RESEARCH PAPER

2223 Level Term Three Periodic English Composition- Research Report

Dear Parents and Students,

Please find outlined below the grading structure of the Grade 10-12 “Research Report” that will start in
class in Week 3 of Term Two and should be submitted in Week 4 of Term Three.

This particular report will count as the Periodic English Composition for Term Three,
but will be done in several steps in class.

Please note that your child will be expected to research material on TEAMS and submit a typed report, so
access to a computer and printer will be required. We advise you that you make this available to them as
this will also be required in future school years.

Students will submit different parts of the Research Reports over a period of time and receive feedback to
make necessary improvements before the final draft is submitted. We require that each student has a
minimum of three sources of information which must include at least one book source.

To ensure the originality of the students work in their reports, the teachers will discuss with students the
importance of avoiding copying and pasting text or sentences from internet sites or books (plagiarism). This
will be monitored in the first draft and feedback given to the student so that they avoid this before submitting
the final draft. It is vital that students use their own words as any paper with plagiarism in the final draft will be
penalized. In order to monitor this skill the school utilizes a program known as “Turnitin.com”. This program
enables the teachers to track the work of their students and to ensure that the student has avoided plagiarism.
(See steps to uploading Final Draft to “Turnitin.com” on the back of this page)
Penalties for plagiarism (copying) and late submission:

 Any paper with 20% plagiarism in the final draft must be re-written and a deduction given due
to the plagiarism. (This will be considered a Retake)
 Any student who submits a Retake of the Final draft with plagiarism will be given a zero.
 Any student who fails to submit the Final draft by the deadline will be penalized.
 Any student who fails to submit a Final Research Report will be given a zero.
Term 2 &3

Research Report T3 English Periodic- Composition:

 Term 2, Week 3, Jan 10: Introduce: Research Report
 Term 2, Week 5, Jan 24: Topic, Thesis Statement, and Abstract
 Term 2, Week 7, Feb 9: First Draft
 Term 3, Week 4, Apr 11: Final Draft (Term Three Periodic English Composition)

Lesson 1 – TYPES OF RESEARCH PAPERS (1)

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  What is a Research Paper?
 Types of Research Paper: (Argumentative, Analytical; Cause And Effect
Research Paper; Compare And Contrast Research Paper; Informative
Research Paper; Persuasive Research Paper
What is a Research Paper?
An extended, formal composition presenting information gathered from a number of sources. It is
independent typed work Times New Roman at font size of 12, double-spaced, and written in black
ink. It is 3-5 pages (between 1500 – 2500 words) long (excluding title page, outline and works
cited).

Types of Research Paper

Your research paper must be one of the four-listed types:

ARGUMENTATIVE Research Paper

The topic chosen must be debatable and controversial. It uses persuasive writing to present an
opinion. It presents two sides of a controversial issue.
Quite often, the best topic is one that you truly care about, but you also need to be prepared to
research it.
You'll have to back up your claim (whichever side you choose) with lots of evidence and support.
A good argumentative paper will include in-text citations from researchers that present
logical facts from both sides of an issue, and will conclude with the author analyzing the
pros and cons of each argument. Some topics to think about:
 Do the benefits of medical marijuana justify its legality?
 Is animal testing necessary?
 Should juveniles be sentenced to life in prison?
 Does social media create isolation?
Some more TOPICS to choose from:

1. What can be done to help children maintain a healthy weight?

2. What is the relationship between food, exercise, and weight?
3. Does recycling really make a difference?
4. What are the effects of domestic violence on children?
5. What is nanotechnology and how has it already changed our lives?
6. What causes some people to be able to live to be over 100?
7. Anti-semitism in the world today
8. Video games: leisure, or abuse?
9. What isn’t worth going to war for?
10. Do we have to talk about feminism that much?

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 11. Should journalists who distort the truth to make the news more sensational be punished?
12. Do modern schools depend too much on technology?
“If you listen at doors, you hear what you deserve.” ― Mavis Gallant

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ANALYTICAL Research Paper
It analyzes and makes a conclusion about information. The writer’s task is an exercise in
exploration and evaluation. It includes information from a range of sources but the focus on this
type of research paper is in analyzing the different viewpoints represented from a factual rather
than opinionated standpoint. Your job in writing a critical analysis paper is to:
1. Summarize: You will use your own words to explain clearly what happened. If it is an event,
you will describe the situation, people, and circumstances. Your summary is intended to help your
audience understand this subject clearly and thoroughly.
2. Analyze: Next, you will explain the meaning of this event, text or performance. You will
evaluate what happened and discuss whether it is good, bad or both. Is the author convincing?
What are the weaknesses?
3. Respond: Often, a critical analysis assignment requires you to present the summary and
analysis objectively. However, another way of writing this type of essay is to include your own
point of view.
The author of an analytical paper may focus on the findings, methodology or conclusions of
other researchers and will conclude such a paper with a summation of the findings and a
suggested framework for further study on the issue.
Some topics to think about:
 What is the difference between asteroids and planets?
 What is the impact of air pollution?
 The Army - Is It For You?
 What are the effects of water/noise pollution on human life?

