Transformer Health Monitoring System and Overheating

Protection System

Project Phase-2 thesis

submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering

by
Ms. Priti Kothe Ms. Trupti
Gotaphode Mr. Ganesh Mokampalle Mr. Rutik
Kelkar

Guide
Prof. P. P. Jagtap
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade

Ranked 163 by NIRF, in the Engineering Category for India Ranking 2022,
th

Dec 2022
 Transformer Health Monitoring System and Overheating
Protection System

Project Phase-2 thesis

submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
by
Ms. Priti Kothe Ms. Trupti Gotaphode
Mr. Ganesh Mokampalle Mr. Rutik Kelkar

Guide
Prof. P. P. Jagtap
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur)

Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade

Ranked 163 by NIRF, MHRD in the Engineering Category for India Ranking 2022,
th

Dec 2022
© G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Year 2022
 Declaration

We, hereby declare that the project report titled “Transformer Health
Monitoring System and Overheating Protection System” submitted herein has been
carried out by us towards partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering. The work is original and has not
been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this
or any other Institution / University.

We also hereby assign to G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur all rights

under copyright that may exist in and to the above work and any revised or expanded
derivatives works based on the work as mentioned. Other work copied from references,
manuals etc. are disclaimed.

Name of student Mobile No Mail ID Signature

(Other than Raisoni.net)
Priti Kothe 8329493678 pritikothe15@gmail.com
Trupti Gotaphode 9322285619 truptigotaphode@gmail.com
Ganesh Mokampalle 7218886532 mokampalleganesh@gmail.com
Rutik Kelkar 7620122706 rutikkelkar002@gmail.com

Place : Nagpur
Date :
 Certificate

The project report entitled as “Transformer Health Monitoring System and

Overheating Protection System” submitted by Priti Kothe, Trupti Gotaphode, Ganesh

Mokampalle and Rutik Kelkar for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Electrical Engineering has been carried out under my supervision. The work is

comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Prof. P. P. Jagtap Prof. Suraj Dudhe

Guide Project Incharge
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Department of
Engineering Electrical
G H R C E, Nagpur Engineering
G H R C E, Nagpur

Dr. Prema Daigavane Dr. Sachin Untawale

Head Director
Department of Electrical G H R C E, Nagpur
Engineering G H R C E, Nagpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Success is a sign of hard work, perseverance, inspiration, motivation and innovation.

Successful projects are the result of the efforts of many people, some of whom have been
directly involved, while others have quietly provided encouragement and support in the
background. , we would like to express our deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to all who
have directly or indirectly helped us with our project.

First of all, our project mentor, Prof.P.P.Jagtap I would like to express my gratitude and
greetings to Professor (Department of Electrical Engineering, GHRCE, Nagpur ) for his
valuable guidance and suggestions. He was always there to help us when we were in
trouble. I also appreciate the opportunity to receive industry education on the latest
technological trends. Dr. Sachin Untawale, Director, GHRCE, Nagpur and Dr. Prema
Daigavane, HOD of Electrical Department, Prof. Suraj Dudhe Project Incharge has
provided us with a positive work culture and environment that has always served as a
milestone in our careers.

We would also like to thank all GHRCE educational staff and non-members who directly or
indirectly assisted us by contributing their professional and practical knowledge in
completing the project. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the teaching staff and my
classmates.
 ABSTRACT

Distribution companies are in fierce competition to provide reliable power at low prices
costs. Maintenance and replacement of transformers is reportedly taken for granted an
expensive exercise for all companies. With this factor in mind, IoT-based distribution.In this
work, a transformer monitoring system is developed for health monitoring distribution
transformers at regular intervals. The health index is determined based on the change in
voltage, temperature changes and load capacity, which are measured using sensors.

Arduino was chosen as the processor for the sensed data, while ThingSpeak was chosen as
the IoT platform. This inexpensive system can be installed in the transformer at any location
monitored remotely, which not only determines the state of health, but also helps in
prediction and its lifespan.

