4403 ‘5. Optical Instruments (option Find the change in focal length of The image distance is fixed at = 2.5 em, the distance from the lens to the eye lens. the retina, Use the thin-lens equation to find Tora givens. Example 34-42 Find the power of reading glasses. Use the same procedure as for lens combinations. If the glasses are needed, right next to the eye, the object distance for the eye lens will be the negative of the image distance for the glasses lens. Example 34-13, Find the magnifying power ofa Use M=syif; where ys the near point of the eye. simple magnifier Example 36-44 Find the magnifying power ofa Use M=-fJf. ‘compound microscope. Example 445, ae 1 concept Prone In a few problems, you are given more data than you actually need: ina few other problems, you are required to supply data from your general knowledge, ‘outside sourees, or informed estimates: Use n = 1.33 for the index of refraction of water unless otherwise specified Plane Mirrors BRIE on viru inage te photographed? HBBRIE Sappose exch axis ofa coonfine system tke the one in Figure 34-4 is painted a diferent color. One Photograph is taken of the coordinate system and other i taken ofits image in a plane mimo bs it possible to tell tha oe of the photographs is of mirror image rather than both being photographs of there coordina system fo diferent angles? 3. The image ofthe point object Pin Figure 34-52 is viewed by an eye at shown, Draw a bundle of ry From the object that ele om the mor and eter the eye For this obiect positon and miro, indicat the resin oP spac in Which the eye en to de Figure 24.62 robe} fe oe v ine 4+ A person 1,62 m all wants to be able wo see her full image in a plane mirror. (a) What must be the inimum height ofthe minor? (4) How far above the ‘oor should it be placed, suming that the top of the person's head is 15 em above her eye level? Draw a ray diagram, *# Two plane mirrors make an angle of 90". Show by considering various object positions that there are three images for any position of an object. Draw appropriate bundles of rays fom the object to the eye for viewing exch image. FE eto opr an tng ect 1+ Shgleconcep angles relatively easy f+ eect eve. may equte sys of concerts oe Chana, er edvancedstucers 6 + (a) Two plane mimors make an angle of 60° with cach other. Show on a sketch the location of all the mages formed of a point object on the bisector of the angle between the mirrors (B) Repeat for an angle of 120, 7% When 00 plane mirrors are parallel, such as on ‘opposite walls ina barber shop, multiple images arise because each image in one mirror serves as an object {or the other mirror. A point object is placed between parallel mimoes separated by 30 em. The object is 10 Gm in front ofthe left miro and 20 em in front of the right mirror. (a) Find the distance from the let mirror to the first four images in that mirror. (6) Find the stance from the right mirror tothe first Four images in that mirror, ‘Spherical Mirrors HEBER cor Fate (2) The virtua image formed by a concave mirror is always smaller than the object. (BA concave mirror always forms a viral image. (©) A convex mirror never forms a real image of real object, (@ A concave mirror never forms an enlarged real image of an object, [BRIERE Under wha condiion wil a concave miror produce an erect image? A viwal image? An image Smaller than the objec?” An image lager tan the object? [HOSE Answer Problem 9 fora convex minor. GEISEE Convex mimors are ofen used for rearview mirrors on cars and trucks to give a wide-angle view. Below the minor i writen, "Waring, objets are closer than they appear‘Yet according to @ ray diagram such as Figure 34-19, the image distance for distant objects is much smaller than the object distance, Why then do they appear more distant? ‘Asan object is moved from a great distance toward the focal point of a concave miror, the image moves from (©) great distance toward the focal point and is always real. the focal point to. great distance from the mirror and is always real the focal point toward the center of curvature of the miror and is always rel the focal point to a great distance from the mieror and changes from a real o a viral image. 