Some more TOPICS to choose from:

1. Explain the changes in a character over the course of a novel. Analyze the causes and
significance of those changes. OR Is Nuclear Energy Too Hazardous to Use?
2. Explain the conventions of a particular genre such as the Gothic novel, the Realistic novel
or the Romance novel.
3. What contributions did Albert Einstein make to physics?
4. What is nuclear energy?
5. What are some concerns regarding nuclear waste?
6. What is thermal energy?
7. Examine a horror film or another classic horror movie. Analyze how the movie creates
horror and suspense while following the strict Hollywood guidelines of the time
8. The Most Remarkable Revolutions in History OR The Hunger Games: Over and Above
Pulp Fiction.
9. Why People Yearn for Their Past OR An Examination of UFOs: Fact or Fiction?
10. Factors that Influence Behavior and Character

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 11. Dreams: Are They Messages from Within? OR How Memory Works: Recalling the
Essential?
12. How to Prohibit School Bullies and Harassment OR Torture: Is it Ever Acceptable?
13. The Many Guises of Violence in Society OR Are Social Interactions Possible Without
Lies.
14. What is the biology behind dreams?
15. What are the biological effects of drinking alcohol?
16. What are fossil fuels really?
17. What causes acid rain?
18. What is the impact of air pollution?
19. What is Gene Therapy?

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 Lesson 2 – TYPES OF RESEARCH PAPERS (2)
CAUSE AND EFFECT Research Paper
It traces the probable or expected results from a particular action or policy in a logical progression
that is easily followed by the reader.
 Step 1: You need to explain the effects by making appropriate links to the causes. This is
where your breakdown of the topic will help you.
 Step 2: Be sure to only focus on a few points. Too many will overcomplicate everything
for your reader.
 Step 3: Organize your research paper. Begin with your thesis statement. It should state the
event, phenomenon, or trend that you want to explore in your paper.
 All of the other paragraphs should begin with topic sentences that explore one of the cause
and effect aspects.
 End your essay by drawing your discussion together neatly.
Some topics to think about:
 Effects of professional sport on children.
 Uber influence on the taxi drivers.
 Telling lies - The cause and effect.
 What are the causes and effects of terrorism?

Some more TOPICS to choose from:

1. Video games can boost IQ.

2. What Caused The Collapse Of The League Of Nations?
3. What Were The Effects Of Nazism On The Jews?
4. Causes Of Slavery In The 18th Century
5. What Were The Consequences Of Civil War In The United States?
6. What Were The Causes Of The Russian Revolution?
7. Using social media improves communication skills.
8. The feminist movement makes women afraid of commitment.
9. Overusing Facebook and other social media can make students unhappy.
10. Working out boosts memory, productivity, and brainpower.
11. Study abroad improves a student’s long-term employability prospects.
12. Reading fiction helps develop empathy.
13. Cramming has no effect on test scores.
14. Why Are Mothers Considered To Be Better Parents?
15. Causes Behind Infidelity In Marriages
16. Can Working For Long Hours Affect Your Marriage?
17. The mass media causes bias in its audience.
18. What causes men to be afraid of commitment?
19. What causes sibling rivalry?

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 20. What causes students to think school is boring?
21. What effect does being labeled "gifted and talented" have on students?
22. What are the causes (or effects) of cyber bullying?
23. What effect does stress have on health?

“Shallow men believe in luck or in circumstance. Strong men believe in cause and effect.” ―
Ralph Waldo Emerson

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST Research Paper
This research paper is about exploring similarities and differences between two subjects, ideas or
events.
Such a paper requires you to move beyond mere description by thinking deeply about the
items being compared, identifying meaningful relationships between them, and deciding
which qualities are most significant.
This process involves evaluating, analyzing, and synthesizing your findings and presenting
them in a meaningful, interesting, and logical way.
This type of research paper is often used in literature courses to compare two different authors, or
stories from a particular genre. It could also be on other topics like sports, medicine, etc. Some
topics to think about:
 Poetry vs. Prose
 Real Madrid vs. Barcelona – which club is more influential?
 An active student and a passive student.
 Two views of your parents: before and after you left home.

