Viva Voce & Answers To Convert the Given Galvanometer (of Known Resistance and Figure of Merit) into an Ammeter of Desired Range and to Verify the same Galvanometer Question. 1. What is a galvanometer? Answer. It is a device (instrument) used for detecting feeble electric currents in circuits, Question. 2. What type of galvanometer is available in laboratories? Answer. The laboratory galvanometer is a Weston Galvanometer. It has a pivoted coil Question.3. Why the scale of galvanometer has zero in the middle? Answer. A needle at zero in the middle can deflect on both sides. Question.4. Do we have positive and negative terminal in a galvanometer? Answer. No, a galvanometer has no positive and negative terminals. The pointer can deflect on either side from zero in the middle. Question. 5. Why the divisions of a galvanometer scale are equally spaced? Answer. Deflection in pointer is proportional to the current passed. The number of divisions in deflection will be proportional to the current passed. | e= 6. Question. 6. Define figure of merit of a galvanometer. Answer. The quantity of current required to produce a deflection of one division in the galvanometer, is called figure of merit of the galvanometer. It is represented by the symbol k. Its unit is ampere per division. Question. 7. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Answer. The deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current is passed through it, is called current sensitivity of the galvanometer. Question.8. How are ‘figure of merit’ and ‘current sensitivity’ related to each other? Answer. They sire reciprocal, So 1/kQuestion. 9. Why is the galvanometer called a moving coil galvanometer? Answer.Because in this galvanometer, the coil moves (deflects), while the magnet remains fixed Question. 10. Is there any moving magnet galvanometer? Answer. Yes, the tangent galvanometer is called a moving magnet galvanometer. Question. 11. Why is tangent galvanometer, called a moving magnet galvanometer? Answer. Because in tangent galvanometer, the magnet (a small pivoted magnetic needle) moves (deflects), while the coil remains fixed Resistance of a galvanometer Question. 12. What do you mean by resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance of the coil of a galvanometer, is called the resistance of the galvanometer. It is represented by the symbol G. Question. 13. How do you determine the resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance of a galvanometer is determined by half-deflection method. Question.14. Why is this method called half deflection method? Answer. It is so because the deflection is made half by using a shunt resistance S. Question, 15. Under what conditions, G = S? Answer. G = S, only when series resistance R is very high Ammeter Question. 16. What is an ammeter? Answer. An ammeter is a device (instrument) for measuring large electric currents in circuits. Question.17. How is an ammeter used in a circuit? Answer. An ammeter is used in series in a circuit Question.18. Why is an ammeter used in series in a circuit? Answer. The whole current to be measured is passed through it. Question.19. What are the required properties of an ammeter? Answer. An ammeter must have a very small resistance (zero, if possible) and a large current carrying capacity.Question.20. Why should an ammeter have a very small resistance? Answer. So that when put in series in circuit, it should not reduce much the original current to be measured. Question. 21. Why should an ammeter have a large current carrying capacity? Answer. So that it may measure large currents. Voltmeter Question.22.What is a voltmeter? Answer.A voltmeter is a device (instrument) for measuring electric potential difference between two points in a circuit Question.23.How is a voltmeter used in a circuit? Answer.A voltmeter is used in parallel with that branch of circuit at the ends of which the potential difference is to be measured. Question.24.Why is a voltmeter used in parallel in a circuit? Answer.The potential difference to be measured is maintained at the terminals of the voltmeter. Question.25.What are the required properties of a voltmeter? Answer.A voltmeter must have a very large resistance (infinite, if possible) and a very small current carrying capacity. Question.26.Why should a voltmeter have a very large resistance? ‘Answer.So that when put in parallel in circuit, it should not divert much current from parallel branch Question.27.Why should a voltmeter have a very small current carrying capacity? Answer.So that it may not withdraw much current from parallel branch of the circuit. Conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter Question.28.Why is a galvanometer not suitable to work as ammeter? Answer.A galvanometer has more resistance and less current current-carrying capacity from those required by an ammeter. It will damage when large current flow through it. Question.29.How is a galvanometer converted into an ammeter? Answer.A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel with the galvanometer coil (this parallel low resistance is called shunt)Question.30.How the low resistance is parallel (shunt) gives required properties to the galvanometer? Answer.The shunt reduces the overall resistance of the ammeter (converted galvanometer) and increases its current-carrying capacity. Question.31.What is the order of resistance of an ammeter? Answer.The ammeter resistance is nearly equal to the shunt resistance. Question.32.What do you understand by range of an ammeter? Answer.lt is the maximum value of the current which an ammeter can measure. Question.33.Which has lesser resistance—a 1 ampere range ammeter or a 10 ampere range ammeter? Answer.Higher the range, lower the resistance, A 10 A ammeter has lesser resistance, Question.34.What is a milli-ammeter? Answer.lt is an ammeter which measures current in milli amperes (mA = 10° A). Question.35.What is a micro-ammeter? Answer.lt is an ammeter which measures current in micro amperes (uA 0° A). Question.36.What is full name of an ammeter? Answer.Full name of an ammeter is ampere-meter. Question.37.Can we increase/decrease the range of an ammeter? Answer.We can increase the range but cannot decrease the range of ammeter because for I < I,, the value of shunt resistance becomes negative which cannot be possible Question.38.What happens when an ammeter is placed in parallel with the circuit? ‘Answer.lt cannot measure the current in circuit because it only measures the, current which is passing through it. Conversion of a galvanometer into a voltmeter Question.39. Why is a galvanometer not suitable to work as voltmeter? Answer. A galvanometer has less resistance and more current-carrying capacity from those required by a voltmeter. Question. 40. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter? Answer. A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer coil.Question. 41. How the high resistance in series gives required properties to the galvanometer? ‘Answer. The series high resistance increases the overall resistance of the voltmeter (converted galvanometer) and decreases its current-carrying capacity. Question. 42. What is the order of resistance of a voltmeter? Answer. The voltmeter resistance is of the order of series high resistance (Ris in ten thousands, G is in hundreds). Question.43. What do you understand by the range of a voltmeter? Answer. It is the maximum value of the potential difference which the voltmeter can measure Question.44. Which has more resistance—a 1 volt range voltmeter or a 10 volt range voltmeter? Answer. Higher the range, higher the resistance. A 10 V voltmeter has higher resistance. Question.45. What is a milli-voltmeter? Answer. Itis a voltmeter which measures potential difference in milli-volts (mV = 10: ov), Question. 46. What is a micro-voltmeter? Answer. It is a voltmeter which measures potential difference in micro-volts (UV 10° V). Question.47. Does ordinary voltmeter have infinite resistance? Answer. No. Question.48. Name a voltmeter which has infinite resistance. Answer. Electrostatic voltmeter has infinite resistance. It is also called electrometer. An electronic voltmeter, called Vacuum Tube Volt Meter (VTVM), has nearly infinite resistance. It makes an accurate measurement of potential difference. The potentiometer, at null point, also acts as an ideal voltmeter (infinite resistance). Question.49. Can we increase/decrease the range of a voltmeter? Answer. Yes. The range of voltmeter can be increased by connecting a suitable high resistance in series and can be decreased a suitable resistance in parallel. Question. 50. What happens when a voltmeter connected in series in a circuit? Answer. The voltmeter cannot measure the actual p.d. in the circuit because overall resistance of circuit increases. Question. 51. What is shunt? State its S.1. unit. Answer. A small resistance connected in parallel with a galvanometer is called shunt. Its S.. unit is Olim.Question. 52. Can moving coil galvanometer be used to detect an a.c. i circuit? Give reason Answer. It cannot be used to detect a.c. in a circuit since it measures the average value of current which is zero over a cycle. a Question. 53. Is the working of MCG affected by the earth magnetic field? Answer. No. The earth magnetic field is very weak as compared to strong radial magnetic field. Question. 54. Which has more resistance (a) Ammeter or voltmeter (b) milliammeter or ammeter (c) milli voltmeter or voltmeter. Answer. (a) voltmeter, (b) milliammeter, (c) voltmeter, Question. 55. What do you mean by the resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance offered by the coil of galvanometer to the flow of current through it is known as resistance (G) of the galvanometer.Viva Voce & Answers To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope Question. 4. Why a slab does not deviate and disperse light, where as a prism does? Answer. In a slab, the refracting faces are parallel. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. There is no deviation and dispersion ina prism, the refracting faces are not parallel. The emergent ray is not parallel to incident ray. There is a deviation and hence dispersion Question. 5. Why lycopodium power is spread over the glass surface? Answer. To focus the microscope accurately, otherwise the bottom surface will be focussed because of transparency of glass slab. Question. 6. What is normal shift? Answer. It is the difference between actual depth and apparent depth. Its S.. unit is metre. Question. 7. What is cause of normal shift? Answer. Due to refraction of light. Question. 8. On what factors, apparent depth depends? Answer. 1, nature of medium (R.1.) 2. thickness of medium (actual depth) 3. colour of light Question. 9. In general for which colour we take the refractive index of a material in lens and glass slabs. ‘Answer. Yellow colour. Since it is the mean colour of visible spectrum. Question. 10. What may be refractive index for hollow glass slab? Answer. nViva Voce & Answers To Determine the Internal Resistance of a Given Primary Cell Using Potentiometer Question. 1. What do you understand by the e.m-f. of a cell? Answer. Electromotive force i.e., e.m.f. of a cell is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell when the cell is in an open circuit ie., when no current is drawn from the cell Question. 2. What is a potentiometer? Answer. It is an instrument used to measure potential difference or e.m.f. of a cell Question. 3. Why is it called a potentiometer? , Answer. Because it measures potential difference between any two points of electric circuits. Question. 4. What is the principle of a potentiometer? ‘Answer. It works On the principle that for a constant current, fall of potential along uniform wire is directly proportional to its length. Question. 5. What is potential gradient? Answer. lt is the fall of potential per unit length of the potentiometer wire. K =V/. Question. 6. How does the potential gradient vary along the length of the wire from end P to end Q? Answer. Potential gradient is same throughout if the wire has uniform cross-section and material density, Question. 7. What kind of source of e.m.f. should be used as auxiliary battery? Answer. The e.m-. of the source must be steady. A freshly charged accumulator should be used for this purpose. Question. 8. What should be the order of magnitude of the e.m.f. of the auxiliary battery? Answer. The e.m-f. of the auxiliary battery should be slightly greater than the e.mf. of the individual cells. (With battery of lesser e.m-f,, null point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire) Question. 9. Why do we use a rheostat in the battery circuit? Answer. To vary the potential gradientQuestion. 10. What purpose is served by varying the potential gradient? Answer. A lower potential gradient gives more length of wire upto null point ‘Accuracy becomes more. Question. 11. On what factors does the potential gradient depend? Answer. Potential gradient depends directly on the strength of the current and resistance per om of the wire. K = Ip/A. Question. 12. What is the preferred material used for making potentiometer wires? Answer. Manganin. It is characterised by a low temperature coefficient of resistance and a high resistivity Question. 13. Why do we want the material of the potentiometer wire to have a low temperature coefficient of resistance? ‘Answer. There is invariably some heating of the potentiometer wire when a current flows through it. A material with a low temperature coefficient ensures that its resistance does not change much because of this heating Question. 