technique that you use for multiplying brackets in algebra. You can use the fact that i= \=T to simplify powers of i Express each of the following in the form a + 6i, where @ and 6 are real numbers a (2+ 3:4 + Si) b (7-4iP 2 (2+ 3i)f4 + Si) = 2(4 + Si) + 3114 + Si = B+ 1014 121 + 1512 = 841014 121-15 = (6-15) + (101+ 1 =-742 (7 - 4x7 - 4) 77 ~ 4i) ~ 447 - 49 49 ~ 28\~ 261 + 16) 49 - 281 ~ 261 ~ 1 = (49 - 16) + (-26i - 261) 33 - 56iGro ess Example @) anwsis Simplify: a® bi © QDS b Fimixixisiexi®@ =) x1) X 21x 21x 21x 2) | = 320 x1 xi xix) = 326% x F xi) = 32 x (1) x CN) xi = 321 BED scemercnn Do not use your calculator in this exercise, 1 Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi. a (5+i)3 +4i) ‘b (6 + 3i)(7 + 2i) © (5 = 2i(1 + Si) d (13 - 312 - 81) e (-3-iN4+ Ti) £ (8+ 5iP g (2-9iF b(1+2+i)G+) — ED rorparth, begin by multiplying i (= 215 + ix4 - 21) i +3" the first pair of brackets. © 2 4 Simplify (4 + 5i(4— 5i), giving your answer in the form a + bi. b Simplify (7 - 2i)(7 + 2i), giving your answer in the form a + bi. ¢ Comment on your answers to parts a and b. 4 Show that (a+ bi)(a ~ bi) is a teal number for any real numbers a and b. © 3 Given that (a + 3i)(1 + bi) = 25 — 39i, find two possible pairs of values for a and b. 4 Write each of the following in its simplest form. aié b Gist eBsi a (ip 42 ©® 5 Express (1 + i)* in the form a — bi, where a and b are integers to be found. © 6 Find the value of the real part of (3 ~ 2iy* @ 7 fe=27-248 Ces Find: a {(2i) b (3 - 6i) ‘You can use the binomial theorem to @ 8 (22-240 expand(a+#)', « Pure2 Section 43 Show that 9 a Given that i! = i and i? = —1, write i? and i in their simplest forms, b Write iS, i®, 17 and i* in their simplest forms, © Write down the value of: Pi RS CED ie pacts ‘a Expand la + bil®, of a complex number v=, has a positive b Hence, or otherwise, find v0 — &2i, giving your answer in real part. the form a — bi, where a and d are positive integers. 1 —4i is a solution to f¢ (2marks)Cosas Crate ©) complex conjugation "= For any complex number z= a + bi, CED Togethes - and :* are the complex conjugate of the number Sainte aeeen defined as z* =a - bi. [exampte @) EES wren Given that z = 2 = Ti, a write down =* b find the value of z + = ¢ find the value of =2*. 2+7i 2-7) +(2+ B (242) 4-74 Die CEEED Notice nat 2+ 2°is reat (2-712 +7) (247) - 712+ 7) + 14-1414 . 24449253 CEE otic thats rel For any complex number z, the product of z and :* areal number You canusethis property QB “rig method wad tide complex (ie, characteristic) to divide two complex numbers is similar tothe method used to | ‘numbers. To do this, you multiply both the rationalise a denominator when simplifying surds, ‘numerator and the denominator by the complex emer conjugate of the denominator and then simplify the result. emo ite 5 Waite "55 im the form a + bi Bi 2-31 243i : + = -2 +23 13Cae ee a its ETE) revs Do not use your calculator in this exercise. 1. Write down the complex conjugat 842% 0b = 5i 0+ Si 3 Write each of the following in the form a + bi. 345i ba Ti aa G-4iP isi in the form x + iy, where x,y € R. 5 Given that z= 1 +i, 2) =2+iand 2, = 3 +i, write each of the following in the form a + bi, © 6 Given thar 5471 =~ 3, find z in the form a + bi (2 marks) 7 Simply $*8 , 8) giving your answer in the form a + bi 4 8-102 in the form a + biv’2, where a and b are rational numbers, Express + in the form a + bi, where a and b are rational numbers. ~v2 Ue age w expen 24 in teen p-.wharep an yareaonal mmibes ‘The complex number = satisfies the equation (4 + 2i)(= ~ 2i) = 6 — 4i Find 2, giving your answer in the form a + bi where a and 6 are rational numbers, (4 marks) ‘The complex numbers =; and 2, are given by 2; = p- Tiand =, =2 + Si, where p is an integer. Find $1 in the form a + 6i, where a and b are rational, and are given in terms of p. (4 marks) S44i. Show that * is the complex conjugate of =. a+ biv3, where a and b are rational numbers to be found. (marks) p+ 5i ‘The complex number = is defined by ro t aR ER, p>0. Given that the real part of = is 4, a find the value of p (4 marks) b writ in the form a + bi, where a and b are real (1 mark)Cosas Crate @® Argand diagrams ™ You can represent complex numbers on an Argand diagram. The x-axis ‘on an Argand diagram is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. The complex number z =x + iy’is represented on the diagram by the point P(x, y), where x and y are Cartesian coordinates. I 9) ELE wreerecrmon Show the complex numbers =) = —4 + i, =) = 2+ 3i and z; = 2 — 3i on an Argand diagram. a — eee Complex numbers can also be represented as vectors on an Argand diagram. = The complex number z = x + iy can be represented as the vector (G) ‘on an Argand diagram. You can add or subtract complex numbers on an Argand diagram by adding or subtracting their corresponding (ie. equivalent) vectors. 4+iand =, 343i, Show =), (443)4(14 = 744) and =) + =) onan Argand diagram,aD alae COMPLEX NUMBERS — =, onan Argand diagram. AL i EDD ive cing na sttactig CP? tat ‘complex numbers on an Argand diagram using GeoGebra, (exercise @) ETE wreneneranion 1 Show these numbers on an Argand diagram, a 742i bs- © 6-5 a -2+ © 3i f 242i g -t4+5i h-4 114 2iand 2, =2+4i, Show =), =yand sand 2; + 20n an Argand diagram. and 2; ~ =) onan Argand diagram. ‘on an Argand diagram. +=;0n an Argand diagram, 3+ 2i, where a, b € Z. Given that 25 ==) +23, a find the values of @ and b b show 2), z) and , on an Argand diagram, = Siand z5=-8 + Si, where p, q € Z. Given that 25 = 21 +21, a find the values of p and g b show © 8 The solutions to the quadratic equation =? ~ 6: + 10 = 0 ai a Find =, and =, giving your answers in the form p + gi, where p and q are integers. (3 marks) b Show, on an Argand diagram, the points representing the complex numbers =, and =». (2 marks) @® 9 & and 2; on an Argand diagram, and zp, a Show that f(3) = 0. (L mark) b Use algebra to solve f{=) = 0 completely. (4marks) ¢ Show all three solutions on an Argand diagram. (2 marks) GED There wilde sixastnct roots in total a Find all the solutions to the equatior : Write 26= 1 as (z*— 1)(2* + 1) = 0, then find three ienepen heel onerian eel ia distinct roots of =~ 1 =O and three distinct ‘¢ Show that each solution lies on a circle with foots of 23 +1=0. centre (0,0) and radius 1Cosas Crate @® Modulus and argument. The modulus or absolute value of a complex number is the magnitude (Le. size) of its corresponding vector. 4 The modulus of a complex number, [zis the distance from the origin to that number on CED the modulus of the complex an Argand diagram, For a complex number umber zis wetten a el ox +h =x +iy, the modulus is given by |z| = yx?