Analytic Geometry PROBLEM SOLVING AND PROCESSES, Prepared by Cherish Ivy P. Fabricante, LPTAnalytic Geometry (Lines) “Analytic geometry is that branch of Algebra in which the position of the point on the plane can be located using an ordered pair of numbers called as Coordinates. This is also called coordinate geometry or the Cartesian geometry. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS ‘The distance between two points (x, 1) and (2, y2) is given by the formula: (G2 - ma)? + 2-1)? Example: Find the distance between the points (~5, ~1) and (2,6) Solution: Exercises: 1. Find the distance between the points (2,3) and (0,6). Solution: 2, Find xo that the distance between the points (-2,-3) and (-3, x) is equal to 5, Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE1MIDPOINT BETWEEN TWO POINTS. ‘The midpoint formula gives you the coordinates of a line segment’s midpoint. To find the midpoint of the segment with endpoints at (x,,y;) and (x2,y2), use the following formula: a vit vaprne = (2222 1428) Example: Find the midpoint of the line segment joining (—5, 1) and (~1,7). Solution; Exercise: 1, Find the distance between the points (-6,4) and (4,-6). Solution: SLOPE OF A LINE Let (x,y) and (x2, ¥2) be two points on a nonvertical line. Then the slope of the line through the two points is the ratio of the change in the y-coordinate to the change in the x-coordinates changeiny _y2—y1 change in x, — x ok, Xp Example: Find the slope of the line between the two points (~4,-3) and (—1, 1). Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 2Note that a positive slope indicates that the line slopes upward to the right while a negative slope indicates that the line slopes downward to the right. Slopes of Parallel Lines ‘Two nonvertical lines with the same slope are parallel. ‘Two nonvertical parallel lines have the same slope. Slopes of Perpendicular Lines Ifneither is vertical, perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals — that is, their product is ~1. Also, lines with slopes that are negative reciprocals are perpendicular. A line with slope o is perpendicular to a line with undefined slope. FORMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS. Equation | Description ] When to Use y=m+b ‘Slope-intercept Form The slope and y.interoept can be easily ‘Siopeism. identified and used to quickly graph the ‘y-intercept is (0, b). ecustion ¥ ~ y= m{x — x) | Point-Slope Form “This form i ideal for finding the equation of 2 Siope ism. line if the slope and a point onthe ine or two Line passes through (x, y,). | Poa onthe line are known, Ax By=C Standard Form The x- and yintercopis can be found auacky (A.B, and Cintegers, A~ 0) ach usad to graph the equation, The slope 4 must be calcuste. Sopeis—4 (6 #0), interceptis($.0) (A * 0). yintorcopt s(0.§) (8 ¥ 0) y=b Horizontal Line ifthe graph intersects only the y-axis, Slopes 0. then ys the only variable inthe equation yintercept i (0, b). xza Vertical Line ifthe graph intorsocts only tho x-axis, ‘Slope is undated, then xis the only variable inthe equation xcintercept is (a, 0). ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 3Problems involving Slopes and Linear Equations 1. Find the equation of the line with slope ~9 and y-intercept (0, ~4). Solution: 2, Find the equation of the line which passes through the points (2,0) and has slope of 1 Solution: 3. Find the equation of the line parallel to y = 2x ~ 3 that contains the point (—2,1). Write the equation in slope-intercept form. Solution: 4. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to y = 2x —3 that contains the point (-2,1). Write the equation in slope-intercept form. Solution: INCLINATION AND SLOPE Ifa nonvertical line has inclination @ and slope m, then m=tand Example: Find the inclination of the lines with slope m = 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 4Solution: Exercise: 1. Find the inclination of the line that passes through (6, u) and (2,3). Solution: ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES If two non-perpendicular lines have slopes m; and ms, the angle between the two lines is, m, tang = || T+ mm, Example: Find the angle between the two lines with slopes m, = 2 and mz = —$. Solution: Exercise: 1. Find the angle between the following two lines: 4x — 3y =8& 2x+5y=4 Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 5DISTANCE BETWEEN A POINT AND A LINE ‘The distance between the point (x,y) and the line Ax + By + C= Dis lax, + By, + Cl 2xt1 Example: Find the distance between the points (4, 1) and the line Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 6Analytic Geometry (Conic Sections) A conic section (or simply conic) is the intersection of a plane and a double-napped cone. eo? Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola GENERAL EQUATION FOR ANY CONIC SECTIONS ‘The general equation for any conic section is Ax? + Bry + Cy? + Dx + By +F =0 where A,B,C,D,E, and F are constants. IDENTIFYING CONICS USING GENERAL FORM Instead of writing the equation in standard form, you can determine what type of conic section an equation of the form Ax? + Bxy + Cy? + Dx + By +F = 0, where B = 0, represents by looking at A and C. rtd Ce Oe Eee Parabola A 0, but not both Circle A=C Ellipse Aand C have the same sign and 4 # C Hyperbola Aand C have opposite signs ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 7STANDARD FORM OF CONIC SECTIONS WITH CENTER (h, k) ns: rc Ton) Circle (eh + y- WP =r? Parabola (y-? = 4p - A) (= 1)? = 4p—h) Gh? y-b? BE Ke a Ellipse Hyperbola CONVERTING EQUATIONS (GENERAL FORM TO STANDARD FORM AND. VICE VERSA) Examples: 1. Determine the type of conic section and rewrite each equation in standard form. x? +y*—6x+10y-6=0 Solution: 2. Determine the type of conic section and rewrite each equation in standard form. x? —y? —6x—4y+3=0 Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 83. Determine the type of conic section and rewrite each equation in general form. +3)? y? 7 Solution: 4. Determine the type of conic section and rewrite each equation in general form. y= (x10)? = 25 Solution: CIRCLE, By definition, circle is the set of all points P(x, y) whose distance from the center C(h, k) is r Equation of a Circle An equation of the circle with center (it, ) and radius r is @ AP +O-KP = ‘This is called the standard form for the equation of the circle. If the center of the circle is the origin (0,0), then the equation is xt py? Exercise: 1, Find the equation of the center of a circle if the coordinates of the center are (0, 0) and the radius of the circle is § units. Solution: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 92. Find the center and radius of the circle. x? by? + 24x + 10y +160 = 0 Soluti Additional Reading Materials/Links: Conic Sections - httpsi//neople,ucsc.edu/-miglior/chapter%2opd(/Chn SEpat ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE 10Additional Notes: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY PREPARED BY CHERISH IVY P. FABRICANTE PAGE n