Common Derivatives

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 =1 [𝑎𝑓 𝑥 ] = 𝑎 [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Limits & Derivatives Cheat Sheet 𝑑
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑑
𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Properties of Limits 𝑑 𝑑
𝑐 =0 [𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑛−1 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑛
lim [𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 ] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛+1
=−
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
lim [𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑
lim = 𝑥→𝑎 𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
lim [𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑛 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
Limit Evaluations At ±∞ tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = −csc 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
lim 𝑒 𝑥 = ∞ and lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞
Derivatives of Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
lim ln 𝑥 = ∞ and lim+ ln 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
if r > 0: lim 𝑟 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑐 ln |𝑥| = ln 𝑥 = , 𝑥 > 0
if r > 0 & ∀𝑥 > 0 𝑥 𝑟 ∈ ℝ ∶ lim 𝑟 = 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥
𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑 1 ln 𝑓(𝑥) =
lim 𝑥 𝑟 = ∞ for even r log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→±∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎
lim 𝑥 𝑟 = ∞ and lim 𝑥 𝑟 = −∞ for odd r
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑓
𝑒 = 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎 𝑥
= 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎 𝑓′(𝑥)
L’Hopital’s Rule 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 0 ±∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

𝑔 𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥
If lim = or then lim = lim 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 + ln 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0 ±∞ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

Derivative Definition Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions

𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim sin−1 𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥| 𝑥 2 − 1

Product Rule 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
cos−1 𝑥 = − csc −1 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥| 𝑥 2 − 1
′
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
tan−1 𝑥 = cot−1 𝑥 = −
Quotient Rule 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ]2
𝑑 𝑑
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 sech 𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 csch 𝑥
Chain Rule 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 csch 𝑥 = − tanh 𝑥 sech 𝑥
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Basic Properties of Derivatives tanh 𝑥 = 1 − tanh2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 ′ = 𝑐[𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ] 𝑑
coth 𝑥 = −1 − coth2 𝑥
′ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓′(𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥)
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 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

න cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 න csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Integration Cheat Sheet

න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 න sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration Properties
𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
න sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 න csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± න 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 න cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶 න csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑎
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
න sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 න cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑏 𝑎
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 න tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

න sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
𝑏
න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹 𝑥 ]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹 𝑎 1 1 𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 +𝐶
𝑎 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
where 𝑓 is continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑓 ′ = 𝐹
1 𝑥
Definite Integral Definition න 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝐶
𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑎
𝑏 𝑛

න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 ∆𝑥
𝑎 𝑛→∞ Partial Fractions
𝑘=1
𝑏−𝑎 𝑅(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
where ∆𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑎 + 𝑘∆𝑥 = + + ⋯+ ,
𝑛 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 (𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 )
where 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 … (𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 )
Common Integrals 𝑅(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
= + +⋯+
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 ) 2 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑛
න 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 where a linear factor of 𝑄 𝑥 is repeated 𝑛 times
𝑛+1
𝑅(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
1 = 2
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 න ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 where 𝑄 𝑥 has a factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

𝑏𝑥 𝑅(𝑥) 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑛
= 2 + + ⋯+
න 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 න 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝑄 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑛
ln 𝑏
where 𝑄 𝑥 has a factor 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , where 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
1 1
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න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶 Integration by Parts

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎
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1 1 𝑥−𝑎 න 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢, where 𝑣 = න 𝑑𝑣

න 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = ln
𝑥 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
or න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − න 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2
𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2
Integrals of Symmetric Functions
Integration by Substitution 𝑎 𝑎
If 𝑓 is even 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
−𝑎 0
න 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑎
𝑎 𝑔(𝑎)
where 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 If 𝑓 is odd 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 , then න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎
 Applications of Integration
𝑏
Area Between 2 Curves 𝐴 = න |𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 | 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Integration & Multivariate Calculus 𝑛 𝑏
lim ෍ 𝐴(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥 = න 𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Cheat Sheet Volume Definition
𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑎

Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

Expression Substitution Evaluation Identity Used

𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 1 − sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎2 sec 2 𝜃 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 − 1 = tan2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 tan2 𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Strategy for Evaluating ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬ Strategy for Evaluating ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬
If 𝑛 is odd If 𝑛 is even
න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 2𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 2𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑘−1 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න sin𝑚 𝑥 1 − sin2 𝑥 𝑘
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan𝑚 𝑥 1 + tan2 𝑥 𝑘−1
sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Then substitute: 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 Then substitute: 𝑢 = tan 𝑥

If 𝑚 is odd If 𝑚 is odd
න sin2𝑘+1 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න sin2 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 න tan2𝑘+1 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= න 1 − cos2 𝑥 𝑘
cos 𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න tan2 𝑥 𝑘
sec 𝑛−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Then substitute: 𝑢 = cos 𝑥

= න sec 2 𝑥 − 1 sec 𝑛−1 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If 𝑛 and 𝑚 are even
Use the half angle identities: Then substitute: 𝑢 = sec 𝑥
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥 and cos2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥
2 2 Product Identities
1
or this identity: sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
2
න sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐵
Derivatives of Vector Functions 2
𝑑 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝐮 𝑡 +𝐯 𝑡 = 𝐮′ 𝑡 + 𝐯 ′ 𝑡 න sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝑎 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
𝑑
𝑐𝐮 𝑡 = 𝑐𝐮′(𝑡) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
𝑑𝑡 න cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑓 𝑡 𝐮𝑡 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑡 𝐮 𝑡 + 𝑓 𝑡 𝐮′(𝑡) 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 Definite Integral of a Vector Function
𝐮 𝑡 ∙𝐯 𝑡 = 𝐮′ 𝑡 ∙ 𝐯 𝑡 + 𝐮(𝑡) ∙ 𝐯′(𝑡) 𝑏
𝑑𝑡
න 𝐫(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑎
𝐮 𝑡 ×𝐯 𝑡 = 𝐮′ 𝑡 × 𝐯 𝑡 + 𝐮(𝑡) × 𝐯′(𝑡) 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑑𝑡
= න 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝐢 + න 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝐣 + න ℎ(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝐤
𝑑 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐮 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑡 𝐮′ 𝑓 𝑡 , (chain rule)
𝑑𝑡
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