14. Why don’t we use a copper wire as a potentiometer wire? ‘Answer. Copper has a high temperature coefficient of resistance and low resistivity and hence a copper wire will have a low resistance. There would then be no appreciable potential drop across the ends of the potentiometer wire. Question. 15. Which materials can be used for making potentiometer wire? Answer. The alloys like manganin, constantan ete. Question. 16. What do you mean with sensitivity of a potentiometer? Answer. Sensitivity of a potentiometer is the smallest potential difference that it can measure. Question. 17.Why is a ten-wire potentiometer more sensitive than a four-wire one? Answer.The potential gradient, under same conditions, decreases with an increase in the length of the potentiometer wire. Hence, a 10-wire potentiometer (having a smaller potential gradient) is more sensitive than a 4-wire one. Question. 18.How will you know that the apparatus can give a null point? Answer. The jockey is put at the two ends of the potentiometer wire. The deflection in the galvanometer must be in opposite directions, Question. 19.What will you conclude if the deflection of the galvanometer is in same direction at both the ends? Answer.The reasons may be1. the positive terminals of all the cells are not connected at one point. 2. the potential difference between the ends of the wire is less than the e.m¥. of the cell which is to be measured 3. the e.m.. of driving cell is less than the e.mJf. of each cells whose e.m.f. to be compared or measured, Question. 20. How are above situations corrected? Answer. 1, Connections of positive terminals are checked 2. Current in potentiometer wire is increased. 3. E>E, or E >Es. Question. 21. Under what condi when jockey is put on the wire? Answer. The reason may be ns galvanometer will give no deflection 1. the cell whose e.m4f. is being measured, is totally damaged to have infinite intemal resistance. 2. connecting wire in the galvanometer circuit may be broken. Question. 22. Under what conditions deflection in the galvanometer is shaky? Answer. The reason may be 1. the e.m.. of the battery or the cells may be fluctuating 2. the circuit has a loose contact somewhere. Question. 23. Why should we use a sensitive galvanometer? Answer. A sensitive galvanometer will respond to even a small departure from the exact balance point and will hence enable us to locate the balance point with greater precision. Question. 24. Why do we need a protective series resistance/shunt along with a sensitive galvanometer? Answer. To prevent it from damage from the flow of excessive currents that may exist when the jockey is far from the balance point. Question. 25. Does the use of a series protective resistance/shunt effect the location of the balance point? Answer. No; however, it makes the galvanometer less sensitive. We therefore, remove it once we are near the balance point. Question. 26. Why do we not want the balance point to be on the first wire, say? Answer. The smaller is the balancing length, the greater is the relative uncertainty in its location.Question. 27.What is the merit of a potentiometer over a voltmeter in measurement of e.m-. of a cell? Answer.E.M.F. measured by potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in open circuit, giving no current. Question. 28.How will you determine specific resistance of potentiometer wire material? Answer.We measure V across a known length | of the wire. We measure diameter D of wire and ul current I through it. Then R = —'— = prom which pcan be calculated. mw?/4 1 Question. 29.What do you mean by internal resistance of a cell? Answer.lt is the resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of ions to their respective electrodes, Question. 30.Is there any change in the internal resistance of cell in open and closed circuit? Answer. Question. 31.0n what factors does the internal resistance of a cell depend? Answer.Internal resistance of a cell depends upon 1. Distance between electrodes and is directly proportional to its 2. Facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte and is inversely proportional to it 3. Nature of electrolyte and is inversely proportional to its specific conductivity 4. Temperature increases, the internal resistance decreases and vice-versa. 5. Internal resistance increases with the use of cell. Question, 32.Does the internal resistance depend on the current drawn from the cell? Answer.Yes, the internal resistance usually increases as more current is drawn from the cell Question. 33.Can we find the internal resistance of an accumulator or secondary cell? Answer.No. the internal resistance of an accumulator is so small (= 0.01 Q) that this method cannot be used Question. 34.Why a cell should not be disturbed during experiment? ‘Answer.Disturbing of the cell may change the factors (Q. 31 above) on which the internal resistance of the cell depends. Question. 35.What other measurements can be made by a potentiometer? Answer.A potentiometer can be used for measuring smalll thermo e.m-. It can alsoVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS be used for calibrating voltmeter and ammeter. It can be used to measure and control stress, temperature, radiation, pH, frequency etc. Question. 36.Can you measure e.mf. by a voltmeter? Answer.No. The voltmeter measure the terminal potential difference of a cell because it draw some current V=E-Ir, when I#0, then V E) (ii) When the I = 0, or r = 0 or R +=, then V=E. Question. 39. Does the at position of balance point (null point) mean no current through the potentiometer? ‘Answer. No. the current always flow in potentiometer wire. These is no current in galvanometer f because there is no current drawn from the cell whose e.m-. is to be measured or compared Question. 40. Does the potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of (i) primary cell (ii) secondary cell? Answer. The potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of primary cell only but not secondary cell because of very small resistance (0.02 Q). Question. 41. What are the factors on which the e.m-f. of a cell depends? Answer. Nature of electrodes, Nature of electrolyte, concentration of electrolyte, Temperature of electrolyte RONG Question. 42. Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for measuring the em. of cell?VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Answer. A potentiometer draws no current from the cell whose e.m/f is to be measured. On the other hand, the voltmeter always some current. Thus e.m. measured by voltmeter will be slightly less than the e.m.f. measured by potentiometer. V=E-Ir Question. 