Some more TOPICS to choose from:

1. Communism vs. Capitalism

2. Manchester United vs. Manchester City – which club is more influential?
3. Fiction vs. Nonfiction
4. Books vs. movies – why a film adaptation will never match books
5. How do the authors we have studied thus far define and describe feminism?
6. Gandalf vs. Dumbledore
7. Online vs. Traditional Education
8. Facebook vs. Twitter
9. Compare and Contrast Different Branches of Christianity/Islam
10. Female Authors and the Major Themes of Their Works
11. End of an Eternal Night: Literature as an Agent of Social Change
12. Apple vs. Microsoft
13. Fast food chains and fine dining restaurants
14. Mahatma Gandhi vs. Osama Bin Laden.
15. Harry Potter--on the page and on the screen

What lies behind you and what lies in front of you, pales in comparison to what lies inside of you?
- Ralph Waldo Emerson

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INFORMATIVE Research Paper
Two important issues you will address are:
 You need to give your readers enough information so they fully understand what you’re
writing about.
 You need to assume your readers don’t know much (if anything) about your topic. This is
why you’re informing them.
A good informative research topic is a topic that isn’t too broad (like the meaning of life) or too
narrow (like the best place to take a nap on campus).
A good informative essay topic needs to be interesting to both you and your audience.
Remember, the history of the universe might be interesting to you, but not necessarily to your
audience. In this case, it’s your job to make it interesting by engaging your audience.
Some Topics
1. Caffeine addiction - You might start your paper by informing readers why you live on
caffeine and why you’re hooked. You might also include a discussion of how it has
affected you or maybe even your struggles to break your addiction.
2. Domestic Violence - Because this is such an important issue, make sure to provide readers
with statistics and facts to help drive home the importance of helping prevent domestic
violence and helping victims.
3. Poverty - You might narrow this broad topic to discuss poverty in your community or a
specific region. Informing people of the effects of poverty can help educate and also help
people understand how to solve the problem.
4. Prostitution - This type of essay might focus on a historical discussion. After all,
prostitution is often called the world’s oldest profession. You might also approach the
topic with a discussion of the dangers of prostitution or even why it should be legalized.
5. Plastic surgery - Plastic surgery has grown in popularity in recent years, and many teens
are even lining up for surgery. How young is too young to go under the knife? You might
want to include a brief history of plastic surgery and why it has become so popular.
6. Anorexia/Bulimia - Informing readers of possible causes and/or solutions to either
problem is a good place to start. You might also consider focusing on various ways to treat
either disorder.
7. Childhood obesity - People point to many causes for childhood obesity, including fast-
food, video games, and a lack of physical education in schools. You might focus your
paper on one of these causes, or you might try to address aspects of several arguments (if
you have enough time and space).
8. Tattoos - For years, adults hated tattoos and rebellious teens and young adults loved them.
The tide has shifted, though, and seemingly everyone has a tattoo now. What has caused
this societal shift? Why are tattoos now mainstream?
Let this be your best paper ever – Gift Chimbizi

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PERSUASIVE Research Paper
Your job is to make a claim and support it using facts, logic, and research. While you might use
personal experience to argue you will go beyond your own experience by using statistics, views
of experts, and other evidence. An excellent persuasive essay idea for your paper . . .
 Doesn't have an easy answer.
 Has two or more sides.
 Interests other people and involves them in your argument.
 It is a research topic you really care about.
 It is a topic you can research on.
Some interesting topic are:
1. Animal experimentation for any reason is wrong.
2. We can eliminate poverty if everyone takes steps to give more in their local
community.
3. Children should be supervised when using the Internet.
4. Interracial marriages are more fulfilling because they require a greater commitment.
5. Every couple ought to consider the possibility of adopting a child.
6. The legacy of a parent's divorce lasts throughout a person's life.
7. Violence in the media is responsible for an increase in violence among young people.
8. Movies today are better than they were in our parent's generation.
9. Parents should not allow teens to be a part of social networking so that they do not
experience or participate in cyber bullying.
10. By opposing GMO (genetically modified organisms) crops, European nations are
causing 3rd World people to starve or be malnourished.
11. Global Warming is real and we need to get prepared.
12. Video games can help people solve real world problems.
13. Identity theft is a greater problem than you think.
14. Although vegetarianism is often mocked and misunderstood, college students should
consider this lifestyle as a way to be ecologically thoughtful and physically healthy.
15. Childhood obesity is reaching crisis proportions and parents, the media and school
lunches are the cause.
16. Schools should teach more about nutrition and healthy diets.
17. What is the perfect diet for health?
18. Organic food is better and worth a higher price than non-organic produce and meat.
19. Everyone should take a multi-vitamin every day.
20. The only healthy way to lose weight is to eat less and exercise.
21. Mental disorders are often wrongly diagnosed and treated
22. Genetic engineering of humans is a good thing.