13 © A concave spherical mirror has a radius of curvature of 40 cm. Draw ray diagrams to locate the image (if one is formed) for an object at a distance of (2) 100 crm, (6) 40 em, (c) 20 em, and (d) 10 em from the mirror, For cach ease, stae whether the image is real of viral; erwet or inverted; and enlarged, reduced, of the sume size as the object. 14 Use the mirror equation to locate and deseribe the ages for the object distances and mirror of Problem © © o 13 15 + Repeat Problem 13 for @ convex mirror sith the same radius of curvature, 16 * Use the mirror equation to locate and deseribe the Images for the object distances and convex mirror of Profem 15. 17 » Show that @ convex mirror cannot form a real mage of a real object, no matter where the object is placed, by showing thats is always negative for a positives, 18 © A dentist wants a small mieror that will produce an upright image with 2 magnification of 5.5 when the ieor is located 2.1 em from a tooth, (a) What should the radius oF curvature of the mirror be? (4) Sbould it be concave or convex? 19 % Convex mirrors are used i wide angle of surveillance for a reasonable mirror size, The mirror shows in Figure 34-53 allows a clerk ‘Sm away from the mirror to survey the entre store. It has a radius of curvature of 1.2 m. (a) Ifa customer is stores to provide a {is his image? () Is the image in Front of bei mirror’? (¢) Ifthe customer is 2 m tall, how hig nage? Figure 34-88 Problem 19 1104 20 % A certain telescope uses a concave spherical ot with a radius of curvature of 8 ma Find the location and diameter of the image of the moon formed by this mirror. The moon has a diameter of 3.5 % 10 mand is 3.8 + 108 m from the earth 21% A concave spherical mirror has a radius of {curvature of 6.0 em. Apoint object is om the axis 9 rm from the mirror. Construct « precise ray: diagram showing rays from tbe object that make angles of $°, 16%, 30% and 64 with the axis, strike the mirror, and are reflected back, seross the axis. (Use a compass to rave the minor, and use a protractor to measure the angles needed to Find the reflected rays.) What isthe spread dr of the points where these rays cross the 22-6 A concave mirror has & radius of curvature 6.0 en Draw ray’ parallel to the axis at 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 em above the axis and find the points at whieh the reflected rays eross the axis, (Use a compass to draw the mirror and a protractor to find the angke of reflection for each ray.) (a) What isthe spread a of the points where these rays cross the axis? (b) By what percentage could this spread be reduced if the ‘edge of the mirror were blocked off so that parallel rays more than 2,0 cm fom the axis could not strike the mirror? 23.» An object placed 8 em from a concave spherical ‘mirror produces a virtual image 10 em behind the tnirror. (a) If the object is moved back to 25 cm From the mirror, where i the image located? (b) Is it real or al? 24 % An object located 100 em from a concave mieror forms a real image 75 em from the miror. The mirror {s then turned around so that is convex side faces the ‘object. The mirror is moved so that the image is now 35 cm behind the mirror. How far was the mimror moved? Was it moved toward or away from the object? 2S + Parallel fight from a distant object strikes the large mirror in Figure 34-58 (+ = § m) and is reflected by the small miror tha is 2 m from the large miro: The small mirror is actually spherical, wot planar as shown. The light is focused atthe vertex of the large mirror. (a) What isthe radius of curvature ofthe small or? (b) Is iteonvex or concave? Figure 34-84 Prabiem 25 kat zm 26 % A woman uses a concave makeup mirror with radius of eurvature of 1.5 m, How far from the mircor should her face be forthe image to be 80 em from her face? Images Formed by Refraction [GARIN A bird above the waters viewed bya scuba diver submerged beneath the water's surface directly bow the bird. Des the bird eppcar tothe diver to be closer to farier fom the surface than it actualy i?28+ A sheot of paper with writing oni is protected by a thick glass plate having an index of refraction of 1 ihe plate is 2 em thick, at what distance beneath the top of the plate does the writing appear when itis viewed from dineetly overhead ? 