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    Vatsal Upadhyay
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    10 views27 pages

    Metrology Book

    Uploaded by

    Vatsal Upadhyay

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 27
    (Courtesy, Metrology Lab Sinhgad COE., Pune) Bar Aine bar is a high precision and most ‘gle-measuring instrument. It is used in con- with a set of angle gauges. This bar is made bearbon, high-chromium corrosion-resistant "is essentially hardened, ground, lapped and lis kept on two hardened rollers of accu- Shul dia , mete ae ‘ : , “ers spaced at a known dimension 2 Fig. 7.13 Addition « yan measureme t mm) at each end. J - Duri ng 206 metrolog. (with options at 100 om, 200 mm, and 300 facturing. the various parts are hardened and stabilized befi Ahe rollers are prought 19 contact with the b: ‘ore 3 : ar in | psolutely parallel to th | ie | 10 jr’s manu: grinding and lapping such a Way that the tOP surface of the bar is 4 centreline of the (setting) rollers. The holes drilled in the indy cee t lighter and to facilitate handling, are Praca 2 aw eo ed with true surfaces like ta | J | Q sine bar tO make ! ment is always worke everal designs for different i signs “ : ign pplications, a This instr for a sine bar as recom! s s mi ended by bars are availal 7,16 shows the nomenclature - rorial view of i f a sine bar of 9-196% Figure 717s e equal to 300 mm. poles. plates Sine Figure IS: centre distance Reliet holes sis ts 1400 or 200 or 300 mm mended by Fig. 7-1 ig 6 Nomenclature for sine bar as recom Showing 300 ‘ ; -mm cer : distance between two aM ! ers fa Relief holes Setting rollers 7 : ysing 91n€ Bar The law of trigonometry Angular Met jesigned to set the angle oobbleaie is the base for rology 207 sely, generally in cy par Is ¢ yy an indirect method as a funct ion of of sing using a ine by In Conjunct ar tor angle m Jon with sliy ee lip gauges. The ple 0 4 sine a ge ined | for thi ” jaiven angle, one of the rollers ' of the bar is ‘eason, the bat bi ¢ tc and the combination of the slip g kept « IP gauge set is i om the datun piserted under de pecan ote slate)> peewee? the two roller centres and H is the } ¢ height c of the ¢ ‘om ise si 4)s0, £0 5° instrument is called ' ‘generall cond roll oller. If | is the INatlor 1 sli a glk ote 0 a O=sin |H a ie pe) » above princt le it is e ee ‘A +e to set out any pj jg, 7.18, which explains ‘out any precise angle plains the principle of using a , building height H. z a sine bar for settir yy measurin; the iff i the height difference betwe ren centres of f two rollers sate the above formula no. (ii). Slip gauge set of required height H Fig. 7.18 Principle of using a sine bar 7.19 shi dic ‘ows the accessories used f ator, ssories used for setting and measuring the angles, viz., sip ga¥ nts for on the sine bar then setting of instrument 20. Wh N the compo nent is 5 ent is small and can be mounted hown in Fig, 7.2 np 8 Unknown, angles itTig 799, gles of the component surface | 0, The | he} usted until the dial gauj Pong, Nt And the by the above-said formula no. (1H). ge reads zero at both ends of ight of slip gauges is adj fi ; ctual angle is calculated ind the datum surface a Fig, 7.21. The height over the rollers is mea" cde) on the height (on the slider instead of a bla pressure. This could be achieved by adjusting reading each time. 0 the ine “comp at ig ny Pent i faci . Placed alee in size or heavy, the component ts placed on *afig ight gauge a5 component, as shown in etal aes dial test gauge is mounted Ne until aie ae ensure constant measuring all gauge shows the same 770 bar, slip gauge and dial indicator Fig. 7.19 Set of sine (Courtesy, Metrol Ogy Lab Sinhgad C. OF, Pune.) Angle plate Dial gauge ee Direction of Movement of ee dial gauges Component Fig. 7.20 Sine bar USed for small component Angul. Vernier height gauge gular Metrology 209 Position1 Positions lon, a gauges. Z | Dial | - Sine bar MT Component SG... Fig. 7.21 Angle measurement using sine bar and vernier height gauge 7.21 of either of the rollers. If H n the two readings for the two positions shown in Fig. “cence in the heights and L is distance between two roller centres of the sine bar then angle of the component surface = # = sin r3 * Aspec a sine bar A ‘ tely using a sine Sen “pects OF Use of Sine Bar To measure and /or set the angle accurately eral “ i hen it ‘uc, “dttement is that it must be accurate. If the sine bar is to be accurate € import, ; * "portant geometrical constructional features: must accurately Yy “Some ‘7 , be precisely a Sof the rollers must be parallel to each other and the centre distance L. must be P «ig stance specifies the size of the sine bt Tye. STS Must be of identical diameters and round wi the py, Sutface of the sine bar must have a high degree © “connecting the axis of the rollers thin a close tolerance. f flatness and it should be parallel to Angular Metrology 213 f an optical clinometer, the reading can bet of 3 5 . In case ided on a fixed circular glass dise. Wi ji , Ke" 5 scale PFO red aken by @ Measuring th this Nstrum, Microscope on ent, angles €ven up to 1' can An autocollimator is used to detect aie ‘3 front of the objective lens of the or eae be at least equal to the ae autocollimator is used and measure small autocollim area of the objective | 1 Conjunction with an, angular tilts of ator. Ideally, the area of és. However, this is not gle gauges or q polygon, sing surface ae ase wher Aaa Be he cas jective lenses fitted to most c e 0} ‘ommercial instruments have small but Significant ince th yrtant to position the autocollimator so that its Optical axis passes through rs, it is importa effect of wavefront errors tor. 110) ecting face of the angle gauge or polygon, reducing the the reflecting 7.26 explains the working Principle of an autocollima: Figure 7.20 es Reflecting mirror R Fig. 7.26 Principle of autocollimator Ris set up ind will be ha small imati d if a plane reflector lll be, f light is projected from the collimating lens an “ule! beam of light is its own path a f b the light will be deflected back along its ,.° ne direction of the beam, is tilted throug! the reflector is focus in ey ht source. If i ght to a Pai 4 focus exactly at the position of the lig] he angle, and will be broug! . ill be a et incide but there wi F,the paralle| beam will be deflected seo Roa image will not coincide Me Dlane 2 but to one side of it. f the lens. se ae the light source re fis the focal length o sion exists, until a move X= 20 bermeen theme ne rovisior hange of % if such a p! roduces no chang ~~ ieing the phoroelectt ev . » a ; ical axis, * tecollimator should be rotated about its opti ction of measur H the reflected image perpendicular to the fre should be ac . Photoelectric autocollimators, this con h irectly throug} res seen direc joule ject wires hows the grati Ne, ce of the objet 7.27 sI sparent sin fe Of the appear ec design: Figure 7 xis). A transp Mein ce meena astocolln EE ie to the main @ "Sof the nnneent long the 28 P= £ s Target graticule Objective lens ae Micrometer Beam splitter Setting screw Fig. 7.27 Construction of autocollimator ; he graticule towards the objectives, and thus the mic beam splitter reflects the light from the gi 4 hose angular variations are bey forms no direct image. The image formed after reflection, wl yo che 45° bea sured, is formed by the light from the objective, which passes throug] cmon a image is picked up by the microscope. In this type of autocollimator, tant advanngsd graticule optically at right angles to the eyepiece graticule. One of the amped an an autocollimator is that the instrument can be used at a considerable distance aan direc" In Fig, 7.28, the set-up to measure the angular tilt in a horizontal plane oor vet ; curved arrow) is shown, This set-up can also be used for measuring the flatness and s' surface on which the reflecting mirror is kept asa reflecting plane. An autocollimator should ideally between the autocollimator and the changes in density he OP) ; : : ts int be used in an environment where air curren ents, by ; ea ir currents °! reflecting surface are minimal. Such ait cu! nts of oe) and, therefore, of refractive index, produce random movemen ce A image, impaiting the accuracy of h ; ie ; n, the distane objective len 3° ; y of t © autocollimator setting. For this reason, eacticab whine electing surface should be kept to a minimum and, where P © Surrounding air, e ang : x mall ‘a IMator can be made using the NPL-designed ae are S° Photoelects. ? an} e 2 And propre “lectric-setting ‘ype autocollimators, i. enables ; me: E BTeSsive @ . ? ‘AL Of the Teflected Mage of te ee ihe micrometer screw whic the case? é > the : © aute i "rget cross-lines to be measured. eto DF e ij colli tea ints will ha’ Omer, iMators, the calibration points o as o masli-E6: a 0 Pa ae eae OF ONECtOr set at 45° to the va . wath slip gauges, the parallelism OF surfaces ¢ alge, | ve leny ACES CAN alao be ines, ey able in a specific position and reading Number 1 cary | \ Taneted by phieing the able i an be taken, 14 . 