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Overall operation of Internet of Things............................................................................1

Figure 2 Application of IoT in Energy Market................................................................................2
Figure 3 IoT based Transmission Line............................................................................................3
Figure 4 Different transformer condition monitoring system.........................................................6
Figure 5 Different offline Parameters............................................................................................10
Figure 6. Different online parameters............................................................................................12
Figure 7 GSM based transformer monitoring system...................................................................15
Figure 8. Distribution System........................................................................................................16
Figure 9 An overview of proposed system....................................................................................16
Figure 10 Proposed System...........................................................................................................22
Figure 11 ThingSpeak cloud server...............................................................................................23
Figure 12 workflow of system.......................................................................................................23
Figure 13 Displays 1-phase data....................................................................................................24
Figure 14 CT Circuit......................................................................................................................26
Figure 15 Voltage Sensor..............................................................................................................27
Figure 16 Overall Circuit Diagram................................................................................................28
Figure 17 All-in one server algorithm...........................................................................................30
Figure 18 Overall process is shown in flow diagram....................................................................31
Figure 19 Traditional Process........................................................................................................32
Figure 20 IoT System....................................................................................................................32
Figure 21 Hardware Setup.............................................................................................................34
Figure 22 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters.....................................................................35
Figure 23 Health index calculated.................................................................................................35

ii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEMO : Australian Energy Market Operator.................................................................................2

DGA: Dissolved Gas Analysis........................................................................................................7
DTs: Distribution Transformers.......................................................................................................4
Iot : Internet Of Things....................................................................................................................1
NFC: Near Field Communication..................................................................................................18
UHF: Ultra High Frequency............................................................................................................6

iii
 Index

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................i
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................................ii
List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
1.1 Internet of Things (IoT)..................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Benefits of IoT [2]......................................................................................................................2
1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (Iot).........................................................................................2
1.2.1 Application of IoT in Energy Systems.....................................................................................2
1.2.2 IoT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems....................................................................3
1.3 Transformer Protection System......................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Transformer Condition Monitoring........................................................................................6
1.4 Wireless monitoring of distribution transformer..........................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE SURVEY....................................13
2.1 Problem Formulation....................................................................................................................14
2.2 Literature Survey..........................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S HEALTH MONITORING
SYSTEM
...................................................................................................................................................................
16
3.1 Methodology...................................................................................................................................17
3.1.1 Cloud Server...............................................................................................................................17
3.2 Workflow of the proposed system....................................................................................................21
3.3 Hardware design and implementation.........................................................................................26
3.3 Software coding..............................................................................................................................24
3.4 All-in one server algorithm...........................................................................................................24
3.5 System flow diagram.....................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS....................................................................................26
4.1 Hardware Setup.............................................................................................................................27
4.2 Testing and Results........................................................................................................................27
4.3 Discussion.............................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE.......................................................................29
5.1 Application.....................................................................................................................................30
 5.2 Future Scope..................................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................31
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Internet of Things (IoT)

An IoT surroundings contains various sensors, communique media, and devices that have
interaction and exchange records with every different. those devices utilize the cloud to
change sensor information and technique it for choice-making [1]. The devices perform
autonomously, as depicted in discern 1 [2], and customers can have interaction with them.

To illustrate an IoT environment, diverse IoT-based technologies transmit data to a central

hub for data collection. This data can be processed for analysis or sent to different interfaces,
such as smartphones or man-machine systems, to perform desired actions. This represents a
significant technological advancement that enables more accurate and efficient interactions
between humans and machines. Research indicates that by 2025, there will be a billion
interconnected devices on the internet. The connectivity of devices creates intelligent
networks, and smart devices are being developed. Once connected, data can be analyzed in
various ways.

Figure 1 Overall operation of Internet of Things

By combining IoT and automation, better and faster products can be created at lower costs.
Through automation, operations can be performed automatically and with greater precision.
IoT provides opportunities to optimize resource consumption while saving time and money.