-+y%, The argument of a complex number is the angle corresponding vector makes with the positive real axis. = The argument of a complex number, arg z, CED the argument oF the is the angle between the positive real axis complex number is writen as arg =. and the line joining that number to the leis usually given in radians, where ‘origin on an Argand diagram, measured in + 2r radians = 360° an anticlockwise direction (ie. moving in the sm radians = 180° ‘opposite direction to the hands of a clock). ieee For a complex number z= x + iy, the argument, 6, satisfies tan 0 I 22) ETE rren.er-soune Given the complex number 2 = 2 + 7i, find: a themodulus of = b the argument of =, giving your answer in radians to 2 d.p. 247 = 58 b Argument: tana=% a= 1.2924... radians 29 radians (2 dp)Tea) eS Oy If: does not lie in the first quadrant, you can use an Argand diagram to help you find its argument. ™ Let «x be the positive acute angle made with the real axis by the line joining the origin and z. + If lies in the first quadrant, then arg z= a. + If zlies in the second quadrant, then arg. + If zlies in the third quadrant, then arg + If clies in the fourth quadrant, then arg z= -a., Given the complex mumber = 4 =i, find: a themodulusof = —b the argument of =, giving your answer in radians to 2 d.p. “7 ee een eae _ pages 29-30 ~ pages 29-30 > pages 31-33 atic equations, ind the roots of Planets orbit the sun in shapes alled ellipses whilst s oth al ob in hyperbolic orbit equations are uBT aU ula ul} Cr aieied Pe) EB) Roots of a quadratic equation A quadratic equation of the form ax? + bx + ¢= x €C, where a, hand c are real constants, can have two real roots, one repeated (real) root or two complex roots. Ifthe roots of a quadratic equation With real coefcients are complex, then they occur as a conjugate pair. Further Pure 1 Section 2.7 If the roots of this equation are «: and i, you can determine the relationship between the coefficients of the terms in the quadratic equation and the values of « and ax? + bx + 0= aly = a)Qx =) = als? - ax = dx +a) Sart = alert Bx + ay Sob=-afa+ and ¢= aa. REED the sum ofthe roots is ~P and the Ife and f are roots of the equation product of the roots is & Note that these values axt+ bx +c=0, then: are real even ifthe roots are complex, because ‘the sum or product of a conjugate pair is real. erga ° TEE 2 apse EXE} ronssame The roots of the quadratic equation 2x? — 5x ~ 4 = 0 are a and jf. Without solving the equation, find the values of aatg bad © date d a2 +$? = (a +8)? - 208 Geta Write each expression in terms of a + Band a: (at dt=o2+ PF +203 > 02+ F=(a+9?- 2a ‘The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢=Oare a Find integer values for a, 6 and cEM aiid ROO" tau) xed ° 8x? + 2x — 15, a=8b=2¢ EXD wenn ame @s ®» @®w @u ‘and J are the roots of the quadratic equation 312 + 7x — Without solving the equation, find the values of: aos bag 1d aon ehet date «and are the roots of the quadratic equation 71° = 3+ 1 = 0. Without solving the equation, find the values of: aat3 b a3 etet dates ‘and are the roots of the quadratic equation 6x2 — 9x +2 = 0. Without solving the equation, find the values of aotrs bax ® ct+t dates GBD ty expanding ta + 4». ‘The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +.¢= 0 are a = 2 and j Find integer values for a, b and ‘The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢=0 are 0 Find integer values for a, 6 and ¢. ‘The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢=0 are, Find integer values for a, 6 and c One of the roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢=0is a a Write down the other root, b Given that «= 1, find the values of & and ¢ Given that kx? + (Je ~ 3)x—2.= 0, find the value of Kc if the sum of the roots is 4, ‘The equation nx? — (16 + n)x + 256 = 0 has real roots « and —a. Find the value of n. ‘The roots of the equation 6x? + 36x + k= 0 are reciprocals of each other. Find the value of k ‘The equation mx? + 4x + 4nt = 0 has roots of the form k and 2k. Find the values of m and k.CTA LU Lure M UU} raid @® Forming quadratic equations with new roots You can use the sum of roots and product of roots of a quadratic equation to form a new quadratic equation with roots that are related to the roots of the original equation. You can rewrite the quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢= product of the roots. in the form 2+ 9 e+ where = — sum of the roots and a OM >) ELLE vronier soune The roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 +x 6 = Oare a and 3. Sees Form a quadratic equation with integer coefficients which has roots: Find a + and af fist. a ofand ® 1 and 5 (a+ BF =a? + 2af + 3 a? +B? = (a+ 3 - 2ag-—_____] 37 o foots we need a? x = 2-2) = >a =~ For the sum of roots we need a? + Product a® wedi. eee can be written as: _37, 2 > 9x - 37x+36=0 x x+4Pa ated EU ta stu sy You need to know an identity for a? +. (a+ PP sad + 3078 + a+ So, a? + B= (a +B) - 3a3(a + 3). Notice that you are able to substitute (a+ #) and af directly into this identity for a3 + 6 GED BD wnscame ‘The roots of the quadratic equation 2x? + Sx - 4 = 0 area and 9. Groans Form a quadratic equation with integer coeflicients which has roots: ing « Band a forthe at8 gatd equation first a cand B b a e ‘Sum of roots a + B= (a+ OP (5) oF +P =(- (-3) - 3a Product of roots ox B= (ad? tayation 2-(-245)e-820 > 8x2 + 245x-64=0BT aU ula ul} Cr aieied apg sata a+ 9? - 3adla + 5} + ofa + 4} Product of roots ae LO eB e ("32 > 32x° + 205x oo (28) EID rotenone @® 1 The roots of the equation x? + 5x+2=0areaand f. Find an equation with integer coefficients which has roots: a 2o+ Land 2941 b agand af. ® 2 The roots of the equation 3x? - 2v+3=Oare a and 3. Find an equation with integer coefficients which has roots: ® 3° The roots of the equation 3x? + 7x + 6 =O are a and 3. Find an equation with integer coefficients which has roots: a ott fanda+e b ot and © 4 The roots of the equation 6x? ~ 3x + 4 = O are wand J Find an equation with integer coefficients which has roots: Lng t a cyand J b a%Band afSal sie EU ta stu sy EID ocomennern 1 The equation 3x? a Without solving the equation, write down: 4y +6 =O has roots «and 9. i the value of a+ ii the value of a/3. (2 marks) b Without solving the equation, show that the value of a3 + (3 marks) (4 marks) @® 2 The wo1sa and fof a quadratic equation are such that a + a Forma quadratic equation with integer coefficients that has roots « and 3. (4 marks) Find the value of: bate ath (3 marks) c¢ Hence form a quadratic equation with integer coefficients that has roots 1 ag_t (a- 5) and (8 7 #) (4 marks) ‘The roots of a quadratic equation are a and J where «+ 3 and af = ~2. a Find a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots a and 9. (4 marks) Given that a > 3, and without solving the equation: b show that a= (4 marks) ¢ form a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, which has roots ars an (4 marks)BT aU ula ul} Cr aieied camicaL ‘THINKING Challenge 1 The equation 2x? + px +g = Ohas roots a and 2. The equation 6x7 + Stx-+ 16 = Ohas roots Sand = ‘a Given that p + q=~3 and pis a positive integer, find the value of: tp ig also that a > J, find the exact value of a — 0. 