29 A fish is 10 em fiom: the front surface of a fish bow of radius 20 em. (2) Where does the fish appear to be to someone in air viewing it fom in front of the bowl? (6) Where does the Tish appear to be when it [30m from the front surface of the bow? 30 + A very long glass rod of 2-em diameter has one fend ground to a convex spherical surface of radius $ cm. Its index of refraction is LS. (a) A point object in air is on the axis of the rod 20 em from the surface. Find the image and state whether itis real or virtual Repeat for (b) an object $ em from the surface and (c) tan object very far from the surface. Draw a ray diggram for each ease 31 + At what distance from the rod of Problers 30 should the object be placed so thatthe light ray’ in the rod are parallel? Draw a ray diagram for this situation. 32.™ Repeat Problem 30 for a glass rod with a ‘concave hemispherical surface of radius 5 cm. 33% Repsat Problem 30 when the glass rod and ‘jects re immersed in water. SMe Repeat Problem 30) for a glass rod with a concave hemispherical surface of radius ~$ em when itand the objects are immersed in water. 35 eA glass rod 96 cm long with an index of refraction of 1.6 bus its ends ground co convex spherical surfaces of radié 8 and 16.em. A point object inair on the axis ofthe rod 20 em from the end with the 8-cm radius, (a) Find the image distance due to refiaetion atthe first surface. (b) Find the final image {due to refraction at both surfaces. (c) Is the final image real or Virtual? 36+ Repeat Probe 35 for «point object in ar on the taxis of the rod 20 em from the end with the 16-em radius, Thin Lenses Under what condition wil the focal ength ofa thin lens be postive? Neguve? The focal length of simple ens ifeent for diferent clos of ight Why? (GBB As objects paced 40cm from a lens of focal length —10 em. The image is (@) eal Invened nd dininsbe. (6) real invened and enlarged (6) vin invered and diminish. (@)_ view, peg and iinished (6) vial, pegh and enlarged TBRIBIR 12 rat objetis paced just inside the foal Poof converging lens, the image i {@) eal invented and enlarged (6) ial, ere and dished (6) vital, erect and enlarged (0) eal invert and dimied. 1105 41 * The following thin lenses are made of glass with ‘an index of refraction of 1.5. Make a sketch of each Tens, and find its focal length in air: (@) double conver, 7 = 10 em and r, = 21 em; (6) plano= conven, 10 ems (c) double concave, 7, =10 cm and r, = +10 em; (d) plano-concave, ry and r,=+20m, 42 © Gilesswith an index of refraction of 1.6 is used to ‘make a thin fens that has radii of equal magnitude. Find the mii of curvature and make a sketch of the lens if the focal length in air is (a) +5 em and (6) ~5 43 + Find the focal length of a glass lens of index of refiaction 1,62 that has @ concave surface with radius of magnitude 100 em and a convex surface with a radius of magnitude 40 cm, 44 A double-concave lens of index of refraction 1.45 has radii of magnitudes 30 and 25 em. An object is Jocated 80 cm tothe lft of the lens. Find (2) the focal length of the lens, (4) the location of the image, and (©) the magnification of the image. (d) Is the image real or virtual? Upright or inverted 45 + The following thin lenses are made of glass of index of refraction 1.6. Make a sketch of each lens, tnd find its focal length in ait: (a) 7, = 20 em, r_ = 10 xm; (6), =10 em, 46 + For the following object distances and focal lengths of thin lenses in air, find the image distance and the magnification and state whether the image is real or virtual and ereet or inverted: (a) s= 40 om, f= 20 em; (4) s= 10.em, f=20 em; (¢)s=40 em, f= "30 cam; () $= Wem, f= -30 em, 47 An object 10 cam high is placed 20 em infront of thin lens of power 20.D. Draw a precise ray diagram to Find the position and size of the image and check ‘your results using the thin-ens equation 448 © Repeat Problem 47 for an object 1.0 em high placed 10 em in front ofa thin lens of power 20 D. 49 » Repeat Problem 47 for an object 1.0 em high plaoed 10 er in front of thin lens whose power is ~ 200. 