1
1.1.1 Benefits of IoT [2]

The emergence of IoT and automation has accelerated the monitoring of comprehensive systems
and processes. Moreover, by adding value and reliability, the Internet of Things enhances the
consumer experience when using products and services. IoT also enables businesses to save time
and money by implementing surveillance systems. These monitoring systems can be employed in
distribution networks to reduce downtime after a failure. Deploying IoT-based devices in offices
and homes will expedite various aspects of daily life, as self-sufficient systems like thermostats,
air conditioners, and lighting allow people to allocate more time to other responsibilities.

IoT-based systems can be remotely controlled and easily monitored, even in adverse weather
conditions and challenging work environments. Consequently, IoT-based technologies offer
enhanced reliability, speed, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and security in their operations.

1.2 Applications of Internet of Things (IoT)

1.2.1 Application of IoT in Energy Systems

Within the context of the Australian strength market regulated via AEMO (Australian electricity
marketplace Operator), the implementation of IoT has been successful. The net of things provides
actual-time statistics and permits market members to display diverse facts points.

Figure 2 Application of IoT in Energy Market

The IoT system enables different distribution companies to synchronize and operate under a

2
single management entity. By deploying sensors throughout the distribution network,
troubleshooting can be minimized or even prevented. Additionally, smart energy meters facilitate
faster billing processes. These sensors can also communicate with each other to regulate the flow
of electricity based on the maximum load permitted for a particular user. In contrast, IoT sensors
can adjust gas pressure in accordance with regulations. Since both the gas and electricity
distribution systems are centrally controlled, communication methods can be standardized for
improved efficiency and coordination.

1.2.2 IoT Based Monitoring of Transmission Systems

Electricity lines play a crucial role in IoT-based surveillance systems. However, they are
susceptible to various natural hazards that can impact the stability and reliability of the system
[3]. While there are currently several wireless network systems in practical use, they often face
challenges associated with high operational and maintenance expenses.

Figure 3 IoT based Transmission Line

1.3 Transformer Protection System

This project focuses on the continuous monitoring of oil temperature in a transformer to prevent
overheating and potential faults. Transformers are crucial components of the power transmission
and distribution infrastructure, and monitoring them is essential to avoid costly repairs or
replacements, as well as service disruptions and revenue loss.
3
To monitor the oil temperature, a system has been developed that senses the temperature and
automatically activates the circuit breaker if the temperature exceeds the specified limit. It also
alerts the electricity department through a buzzer alarm system and displays the temperature on
an LCD display.
The temperature is sensed using an inexpensive method where the Arduino UNO reads the
analog data from an ADC module and converts it into the actual temperature reading. The
Arduino UNO is programmed to determine the appropriate action based on the temperature input
and displays the oil temperature on the LCD display.

Objectives of Project includes :

The objectives of this project include continuous oil temperature reading, alerts through a buzzer,
visual alerts and continuous monitoring on the LCD display, and reliability for industrial needs.

The project provides exposure to : various aspects such as initializing the ADC module of
Arduino UNO, understanding temperature sensor characteristics, embedded C programming,
PCB designing, and LCD interfacing with Arduino UNO.

The major building blocks of the project include a regulated power supply, Arduino UNO,
temperature sensor, relay with driver, buzzer, LCD display with driver, and LED indicators.

The software used for hardware simulation is Proteus, while the Arduino IDE software is used
for programming the Arduino UNO.