43. Why do we prefer a potentiometer with a longer bridge wire? Answer. When the bridge wire is longer, the potential gradient is smaller. Smaller the potential gradient, more is the sensitivity of potentiometer wire. Question. 44. What are the factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. Answer. Nature of electrodes Nature of electrolyte Concentration of electrolyte Temperature of electrolyte Distance between the electrodes The area of electrodes immered in electrolyte, Perens Question. 45. Can we consider the potentiometer as an ideal voltmeter? Answer. Yes. At null point, the potentiometer does not draw any current. Hence it measure the emf. The potentiometer is equivalent to an ideal voltmeter. V=E-Ir Let I=0, then V=E,VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage Question. 1. What is reverse current? Answer. The current due to reverse bias voltage, is called reverse current. Question. 2. What constitutes the reverse current? Answer. The reverse current is due to minority carriers. Question.3. What are minority carriers? Answer. Free electrons in p-type semiconductor and holes in re-type semiconductor, are called minority carriers. They are present due to breaking of covalent bonds. Question.4. What is reverse breakdown? Answer. At certain stage of increased reverse bias voltage, the reverse current increases suddenly. This situation is called reverse breakdown. This phenomenon is called Zener effect. Question.5. What causes reverse breakdown? Answer. The rupture of all covalent bonds causes reverse breakdown, Question. 6. Is the reverse breakdown recoverable? Answer. Yes. The decrease of reverse bias voltage restores the condition. The broken bonds are reassembled, Question.7. What is reverse breakdown voltage? Answer. The reverse bias voltage which causes breakdown, is called reverse breakdown voltage. It is represented by the symbol BVs. Question. 8. On which factor does the reverse breakdown voltage depend? Answer. It depends upon the level of doping of re-type and p-type section of the diode. General purpose diodes have each section lightly doped. They have high value of reverse breakdown voltage. Zener diodes have each section heavily doped. They have low value of reverse break-down voltage.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.8. What is Zener voltage? Answer. The reverse breakdown voltage of Zener diodes, is called Zener voltage. It is represented by the symbol V.. Question. 10. How does Zener voltage differ for Germanium and Silicon? Answer. For same order of doping, it is less for Germanium and more for silicon. Question.11.What is Zener current? Answer.The reverse current after breakdown, is called Zener current. It is represented by the symbol I. Question.12.How does a Zener diode work as a voltage regulator? ‘Answer. At breakdown and after, output voltage (Vs) becomes constant at value of Zener voltage (V-) even when input voltage (V)) increases, Thus, the Zener diode will give same output voltage for all input voltage of higher values. It becomes a voltage stabilizer for voltage equal in value of Zener voltage (V.). The current drawn does not affect the zener voltage. Question.13.What is the Knee voltage? Answer. The forward voltage beyond which the current starts to increase rapidly with voltage is called the cut-in or Knee voltage of the diode. Question.14.What happens to the potential barrier and depletion layer when a reverse bias is applied to a p-n junction diode?’ Answer. Both increases. Question.15.What is fermi level? Answer.ltis the highest energy level in the conduction band occupied by the electrons at the absolute zero of temperature. Question.16.What is Zener breakdown? Answer.Due to small junction width, the junction field is high. Due to this internal high field, there is large production of electron-hole pairs. The corresponding breakdown is called breakdown. Question.17.What is Zener diode? Answer. It is specially designed p-n diode whose both sides are heavely doped and work only in the reverse breakdown region. Question.18.Give one application of a diode. Answer.Rectifier. Question.19.What is ideal diode? Answer. It is a diode which offers zero resistance in forward biasing and infinite resistance in reverse biasingVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.20.How the energy gap changes with (i) doping (ii) temperature? Answer. Decrease with increase in doping and temperature.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p- n junction in forward bias and reverse bias Question. 1. Define energy level in an atom. Answer. Definite energy value of an electron in the subshell of the atom, is called energy level of the atom Question. 2. Define energy band in a crystal Answer. Broadened energy level (line) in a crystal, is called energy band of the crystal. Question. 3. Name different types of energy bands. Answer. Different energy bands are 1, Conduction band (C), 2. Valence band (V), 3. Forbidden band (F) Question. 4. Define different energy bands. Answer. Read Art. 10.03 (1, 2, 3, 4). Question.s. Name different types of substances. Answer. Different types of substances are 1. Conductors, 2. Insulators, 3. Semiconductors. Question. 6. Distinguish between a conductor, ai semiconductor. Answer. Read Art. 10.04 (1, 2, 3). Question.7. How are electrical conductivity and resistivity related? Answer. Electrical conductivity is reciprocal of resistivity 1 ie, ox Pp Question. 8. What is S.. unit of conductance? Answer. S.|. unit of conductance is siemen (S). Question. 9. What is order of conductivity of conductors, semiconductors and insulators? Answer.10:-10°, 10-102 and 101-10" § m" respectively.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 10. Define a hole. Answer. A place vacated by an electron, is called a hole. It is associated with a positive charge. Question.11. Define an intrinsic semiconductor. Answer. A pure semiconductor material, is called an intrinsic semiconductor, it ns = My Question. 12. Which materials are commonly used as semiconductors? Answer. Silicon and germanium are commonly used as semiconductors. Question. 