A good thesis has clarity, concision, significance, and modesty.

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 Lesson 3 – WRITING YOUR PAPER
 Acknowledgements Page
 Preparing Your Research Paper
 Writing an Outline
 Introduction And Thesis Statement
 Writing Body Paragraph 2 & Body Paragraphs
 Some More Important Points To Note
The Acknowledgements Page
What goes into an Acknowledgements Page?
An Acknowledgements Page summarizes, usually in a full page, the major aspects
of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes:
One paragraph for each of the 3 questions (at least 4 sentences per paragraph)
1. What is the purpose of your paper? What is your topic? Who is involved?
What are you suggesting? Why is it important?
2. What is your aim and how will you achieve this? What is your position
(argument) / What are you trying to understand better? What type of
resources will you use? Analysis? Finding Evidence?
3. Who is your audience? Why? Who do you hope will read this paper? Who
does this mostly affect (more detail)? Does it only affect one group of people,
or could it affect others? How could this be beneficial / not beneficial to
them?
Preparing Your Research Paper
1. Gather some information about your topic by writing down everything you know, checking out
some information on Google, or looking at TED lectures by experts on new technologies and
science. Use what you read to help you create some search terms, and to help you decide on your
own position.
2. Write down different positions people argue on this topic. Academic persuasive essays usually
make one of five types of claims:
 Claims of Value: What is really important? What should we protect or value most?
 Claims of Fact: What really did happen? How should we think about this issue?
 Claims of Definition: What is the actual meaning of a word, an event, or an idea? What
really is the problem?
 Claims of Policy: What should be done about this problem?

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  Claims of Cause or Effect: What is the reason for this problem? What is the cause? What
is the effect?
3. Use the questions above to write as many Claim questions for your issue as you can. Most
issues can have essays on all of the above questions.
4. Write your Claim Question. Decide which of the questions you are most interested in writing
about. Write it down. The question may be a part of your introduction, or it can make a great title.
5. Write down your own answer to the question. This is your thesis.
6. Write down the reasons you believe this answer. These will be your topic ideas for the body
of your paper. Turn these into sentences and you will have your topic sentences done.
7. Write down what other answers people have to this question. This will help you refine the
persuasive essay claim you want to make, and prepare you for adjusting your claim answer. You
may want to qualify your answer by saying "If this... then..." Or you might want to narrow the
claim to a certain group, or a certain time period. You can also use these opposing views in the
body of your paper by bringing them up and then refuting them and saying why your ideas
are better.
8. Make a list of search terms. Looking at what you've written so far, make a list of terms you can
look up to try to get articles for your paper.
9. Do research in your library or on Google Scholar. As you read each article, underline parts that
give you ideas you can use to support different parts of your paper.

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Writing An Outline
An outline is a skeletonized version of your paper that lists the main topics and supporting points.
It can be written in two styles: Topic outline or Sentence outline. Choose one format and stick
to it.
Remember that a TOPIC OUTLINE lists words or phrases. A SENTENCE OUTLINE lists
complete sentences.
A TOPIC OUTLINE arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which are
sub-points), in the sequence you want, and shows what you will talk about. As the name implies,
it identifies all the little mini-topics that your paper will comprise, and shows how they relate.
A SENTENCE OUTLINE does all of this, plus it shows exactly what you will say about each
mini-topic. Each sentence, instead of simply identifying a mini-topic, is like a mini-thesis
statement about that mini-topic. It expresses the specific and complete idea that that section of the
paper will cover as part of proving the overall thesis.

Example of Topic Outline

Several aspects must be considered in writing a topic outline.
 Recall that all headings and subheadings must be words or phrases, not sentences.
 Also, the wording within each division must be parallel.
 Finally, as in any outline, remember that a division or subdivision cannot be divided into
one part; therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and if there is a "1" there must
be a "2."
I. Family Problems
A. Custodial: Non-custodial Conflicts
B. Extended Family
C. Adolescent's Age
II. Economic Problems
A. Child Support
B. Women's Job Training
C. Lower Standard of Living
D. Possible Relocation
III. Peer Problems
A. Loss of Friends
B. Relationships with Dates