4
 Regulated Power Supply

1.3.1Components Used
Arduino

5
Arduino is a microcontroller board designed to facilitate the development of interactive objects
and environments. It features open-source hardware and is built around either an 8-bit Atmel
AVR microcontroller or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. The board includes various hardware components
such as a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, and 14 digital I/O pins, allowing users to connect
different extension boards.
The Arduino Uno board, specifically, is based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. It offers 14
digital I/O pins, with 6 of them capable of functioning as PWM outputs. The board also includes
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack,
and a reset button. These features provide all the necessary support for the microcontroller. To
begin using the Arduino Uno, it can be connected to a computer via a USB cable or powered
using an AC-to-DC adapter or battery. Unlike other boards, the Arduino Uno does not utilize the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (or Atmega8U2 in older
versions) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Arduino with Digital Input/Output

There are various types of Arduino boards available, including third-party compatible versions.
6
The official versions are the Arduino Uno R3 and the Arduino Nano V3. Both of these boards are
equipped with a 16 MHz Atmel ATmega328P 8-bit microcontroller, 32KB of flash RAM, 14
digital I/O pins, and six analog I/O pins. It's important to note that the 32KB of flash RAM is not
intended for running operating systems like Windows. Arduino projects can be standalone or can
communicate with software running on a computer, such as Flash, Processing, or Max/MSP. The
board is powered by a 16 MHz ceramic resonator and includes a USB connection for power and
communication. Additionally, it is possible to expand the storage capacity by adding a micro
SD/SD card.

Features of the Arduino Uno Board:

1. It offers an easy-to-use USB interface, allowing for seamless connection to a computer as a
virtual serial port. This enables simple and reliable serial communication between the board
and the computer.

2. The board utilizes the ATmega328 chip as its microcontroller brain, which provides a wide
range of hardware features including timers, external and internal interrupts, PWM pins, and
multiple sleep modes. These features enhance the capabilities of the board for various
applications.

3. Being an open-source design, Arduino benefits from a large community of users who
contribute to its development and troubleshooting. This active community support makes it
easier to find assistance and resolve issues when working on projects.

4. The board operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz, which is sufficient for most applications
without unnecessarily speeding up the microcontroller.

5. Arduino boards come with built-in voltage regulation, making power management
convenient. They can be powered directly from a USB port without the need for an external
power source. Additionally, an external power supply of up to 12V can be connected, and the
board regulates it to provide both 5V and 3.3V power.

6. The board features an In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) connector, which allows for
direct interfacing with the Arduino as a serial device, bypassing the USB port. This connector

7
 is useful for re-bootloading the chip in case of corruption or when the USB port is not
accessible.

7. Arduino boards have 32 KB of flash memory available for storing code, providing ample
space for programming and storing instructions.

8. An on-board LED is connected to digital pin 13, which serves as a convenient debugging
tool, allowing for quick visual feedback during code development. Additionally, a reset
button is provided to easily restart the program on the chip.

9. Arduino was created in 2005 by two Italian engineers, David Cuartillas and Massimo Banzi,
with the goal of teaching students how to program microcontrollers and enhance their
electronics skills for real-world applications.

10. Arduino Uno, like other Arduino boards, can sense its environment through various sensors
and control external devices such as lights and motors. The programming language used for
Arduino is based on Wiring, and the development environment is based on Processing,
making it accessible and user-friendly for beginners.

ATmega168/328-Arduino Pin Mapping:

8
 LM35 Temperature Sensor

Temperature is a commonly measured environmental parameter due to its effect on various

systems along with physical, chemical, electronic, mechanical, and biological systems. distinctive
structures and procedures have top-quality temperature ranges for their efficient operation.
Temperature sensing may be finished via direct contact with the heat supply or remotely using
non-touch methods that depend upon measuring radiated energy.

In the market, there is a wide range of temperature sensors available to suit different applications.
Some commonly used types of temperature sensors include:

Thermocouples: These sensors utilize the principle of thermoelectric effect to measure

temperature. They consist of two different metal wires joined at a junction. The temperature
difference between the junction and the other ends of the wires generates a voltage that is
proportional to the temperature.

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): RTDs are temperature sensors that rely on the change
in electrical resistance of certain materials with temperature. Typically, platinum is used as the
sensing element due to its stable and predictable resistance-temperature characteristics.