13. Which of the upper two materials has less energy gap? Answer. Energy gap has value 0.72 eV for germanium and 1.12 eV for silicon, Question.14. Define an extrinsic semiconductor. Answer. A semiconductor material made deliberately impure, is called an extrinsic semiconductor. Question.15. Describe an n-type semiconductor (Ge). Answer. An n-type Ge is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a pentavalent impurity to its crystal. Question.16. Name the pentavalent impurities which make Ge n-type. Answer. The pentavalent impurities are 1. Phosphorus (15), 2. Arsenic (33), 3. Antimony (51), 4. Bismuth (83). Generally, Arsenic (As) is taken for this purpose. Question.17. Describe a p-type semiconductor (Ge). Answer. A p-type Ge’ is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a trivalent impurity to its crystal. Question.18. Name the trivalent impurities which make Ge p-type. Answer. The trivalent impurities are 1. Boron (5), 2. Aluminium (13), 3. Gallium (31), 4. Indium (49), 5. Thalium (81). Generally Indium (In) is taken for this purpose. Question.19. What is doping? Answer. The process of adding a suitable impurity to pure semiconductor, deliberately, is called doping. Question.20. What is order of doping in an extri Answer. It is one part in one million. ic semiconductor? Question.21. Why is n-type semiconductor so called? Answer. Because it contains free electrons with negative charge, as charge carriers.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.22. Why is p-type semiconductor so called? Answer. Because it contains holes with positive charge, as charge carriers. Question. 23. What is a junction? Answer. It is a common Surface of n-type and p-type semiconductor. Question.24. What is a depletion layer? ‘Answer. It is a layer with junction in the middle, having no free charge carriers. The opposite j charge carriers have become neutralized. (It is shown shaded in Fig 10.02). Question.25. What is junction potential barrier? Answer. The potential difference between junction ends of the two types of semiconductors, is called junction potential barrier. Question.26. Why is junction potential barrier so called? Answer. Because it prevents free charge carriers from entering the depletion layer by themselves, Question.27. What is biasing of a junction? Answer. Applying an external potential difference more than potential barrier on the faces of the junction, is called biasing of the junction. Question.28. Give names of the two types of the biasing. ‘Answer. The two types of biasing are (i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing. Question.29. Why is forward bias so called? Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move forward towards junction. Question.30. Why is reverse bias so called? Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move reverse away from junction Question.31. How does the bias effect the thickness of the depletion layer? Answer. Forward bias decreases the thickness of depletion layer. Reverse bias increases the thickness of depletion layer. Question.32. How does the bias effect the junction resistanc Answer. The forward bias makes junction resistance less. The reverse bias makes junction resistance more Question.33. Define characteristic of a junction diode. Answer. Graph drawn between bias voltage and circuit current of a junction diode, is called characteristic of the diode. It reveals the character (way of behaviour) of the junction diode.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.34. Describe different types of characteristics of a junction diode. Answer. 1. Forward bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between forward bias voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10 ohm. 2. Reverse bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between reverse bias voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10,000 ohms.Viva Voce & Answers To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens Question. 1. Define a spherical lens. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (a). Question.2. Describe different types of lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (b). Question.3. Describe different types of convex lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (c). Question.4. Describe different types of concave lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (d). Question.5. Define different terms associated with spherical lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.02 (1-7). Question.6. Mention three special rays. Answer. Read Art. 8.03. Question.7. Define sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 8.04 (a). Question.8. Give rules of sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 8.04 (b). Question. 9. Give facts obtained from sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 8.04 (c). Question.10. Define and give lens formula. Answer. Read Art. 8.05. Question.11. Describe various assumptions made in derivation of lens formula. Answer. Read Art. 8.06.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.12. Give position, nature and size of image when object is put in different positions in front of a convex lens. Answer. Read Art. 8.07. Question.13. Define power of a lens. Give its unit and sign. Answer. Read Art. 8.08. Question.14. Define a lens combination. and power. Answer. Read Art. 8.09. e expression for. its focal length Question.15. Define chromatic aberration. Answer. Read Art. 8.10 (2) Question.16. Describe the difference between the images formed by a convex and a concave lens. . Answer. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image. Image formed by a convex lens is generally real and inverted and on bringing the object near the lens the size of image goes on increasing. However, when the object is placed in front of a convex lens between its optical centre and principal focus, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified. Question.17. Which convex lens has more focal length, thick or thin? Answer. A thin convex lens has more focal length. * . Question.18. Can you find rough focal length of a concave lens? ‘Answer. No, because it does not form a real image to be obtained on a screen. Question.19. What is the type of the eye lens? Answer. The eye lens is convex. Question.20. What are the practical uses of lenses? Answer. Lenses are used in spectacles, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments, Question.21. How can a convex lens be used as a magnifier? Answer. For this purpose the lens is put very close to the eye in between the eye and the object to be magnified. Question. 22. How will you distinguish between a glass slab, a convex lens and a concave lens without touching it? Answer. The glass piece is put over a printed page and the virtual image of the printed matter is seen. The magnification of the image is judged. ifthe image has same size as the object, the glass piece is a glass slab. if the image is magnified, the glass piece is a convex lens. If the image is diminished, the glass piece is a concave lens.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 23. Define optical centre of a len. Answer. It is a fixed point inside the lens on its principal axis, through which fight rays passing undeviated. Question.24. What is the principal axis of a lens? Answer. The straight fine passing through the centres of curvature of the curved surfaces of the lens is called the principal axis of the lens. Question.25. What is the principal focus of a lens? Answer. Itis fixed point on the principal axis of a lens where a beam of fight incident parallel to its principal axis converges or appears to diverge after passing through the convex lens or concave lens. Question. 