2 The equation 4x2 + px +g =0, where p and q are real constants, has roots «and a”. jven that Re(a) = ~3, find the value of p. 'b Given that Ima) # 0, find the possible range of values of g. Summary of key points 1. Ifavand (are roots of the equ ax? + bx+ c= , then: 2 The identity fora®+ Fis: a? +6*=(a+d?-2a9 3 The identity fora? + Pis: a + 9?=(a+ dP —3apla+ fh 4 To form an equation with new roots, always rearrange the required roots into a form so you can substitute a + 6 and ad.= 3 NUMERICAL SUM Rg TCs Pouca After completing this chapter you should be able to’ ‘© Locate roots of f(x) = 0 by considering changes of sign > pages37-39 ff © Use interval bisection to find approximations to Ks the solutions of equations of the form f(x) = 0 > pages 39-61 == ‘© Use linear interpolation to find approximations to ADEE a the solutions of equations of the form f(x) =0 pages 41-44 ‘© Use the Newton-Raphson method to find approximations ~ to the solutions of equations of the form f(x) = 0 pages 4-46 Coe pp rre — = ee rer 1 fix) a f(.5) b f-0.2) «Pure 1 Section 2.3, — 6x + 10, Evaluate You can use numerical methods to find solutions to equations that are hard or impossible to solve exactly. ‘The Newton-Raphson method was developed 400 years ago to describe the positions of planets as they . & the sun 2. Find f"(x) given that: af@= b fw ro 2x2 4B WE + hx? = Pure 1 Section 8.4 5 3. Given that u.4=% +2 aeand that ue = find the values of uy, wp and ws «Pure 2 Seetion 5.7Sg SUT) Giak) Locating roots A root of a function is a value of x for Gee eae which f(x) = 0. The graph of y= f(x) will". the roots of the function fs) cross the x-axis at points corresponding * the roots of the equation f{x) =0 « Pure 1 Section2.3, to the roots of the function. You can sometimes show that a root exists within a given interval by showing that the function changes sign (from positive to negative, or vice versa) within the interval. = If the function f(x) is continuous on the Cone onens interval (a and fa) and FH) have Ce AE opposite signs, then f(x) has at least another. F the graph of the function has a one root, x, which satisfies @ 0 i5)=-05<0 (17) = 0.352 >0 There is a change of sign between 14 and 1.3, between 1.3 and 1.5, and between 1.5 and 17, 50 there are at least three roots in the interval 14 < x< 17. r Exercise €)) 1 Show that each of these functions has at least one root in the given interval. a fix)=8-x45,-2ewent b flx)=x2- 10,3004 ¢ fiy= 8-4-2, 05 0, has a root in the interval [1, 2] b Obiain the root, using interval bisection three times. Give your answer to two significant figures. Os w The equation f(x) = Ohas a root between x = 2 and x use interval bis a) 3. Starting with the interval [2, 3] jon three times to give an approximation to this root, ™ In linear interpolation, draw a sketch of the function f(x) for a given interval [a,b]. You can call the first approximation to the root of the function that lies in this interval x,.. Use similar triangles to find x,. Repeat the process using an interval involving the first approximation and one of the initial limits, where there is a change of sign to find a second approximation. Repeat until an approximation to the required degree of accuracy is found. ex) a Show that the equation x° + 4x — 9 = 0 has a root in the interval (1, 2} Use linear interpolation to find this root to one decimal place. a Let ita + 4x-9 fat 44x1-9=-4 uaa En OR_oB Then using similar trangles: Se = E>Ceara CS eM Lee Uy 3, eee mat 4 Sa 6 4x,=75-7 15 m= 18 213636 813636.) = 10007671 ving the Devatees) | eee 0136,0) 2.0 1.0097, ie Using sinilar triangles Z = 70087, x; = 14438607 f-4436607...] = -0.2144916 using the interval [1.443.... 2] (1.44, 0) 2, 7 Xe 1443... ~ 0214 Xs = 14603952, {1.4603952...) = -0.0437552 using the interval (1.460... 2} a (1.46, 0) 0043. Box, z Xy ~ 1460... ~ 0043. x, = 14637472 | Hence, the root I 1.5, accurate to one di, —t-—Sg SUT) Giak) fix x ‘The equation fix) = 0 has a root a in the interval [2, 3] Using the end points of thi interval, find, by linear interpolation, an approximation to « f= 1 ‘There sa sign change, so we have verified 43) = 12 there is a root in the interval [2, 3]. Draw a diagram forthe interval By similar triangles: 2 02.08 to 2 dp cas us a Show that a root of the equation x3 ~ 3x Solve for x, O lies in the interval [2, b Find this root using linear interpolation, correct to one decimal plack 2a Show that a root of the equation 5x3 ~ 8x2 + 1 = 0 lies in the interval [1, 2] b Find this root using linear interpolation, correct to one decimal place. 3a Show that a root of the equation 3+ 3 = x les inthe interval [3,4 b Use linear interpolation to find this root, correct to one decimal place. Is EEE fencers Use radians for cos x. 4a Show that a root of the equation 2x cos x - in the interval [1, 1.5] b Find this root using linear interpolation, correct to one decimal place. rcCe arse} CS eM Lee Uy 5a Show that the largest possible root of the equation « lies in the interval (2, 3} b Find this root correct to one decimal place using linear interpolation. © 6 fe The equation f(x) = 2=3x-1 has a root in the interval [3,4]. Using this interval, find an approximation to x The Newton-Raphson method The Newton-Raphson method can be used to find numerical solutions to equations of the form f(x) = 0. You need to be able to differentiate f(x) to use this method. = The Newton-Raphson formula is: fox) Tet = Te" Bee ‘The method uses tangent lines to find increasingly accurate approximations of a root. The value of +115 the point at which the tangent to the graph at (x, f(x,)) intersects the x-axis. Y ayy Tangent line at point crs fox) (fea, Tangent line at paint (x FO) If the starting value is not chosen carefully, the Newton-Raphison method might converge on a root very slowly, or can fail completely. If the initial value, .o, is near a turning point or the derivative at this point, f"(x9), is close to zero, then the tangent at (xo, f(xo)) will intercept the x-axis a long way from xo. Because x9 Is close 10a turning point, the gradient of the tangent at (xo fled) is smal so it intercepts the axis along way from x (orSg SUT) Giak) If any value, x;, in the Newton-Raphson method is at a turning point, the method will fail because f(x.) = 0 and the formula would result in division by zero, which is