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Example of Sentence Outline
If you have chosen to write a sentence outline, all headings and sub-headings must be in sentence
form.
As in any outline, remember that a division or sub-division cannot be divided into one part;
therefore, if there is an "A" there must be a "B," and if there is a "1" there must be a "2."
Negative Effects of Divorce on Adolescents
I. When family conflicts arise as a result of divorce, adolescents suffer.
A. During the first year, these young people may be depressed due to conflicts between the
custodial and non-custodial parents.
B. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles are often restricted by visitation provisions.
C. Almost without exception, adolescents find divorce very painful, but they react in differing
degrees depending on their age.
II. Some of the most negative effects on adolescents may be associated with economic problems.
A. The family will most probably experience a lower standard of living due to the cost of
maintaining two households.
B. Some female custodial parents have poor job skills and must train before entering the job
market.
C. The lower standard of living may result in misunderstanding and conflicts within the family.
D. The decreased standard of living, particularly for an untrained female custodial parent, often
causes relocation.
III. Adolescents from divorced families often experience peer problems.
A. Due to relocation and prejudice, adolescents may lose friends.
B. The lack of a solid relationship with both parents affects an adolescent's attitude toward the
opposite sex.

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Introduction And Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement - This is a ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY of the paper which must appear in
the first paragraph. This will guide your entire paper, so it must be direct, clear, and logical.
It is a clear statement of your position on your topic.
It is not a statement of fact, a how-to, or a definition.

It is an idea, opinion, or theory that you will defend and try to convince your reader to agree
with.

BODY PARAGRAPH TWO

Define key terms and/or offer background information about your research topic. You need to
show the reader WHY this is worth of a research. Give the reader ample information on your
chosen topic – assume that the reader KNOWS NOTHING about the subject under discussion.

BODY PARAGRAPHS

THREE Important Words come to mind:

 Paraphrasing is restating the idea in your own words.  It can be about the same length or
even longer than the original passage.
 Summarizing is restating only the main points of the passage in your own words. It is
very brief.
 Quoting is using the exact words of the author of the passage. It gives the author credit for
those words.

Ideas to Get Reader’s Attention in The Body Paragraphs:

 Begin each paragraph with a TOPIC SENTENCE stating main idea.

 Support each topic sentence with at least seven detailed sentences.
 State and explain hypotheses, and opinions in detailed sentences.
 Compelling facts or statistics/experts/powerful quotes/rhetorical questions/anecdote.
 Describe problems or conditions

Ideas For a CONCLUSION:

 End with a quotation that pulls it all together.
 Summarize your main ideas (restate your thesis.)
 Offer a judgment (analytical only).
 Make a final comment or observation (analytical only).

Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to try just one
more time - Thomas A. Edison

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SOME MORE IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE:
 Font – Times New Roman 12
 Black ink
 Double-spaced
 3-5 pages typed (excluding the title page, outline and bibliography)
 Must have:
o Title page
o Outline page
o Bibliography or REFERENCES page
 Pagination
 Each page should be numbered using last name and page number.
o Title page should not have a number.
o Outline page should be numbered last name and lower case Roman numeral.
o Text pages should be numbered last name and ranging from 1 – to however many
pages you have.
o Bibliography or Works Cited page should be numbered with your last name and
the final page number.
 Avoid using headers and instead use transition sentences to link the paragraphs together
 Avoid
o The use of the 1st or 2nd person voice. Use the 3rd person and maintain an objective
and neutral tone
o The use of contractions. This is a formal paper.
 The topic should be analytical/argumentative/cause and effect/compare and contrast.
You must have a thesis statement and be proving something.
 The paper must be handed in to the teacher as a hard copy and uploaded on to turnitin.com
as a soft copy. Both are required in order for the paper/assignment to be considered
completed.

It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop – Confucius

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 Lesson 4 - APA FORMAT CITATION GUIDE
 Parenthetical: Placement And Guidelines (two authors; no authors; a group;
in-text citation )
 How To Cite Different Source Types (Cite: a book; an e-book, a song, a
website, a TV programme, a film)
This is a complete guide to APA (American Psychological Association) in-text and
reference list citations. This easy-to-use, comprehensive guide makes citing any
source easy. This is the citation referencing we are going to use. There are other
referencing types like MLA and Harvard styles.
1. APA Referencing Basics: Reference List
A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including
the author name, date of publication, title and more. An APA reference list must:
 Be on a new page at the end of the document
 Be centred
 Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t known, in
this case a, an and the should be ignored)
 If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if
the works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and
are allocated a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date
 Contain full references for all in-text references used
2. APA Referencing Basics: In-Text Citation
In-text references must be included following the use of a quote or paraphrase taken
from another piece of work.
In-text citations are citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct
quote or paraphrase. They correspond to a reference in the main reference list.
These citations include the surname of the author and date of publication only.
Using an example author James Mitchell, this takes the form:
Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).
The structure of this changes depending on whether a direct quote or parenthetical
used:

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• Direct Quote: The citation must follow the quote directly and contain a page
number after the date, for example (Mitchell, 2017, p.104). This rule holds for all of
the variations listed.