26. What is the focal length of a lens? Answer. It is the distance between optical centre and principal focus of a lens. Its S.l. unit is metre. Question.27. Define S.I unit of power. Answer. The Dioptre is the S.I. unit of power. One dipotre is the power of lens whose focal length is one metre. Question. 28. What are the sign for the power of a convex lens and concave lens? Answer. The power of a convex lens is positive since its focal length is positive while the power of a concave lens is negative since its focal lens is negative. Question. 29. What is a lens maker formula? Answer. Itis relation between focal length, radii of curvature, refractive index of material of lens and refractive index of surroundings. Question.30. What are the factors affecting the power of lens? Answer. Refractive index of lens material Refractive index of surroundings .e., change of medium Radii of curvature Wavelength of light Thickness of lens. OReNS Question.31. How the power of lens charge w.r.t. the two surrounding medium? Answer. The power of a lens is maximum for vacuum or air and it decreases with increase in two refractive index of mediumVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.32. How the power of lens charge w.r.t. to wavelength of light? Answer. The power of a lens is different for different colour of light. The power of a ens is maximum of violet and minimum for red colour light. Question. 33. Does power depend upon aperature of a lens? Answer. No. Question.34. Under what condition, the nature of lens change? Answer. The refractive index of surrounding medium is greater them that of material of lens. The convex lens act as concave lens and vice-versa Question. 35. Under what condition, a lens does not show the refraction. Answer.When refractive index of surrounding medium is equal to refractive index of material of lens. Since, iy Question.36. Why goggles (Sun glasses) have zero power? Answer. The surfaces are curved in same direction and of same radius Question. 37. What type of lens is an air bubble inside water? Answer. Concave lens. Question. 38.Define refractive index. Answer. It is the property of a transparent medium which resist the propagation of light in that medium. It is measured in term of speed of light ina medium w.r.t. speed of light in vacuum. Question.39.What is relative refractive index? Answer.Relative refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1 is the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 to the speed of light in medium 2 =-Bo% iy = m It does not have emit and dimensions Question.40.What is absolute refractive index? Answer. Absolute refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light inVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS vacuum to the speed of light in that medium. RI. of the medium _c RIL ofthe vacuum =v Question.41.1s the absolute refractive can be less than unit? Answer. No. Question.42.What is the power of combination of a convex and concave lens of the same focal length? Answer. Zero. Question.43.Why is the rough focal length of concave lens not determine? ‘Answer. It makes virtual image for all positions of objects. Question.44.How chromatic aberration can be minimized? Answer. It can be minimized by taking thin and small aperature lens.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To Find the Focal Length of a Convex Mirror, Using a Convex Lens Question. 1. Define a mirror. Answer. Itis a fine polished surface which reflects most of the light that is incident on it. Question. 2. Describe different types of mirrors. Answer. There are two types of mirrors: 1. plane mirrors 2. spherical mirrors, Question. 3. Define a spherical mirror. Answer. Read Art. 7.01 (a). Question.4. Give types of a spherical mirror. Answer. Read Art, 7.01 (b). Question. 5. Define different terms associated with spherical mirrors. Answer. Read Art. 7.02 (1-8). Question. 6. Mention three special rays. Answer. Read Art. 7.03, Question. 7. Define sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 7.04 (a). Question. 8. Give rules of sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 7.04 (b). Question. 9. Give facts obtained from sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 7.04 (c). Question.10. Define and give mirror formula. Answer. Read Art. 7.05. Question.11. Describe various assumptions made in derivation of mirror formula, Answer. Read Art. 7.06.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.12. Define image, real image and virtual image. Answer. Read Art. 7.07 (a), (b) and (c).. Question. 13. Give distinction between real and virtual image. Answer. Read Art. 7.07 (4). Question. 14. Define parallax. How is it removed? Answer. Read Art. 7.08 (a) and (b). Question.15. Define index correction. Answer. Read Art. 7.10 (b). Question. 16. Define and explain spherical aberration. Answer. Read Art. 7.12 (a) and (b). Question.17. Why is a mirror silvered at the back surface? Answer. To avoid spoiling of mirror in rough handling. Question. 18. Is silvering done by depo: material? ‘Answer. In cheap mirrors silvering is done by deposition of mercuric oxide and in good quality mirrors silvering is done by deposition of silver nitrate ing silver coating or some other Question. 19.What is the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a spherical mirror? Answer. Radius of curvature (R) Radius of curvature (2) | Focal length (f) = 7 R=2%. Question.20. What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror? Answer.Infinite,VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.21.1s mirror formula applicable for a plane mirror? Answer. Yes, it is applicable. It is proved below: From mirror formula, Bede uo f For a plane mirror, R=, hence f= «and se Mirror formula becomes, 2+ =0o0r2 =-+orv=-u wae It means that the image is virtual (v is positive, as u is negative). It is as much behind Question.22.Can we find the rough focal length of a convex mirror? If not, why? Answer. No, we cannot find the rough focal length of convex mirror. It is so because the image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual and cannot be obtained on a screen. the mirror as the object is infront of it. Its magnification is 1 (« Question.23.What type of mirror is used for dressing table and why? Answer. A plane mirror is used for dressing table because it gives a virtual image of the same size as the object placed in front of it. Question.24. What type of mirror is used as