50 = (a) What is meant by a negative abject distance? How can it occur? Find the image distance and ‘magnification and state whether the image is virtual or real and ereet or inverted for a thin lens in air when (B)s=-20 om, f= +20 em and (c)s=-10 em, f=-30 tem. Draw any diagram for each oF these eases. 51 + Two converging lenses, each of focal length 10 cm, are separated by 35 em. An object is 20 em tothe left ofthe first lens. (a) Find the position ofthe final mage using both a ray diagram and the thinlens equation. (6) Is the image real or virual? Erect or inverted? (c) What isthe overall lateral magnification of the image? 52 +» Work Problem 31 for a second lens that is a diverging lens of focal length 15 c 83.6 A thin lens of index of refraction 1.5 has one convex side with a radius of magnitude 20 em. When fay object 1 em in height is placed $0 em from this Jens, an upright image 2.15 em in beight i formed,(@) Calculate the radius ofthe second side of the ens. Is it concave or convex? (b) Draw a sketch ofthe lens. S4 % (a) Show that 10 obtain @ magnification of ‘magnitude m with converging thin Hens of Focal length é the object distance must be given by s = (m — Lym. (6) A camera lens with $0-mim focal length is used to take a picture of a person 1.75 m tll, How fir from the camera should the person stand so that the image size is 24 mm? '55 % An object is 15 cm in front ofa positive lens of {ocal length 15 em, A second positive lens of focal length 15 em is 20 em from the frst lens. Find the final image and draw a ray diagram, 56 % Work Problem 35 for a sccond lens with a focal length of -15 om. 857 ee In a convenient form of the thin-lens equation used by Newton, the object and image distances are ‘measured fiom the focal points. Show that if-r= s—f and x = s'~f, the thin-lens equation can be written as xy =f and the lateral magnification is given by m= “vif. Indicate x and x’ on a sketch ofa lens, '58 ee An object is placed 2.4 m from a sereen, and a Tens of focal length fis placed betwoen the object and the sereen so that areal image of the object is formed ‘on the screen, When the lens is moved 1.2 m toward the sereen, another real image of the object is formed ‘on the sereen. (a) Where was the lens located before it f(b) What i the focal length ofthe lens? '59 o= An objet is 17.5 em to the left of @ lens of focal length 83 em. A second lens of focal length 30 cm is $ em to the right of the first Fens. (a) Find the istance between the object and the final image formed by the second lens. (6) What is the overall ‘magnification? (c) Is the final image real or virtual? Upright or inverted? ‘Aberrations (optional) 60 * Chromatic aberration is @ common defect of @ ® concave and conve lenses, concave lenses only. (©) coneave and convex mirrors (@ all lenses and mirrors. 61 + Truc or false: (@) Aberrations occur only for real images. () Chromatic aberration does not occur with 62+ A double-convex lens of radii», = +10 em and r -10 em is made from glass with indexes. of refraction of 1.53 for blue light and 1.47 for red light. Find the focal length of this lens for (a) red ight and (blue light. The Eye (optional) In the following problems, take the distance from the comea-tens system of the eve to the retina to be 2.5 63 + If an object is placed 28 em from the eye of a farsighted person who does not wear eorective lenses, fa sharp image is formed 1106 (@) behind the retina, and the conective leas should be convex, (6) behind the retina, and the corrective lens should be concave, (©) in froat oF the retina, and the corrective tens should be convex. (@ in front of the retina, and the corrective lens should be concave, Myopic (nearsighted) persons sometimes claim to see better under water without corrective lenses. Why? @ The accommodation of the eye's leas is better under water. Refraction at the water-comea interfice is less than at the aie-comea interface Refraction at the water-comea interface is fereater than a the air-comea interface. NNo reason; the effect is only an illusion and not really tue. ‘A nearsighted person who wears corrective lenses would like to examine an object at close distance. enti the corret statement. ® © (@) The comective lenses give an enlarged image and should be worn while examining the object. (0) The comective lenses give a reduced image of the