5 Sen. The 4 wort? j of the angle that the pauge surface makes with th Dumber of fringes su re Cc e F ble is turned through 180° Optical flat table | Can be x \¥ » be noted. great , number 1s & | vd me and reading: number hig humber is Now, fringes ) tb - taken, Vhen the error in the paralle te lism ean | 2¢ Obtained by the fol ions qistrance between the gauge and Optical fat N/2 i in ¢ hangs (" e )x A he allelism : geor 19 PATA . uber of fringes tn the first position nu ber of fringes in the second Position, mbe GAUGE LENGTH INTERFEROMETER 47 known as the Pitter - NPL Gauge Interferometer, It is used to determine the actual lute length of a gauge. dimen- nile 8.2 Typical fringe pattern examples a nmr em NRL — Fringe Pattern Obtained enero Description Gauge is flat and parallel, Base plate pattem \\ Gauge pattem e D ® £ Gauge is flat but not parallel from one side to another side. Surface under test may be convex or concave. Gauge is flat but not parallel from one end to the other end. falls on a shit through 232 source a condensing le § lens. * aha 9 Prism, iy 8 St Ptical flat 4." 4 “a 8. The y lich, = ght 5, sbserved through a telescopic ©yepiece, Cong, 4 At deviatio light rays passing though the 3 lens of the te on which it is Wrun Ja base pla k under test anc ck unde merns can DC | Collimating lens Constant Geviag, juminating aperture Reflecting prism pre aperture ile : C ! : b bie Optical flat = : fo Gauge to i be measured Fig. 8.12 Gauge-length interferometer TE Can |p det¢ TMined yy o b The aut ; comparing 4 with the fringe spacing Fig. quer = ay by comparing 4 with the ftinge spac; determined by c° f Ze spac 1 corvature CM be de Pacing } The g = oe given bY Cy neigm 4 ae Weck Se. h a jean se Illustrative Examples A 1.5-mm surface is being measured on an interferometer. A lamp is used which mg 2 dength as follows: Red: 0.842 pum and Blue: 0. 6628 um. Calculate the nominal fractions expected " for the tro war relengths. tion First, calculate the number of half-wavelengths, ” and X being the wavelengi —-_ \/2 in terfe, (),842 / 9= 0.421 Jum Tometry 233 _ 9.421 x 10-> mm y /2 teat? = (1.6628 /2= 0.3314 pm 0.3314 Xx 10->mm fe nominal fraction of the surface N f sare Nes //n (where /1s the length of the surface to be checked ; © checked) acu P N= 1,5/(0.421 x 10~*) = 3562.9454 he nominal fractions for N, = 0.9454 a v= 1.5/(0.3314 x 1074) = 4526.2523 sie the nominal fractions for N, =~ 0.2525 «minal fractions expected for the gauge for the two wavelengths are 0.9454 for red and 0.2523 et ie t sasuremen { Meas ray ane 234 metrol For bln - ).47999300, » — (),2399968 jum ( Z (2399968 x 10 ‘mm n= d/2 0.46781743/2 = 0.233908715 jum ~ (233908715 x 10~>mm Now. calculate the nominal fraction of the surface N, *.N, = //n (where /is the length of the surface to be checked N, = 1.45/(0.321925185 x 10-3) = 4540.1521 consider the nominal fractions for N, = 0. 1521 For green light N, = 1.45/(0.254292415 x 10~) = 5702,0969 j er ominal fractions for N. = 0, 0969 MW blue light | N, 1,5/(0.2399968 x 10 ) = GORA TA2o Consider the Nominal fy: f | Al tract) rN Ons for N, 1, 7472¢ For violet lihp 0, 747223 N, Conside ¥ the NOMinal frag ir Actions b 1 ™ 0. 99469 1:5/(0.233908715 x 10-3) = 6198,99469 “ANureY 1 ne ; ey TON levee. uae Nt by liohtaw. mane Lendunnll. aatininel TP SETA - ~~ TSE iG ~ SSey Fa Mh Dea, ten, b toned, dhefeces «. a" * Paty, ‘997, Even 8 of ct fr a rn a Mructurge Of te... f r irregularities o ND LOP Trvaticy, ONttibute + the wut. ne were ! - oe ™~ Witlace 4 “ 7” ORS tet perc af poothroyd and Knight, 1949, Pit * , (Boo ) pr” ing a ness ps | Surface Rough ” 7

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