shaving glass? Answer.Concave mirror of large focal length is often used as shaving glass. Because when a concave mirror is held near the face, i.e. face lies between its pole and focus, an erect and enlarged image of the object is formed. An enlarged image of the face helps in having a better shave. Question.25.Why a convex mirror is used as a driving mirror in automobiles? Answer. A convex mitror forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of an object. As the image is diminished in size, a wider field of view behind the automobile is covered. The two characteristics of the image formed by convex mirror viz. erect and wider field of view help the driver in driving the automobile with ease. Question.26. Which mirror is used by a surgeon and why? ‘Answer. A concave mirror of small aperture is used by a surgeon to throw a narrow and sharp beam of light into the eye, nose, ear and throat for medical check up. Question.27.What types of mirror are used in search lights and in head lights of the vehicles? Answer.Parabolic mirrors are used as reflectors in head lights of the vehicles. As the search lights are meant for throwing light to very large distances. If a source of light is placed at the principal focus of the parabolic mirror, after reflection from the mirrorVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS a beam of light can be obtained which will be parallel to the principal axis of the mirror. Thus parabolic mirrors are used in search lights Question. 28. Why we do not use a concave mirror for search light? Answer. Large aperture of concave mirror will cause spherical aberration. Rays from sources of light, kept at focus, will not be quite parallel after reflection from mirror. Question. 28. How will you distinguish between a plane, a concave and a convex mirror, without touching them? Answer. We see our face in the mirror from a close distance. In all cases virtual images will be formed. Judge the magnification of the image. If the magnification is one, mirror is plane. If the magnification is more them one (enlarged image), mirror is concave. if the magnification is less than one (diminished image), mirror is convex. Question. 30. What is the sign of focal length of a concave and convex ors? Answer. The focal length of concave mirror is taken negative, while focal length of convex mirror is taken positive. f= +ve for convex mirror f= -ve for concave mirror. Question. 31. What is index error? ‘Answer. The difference between the actual distance between the pole of a mirror (optical centre , of a lens) and the point object (or image) and observed distance measured on optical bench is called index error. It is also called bench error. Index error = observed distances - actual distance Index correction = actual distance — observed distance. Question. 32. What is the value of the radit a plane mirror? Answer. Radius of curvature is infinity and magnification is one. Is of curvature and magnification of Question. 33. How is the parallex removed? Answer. When two objects which are placed at different distances from eye, the nearer object moves in a direction opposite to that eye and the farther one in the direction of the eye. Once their relative positions are known, they can be brought to the same position by ; shifting them suitably. When two objects occupy the same position in space with respect to the eye, then the apparent shift disappears and parallex is said to be removed Question. 34. At what distance from the needle should the eye be placed while removing parallel? Answer. 25 om. Question. 35. What are paraxial and marginal rays? Answer. The rays which are very close to the principal axis or subtend a very smallVIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS angle are called paraaxial rays. The rays which are away or subtended large angle with principal r axis are called marginal rays. Question.36. How the spherical aberration is removed? Answer. It is removed by taking small portion (aperature) of a lens or mirror or by using parabolic mirrors, Question.37. Which method is more accurate in the determination f for a concave mirror ? @ v vs V, or (i) = vs | graphs. Answer. 11 method, because graph in this case is straight line cutting the axes at two points vu which u vs v graph is curve. Question.38. Is chromatic aberration takes place in mirror? Why? Answer. No. Since it arises due to refraction in which lens provides dispersion like prism Question.39. Write uses of mirrors. ‘Answer. Concave mirrors: used as shaving or making-up mirror head mirror by doctors in ophthalmoscope a8 a reflectors in head lights of cars, torch lights ete. RONG Convex mirrors: 1. as a rear-view mirror in automobiles 2. To produce erect image or smaller size. Question.40. Is the focal length of a mirror change (i) due to change in medium (ii) or colour of light. Answer. No. Since focal length of a mirror does not depend the external medium and wavelength of light.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To Find the Frequency of the AC Mains with a Sonometer Question. 1. What do you mean by A.C. and D.C.? Answer. Alternating current (A.C.) is the current whose magnitude changes every instant of time and direction changes periodically. Direct current (D.C.) is the current which has one direction. Steady current is the current whose magnitude and direction does not change with time. Question.2.How does A.C. differ from D.C.? Answer. D.C. has same (constant) magnitude and same direction, while A.C. has a changing magnitude and changing direction. D.C. repels but A.C. attract. Question.3.What is fluctuating current? ‘Answer. A current having changing magnitude (but not becoming zero) and same direction, is called fluctuating current Question.4.What is unidirectional current? Answer. A current having magnitude changing between maximum and zero and same direction, is called unidirectional current. Question.5.How is A.C. produced? Answer. A.C. is produced by dynamo (alternator) in which a coil rotates in a magnetic field. Question.6.What do you mean by one cycle of A.C.? Answer. One cycle of A.C. means current from zero becoming maximum positive, then zero, then maximum negative and finally zero again. Question.7.Why is the instrument called a sonometer? Answer. Sono means sound. Therefore, a sonometer is an instrument which measures the frequency of sound. Question.8.What is the unit of frequency of A.C.? Answer. Unit of frequency of A.C. is hertz (Hz) or per second. Question.9.What is frequency of alternating current supplied to us in our houses? Answer. The frequency is 50 hertz (Hz) [hertz means cycles per sec.)