1.

Recombinant DNA technology is the process of combining DNA from different sources to create a new
DNA molecule.

2. The first step of recombinant DNA technology is to isolate the DNA from the source organisms.

3. Restriction enzymes are often used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific sites.

4. DNA ligase is an enzyme used to join together DNA fragments during recombinant DNA technology.

5. A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that is commonly used as a vector in
recombinant DNA technology.

6. In PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), DNA is copied in vitro using a heat-stable DNA polymerase
enzyme.

7. The purpose of adding a primer in PCR is to provide a starting point for DNA synthesis.

8. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size during recombinant
DNA technology.

9. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move towards the positive electrode due to their negative
charge.

10. The purpose of a DNA ladder in gel electrophoresis is to estimate the size of the DNA fragments.

11. A cDNA (complementary DNA) library is made from RNA transcripts using the enzyme reverse
transcriptase.

12. The main advantage of cDNA libraries in recombinant DNA technology is that they only contain
expressed genes.
13. A genomic library contains all the DNA sequences of an organism, including both coding and non-
coding regions.

14. The human insulin gene was first cloned and expressed using recombinant DNA technology.

15. Bt crops are genetically modified crops that contain genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis,
which produce a toxic protein that kills targeted pests.

16. Transgenic animals are animals that have had foreign genes inserted into their genome using
recombinant DNA technology.

17. The transformation process in bacterial recombinant DNA technology involves introducing foreign
DNA into bacteria.

18. Ethical concerns regarding recombinant DNA technology include potential risks to human health and
the environment.

19. Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the production of therapeutic proteins, such as
insulin and growth hormones.

20. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique in recombinant DNA technology
because it can amplify specific DNA sequences.

21. The first step in PCR is denaturation, where the double-stranded DNA template is heated to separate
the two strands.

22. The primer annealing step in PCR involves cooling the reaction mixture to allow the primers to bind
to complementary sequences on the template DNA.

23. The extension step of PCR involves the addition of DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands
using the primers as a starting point.
24. Real-time PCR, also known as quantitative PCR (qPCR), allows for the quantification of the
amplification product during the PCR reaction.

25. Taq polymerase, derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, is commonly used in
PCR due to its heat stability.

26. DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses gel electrophoresis to compare the genetic profiles of
individuals.

27. DNA sequencing is a method used to determine the exact order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

28. Sanger sequencing, also known as dideoxy sequencing, is a widely used method of DNA sequencing.

29. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized DNA sequencing by enabling
high-throughput and rapid sequencing of DNA.

30. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism in which small RNA molecules inhibit gene expression.

31. Knockout mice are generated in the lab by using recombinant DNA technology to disrupt or eliminate
specific genes.

32. Homologous recombination is a process in which a targeted alteration is made to a specific gene by
introducing a DNA sequence with desired changes.

33. Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to introduce specific mutations into a DNA sequence.

34. DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, are tools used to analyze the expression levels of
thousands of genes simultaneously.

35. Synthetic biology is a field of science that combines recombinant DNA technology and engineering
principles to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems.
36. CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary genome editing technology that allows for precise alterations to
specific genes.

37. The CRISPR-Cas9 system uses a guide RNA molecule to target specific DNA sequences for editing.

38. CRISPR-Cas9 has a wide range of applications, including disease research, gene therapy, and
agriculture.

39. Bioinformatics is the use of computational tools and techniques to analyze and interpret biological
data, such as DNA sequences.

40. Genomic medicine is a field that applies knowledge of an individual's complete DNA sequence to
guide medical decision-making.

41. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis.

42. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such
as herbicide-resistant crops.

43. Due to its versatility and wide range of applications, recombinant DNA technology has become a
cornerstone of modern biotechnology.

44. One of the main advantages of recombinant DNA technology is the ability to produce large quantities
of specific proteins of interest.

45. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to develop vaccines against diseases such as hepatitis B
and human papillomavirus (HPV).

46. Hybridoma technology is a recombinant DNA technology that combines antibody-producing cells
with immortal tumor cells to create a continuous supply of monoclonal antibodies.
47. DNA cloning is the process of making identical copies of a piece of DNA using recombinant DNA
technology.

48. Electroporation is a method commonly used to introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells.

49. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique but can be prone to errors if not
optimized correctly.

50. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized the field of gene editing due to its simplicity and
efficiency.

51. DNA amplification is a key step in recombinant DNA technology to generate sufficient DNA for
analysis or use.

52. In-vivo DNA amplification refers to the amplification of DNA inside a living organism, such as bacterial
replication.

53. PCR is an example of in-vitro DNA amplification, where DNA is amplified in a test tube or reaction
vessel.

54. The target DNA sequence to be amplified during PCR is bracketed by two primers that bind to
complementary sequences on the DNA template.