not valid. Graphically, the tangent line will run parallel to the x-axis, therefore never intersecting the x-axis. pages 53-59 a rectangular hyperbola > pages 60-67 Understand the focus ~ directrix property of a parabola > pages 52-59 Find the equation of the tangent and the equation of a normal toa point on © aparabola “+ pages 53-59 © arrectangular hyperbola “+ pages 60-67 it MY Prior knowledge check Points A and Bare at (4,3) and (-2, 7) respectively. Find a the midpoint of line segment 4B b the length of line segment 4B «International GCSE Mathematics The shapes of car headlights, television and radio antennae, and reflecting telescopes are all Find the equation of the line that passes through t nples point (1, 3) and is parallel to the line with equation The shape of a hyperbola (hour ya3x-1 ‘€ International GCSE Mathematics glass shape) can be found in gear systems, and examples in buildings include the cooling towers in power stations, the Eiffel tower and the Kobe Port Tower in Japan Find the equation of the normal to the curve with equation y = 2x2 +5 at the point where x = 1 Give your answer in the form ax + by = 0, where a and b are integers, ‘€-Pure 1 Section 8.6Ce ase} Ses) @) Parametric equations Parametric equations are where the x and y coordinates of each point on a curve are expressed in the form of an independent variable, say /, which is called a parameter. The parametric equation of a curve is written in the form: = fio y= 80 You can define the coordinates of any point on a curve by using parametric equations. Sketch the curve given by the parametric equations x = where « is a positive constant, y= 2at,1ER, To get an idea of the shape of the curve, choose some values for & -2,1,0,1.2,3 + [3 ,2,/"7]/°|,')]2]3 oa [4a | a | o | « | 4a | 90 ~éa [-4a [2a | 0 | a | 4a | 6a 4a 2a o. 2a da Ga a 2a ai BSCUS Cais ex) ‘A curve has parametric equations x = aP, y= 2at, r€ R, where a isa positive constant. Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. 0 xa? @) Substitute () into (2): which simplifies to Hence, the Cartesian equation is — —s ‘A curve has parametric equations x ot, y=, FER, 1 # 0, where cis a positive constant a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b Hence sketch this curve. So psextCe ataiey URS Uy Method 2 xyaer (6) et i Hence, the Cartesian equation is soc 1A curve is given by the parametric equations x = 22 y = 41, 1€ B. Copy and complete the following table and draw a graph of the curve for —4 = = 4, ' 4 ]3][2][-1 [os] o fost a 3] 4 22 o | os 2 yaar | =16 2 16 2 A curve is given by the parametric equations x = 37°, y = 61, 1 € RB. Copy and complete the following table and draw a graph of the curve for -3 = = 3. 1 -3 | 2] -1 [-05] 0 [os] 1 [2 [3 2 0 yor 0 A curve is given by the parametric equations.x=4,y=4 rer, Copy and complete the foll jowing table and draw a graph of the curve for-4s1<4, t 4 [3] 2] -1;-sfos] 1] 2]3 ]4 x=4i | -16 2 4 =¢ fa “8CUS Cais 4 Find the Cartesian equation of the curves given by these parametric equations, bx ‘ © x=502, y= 1000 ec xeSRye5t f hexs6nyo3e 5. Find the Cartesian equation of the curves given by these parametric equations, bx=tmy=hr40 1 d Hele 3 6 Accurve has parametric equations x = 31, y= 7, rR, 1 #0. a Find the Cartesian equation of the curv¢ b Hence sketch this curve. 7 A curve has parametric equations x = v21,y="=,1€R,1 #0. a Find the Cartesian equation of the curv¢ b Hence sketch this curve. @ The general equation of a parabola = The curve opposite is an example of a parabola which has parametric equations: at, 1B, where ais a positive constant. x=ar, ™ The Cartesian equation of this curve is »? = 4ax where a is a positive constant. ™ This curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. ® A general point P on this curve has coordinates Pls, 9) oF Plat, 2ar). ya CED A tocus of points isa set of points which obey a certain rule. Sarge distance Pes») ™ A parabola is the locus of points where every point P(x.) on the parabola is the same distance from a fixed point S, called the focus, anda fixed straight Gao) line called the directrix. Sa.) sor symmetry focus ™ The parabola is the set of points where SP = PX, The focus, S, has coordinates (a, 0). ‘The directrix has equation x +a=0. The vertex is at the point (0,0). xta=0 directx Sn, So y= bax 532 5 ax) Find an equation of the parabola wi a focus (7, 0) and directrix x+7=0 » focus (4F,0) and directrix x= a focus (7, 0) ane! directrix x+720 So the parabola has equation Bx 3 4 So the parabola has equation ye = 3x ex) Find the coordinates of the focus and an equation for the directrix of a parabola with equation: Dax b y2=V32x ay? = 24x So the focus has coordinates (6, 0) and the directrix has equation x + 6 = 0.-+ by? = 32x So the foo, 2 WB, 0) and the directrix has equation x + (2 =O. URS UyCUS Cais To find the distance d between two points (xy, 91) and (x, »9), you can use the formula: d= (2 — xP + 02 -iF- This formula can also be written in the form P= (x2 — xP + (02 M) A point P(x, y) obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (6, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x + 6 = 0. Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = da, stating the value of the constant a y ‘The (shortest) distance of P to the line x +6=0 is the distance XP. hole a o> The distance SP is the same asthe distance XP. * a The line YP is horizontal and has distance YP = x + 6. oO 516, 0) * ‘The locus of P is the curve shown. ORS Eee ~ fe | je 2x 24x, —— which simplifies to So, the locus of P has an equation of =6 the form y? = Aax whereaie Pe eS ia EXD worse 1 Find an equation of the parabola with: a focus (5, 0) and directrix x + 5 =0 b focus (8, 0) and directrix x +8 =0 - ¢ focus (-1, 0) and directrix 4 focus ( 0} and directrix x v3 on e focus ( o) ana directrix x + 2. Find the coordinates of the focus, and an equation for the directrix of a parabola with these equations. ©® 3 A point P(x, ») obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (3, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x + 3= 0. Show that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = 4ax, stating the value of the constant a. © 4 A point P(x, y) obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (2V5, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x = ~2v5, Show that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = dar, stating the value of the constant a. ® 5 A point P(x, ») obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (0, 2) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line » a Show that the locus of Phas an equation of the form y = kx", stating the value of the constant k. Given that the locus of P is a parabola, b state the coordinates of the focus of P, and an equation of the directrix of P sketch the locus of P with its focus and its directrix. GEENA) ED omar ‘The point P(8, -8) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 8x. The point $ is the focus of the parabola. The line / passes through S and P. a Find the coordinates of S. b Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, band c are integers ‘The line / meets the parabola C again at the point Q. The point M is the midpoint of PQ. © Find the coordinates of Q. Find the coordinates of M. € Draw a sketch showing parabola C, the line / and the points P, Q, S and M.CUS Cais a ysdxsa=2 The focus, S$ has coordinates (2, 0) | , a [ bo axeay | The line I has equation Are 3y-8=0. ek 4x43y-6-0 o 8 7 yea Gynt (+ 8ly-2)=0 2 f The point Q has coordinates (3, 2). 