object and should be removed. The corrective lenses result in 2 magnification of ‘unity; it does not matter whether they are worn oF removed 66 * Suppose the eye were designed like a camera witha Tens of fixed focal length f= 25 em that could move toward oF away from the retina. Approximately how far would the lens have to move to focus the image ofan abject 25 cm from the eye onto the retina? (Hint: Find the distance from the retina w the image behind it for an object at 25 em.) 67 + Find the change in the focal length of the eye when an object originally at ¥m is brought to 30 em rom the eye 68 + Find (a) the focal length and (4) the power of a Jens that will produce an image at 80 em from the eye (of a book that i 30 em fom the eye 69» A farsighted person requites lenses with a power of 1.75 D to read comforiably from a book that is 25 cm from the eye, What is that person's near point without the lenses? 70 * If wo point objects close together are to be seen as two distinct objects, the images must fall on the retina on two different cones that are not adjacent. That is, there must be an unactivated cone between them. The separation ofthe cones is about 1 gam. (a) ‘What is the smallest angle the two points can subtend? (See Figure 34-55.) (6) How elose can two points be if they are 20 m from the eye? a © ” x % Figure 34-88 Problem 70. The two oints wil ook like to separate points nly if thei amages fll onto diferent, onadjacent cones ofthe ein71s A person with a near point of 80 em needs to wad fiom a computer sereen that is 45 em from her «xe. (a) Find the focal length of the lense in rei lasses that will produce an image of the sereen at 80, em from her eye. (8) What i the power ofthe lenses? 72 + A nearsighted person cannot focus leary on objects more distant than 225 em from her eye. Wht power lenses are required for her to see distant objects clearly? 78 6 Since the index of refraction of the lens of the ‘¢ fs not very different from that ofthe surounding material, most of the refraction tskes place at the comea, where » changes abruptly from 1.0 in aie to ‘about 1.4, Assuming the comea to be a homogeneous sphere with an index of refraction of 1.4 ealculate its radius if it focuses parallel light on the retina a distance 2.5 em away. Do you expect your result t0 be larger or smaller than the actual radius of the cornea’? 74 + The near point of a certain person is 89 em. Reading glasses are prescribed so that he can read a book at 25 em from his eye. The glasses are 2 em from the eye. What diopter lens should be used in the lasses? 78. At age 45, a person is fitted for wading glasses of power 2.1 D in order to read at 25 em. By the time she reaches 55, she discovers herself holding her newspaper at a distance of 40) em in order see it clearly with her glasses on, (a) Where was her near point at age 45? (6) Whereis her near point at age 55? (€) What power is now required for the lenses of her reading glasses so that she can agnin read at 25 em? (Assume that the glasses ate 2.2 em from her eyes.) 6 o An aging physics professor discovers that he ean see objeets clearly only between 0.78 m and 2.5 m so he decides he needs bifveals. The upper part of the {ens allows him to see objects clearly at infinity, and the lower part allows him fo see objects clearly at 25 cm, Assume that the fens is 2 em from his eye. (a) ‘aleulate the power of the lens required forthe upper part of his bifocals. (6) Calculate the power of the lens equited for the lower part of his bifocals. () Is there a range of distance over Which he cannot see objects clearly ao matter which patt of the bifocals he looks rough? Ifo, what is dha range? ‘The Simple Magnifier (optional) 77+ Apperson witha near-poin distance of 30 em uses a simple magitier of power 20 D. What is the ‘magnifiation obtained ifthe final image isa init? 78 + A person with « near-poim distance of 25 em wishes to obiain a mapnitving power of $ with a imple magnifier. What should be the focal length of the lens used? fying power ofa lens of focal Jeng 7 em when the image is viewed at infinity by a person whose near point ist 35 em? 80 % A lens of focal length 6 cm is used as a simple ‘magnifier with the image at infinity by one person ‘whase near point is 25 em and by another whose near point és 40 em. What is the effective magnifying power ofthe lens for each person?” 