Thermistors: Thermistors are semiconductor devices whose electrical resistance varies with
temperature. They are typically made from ceramic or polymer materials and exhibit a highly
nonlinear response to temperature changes.

Infrared (IR) Sensors: Infrared temperature sensors measure temperature without direct contact
by detecting the thermal radiation emitted by objects. They can be used for both non-contact and
9
remote temperature measurement.

Semiconductor Sensors: Semiconductor temperature sensors, such as integrated circuit (IC)

temperature sensors, utilize the temperature-dependent characteristics of semiconductor materials
to measure temperature. These sensors are often integrated into electronic devices and provide
accurate and reliable temperature readings.

The choice of temperature sensor depends on factors such as the required temperature range,
accuracy, response time, and the specific application. By selecting the appropriate temperature
sensor, precise temperature monitoring can be achieved in various systems and processes.

1.3.2 Working

A temperature control circuit can be created using an Arduino Uno and an LM35 temperature
sensor, along with other necessary components. A 16×2 LCD is utilized to display the current
temperature and set points. The LM35 sensor provides an analog output that is proportional to the
temperature, which is connected to the Arduino's analog input A0. The temperature reading is
then compared to the set points. If the temperature exceeds the set point, indicating that it is too
high, the heating element (e.g., a relay-connected heater) is turned off. Conversely, if the
10
temperature is below the set point, the relay (heater) is turned on. The status of the heater (on/off)
is displayed on both an LED and the LCD. Two tactile switches are used to adjust the
temperature set point.

In this setup, the Arduino functions as the main controller for the digital temperature control
system. It receives input from the temperature sensor, compares it to the predefined set points,
and controls the heating device accordingly. The system also provides a display of the device's
status (on/off) and the current temperature. The temperature controller ensures precise
temperature regulation by comparing the actual temperature, measured by the LM35 temperature
sensor, to the desired control temperature (set point). Based on this comparison, the controller
sends an output signal to control elements such as heaters or fans.

Using the LM35 as a temperature sensor, the circuit can measure the temperature of a transformer
or any other target object. Since the LM35 provides an analog value, it needs to be converted to a
digital value for comparison with a given temperature range. The Arduino is responsible for
converting the analog value to a digital format. The recorded temperature value is then displayed
on a digital display.

In this setup, if the recorded temperature exceeds the given temperature range, an alarm or buzzer
is activated to indicate that the transformer's temperature has exceeded its rated capacity. This
information can be used to take necessary actions. Additionally, the circuit breaker can be
operated to interrupt the loads connected to the transformer, helping to maintain the temperature
within the rated capacity and ensuring the transformer's health and longevity.

Conclusion:
We have utilized a combination of an LCD and the LM35 temperature sensor to create a
straightforward temperature controller using Arduino. When the temperature applied to the LM35
sensor exceeds the set point, the relay (Heater) is activated. Conversely, if the temperature is
below the set point, the relay is turned off. By employing the LM35 temperature sensor and
Arduino, we can monitor the temperature of the transformer and establish a specific temperature
range within which the transformer should operate to stay within its rated capacity.
This protective circuit provides an indication if the temperature of the transformer surpasses the
11
predetermined temperature range, enabling us to take necessary measures to prevent overheating.
For instance, we can utilize a circuit breaker and relay circuit to interrupt the loads connected to
the transformer.

Due to the minimal and affordable components required for this protective circuit, such as the
LM35, Arduino, Buzzer/LED, Relay, and Circuit Breaker system, the overall cost of the circuit is
significantly reduced. The protective circuit is easy to comprehend, operate, and maintain, further
minimizing project expenses. Additionally, this circuit can help reduce faults and losses
associated with the transformer, promoting efficient operation. Thus, this system provides an
accurate temperature measurement, and the protective circuit responds accordingly.
Consequently, this protective circuit safeguards the transformer from overheating and enhances
its health and efficiency.