8 The midpoint t= {* The point M has coordinates (as -3)Cm aise} URS Uy e ‘The parabola C has equation ye = Bx The line J has equation 4x4 3y-8=0, The line cuts the parabola at the points Pt, 8) and Oth 2) The points S(2, ©) and MZ, -2) aiso le on the ne Exercise @) 1 The line y = 2x ~3 meets the parabola s2= 3x atthe points P and Q. Find the coordinates of Pand Q. 2 The line y = x-+ 6 meets the parabola y? = 32x at the points A and B. Find the exact length of AB, giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form. 3 The line y = x ~ 20 meets the parabola y?= 10x at the points 4 and B. The midpoint of 4B is the point M. Find the coordinates of 4, B and M. ©® 4 The parabola C has parametric equations x = 6/7, y = 12. The focus of Cis at the point 5. a Find a Cartesian equation of C. b State the coordinates of S and the equation of the directrix of C. ¢ Sketch the graph of C. ‘The points P and Q on the parabola are both at a distance 9 units away from the directrix of the parabola 4 State the distance PS, ¢ Find the exact length PQ, giving your answer as a sund in its simplest form. f Find the area of the triangle PQS, giving your answer in the form ky2, where k is an integer. Jax, where a is a constant. The point (j/, $1) is a general ® 5 The parabola Chas equation point on C. a Find a Cartesian equation of C. The point P lies on C with y-coordinate 5. b Find the x-coordinate of P. ‘The point Q ties on the directrix of Cwhere y= 3. The line / passes through the points P and @. © Find the coordinates of @. 4 Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and ¢ ‘are integers.CUS Cais ® 6 A parabola C has equation »* = 4. The point S is the focus to C. a Find the coordinates of S. The point P with y-coordinate 4 lies on C. b Find the x-coordinate of P. ‘The line / passes through S and P. ¢ Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by +¢=0, where a, band ¢ are integers The line / meets C again at the point Q. Find the coordinates of @. Find the distance of the directrix of C to the point Q. ® 7 The diagram shows the point P which lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 12x. ‘The point Sis the focus of C. The points Q and R lie on the directrix of C. The line segment QP is parallel to the line segment RS as shown in the diagram. The distance of PSs 12 units. a Find the coordinates of R and S. b Hence find the exact coordinates of Pand @. Find the area of the quadrilateral PQRS, giving your answer in the form kv3, where & is an integer. ©® 8 The points P(16, 8) and Q(4, b), where b < 0, lie on the parabola C with equation y* = dax. a Find the values of a and b. P and Q also lie on the line J. The midpoint of PQis the point R. b Find an equation of /, giving your answer in the form where m and e are constants to be determined, ¢ Find the coordinates of R. ‘The line mis perpendicular to / and passes through R. nx +e, Find an equation of n, giving your answer in the form y = mx + ¢, Where m and ¢ are constants to be determined The line n meets the parabola Cat two points. € Show that the x-coordinates of these two points can be written in the form x = \ + 13, where \ and j: are integers to be determined.arse} Ses) The equation for a rectangular hyperbola The equation of the tangent and the equation of the normal = The curve opposite is an example of a rectangular y hyperbola which has parametric equations: xechy=S1€R,140 where cis a positive constant. = The Cartesian equation of this curve is xy = c2, where cis a positive constant. ™ The curve has asymptotes with equations x =0 (the y-axis) and y= 0 (the x-axis). ™ Ageneral point P on this curve has coordinates P(x, 1) or Pct OM 8) ELD vroncn-soume ‘The point P, where x = 2, lies on the rectangular hyperbola # with equation xy Find: athe equation of the tangent T b the equation of the normal NV, to H at the point P, giving your answers in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and c are integers. wy , ._ 8; Ee ay When x= 2, mps 2 = — Waxes ls When x= 2y=Sa4 Ro yrdecapena) ee \—feoeen nlCUS Cais Gradient of tangent at Pis Therefore, the equation of the normal to Hat Pis: me-2p+620 —_ 2y-x-G=Oo0rx-2y4+6=0 OR 2) ETD vrcnicn-soume The distinct points 4 and B lie on both the line x = 3 and on the parabola C with equation y The line /; is tangent to Cat A and the line /; is tangent to Cat B. Given that at 4, y > 0, a find coordinates of 4 and B. b Draw a sketch showing the parabola C. Indicate on your sketch the points 4 and B and the lines J, and © Find: ian equation for /, ii an equation for b, giving your answers in the form ax + hy + ¢= 0, where a, b and ¢ are integers to be found y? = 2718) = 61 Hence, the coordinates of A and B are (2,9) and (5, -9) reepectively. CICe aLair} Ses) The tangent ine J has a positive qradtent. Hence, at A, the gradient of the #) cove (2) i» postive The equation of the curve for y > 0 is y = W27 a" of y= 43/3 The equation of the curve for y< io y = V27 xt or y= ~3/3x The tangent line Jp has a negative gradient. Hence, at B, the gradient of the 27x y= aV27x = 23/38 50% = a5,5(2)4 ax 3/3 * De 1 At A,y> O and 90 A has coordinates (3, 9) Ry- 9-3 6-3 ) a —— | Tiay~3x-9=00rax-2)+9=0 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Cat As 8x - 27 +90.CUS At B, y< O and 50 ay Bhas coordinates (3, -9) hy+o= Ty +18 = -260-3) Tay +18 =-3x49 T3x+ 49-0 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Cat Bis Bx+2y+9=0, Cais | The point P with coordinates (3, 6) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 12x. Find the equation of the tangent to Cat P, giving your answer in the form y= mx + ¢, where m and c are constants. G Ps tax ya viex So y= vax Tax Ba 23 (3) At Py > Oand so When x = 3, m P has coordinates (3, 6). Ry-Gete-3) Ty Therefore, the equation of the tangent to C at Pisy=x43. GED incxampies 8, 9 and 10 itis possible for you to find the gradient of a parabola or rectangular hyperbola by impli cfferentiation. You wil