1107 ‘Compare the size ofthe image on the retina when each looks atthe same object with the magnifier. 81 + 4 botanist examines 2 leaf using a convex lens ff power 12 D as a simple magnifier. What is the expected angular magnification if (2) the final image is at infinity and (5) the final image is at 25 em? 82 = (a) Show that if the final image of a simple iS 1 be at the near point of the eye rather iy, the angular magnification is given by M (H) Find the magnification of a 20-D tens for a person with @ near point of 30 em if the final image is at the near point, Draw a ray diagram for this sitsation, 83 = Show that when the image of a simple magnifier is viewed at the near point, the lateral and angular ‘magnification ofthe magnifier are equal Microscopes (optional) £46 A microscope objective has a focal length of 05 ém. I forms an image at 16 em from its second foal point. What is the magnifying power for a person ‘whose near point i 25 em ifthe foeal length of the eyepiece is 3 eri? 5 + A microscope has an objective of focal length 16 mmm and an eyepiece that gives an angular magnification of $ fora person whose near point is 25 em. The tube length is 18 em. (a) What i the lateral rggnifcaion of the objective? (6) What is the ragnifying power ofthe microscope? 86% A crude gymmevic hand-beld microscope consists of two converging 24D lenses fastened in the ends of a tube 30 cm long. (a) What is the “tbe length” of this microscope? () What is the foetal magnification of the objective? (e) What isthe rnugnilving power of the mieweseope? (d) How fir {rom the objetive should the object be placed? 87 * Repeat Problem 86 for the same two lenses seperated by 40m, 88 = A compound microscope has an object with a Power of 45 D and an eyepiece with « power of 80 D. The lenses ae separated by 28 mn. Assuming that the final image is formed 28 em from te eye, what i the magnifying power? 189 6 A microscope has magnifying power of 600 and an eyepicee of angular magnification of 15. The jective lens is 22 om from the eyepiece. Without making any approximations, calculate (@) the focal length af the eyercce, (b) the location of the object such that it in foeus for @ normal relaxed eye, and (© the focal length ofthe objective lens. Telescopes (optional) 90 + A simple telescope has an objective with a focal length of 100 cm and an eyepiece of focal kength $ cm. Its used wo look at the moon, which subtends an angle of about 0.009 rad. (a) What is the diameter of the image formed by the objective? (b) What angle is subtended by the final image at infinity? (c) What is the magnifying power ofthe telescope?91 + the objective lens of the reacting telescope st the Yerkes Observatory has a fea! length of 1.5 m. ‘When iis used to Took atthe moon, whieh subtends an angle of about 0.009 rad, what is the diameter of the image ofthe moan formed by the objective? 92% The 200sin (5.1m) minor of the reflecting telescope at Mt, Palomar has focal length of 1.68. (@) By what factor is the lightgathering power increased over the din (016m) diameter reacting lens of the Yerkes Observatory telescope? (2) If the focal length ofthe eyepiece is 1.28 em, what is the magnifying power ofthis telescope? 93 + An astronomical telescope has & magnify power of 7. The to lenses sre 32 em apt. Find the focal length of each ens. ‘94> A disadvantage of the astronomical telescope for teresa se (for example, ata fooball game) is that the image is inverted. A Galilean telescope uses a converging lens as its objective, but a diverging. as its eyepioee. The image formed by the objective is behind the eyepiece at its focal point so thatthe final iage is viral, eect, and at infinity. (2) Show tha the magnifying power is M = fife where fis the focal length ofthe objective ant ff that ofthe eye Piece (which is negative). (b) Draw a ray diagram to Show that the fina image is indced virtua, ert, and atinfnity 95 % A Galilean telescope (See Problem 94) is designed so that the fina image is atthe ner pit, ‘which is 25 cm (rather than at infinity. The focal length of the objective is 100 cm and that of the eyepiece is ~$ cm. (a IF the object distance is 30 m, where isthe image ofthe objective? (b) What is the ‘object distance forthe eyepiece so that the inal image is at the near point? () How far apart are the lenses? (a) Abe objet height is 1.5m, what i the height of the final image? What is Ue angular magneton? 