55. The DNA polymerase used in PCR is a heat-stable enzyme, such as Taq polymerase or Pfu
polymerase.

56. In nested PCR, a second round of amplification is performed using a different set of primers designed
to bind within the first amplified DNA sequence.

57. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is a variation of PCR used to amplify RNA sequences by first
converting them into complementary DNA (cDNA).
58. Multiplex PCR is a technique that allows the amplification of multiple target DNA sequences
simultaneously using multiple primer pairs.

59. Real-time PCR (qPCR) allows for the monitoring and quantification of the amplification process in
real-time using fluorescent dyes or probes.

60. High-resolution melting analysis (HRM) is a post-PCR technique that can differentiate DNA sequences
based on their melting behavior.

61. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has significantly impacted various fields, including forensics,
diagnostics, and genetic research.

62. The main application of DNA fingerprinting is in forensic science for human identification and
paternity testing.

63. DNA fingerprinting relies on the presence of highly variable repetitive DNA sequences, such as short
tandem repeats (STRs).

64. Gel electrophoresis is used in DNA fingerprinting to separate DNA fragments based on size, allowing
for comparison between different samples.

65. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

66. The Sanger sequencing method is based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating
dideoxynucleotides during DNA synthesis.

67. Modern DNA sequencing technologies, such as NGS, can generate millions of DNA sequences
simultaneously, resulting in high-throughput sequencing.

68. NGS technologies have significantly reduced the cost and time required for DNA sequencing, allowing
for large-scale genomic studies.
69. The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence the entire human genome,
which was completed in 2003.

70. The ENCODE project is an ongoing collaborative effort aimed at identifying all functional elements in
the human genome.

71. DNA microarray technology allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression levels of
thousands of genes in a single experiment.

72. Bioinformatics plays a crucial role in analyzing and interpreting the vast amount of data generated by
DNA microarrays and other genomic studies.

73. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation in the
human genome, which can be detected using DNA microarrays.

74. Genomic medicine aims to use individual genomic information to guide personalized healthcare
decisions, such as drug selection and dosage.

75. Pharmacogenomics is a field of genomic medicine that studies how an individual's genetic makeup
influences their response to drugs.

76. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genome editing tool that allows for targeted modifications of
specific DNA sequences.

77. CRISPR-Cas9 works by using a guide RNA molecule to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a specific DNA
target, where it induces a double-strand break.

78. The double-strand breaks created by the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be repaired by either non-
homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms.

79. While the CRISPR-Cas9 system is highly efficient, it can also induce off-target effects, leading to
unintended genomic modifications.
80. CRISPR-Cas9 has the potential to revolutionize gene therapy by enabling the targeted correction of
disease-causing mutations.

81. Synthetic biology combines engineering and biology principles to design and construct novel
biological parts, devices, and systems.

82. The main goal of synthetic biology is to create new biological functions that do not exist in nature or
enhance existing functions.

83. Biofuels, such as ethanol produced from genetically modified bacteria or algae, are a potential
application of synthetic biology.

84. CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in synthetic biology to create genetic circuits and engineer microbial
cells for various biotechnological applications.

85. The field of synthetic genomics aims to assemble entire genomes from individual DNA fragments,
enabling the creation of entirely synthetic organisms.

86. The design-build-test cycle is a fundamental concept in synthetic biology, where designs are built,
tested, and modified iteratively for optimization.

87. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are computational tools used in synthetic biology to
simulate and predict cellular behavior.

88. Synthetic biology holds promise for applications such as bioremediation, biosensors, and
bioproduction of valuable compounds.

89. The first successful gene therapy trial, using recombinant DNA technology, was performed in 1990 for
the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

90. Gene therapy involves the introduction of functional genes into a patient's cells to treat or prevent
genetic diseases.
91. The main types of gene therapy approaches include in vivo gene therapy, ex vivo gene therapy, and
in situ gene therapy.

92. In vivo gene therapy involves directly delivering therapeutic genes into the patient's body, typically
using a viral vector.

93. Ex vivo gene therapy involves removing cells from the patient's body, genetically modifying them
outside the body, and then re-implanting the modified cells back into the patient.

94. In situ gene therapy involves directly injecting therapeutic genes into specific target tissues in the
patient.

95. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are commonly used as viral vectors in gene therapy due to their low
immunogenicity and ability to efficiently deliver genes to target cells.

96. Gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, hold promise for precise gene therapy by correcting
disease-causing mutations directly in the patient's genome.

97. One of the main challenges in gene therapy is the immune response against the viral vectors used to
deliver the therapeutic genes.

98. The ethical considerations in gene therapy include concerns about the long-term effects, potential
germline editing, and the unequal accessibility of treatments.

99. Despite significant progress, gene therapy has faced setbacks, including serious adverse events,
limitations in vector delivery, and difficulties in achieving long-term gene expression.

100. Gene doping is a potential future concern in sports, where athletes could use gene therapy to
enhance their performance by artificially modifying their genetic makeup.