learn these techniques in uit Pure 4.Rar Pe ial EXTED sroncrsnns 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve: rat the point (16, 8) b at the point (4, 4y3) 25 at the point (5, 5) xy =4 at the point where x vat the point (7, -7) f xy = 16at the point where Give your answers in the form ax + by + ¢ 1 2. Find the equation of the normal to the curve: eat the point where y = 10 b xy =9 atthe poim (3, -6} Give your answers in the form ax + by + €= 0, where a, b and c are integers, © 3 The point P(4, 8) lies on the parabola with equation » a the value of a b an equation of the normal to Cat P € the coordinates of Q 4d the length PQ, giving your answer as a simplified surd. © 4 The point 4(-2, -16) lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 32. a Find an equation of the normal to Hat A. The normal to Hat A meets H again at the point B. b Find the coordinates of B. © 5 The points P14, 12) and O(-8, -6) lie on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 48. a Show that an equation of the line PQ is 3x —2y + 12=0. The point A lies on H. The normal to Hat A is parallel to the chord PQ. b Find the exact coordinates of the two possible positions of A. ® 6 The curve His defined by the equations x= V31.y="F. rR. #0. ‘The point P lies on H with x-coordinate 2/3. Fin a a Cartesian equation for the curve H b an equation of the normal to Hat P. ‘The normal to Hat P meets H again at the point Q. € Find the exact coordinates of Q. ©® 7 The point P(4?, 81) lies on the parabola C: rectangular hyperbola HT with equation xy = 4. a Find the value of t, and hence find the coordinates of P. ‘The normal to H at P meets the x-axis at the point N. b Find the coordinates of N. ‘The tangent to Cat P meets the x-axis at the point 7. th equation y? = 16x. The point P also lies on the © Find the coordinates of 7. Hence, find the area of the triangle NPT.CUS EO 1) LTE wreeencrmon Cais ‘The point P(at2, 2at) ies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax where a is a positive constant Show that an equation of the normal P is y + tx = 2ar + at’, ax Va? Gradient of tangent at Pis my=} So gradient of normal is my =, ———_ P has coordinates (at®, 2at) Ny = 2at= -1(x - ae?) Ney ~ 2ar ax + ae Ne y+ ix= 2a tae Therefore, the equation of the norm to Cat Pis piv = 2at + ar PROBLEN-SOLUING The point P(ct, ©), ¢ # 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy where c isa positive constant, a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat Pis x + A rectangular hyperbola G has equation xy to Gat the point B meet at the point (-1, 7). b Find the coordinates of A and B. 9. The tangent to Gat the point A and the tangent eyCe arairy Ses) Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Hat Pisx+e b Compare G: xy = 9 with x So, 29 ¢ is positive, Tangent toGisx+fy=6r A+ e(7) = 61 7 61 (re ye (4) =(36 9) dl tes are 5, the coordinates are the coordinates are 3, 3) NM Theta, te coordinates fA ad Bare 3-1} (3.2) maea oan GEES OD muss, 1 The point P(3#, 61) lies on the parabola C with equation y= 12x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis yt =x+3¢, b Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis.xt+y= 30" + 61. 2 The point P(61,$}, 1 # 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola // with equation xy = 36. 4 Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat Pis.x + Py = 121. b Show that an equation of the normal to Hat Pis &x~ 49 = 6(¢"= 1).CUS Cais ®3 ‘The point P(S?, 101) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a constant and # 0. a Find the value of a. 1b Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis yt =x + SP. ‘The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point X and the y-axis at the point ¥. ‘The point O is the origin of the coordinate system. ¢ Find, in terms of ¢, the area of the triangle OXY. The point P(at?, 2at), 1 # 0, lies on the parabola C with equation where «is a positive constant. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis ty =x + The tangent to Cat the point A and the tangent to C at the point B meet at the point with coordinates (4a, 3a) b Find, in terms of a, the coordinates of 4 and the coordinates of B. ‘The point Plat 4), 1 # 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 16. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis x-+¢ (G marks) ‘The tangent to Hat the point 4 and the tangent to Hat the point B meet at the point with y-coordinate 5. ¥’lies on the directrix of the parabola C with equation »° = 16x. b Write down the coordinates of ¥ (1 mark) ¢ Find the coordinates of A and B. (marks) 4d Deduce the equations of the tangents to which pass through ¥. Give your answers in the form ax + by + = 0, where a, b and c are integers, (Gmarks) ‘The point P(ar?, 2a1) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = and 1 # 0, The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point 4. ax, where a is a constant a Find, in terms of @ and 1, the coordinates of 4. (3 marks) ‘The normal to C at P cuts the x-axis at the point B. b Find, in terms of a and 1, the coordinates of B. (Smarks) € Hence find, in terms of a and ¢, the area of the triangle APB. (2 marks) ‘The point P(2P, 40) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 8x a Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis xt + y= 20 +41. ‘The normals to Cat the points R, Sand T'meet at the point (12, 0). b Find the coordinates of R, Sand T. € Deduce the equations of the normals to C which all pass through the point (12, 0). ‘The point P(ar?, 2az) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = day, where a is a positive constant and 1 # 0, The tangent to Cat P meets the y-axis at Q. a Find in terms of a and 1, the coordinates of Q. ‘The point Sis the focus of the parabola. b State the coordinates of S. © Show that PQ is perpendicular to SQ. Co)Cm aise} URS Uy 9 The point P(6P, 122) lies on the parabola C with equation »? = 24x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to the parabola at P is 1 The point X has y-coordinate 9 and lies on the directrix of C. +68 (marks) b State the x-coordinate of X. (1 mark) ‘The tangent at the point B on C goes through point X. © Find the possible coordinates of B. (3 marks) ©® 1 A parabola Chas equation y a Find the coordinates of 8. ‘The line / with equation y = 3x intersects Cat the point P where » > 0. b Find the coordinates of P. ¢ Find the area of the triangle OPS, where O is the origin. 