96 eA hunter lost inthe mountains Wes to make a telescope from two lenses of power 2.0 and 6.5, and a cardboard tub. (a) What isthe maximum possible magnifying power? (by How long must the tube te? (©) Which las should be used asthe eyepiece?” Why? 97 a If you look into the wrong end ofa telescope, that i, into the objective, you will see distant objects reduced in size. For 2 refracting telescope with an ‘objective of focal length 2.25 m and an eyepiece of focal length 15 cm, by what factor i the angular size ‘of he object reduced?” General Probioms [BREN Tre image of a real object formed by a (eh anna it wi (always tan ond elge (© meyer Ira ial nd inthe RRR Te es crnconverng sa index Srretesien of 6 When te ow sak a tesa le resets Wve ts eat ag wile Ga) gettin 306m.) let 306, (© Sesame ar bear, 30cm) nea. 1108 True or false: (a) A viral image cannot be displayed on a sereen, (0) A negative image distance implies thatthe image is virtual (©) All rays parallel to the avis of a spherical mirror are reflected through a single point. ‘A diverging lens cannot form 2 real image from a real object. The image distance for a positive lens is always positive, 101 + Show that a diverging lens can never form a real image from a real object. Hint: Show that sis always negative) 102 + A camera uses positive lens to focus light from an object onto a film. Unlike the eye, the camera lens has a fixed focal length, but the lens itself ean be ‘moved slightly to vary the image distance to the image fon the film. A telephoxo lens has a focal length of 200 rm, By how much must it move to change from focusing on an object at infinity 10 one ata distance of 30m? 103 + A wide-angle ens of camera has a focal length of 28 mm. By how much must it move to change from focusing on an object at infinity 1 one ata distance of ‘5m? (See Problem 102.) 104 + A converging lens made of polystyrene (index of reaction, 139) has « focal ength of 50 em, One surface is convex with radius of magnitude $0 cm. Find the radius of the second surface. Is it eonvex oF 105 + A thin converging fens of focal length 10 em is used fo obtain an image that is twice as lange as a small object. Find the object and image distances if (a) the image is to be erect and (6) the image is wo be inverted. Draw a ay diagram for each ease. 106 + A scuba diver wears a diving. mask with a face plate that bulges outward with a radius of eurvature of 05 m. Thete is thus a convex spherical surface between the water and the air in une mask. A fish is 2.5 min front ofthe diving mask. (a) Where does the fish appear to be? (b) What isthe magnification ofthe image of the fish? 107 + You wish w sce an image of your face for applying makeup or shaving. Ifyou want the image to be upright, virtual, and magnified 1.5 times when your face is 30 em from the mirror, what kind of mitror should you use, convex or concave, and what should ts focal length be? 108 + A. small object is 20 cm from a thin positive {ens of focal length 10 em. To the right of the lens isa plane mirza that erases the axis at the second focal point ofthe lens and is tilted so thatthe reflected rays do not go back through the lens (Figure 34-56). (a) Find the postion of the Final image. (4) Is this image real or virtual? (e) Sketch a ray diagram showing the final image. Figure 34-86 Probler 108 1 w= Tom] TANS109 +» A 35-mm camera has & picture size of 24 mm by 36 mm, 1 is used to take a picture of a person 175 em tall so dhat dhe image just fills the height (24 mim) of the film, How far should the person stand from the camera ithe fal length ofthe lens is 50 mm? 110 +* 4 35-mnmn camera with interchangeable lenses is used to take a picture of a hawk that has a wing span of 2 m. The hak is 30:m away, What would be the ideal foeal length of the lens used so tha the image ‘ofthe wings just fills the width of the Film, which i 36mm? 11 + An object is placed 12 em to the lef ofa lens of focal length 10 em. A second lens of focal length 1235 ea is placed 20 em to the right of the first lens. (@) Find the position of the final image. (6) What is the magnification of the image? (c) Sketch a nay diggram showing the final image. 