12
 CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE SURVEY

13
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND LITERATURE
SURVEY

2.1Problem Formulation

Distribution agencies inside the power supply marketplace face the mission of imparting constant
and dependable electricity to each residential and business clients. carrier transformers are set up
in faraway and inaccessible locations, making preventive and routine upkeep tough for the
distribution application personnel. With a big quantity of those transformers in operation,
protection is regularly carried out reactively after a failure happens. To delay the want for capital
investment in keeping contemporary facilities, distribution agencies are opting to utilize present
device that is at the better cease of its capability range. This approach permits them to prioritize
investments and postpone the charges related to keeping and upgrading infrastructure.

2.2Literature Survey

The primary objective of IoT is to attach actual-international gadgets and create an intelligent
digital surroundings. The literature has discussed the functioning of IoT and its practical
packages, which include technology along with NFC, Zigbee, WiFi, Bluetooth, etc., which are
normally employed in IoT implementations. these technologies permit the status quo of a massive
virtual network through peer-to-peer connections among diverse gadgets.

Transformer circumstance evaluation strategies have been substantially explored inside the
literature. there is a growing want for non-invasive diagnostic and manipulation gear to evaluate
the inner country of transformers. The reasons of transformer screw ups have been recognized via
the CIGRE working organization. research has focused on electricity transformer reliability
problems, protecting areas consisting of comprehensive storage, gas-in-oil evaluation,
interpretation techniques, and disasters analysis.

Various strategies associated with sample garage, gasoline-in-oil extraction, and analysis had
been studied, as they're crucial for the diagnostic importance of gasoline-in-oil evaluation
outcomes. software revel in with strength transformer and reactor faults, in addition to non-fault
eventualities, has additionally been investigated. Dissolved fuel analysis (DGA) is recognized as
14
a potent diagnostic device, able to figuring out problems associated with thermal, chemical, and
dielectric growing old. other techniques, consisting of the exam of operational situations, go with
the flow reaction analysis, partial discharge assessment, and UHF partial discharge dimension,
have been explored for transformer monitoring and diagnostics.

Research has been carried out at the improvement and alertness of transformer fault detection
structures, which include the Transformer Inter turn Fault Detection device (TIFDS), which
eliminates the need for secondary-facet modern-day transformers. additionally, a technique
making use of harmonic analysis of transformer no-load and light load currents has been
proposed for the early detection of inter-turn faults.

Current and voltage sensors have been used in algorithm development for identifying
inaccuracies and winding conditions, even in the presence of OLTC online tap changer issues.
Symmetrical component-based methods have been discussed for sensitive and reliable fault
detection between windings and extreme short circuits. Fuzzy set theory has been employed to
calculate the Health Index (HI) for oil-immersed transformers, requiring offline techniques such
as DGA and furan analysis. The determination of HI for transformers and the integration of
various transformer tests' results have also been proposed.

The studies emphasizes the implementation and usage of hi dedication in transformers, in which
anomaly-related records is despatched through SMS to the asset proprietor or application
engineer.

15
 CHAPTER 3
DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S HEALTH MONITORING
SYSTEM

16
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING AN IOT BASED TRANSFORMER’S
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

3.1Methodology

Figure 10 Proposed System

The effectiveness of this approach lies in monitoring and predicting the health nation of
distribution transformers by means of forecasting fitness index degrees using the information
provided in table 3.

3.1.1 Cloud Server

The device employed on this challenge utilizes the ThingSpeak platform for records processing
and analytics. ThingSpeak enables the retrieval of information from gadgets inside the form of
short messages through the HTTP protocol and the internet. It offers real-time visualization of
uploaded statistics, region tracking, and integration with social media. moreover, ThingSpeak
gives a MATLAB tool that permits information processing either on an all-in-one facts server or
within the cloud. in the proposed device, 3000 bytes of records are sent to ThingSpeak each 15
seconds.