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.10.Define root mean square or virtual or effective value of alternating current. Answer. It is that value of steady current which, when passed through a given resistor for certain time (time of one complete cycle), shall produce the same quantity of heat as the given alternating current shall produce when passed through same resistor for same time. Question.11.What is resonance? Answer. When the natural frequency of a particle is equal to the frequency of driving force, then resonance takes place. The vibrations are called resonant vibrations. Question.12.Give expression for r.m.s. value of A.C. Answer.For an alternating current having maximum (peak) value 70, Question.13.Why does D.C. repel? Answer. Main line carrying D.C. has same polarity (positive or negative) throughout. (On touching it, the body of the person acquires same polarity as that of the main line. The person touching the line is repelled Question.14.Why does A.C. attract? Answer. Main line carrying a.c. has quickly changing polarity. On touching it, the polarity of the body of the person also changes. Due to time lag, the body polarity remains opposite to that of the main line. The person touching the line is attracted. Question.15.Why A.C. is more dangerous than D.C.7 Answer. It is due (8 following two reasons 1. AC. attracts while D.C. repels (Q. 13,14). 2. AC. gives a huge and sudden shock which becomes fatal. Question.16.Give merits (advantages) of A.C. over D.C. Answer. A.C. has following merits (advantages) over D.C 1. A.C. can be produced and transmitted easily and cheaply than D.C. 2. A3-phase A.C. Dynamo can produce more energy than a single phase D.C. Dynamo of same cost 3. ACC. Dynamo (using slip rings) has less loss of energy and wear and tear than a D.C. Dynamo (using split ring commutator) 4. AC. voltage can be transformed to any desired value with the help of a transformer. 5. Transmission of A.C. at nometer and it gives zero deflection. Question. 26. What is the condition for a Wheatstone's bridge to become balanced? Answer. In a balanced Wheatstone’s bridge, we have, aly el Question. 27. Will the interchange of positions of cell and galvanometer effect the balance condition? Answer. No. The condition of balanced Wheatstone bridge remains satisfied,VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.28. When is a Wheatstone’s bridge most sensitive? Answer. The bridge is most sensitive when all the four resistances P,Q, R and S are of same order of magnitude Question.29. What are applied forms of a Wheatstone’s bridge? Answer. The applied forms of a Wheatstone’s bridge are 1, Metre Bridge or Slide Wire Bridge. 2. Post Office Box Metere bridge Question. 30. Why is a metre bridge so called? Answer. Since the bridge uses one metre long wire, itis called a metre bridge. Question. 31. Why is a metre bridge also called a slide wire bridge? Answer. Since a jockey is slided over the wire (during the experiment), itis also called a slide- wire bridge. Question. 32. Why the jockey should not be pressed too hard on the wire when sliding over it? Answer. Sliding the jockey with a hard press, will scratch the wire and make its thickness non-uniform. Then the resistance per unit length of the wire will not remain constant because resistance depend upon area of cross-section. Answer. It is a point on the ware, keeping jockey at which, the galvanometer gives zero deflecrtion. Question. 34. Why is it advised to keep null point between 45 cm and 55 cm? Answer.lt is done to minimise the effect of neglecting of end resistances in calculation and Wheatstone bridge is most sensitive when all four arms have same order of resistances. Question.35. What are end resistances? Answer. The resistances of thick copper strips which keep the two ends of the wire pressed, are called end resistances. Question.36. What is an ideal value of null point and why? Answer. Null point at 50 cm is an ideal null point. It makes, P/Q = 1. This ratio is not affected by neglecting end resistance of equal values at the two ends Question.37. How can a null point be obtained near 50 cm? Answer. It can be done by keeping value of R very near the value of X.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.38. Why copper strips, used to pressed the ends of wire, are thick? Answer. Thick Cu strips have negligible resistance over the resistance of alloy metre bridge wire and minimise effect of end resistances. Question. 39. Why should the bridge wire have uniform thickness and material density throughout? Answer. Because only then, the resistance per unit length (a) will be same throughout. Then P = o / and Q =o (100 -/) will be correct. Question. 40. Why the bridge method for resistance measurement is better than Ohm’s Law? Answer. It is so because the bridge method is a null method (at null point, there is no current flowing in galvanometer) and more sensitive. Question. 41. Under what conditions, the metre bridge is most sensitive (and hence result most accurate)? ‘Answer. The bridge is most sensitive when all the four resistances are of equal value. It brings null point automatically at 50 cm. Question. 42. Why the metre bridge is suitable for measui resistances? Answer. Because, Wheatstone bridge is suitable for moderate values of resistances. Therefore, meter bridge is more sensitive for moderate values. |g moderate Question. 43. When the sensitivity of the bridge becomes less? Answer. Bridge has poor sensitivity when resistances P, Q, R and S (or X) are of different order. Question. 44. Why should current be passed for a short time? Answer. Continuous current will cause unnecessary heating and affecting values of resistances used. Question.45. Why is Wheatstone bridge (or metre bridge) method considered unsuitable for the measurement of very low resistance? Answer. For measuring low resistance, all resistances and resistance of galvanometer should be f low. The end resistance and connecting wires become comparable to the resistance being measured and introduce error in the result, Question. 46. Why is Wheatstone bridge (or metre bridge) method considered unsuitable for the measurement of very high resistance? Answer. The resistance forming the bridge should be high and the current in the galvanometer reduces and it become insensitive.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 47. What are the advantages of a Wheatstone bridge method of measuring resistance over other methods? Answer. 1. It is a null method, hence the result does not get affected from extra resistances, 2. Itis easier to detect a small change in deflection than to read a deflection directly Question. 48. What do you mean by sensitiveness of a Wheatstone bridge? Answer. A Wheatstone bridge is said to be sensitive if it produces more deflection in the galva- nometer for a small change of resistance in resistance arm.