2x, The point S is the focus of C. ©® 2 A parabola Chas equation y? = 24x. The point P with coordinates (k, 6), where k is a constant, lies on C. a Find the value of k. The point S is the focus of C. b Find the coordinates of S. ‘The line / passes through Sand P and intersects the directrix of C at the point D. ¢ Show that an equation for /is 4x + 3p 0. d Find the area of the triangle OPD, where O is the origin. ©® 3 The parabola C has parametric equations x = 1203, y = 241, The focus of Cis at the point S. a Find a Cartesian equation of C. ‘The point P lies on C where y > 0. P is 28 units from 5, b Find an equation of the directrix of C. Find the exact coordinates of the point P. 4 Find the area of the triangle OSP, where Os the origin, giving your answer in the form kV3, where kis an integer. © 4 The point (402, 89 lies on the parabola C with equation y2 = 16x. The line / with equation 4x — 9y + 32 =0 intersects the curve at the points P and @. a Find the coordinates of P and @. b Show that an equation of the normal to C at (4/2, 81) is xf +y = 40° + 81 © Hence, find an equation of the normal to C at P and an equation of the normal to Cat Q. ‘The normal to C at P and the normal to Cat Q meet at the point R. 4 Find the coordinates of R and show that R lies on C, Find the distance OR, where Q is the origin, giving your answer in the form ky97, where & is an integer.CUS Cais @®s ‘The point P (at?, 2az) lies on the parabola C with equation y* = 4ax, where a is a positive constant. The point @ lies on the directrix of C. The point Q also lies on the x-axis. State the coordinates of the focus of C and the coordinates of Q. ‘The tangent to Cat P passes through the point Q. 'b Find, in terms of a, the two sets of possible coordinates of P. The point Pet, 4. ¢ > 0,1 #0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy a Show that the equation of the normal to H at Pis x ~ ty = e(¢4~ 1). 'b Hence, find the equation of the normal 1 to the curve V with the equation xy = 36, at the point (12, 3), Give your answer in the form ax + by =d, where a, 6 and d are integers The line n meets V again at the point Q. € Find the coordinates of @. A rectangular hyperbola H has equation xy = 9. The lines /, and fare tangents to H. ‘The gradients of /; and /, are both ~j. Find the equations of /, and f, (U1 marks) The point P lies on the rectangular hyperbola xy = ¢2, where ¢ > 0. The tangent to the rectangular hyperbola at the point P{c. the y-axis at the point ¥. /.£), 1 > 0, cuts the x-axis at the point ¥ and cuts a Find, in terms of cand ¢, the coordinates of Yand Y. (5 marks) Given that the coordinates of point O are (0, 0) and the area of triangle OXY is 144, b find the exact value of ¢ (4 marks) A rectangular hyperbola H has Cartesian equation x) The point (cr,£), where > 0, isa general point on H a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat (et, © ‘The point P lies on H. The tangent to Hat P cuts the x-axis at the point X with coordinates (2a, 0), where a is a constant. (0.9) b Use the answer to part a to show that P has coordinat ‘The point Q, which lies on H, has x-coordinate 2a, ¢ Find the y-coordinate of Q. 4. Hence, find the equation of the line OO, where Os the origin ‘The lines OQ and XP meet at point R e id, in terms of a, the x-coordinate of R. Given that the line O@ is perpendicular to the line XP, £ show that c= 2a? £ find, in terms of a, the y-coordinate of R. Cme arse} URS Uy Find an equation of the line which is a tangent to both the parabola with equation y2= 4ax and the parabola with equation x? = ays, Summary of key points 1. To find the Cartesian equation of a curve given parametrically, you eliminate the parameter ¢ between the parametric equations, 2. Aparabola is a set of points which are of equal distance from the focus S anda line called the directrix, So, for the parabola opposite, © SP=PX © the focus, 5, has coordinates (a, 0) «the directrix has equation x+a=0 directrix x+a=0 3. The curve opposite is a sketch of a parabola with a Cartesian equation of y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant. This curve has parametric equations: xsary=2a,teR, where a is a positive constant. 4. The curve opposite isa sketch of a rectangular hyperbola with a , Cartesian equation of xy = c2, where c isa positive constant, This curve has parametric equations: y=, 1ERt#0, where cis a positive constant.Palast as Review exercise 1 2,=4-Siandz,=pi,wherepisareall GP) 6 ‘constant, Find the following, in the form «a+ bi, giving a and 6 in terms of p: f=) =0, solve f{=)=Ocompletely. (4) 2 © Further Pure 1 Section 1.8 an-m a » a 7 We) = 2-622 + he e a Given that f(2 - 3i) =0, Further Pure 1 Sections 13,22, 1.3 a find the value of @ 2 fle) =2°~ kz? + 3c has two imaginary . caine oars oF the ey Tools Further Pure 1 Section 1.8 a Find the range of possible values of k. eo b Given that k = 2, solve the equation fiz)=0. @ 32 — Aye + be +0) + Further Pure 1 Section 1 where b and ¢ are real constants a ais chien wibeaus : to be found. @ solutions to the quadratic equation 2 +13 =Oare =, and =. Find 2, and » oaieenen, solutions to the % giving each answer in the form a + ib where a,b € R. @) + FurtherPure 1 Section tA ©] g g(z) = 24-82" 4272" 502 +50 Given that g(1 ~ 2i) = 0, find all the roots of the equation g(z) =0. ©) «Further Pure 1 Section 1.8 «Further Pure 1 Section 1.8 4 The real and imaginary parts of the ‘complex number = = x + iy satisfy the equation (2 - i) (1+ 3) -7=0. Find the values of x and y. 4 Further Pure 1 Section 1.4 +2) +qz~ 12, where p and q are real constants, . 4 4 243i ato, Aanda+2+1a 5 a Show that the complex number 2+» Given that a, = and a+ q+ 1 are the - 3+ roots of the equation f(z) can be expressed in the form 4(1 +i), , ye insguan stating the value of 4. @) s moo ie cauation o 243 = b Hence show that [ SA) is real and b Hence find the values of pandg. 3) determine its value. Q Further Pure 1 Section 1.7 ‘€ Further Pure 1 Sections 1.2, 1.3 n7 @©u a Find, in the form p + ig where p and q are real, the complex number = which 7 14 satisfies the equation “55 = 7-5; b Show ona single Argand diagram the points which represent = and =*. (2) Express 2 and 2* in modulus-argument form, giving the arguments to the nearest degree. @ ‘ Further Pure 1 Sections 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 The complex number z is -9 + 17i. a Show = onan Argand diagram. (1) b Calculate argz, giving your answer in radians to two decimal places. (2) ¢ Find the complex number w for which 25 + 35i, giving your answer in the form p + ig, where p and g are real. @ ‘+ Further Pure 1 Sections 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 a Given that z = 2 ~ i, show that Pa 3-4 @ b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots, =, and =», of the equation (2 +iP =3—4i. @ € Show points representing z, and =, ona single Argand diagram. Q d Deduce that |z - z2| = 2V5. Q Find the value of arg(=; += @ ‘Further Pure 1 Sections 1.2, 1.4, 1.5 a Show that ther aroot a of g(x) =0 in the interval [1.4, 1.5]. 