112 +» (2) Show that ifs the focal length of a thin Jens ina, its focal length in water is here ty is the index of refraction of water and is that of the lens. (6) Calculate the focal length in air and in water of a double-concave lens of index of rofiaction n = 1.5 that has radié of magnitudes 30 and Sem, 113 + (a) Find the focal length of a thick double convex lens with an index of refraction of 1.5, a thickness of 4 cm, and radii of +20 and ~20 em. (6) Find the Focal length ofthis fens in water. 114% A 2cmthick layer of water (v= 133) flats on top of a 4-ernthick layer of earbon tetrschloride (1 1.46) in a tank. How far below the top surface of the water does the bottom of the tank appear to be to 3a ‘observer looking from above at normal incidence? 115 + While siting in your ear, you see a jogger in ‘your side mitror, which is convex with a radius of ‘curvature of magnitude 2 m. The jogger is 5 m from the minor and is approaching at 3.5 m/s. How fast does the jogger appear to be running when viewed in the mice? 116 ** In the seventeenth century, Antonie van Lecuwen-hock, the first. great mieroscopist, used simple spherical lenses made first of water droplets. and then of glass for his first instruments. He made staggering discoveries with these simple lenses. Consider a glass sphere of radius 2.0 mm with an index of refraction of 1.50, Find the focal length of this Tens. Hi: Use the equation for refraction at a single spherical surface to find the image distance for fn infinite object distance for the first surface. Then image point as the object point for the second. 1109 117s An object is 15 em to the left ofa thin convex lens of focal length 10 cm. A concave mirror of radius 10 em is 25 em wo the right of the lens, (2) Find the position of the final image formed by the mirror and fens. (6) Is the image real or virwal? Erect or inverted? (c) Show on a diagram where your eye must be to see this image: 118 eee Find the final image for the situation in Problem 108 when the mirror is not tited. Assume thatthe image is viewed by an eye to the left of the object looking through the lens into the mirror. 119 When a bright light source is placed 30 em in front of a lens, there is an erect image 7.5 em from the Jens. There is also a faint inverted image 6 em in front of the lens dus to reflection from the front surface of the lens. When the lens is tured around, this weaker, werted image is 10 em in front ofthe fens. Find the index of refraction of the lens 120 A horizontal concave mitror with radius of ccuryature of 50 em holds a layer of water with an index of refraction of 1.33 and a maximum depth of | cm. At what height above the mirror must an object be placed so that its image is at the same position a the object? 121%» A lens with one concave side with a radius of samdius of magnitude 8 em as a focal length in air of 27.3 em. ‘When placed in a liguid with an unknown index of refraction, the focal length inereases to 109 em. What isthe index of refraction ofthe liquid? 122. gla ball of radius 10 em has an index of reffaction of 1.5. The back half of the ball is silvered so that it acts asa concave mirror (Figure 34-57) Find the position of the final image seen by an eye to the [eft of the object and ball for an object at (2) 30 em and (4) 20 er to the left of the front surface of the bal. Figure 34-87 Piobler 122 123 e+e (a) Show that a small change cn in the index. of reftaction of a lens material produces a small change in the focal length df given approximately by iff =—dn! (0 ~1.(b) Use this result to find the focal length ofa thin lens for blue light, for whieh n = 1.53, ifthe focal length for red light, for whieh m = 1.47, is 20em. 124. The lateral magnification of aspherical mirror fr thin lens is given by m = -s'/, Show that for objects of small horizontal extent, the longitudinal ‘magnification is approximately -m?. (Hint: Show that ids = 8182) (See Answers)