17
 Figure 11 ThingSpeak cloud server

3.2Workflow of the proposed system

The proposed system follows the following workflow:

a) Acquire sensor-based data
b) Upload data to the cloud and visualize it
c) Create an algorithm for the health index

Figure 12 workflow of system

18
a) Acquire sensor-based data
The system collects data about transformers using various sensors. To implement this, the system
utilizes the free ThingSpeak communication libraries for embedded devices, implemented in C-
sharp.

b) Upload data to the cloud and visualize it

The accrued sensor-based totally statistics is uploaded to the cloud and displayed for that reason.
The information is uploaded to the ThingSpeak server, as shown in parent 13.

Figure 13 Displays 1-phase data

c) Create an algorithm for the health index

An algorithm for calculating the fitness index is advanced using MATLAB code. The MATLAB
code includes a timer characteristic with a predefined price and a period of 60 seconds.

a=timer
set(a,'ExecutionMode')
set(a,'ExecutionMode',fixedRate) %% use get(a) to diplay
defined properties in execution mode
set(a,'Period',60); %repeat after an interval of 60 sec
set(a,'TimerFcn','thingspeak_dataRead')
start(a);
save
Below is the code for calculating the health index based on the data retrieved from the
ThingSpeak server. In this example, the MATLAB programming language utilizes the
thingSpeakRead function to read data from ThingSpeak.

19
clear all b=thingSpeakRead(753320,'Fields',
[1,2,3],'NumMinute',100,'OutputFormat','table'); last 5 minutes value from field 1 rea
into the table; d

tic;% starts a stopwatch for code

i=1; j=1; k=1;

load index1.mat V_abase= 15;

bAvg1=table2array(b(:,3)); bAvg=mean(bAvg1,1); bVphaseA=
V_abase-bAvg; V_a=(bVphaseA)/V_abase;

I_abase=2; bAvg3=table2array(b(:,4)); bAvg2=mean(bAvg3,1);

I_a= sqrt((I_abase-bAvg2).^2);

S_max=5;
if V_a <0.88 || V_a >1.12 S1=1;
W1=4;
elseif (V_a >=0.88 && V_a <=0.9) || (V_a >=1.1 && V_a <=1.12)
S1=2;
W1=4;
elseif (V_a >=0.9 && V_a <=0.92) || (V_a >=1.08 && V_a <=1.1)

20
System architecture overall

The design of the entire machine is divided into components:

1) Hardware implementation and design
2) Programming software program

3.3Hardware implementation and design

The following are Hardware components used in implementation:

a) Current Transformer
b) Rectifier based voltage sensor
c) Temperature sensor
d) ADC
e) Ethernet shield
f) Internet connection

a. Current Transformer

To degree versions in load modern, a secondary modern transformer with a ct ratio of 50A/10mA

is utilised. Transformer overloads are anticipated when their load exceeds 90% of
their capability. Calculating harmonic load present day, which generates excessive warmness and
winding losses all through overloading, requires the transformer's secondary current.

A parallel resistor located across the secondary terminals of the CT converts the modern-

day generated in its secondary to voltage. in step with the discern below:

Figure 14 CT Circuit
21
 a) Rectifier based voltage sensor

Voltage version of ±6 % is allowed for distribution transformer. As change in flux result

in proportional voltage so over voltage cause increase iron losses. figure proven below is the
circuit diagram of rectifier based voltage sensor.

Figure 15 Voltage Sensor

Above circuit uses a clear out circuit of 700uF. right right here, collection resistor of five𝐾 𝑜ℎ𝑚

20W is attached to zener diode that is further related to LEDs to discharge capacitors in
the course of voltage fall.

b) Temperature sensor

Winding temperature refers to most updated part of a transformer winding. The Winding

temperature determines the burden potential of the transformer. A Winding temperature sensor
is steady at the transformer and permits are expecting the lifestyles of transformer. The LM35
temperature sensor is used because it’s temperature range be −fifty five℃ 𝑡𝑜 a hundred and fifty
℃ and in accordance literature [4], winding temperature can upward thrust exceed 60℃.

c) Analog to digital converter (ADC)

That allows you to convert sensor based analog facts to virtual layout, ADC used is ATMEGA

2560 primarily based arduino mega with 16MHZ clock pace, 128KB flash reminiscence and
8KB RAM.