2 b By considering a change of sign of a(x) in a suitable interval, verify that a= 1,466 correct to 3 decimal places. a ‘< Further Pure 1 Section 2.1, 1s 16 17 fala estat ‘The roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + 4x —1 =O are a and 3. a Without solving the equation, find the value of: ioe 2 iodo @ b Form an equation with integer coellicients which has roots a and. 6 « Further Pure 1 Sections 2.1, 2.2 The roots of the quadratic equation 22+ Sy—4=Oare a and §. a Write down the values of a + 3 and af o b Form an equation with integer coefficients which has roots 4 and. ® + Further Pure 1 Sections 2.1,2.2 The roots of the quadratic equation © -3x+1=0areaand g, a Without solving the equation, i find the value of a? + 3 @ show that a? + 3 = 18, @ iii show that a + 2asy. Q b Form an equation with integer coefficients which has roots (a - 3) and (3*~ a). © + Further Pure 1 Sections 2.1, 2.2 A point P with coordinates (x, y) moves so that its distance from the point (5, 0) is equal to its distance from the line with. equation x =—5 Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? =4ax, stating the value ofa. o ‘« Further Pure 1 Section 3.2,Palast as &® v © » a A parabola C has equation »? = 16x, The point S is the focus of the parabola. a Write down the coordinates ofS. @) ‘The point P with coordinates (16, 16) lies on C b Find an equation of the line SP, giving your answer in the form ax + by +e=0, where a, band care integers to be found. e ‘The line SP intersects Cat the point Q, where P and Q are distinet points. © Find the coordinates of Q. 8) ‘+ Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 ‘The curve C has equations x = 30, y= 61. a Sketch the graph of the curve C. 3) The curve C intersects the line with equation y =x 72at the points 4 and B. b Find the length 8, giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form. © Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 A parabola C has equation 3? = 12x. Points P and Q both lie on the parabola and are both at distance 8 from the directrix of the parabola. Find the length PQ, giving your answer in surd form. (7) © Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 The point PQ, 8) lies on the parabola C with equation 3? = dax, Find: a the value of a Q b an equation of the tangent to C at P. © ‘The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point and the y-axis at the point Y. Find the exact area of the triangle oxy. “@ «Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 &® 2B E® % ‘The point P with coordinates (3, 4) lies on the rectangular hyperbola 1 with equation xy = 12, The point Q has coordinates (-2, 0). The points P and Q lie on the line /, a Find an equation of /, giving your answer in the form y = mx + 6 where mand care real constants (4) The line /euts H at the point R, where P and R are distinet points. b Find the coordinates of R 4 + Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 ‘The point P(12, 3) lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 36. a Find an equation of the tangent to Hat P. © The tangent to H at Puts the x-axis at the point M and the y-axis at the point N. b Find the length MN, giving your answer as a simplified surd. co) Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 ‘The curve with equation x= 87, y = 46 intersects the line with equation y =de+4at the points 4 and B. ‘The midpoint of AB is Mf, Find the coordinates of M. o + Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 ‘The point P(24?, 480) lies on the parabola with equation y= 96x. The point P also lies on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 144. a Find the value of f and, hence, the coordinates of P. © b Find an equation of the tangent to the parabola at P, giving your answer in the form y= mx + ¢, where mand care real constants 6 «Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 23ae fala estat 27 The points P(9. 8) and Q(6, 12) lieon the @) 3 The point P(as*, 2a1), where > 0. lies ©» rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy=72, a Show that an equation of the chord PQof His 4x + 3y = 60. @ The point R lies on #. The tangent to H at Ris parallel to the chord PQ. b Find the exact coordinates of the two possible positions of R. © + Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 A reotangular hyperbola H has Cartesian equation xy = 9. The point (31.3) isa general point on H. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat (37,4) isx + ey © ‘The tangent to Hat (31, 3) cuts the x-axis at A, and the y-axis at B. The point Ois the origin of the coordinate system, bb Show that, as ¢ varies, the area of the triangle O4B is constant. © + Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 The point P(ct, §) lies on the hyperbola with equation xy = &, where cis a positive constant a Show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola at Pis Br=gr= ce = 10. The normal to the hyperbola at P meets the line y = x at G. Given that ¢# £1, b show that PG?= (+ 4). O) & Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 © Show that an equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = @ at the point (cr, $) isPy+x=2cr ‘Tangents are drawn from the point (-3, 3) to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 16. b Find the coordinates of the points of contact of these tangents with the hyperbola. © S + Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 @®x on the parabola with equation »? = da The tangent and normal at P cut the x-axis at the points T and N respectively. a + Further Pure 1 Section 3.3 e that 2 Prove that hi = ‘The point P lies on the parabola with equation y* = dax, where a is a positive constant. a Show that an equation of the tangent to the parabola P(ap?, 2ap), p > 0, ispy =x + ap 6) ‘The tangents at the points P(ap?, 2ap) and Q(aq?, 2aq), p # q.p >0,q>0, meet at the point N. b Find the coordinates of N. “ Given further that N lies on the line with equation © find p in terms of g 8) «Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 The point P(ar, 2a), 1 # 0, lies on the parabola with equation y? is a positive constant. a Show that an equation of the normal to the parabola at Pis y +x = 2at +at.(8) = dax, where The normal to the parabola at P meets the parabola again at Q. Find, in terms of 4, the coordinates ord. ) «Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 a Show that the normal to the rectangular hyperbola, xy'= ©, at the point P(ct, $), 10, has equation y = Px + £— et". (6) ‘The normal to the hyperbola at P meets the hyperbola again at the point @. b Find, in terms of 1, the coordinates of the point Q. @ Given that the midpoint of PQ is (X,Y) and that ¢ # £1, 7 a {Further Pure 1 Section 3.2 © show that