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PARENTHETICAL: PLACEMENT AND PUNCTUATION GUIDELINES

• Parenthetical: The page number is not needed.

1. Two Authors: The surname of both authors is stated with either ‘and’ or an
ampersand between. For example: Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell
& Smith, 2017).
2. Three, Four or Five Authors: For the first cite, all names should be listed:
Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson,
2017).
Further cites can be shorted to the first author’s name followed by et al:
Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017).
3. No Authors: If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference
should be used. This is usually the title of the source.
If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report, is should be italicised.
For example: (A guide to citation, 2017).
If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page, it should be in quotation marks.
For example: (“APA Citation”, 2017).
4. Citing Authors With Multiple Works From One Year: Works should be cited
with a, b, c etc following the date. These letters are assigned within the reference
list, which is sorted alphabetically by the surname of the first author. For example:
(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).
5. Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses: If these works are by the same
author, the surname is stated once followed by the dates in order chronologically.
For instance: Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)
If these works are by multiple authors then the references are ordered alphabetically
by the first author separated by a semicolon as follows: (Mitchell & Smith 2017;
Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015).
6. Citing a Group or Organisation: For the first cite, the full name of the group
must be used. Subsequently this can be shortened. For example:
 First cite: (International Citation Association, 2015)
 Further Cites: (Citation Association, 2015)

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7. Citing a Secondary Source: In this situation the original author and date should
be stated first followed by ‘as cited in’ followed by the author and date of the
secondary source. For example: Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde,
1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)
8. APA in-text citation
 The APA style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005).
 For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field,
2005, p. 14).

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HOW TO CITE DIFFERENT SOURCE TYPES
In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on source type, unless the author is
unknown.
1. How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter) in APA Format
So the basic format of a book reference is as follows:
Book referencing examples:
 Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
London, England: My Publisher
 Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon rainforest
(2nd ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher
2. How to Cite an Edited Book in APA Format
This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one extra
inclusion: (Ed(s)). The basic format is as follows:
Edited book example:
 Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.).
New York, NY: My Publisher
3. How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in APA Format
To reference a single chapter, a different format is needed. The basic structure is as
follows:
Edited book chapter example:
In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and S.T. Williams
is the editor.
 Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to
citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
4. How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format
An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference except the publisher is
swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL

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*optional.
E-Book example:
 Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager
5. How to Cite an E-Book Chapter in APA Format
This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference except the
publisher is exchanged for a URL. The structure is as follows:
 Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor
initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range). Retrieved from
URL
E-Book chapter example:
 Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to
citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
6. How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format
Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location are
not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with the journal title, volume
number, issue number and page number. The basic structure is:
Journal Article Examples:
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal,
67(2), 81-95
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal,
67(2), 81-95. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager
7. How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online in APA Format
The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of Newspaper,
column/section, p. or pp. Retrieved from URL*
**Only include if the article is online.
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Note: the date includes the year, month and date.
Newspaper Articles Example:
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research world.
The Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9. Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
8. How to Cite Magazine Articles in Print or Online in APA Format
The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the Magazine, pp.
Magazine Article Example:
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research world. The
Mendeley, pp. 26-28
9. How to Cite Non-Print Material in APA Format
How to Cite an Image in APA Format
The basic format to cite an image is:
Image Example:
 Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved from
www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506
10. How to Cite a Film in APA Format
The basic format of a film citation is:
Producer surname, initial (Producer), & Director surname, initial (Director). (Year
of Release). Title of film [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Film Example:
 Hitchcock, A. (Producer), & Hitchcock, A. (1954) Rear window. United
States of America: Paramount Pictures.

The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing - Albert Einstein

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11. How to Cite a TV Programme in APA Format
The basic format is as follows:
Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), & Director surname, initial(s) (Director). (Year
of Release). Episode title [Television series episode]. In Executive producer
surname, initial(s) (Executive Producer), TV series name. City, State of original
channel: Network, Studio or Distributor
TV Programme Example:
 Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire (Writers), & Johnson, R (Director).
(2010). Fly [Television series episode]. In Schnauz, T. (Executive Producer).
Breaking bad. Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures Television
12. How to Cite a Song in APA Format
The basic format to cite a song in APA format is as follows:
Song Example:
 Beyonce, Diplo, MNEK, Koenig, E., Haynie, E., Tillman, J., and Rhoden,
S.M. (2016) Hold up [Recorded by Beyonce]. On Lemonade [visual album].
New York, NY: Parkwood Records (August 16)
13. How to Cite a Website in APA Format
When citing a website, the basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Retrieved from URL
Website example:
 Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved from
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.

Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a
trail - Ralph Waldo Emerson.

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 Lesson 5 - QUOTATIONS & BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR RESEARCH PAPER

 Using Quotations
 What Is Included In A Bibliography?

1. QUOTATIONS In Your Research Paper

For short quotations (less than 40 words):

A quotation of less than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and incorporated
into the sentence.

For long quotations (more than 40 words):

Longer quotations should be set apart from the surrounding text, without quotation marks, in
block format, indented 1 inch (or ten spaces) from the left margin, and double spaced.

If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the second paragraph about 1/2
inch (5 spaces).

Quotations within a quotation:

In block quotations, use double quotation marks to indicate that a phrase is a direct quote. For
shorter quotations, use single quotation marks.

Material removed from a quotation:

Sometimes it is necessary, for brevity, to remove a portion of a paragraph.

Use an ellipsis to indicate that a portion of the quotation has been omitted: three periods with
spaces before and after when the words have been omitted in the middle of a sentence, four
periods (with spaces before and after) when the end of a sentence has been left out.

Material inserted into the quotation:

Sometimes it is necessary, for clarity, to insert a word into a direct quotation.

Use square brackets [like this] to highlight words that have been added to the quotation by
someone other than the original author.
Remember that all quotations, as well as paraphrased text from your research materials must be
properly cited.

Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you react to it. Charles R. Swindoll

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2. WHAT MUST BE INCLUDED IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

Put the word "References" at the top center of the page. Your reference list is alphabetized
according to the first word of each end reference. The reference list is double spaced and
formatted using a hanging indent. To put in a hanging indent, type your references normally.

 AUTHOR’s name
 TITLE of the works
 NAME and PLACE OF PUBLICATION
 PUBLISHER
 DATE OF PUBLICATION
 PAGE NUMBER(S) (For articles from magazines, journals, periodicals, newspapers,
encyclopedias, or in anthologies).

Preparing Your References Page As You Write

You will find it easier to prepare your final bibliography if you keep track of each book,
encyclopedia, or article you use as you are reading and taking notes. Start a preliminary, or draft,
bibliography by listing on a separate sheet of paper all your sources. Note down the full title,
author, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for each source.

Also, every time a fact gets recorded on a note card, its source should be noted in the top right
corner. When you are finished writing your paper, you can use the information on your note cards
to double-check your bibliography.

When assembling a final bibliography, list your sources (texts, articles, interviews, and so on) in
alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources that don't have authors (encyclopedias, movies)
should be put into alphabetical order by title. There are different formats for bibliographies, so be
sure to use the one your teacher prefers.

It's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see - Henry David Thoreau

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 Lesson 6 – PLAGIARISM & TURN-IT-IN
 What Is Plagiarism?
 Checking For Plagiarism
 Revise Your Outline And Draft

PLAGIARISM

According to the definition given in the 1997 New Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the
English Language, plagiarism is "the unauthorized use of the language and thoughts of another
author and the representation of them as one's own" (508).

To avoid plagiarism, all students must document sources properly using Footnotes, Endnotes, or
Parenthetical References, and must write a Bibliography, References, or Works Cited page and
place it at the end of the research paper to list the sources used. Of the three ways to document
sources - Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical References, the simplest is using Parenthetical
References, sometimes referred to as Parenthetical Documentation or Parenthetical Citations.

Here at ISC-Cairo we encourage our students to use Parenthetical References where you
only need to put a short reference enclosed in parentheses immediately after the citation,
then list the sources cited in your Bibliography/Works Cited/References page at the end of
your paper.

If you use Footnote references, you must have numerically superscripted Footnote references at
the foot of the same page where your citations are located, plus you must add a Bibliography,
Works Cited, or References page at the end of your paper.

Turnitin.com
Turnitin.com is a database with multiple applications used for all High School Research Papers.
Typically, students will first submit their Research Paper to their teacher for personal editing help
and then submit onto Turnitin.com their best-revised essay. Turnitin.com checks for plagiarism
off the internet, from other schools, and from other students. Students will be given usernames
and passwords in which to enroll.

Any Research Paper with more than 20% plagiarized material will get a second chance and is
considered as a re-take; and therefore will be marked out of 80.

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REVISE YOUR OUTLINE AND DRAFT

Read your paper for any content errors. Double check the facts and figures. Arrange and rearrange
ideas to follow your outline. Reorganize your outline if necessary, but always keep the purpose of
your paper and your readers in mind.