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 d) Ethernet Shield and Internet Data card

Here, Arduino based totally Ethernet protect is used that's linked to a wifi router plugged

in with a 3G primarily based facts card.

Ordinary Circuit Diagram

determine shown beneath is fashionable circuit diagram for 3𝜑 device of distribution

transformer.

Figure 16 Overall Circuit

Diagram Hardware configuration and testing

Atmega 2560 primarily based Arduino mega is configured to accumulate readings from all

sensors and add them to web server the use of Ethernet based totally net connection.
Microcontroller take readings and add them at a everyday interval of 15 seconds. proper right
here, resistive load is used as a load to transformer.

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3.4Software coding
Software coding is divided into two parts:

a) Arduino Mega

Microcontroller’s coding is accomplished on arduino IDE. IDE cause pressure is

a software jogging on the laptop that allows to draw a comic strip in microcontroller. Arduino
is based on C-language of programming.

b) MATLAB software

MATLAB software program used at server aspect, and as consistent with set

of policies designed, it procedures information every 15 mins taken from web server which
calculates health index of transformer.

3.5All-in one server algorithm

Algorithm flow chart of all-in one server is given below in figure 15.

Figure 17 All-in one server algorithm

24
3.1System flow diagram

Figure 18 Overall process is shown in flow diagram

25
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

26
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1Hardware Setup
A hardware setup for an Internet of Things (IoT)-based machine is depicted in figure 21 below.
It includes the full circuitry, a web modem with a 3G modem, and a microcontroller.

Figure 21 Hardware Setup

4.2Testing and Result

online parameters of one∅- transformer are given as shown in figure 22, area chart
1 presentations temperature variations, discipline 2 show voltage versions even
as area three displays present day variations.

Figure 22 1-phase Transformer's online Parameters

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parent 23, proven beneath represents all measured parameters uploaded through patron into
cloud server, while discern 24 displays fitness index calculated by way of all-in one server that
is 20%.

Figure 24 Health index calculated

Figure 23 Parameters Measured

Health Index Categorization

The fitness index calculated above is classed based at the limits proven in discern 6.

As shown in figure 24, the fitness index calculated above is 20% so in step with class,
our machine is in state of failure any time.

Table 6. Health index categorization

HI% Health State Requirement

85-100 Good Normal maintenance
65-80 Fair Increase periodic maintenance
50-65 Poor Replacement required
0-50 very poor Risk of any time failure
4.3Discussion
The above IoT system is an advanced and superior model of machine based on GSM generation,
and no 0.33 celebration cloud or well known-reason server is added. Consequently it has little or
no capability to update set of rules and it's also an costly generation. on the same time,
the device we've got added gets rid of these types of boundaries and introduce a brand
new opportunity to update the algorithm sometimes without additional fee.
28
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

29
CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1Application
Substations beneath distribution groups are large in range and so do the distribution transformers,
even they're at extraordinary geographical areas, thus device introduced can be utilized
in monitoring all distribution transformers of an area under a substation autonomously.
Distribution agencies generally have large number of substations. these substations
are situated at far flung regions from city headquarters of utilities. moreover, these substations
are positioned in geographically dispersed places.

5.2Future Scope
1) This machine finds a massive scope in transmission strains by means of the usage
of different conversation protocols like Laura, rf 434 MHz etc.

2)  The usage of genetic algorithm in determining fine sensor readings

or defective sensor readings can be helpful in calculating correct health index at some
point of faulty sensor situations.

3) This system can be expanded to big campuses or societies with many acute substations

which may be operated and monitored remotely.

4) This gadget can help in lowering submit-fault clearing time in distribution network.

5) The system may be upgraded to a 3-segment transformer that presents extra accurate

fitness indic.

30
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