CHECKLIST ONE:

1. Is my thesis statement concise and clear?

2. Did I follow my outline? Did I miss anything?
3. Are my arguments presented in a logical sequence?
4. Are all sources properly cited to ensure that I am not plagiarizing?
5. Have I proved my thesis with strong supporting arguments?
6. Have I made my intentions and points clear in the essay?

Re-read your paper for grammatical errors. Use a dictionary or a thesaurus as needed. Do a spell
check. Correct all errors that you can spot and improve the overall quality of the paper to the best
of your ability. Get someone else to read it over.

Sometimes a second pair of eyes can see mistakes that you missed.

CHECKLIST TWO:

1. Did I begin each paragraph with a proper topic sentence?

2. Have I supported my arguments with documented proof or examples?
3. Any run-on or unfinished sentences?
4. Any unnecessary or repetitious words?
5. Varying lengths of sentences?
6. Does one paragraph or idea flow smoothly into the next?
7. Any spelling or grammatical errors?
8. Quotes accurate in source, spelling, and punctuation?
9. Are all my citations accurate and in correct format?
10. Did I avoid using contractions? Use "cannot" instead of "can't", "do not" instead of "don't"?
11. Did I use third person as much as possible? Avoid using phrases such as "I think", "I guess",
"I suppose"
12. Have I made my points clear and interesting but remained objective?
13. Did I leave a sense of completion for my reader(s) at the end of the paper?

Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose - Zora Neale Hurston

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 Lesson 7 – MARKING & FEEDBACK
 First Draft Feedback Form
 Research Paper Rubric (Marking Scheme)

FIRST DRAFT FEEDBACK

Name of Student: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Title Page
 Appropriately done / poorly done

Thesis Statement

 What do you want to prove? Clear position/ Unclear/ Poorly done

Outline & Main Body

 Outline page: good / average / poorly done

 Introduction: good / needs to be improved on / very weak.
 Paragraph TWO – define key terms: appropriate/ lacking depth /missing
 Paragraph TWO – background information: appropriate/ lacking depth /missing
 Body paragraphs (Topic sentences): appropriately developed / lack depth / poorly done
 Body paragraphs: (Supporting sentences): appropriately developed / lack depth / poorly done
 Mechanics - SPaG: good / satisfactory / poor – work on it!!
 Conclusion – appropriately done / just fine / poorly done
 Bibliography - appropriately done / just fine / poorly done

Overall Comment

At this rate you are working within:

0-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 90-100

Format of a Research Paper: appropriately done/poorly done/needs improvement

Additional Comments

Research is creating new knowledge. Neil Armstrong

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 RESEARCH PAPER RUBRIC (MARKING SCHEME)

IDEAS and CONTENT:

Gathers information from reliable library and Internet sources (4 points)
Presents facts, hypotheses, and authoritative opinions about a subject (4 points) ___/20
Answers a specific research question about the subject with reliable and relevant info (4
points)
Identifies sources of information in parenthetical citations in proper MLA format (4 points)
Provides an outline which properly indicates the organizational structure of the paper (4
points)

ORGANIZATION:
Introductory paragraph (at least five sentences):
• Appeals to a reader’s interest or curiosity (2 points)
• Identifies the main topic of the report (4 points)
• States a thesis – what the report will show about the topic (4 points) ___/35

Body of essay (at least four paragraphs, each with a topic sentence):
• Begins each paragraph with topic sentence stating main idea of research question (5 points)
• Supports each topic sentence with at least seven detail sentences (5 points)
• States and explains facts, hypotheses, and opinions in detail sentences (5 points)

Concluding paragraph (three or four sentences):

• Restates thesis in a new way (5 points)
• Summarizes the most important or interesting idea in the body paragraphs (5 points)

VOICE AND FLUENCEY:

Speaks from 3rd person point of view with an objective, informative tone (5 points)
Uses transitional phrases and varied sentence structure (5 points) ___/25
Uses own words to paraphrase and summarize information from sources (15 points)

MECHANICS:
Punctuates direct quotations correctly (2 points)
Starts all sentences and proper nouns with capitals (2 points) ___/10
Completes all sentences (no fragments ) and avoids run-on sentences (2 points)
Indents each new paragraph and ends all sentences with correct punctuation (2 points)
Spells all words correctly 2 points)

PRESENTATION:
Follows the proper MLA format (3 points) ___/10
Title page follows proper guidelines (2 points)
Bibliography follows the correct format (5 points)

TOTAL SCORE: __________/100

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