KKKT3243  

COMMUNICATION  DEVICES
Lecture  6:  Telecommunica1on  Systems    
Assoc.  Prof.  Ir.  Dr.  Rosdiadee  Nordin  
Dept.  of  Electrical,  Electronic  &    Systems  Engineering    
Faculty  of  Engineering  &  Built  Environment    
Contact:    adee@ukm.edu.my      
Communica:on  Systems  
•  Became  essen1al,  gained  important  posi1on  in  our  lives,  can  feel  the  
presence  in  every  aspects  of  life    
•  Examples;  networks,  Internet,  satellite,  mobile  phone,  GPS,  Radar,  
sensors,  etc.    
•  Communica1on  system,  in  general  consist  of  five  elements    

Channel  Medium:    
•  guided  (for  example,  cable,  coax,  wire,  etc.)    
•  unguided  (For  example,  radio  waves,  
satellite)  
Communica:on  Elements  –  Source  (Input  
Signal)  
•  Originate  a  message,  such  as  human  voice,  the  television  picture,  fax,  
Internet,  packet  data,  etc…    
•  Earlier  genera1on  of  input  from  analogue,  thus  must  be  converted  by  
an  input  transducer  (microphone,  camera)  into  an  electrical  
waveform  (baseband  modula1on),  also  known  as  baseband  signal  (or  
message  signal)  
Communica:on  Element  –  Channel
•  Channel  is  a  medium,  such  as  wire,  coaxial  cable,  fiber  op1c  cable  or  
radio  link  (air  interface),  through  which  the  transmiUer  output  is  sent  
•  Channel  characteris1cs:  ability  for  transmission,  noise,  interference,  
power,  fading,  mul1path…        
Communica:on  Element  –  Receiver  
•  Receiver  reprocesses  the  signal  received  from  the  channel  by  undoing  
the  signal  modifica1ons  made  at  the  transmiUer  and  the  channel    
•  Characteris1cs:  demodula1on,  receiver  frequency,  receiving  power  
(Threshold),  decoding,  error  correc1on,  …    
•  Microwave,  modem,  WiFi  card,  Bluetooth  card,  RF  receiver      
Communica:on  Element  –  Des:na:on  
(Output  Signal)  
•  Des1na1on  is  the  unit  to  which  the  message  is  communicated  
•  Receiver  output  is  fed  to  the  output  transducer  (monitor  speaker),  
which  converts  the  electrical/  electronic  signal  to  its  original  form      
Basic  Digital  Communica:on  Nomenclature
•  Textual  Message:  informa1on  comprised  of  a  sequence  of  characters.  
•  Binary  Digit  (Bit):  the  fundamental  informa1on  unit  for  all  digital  systems.  
•  Symbol  (mi  where  i=1,2,…M):  for  transmission  of  the  bit  stream;  groups  of  
k  bits  are  combined  to  form  new  symbol  from  a  finite  set  of  M  such  
symbols;  M=2k.  
•  Baud  Rate:  number  of  symbols  transmiUed  per  second  [baud].  
•  Digital  Waveform:  voltage  or  current  waveform  represen1ng  a  digital  
symbol.  
•  Data  Rate:  Symbol  transmission  is  associated  with  a  symbol  dura1on  T.  
Data  rate  R=k/T  [bps].  
Basic  Digital  Communica:on  Nomenclature
Transmission  
•  Four  wives  &  one  husband  approach  
•  What  is  transmission?    
•  Transpor1ng  &  connec1ng  traffic  
•  Technologies:  RF,  Bluetooth,  WiFi,  GSM,  HSDPA,  LTE,  etc      
•  Where  does  transmission  network  exist  (topology)?    
•  Between  network  elements    
•  What/When  and  How  to  transmit  (media)?    
•  Electromagne1c  (EM)  spectrum!    
•  Radio  link,  microwaves,  fiber  op1c,  coaxial  cables    
Modes  of  Channel  Opera:on  
•  Simplex    
•  One  direc1on,  requires  only  one  channel  of  communica1on    
•  Not  oben  used  since  it  is  impossible  to  send  back  error  or  control  signals  to  the  
transmit  end    
•  Examples:  TV,  ‘Beepers’  aka  pager  &  radio    
•  Half-­‐Duplex    
•  Two  direc1ons  (able  to  send  &  receive),  but  only  one  direc1on  is  allowed  
through  at  a  1me    
•  One  end  transmits  at  a  1me,  the  other  end  receives.  Possible  to  send  feedbacks    
•  Single  lane  is  cheaper  than  the  double  lane  (less  connectors)    
•  Examples:  amateur  radio,  walkie-­‐talkie    
•  Full-­‐Duplex    
•  Two  ways  of  communica1on  simultaneously  
•  Most  common  in  mobile  networking    
•  Can  perform  feedbacks    
•  Most  expensive  (special  devices  and  more  connectors)  
•  Examples:  mobile  network,  WiFi  
Modes  of  Channel  Opera:on  
Half-duplex: M odems transmit in both directions, only one direction at a time.
Local PC to remote PC transmission
Local PC Remote PC
transmits receives

Turnaround
time

Local PC Remote PC
receives transmits

Remote PC to local PC transmission

Full-duplex: M odems transmit in both directions simultaneously

Local PC to remote PC transmission
Local PC Remote PC
transmits receives
and and
receives transmits
Remote PC to local PC transmission
GOLDMAN: DATACOMM
FIG.02-22
Source  Encoding
•  Converts  message  into  message  signal  (bits)  
•  Deals  with  the  task  of  forming  efficient  descrip1ons  of  informa1on  
sources.  
•  Source  encoder  compresses  message  to  remove  redundancy  
•  For  discrete  sources,  compression  is  based  on  the  informa1on  content  and  
the  sta1s1cal  correla1on  among  the  source  symbols.  E.g.:  Huffman  Coding  
•  For  analog  sources,  compression  is  based  on  amplitude  distribu1on  and  the  
temporal  correla1on  of  the  source  waveforms.  E.g.:  PCM,  Differen1al  PCM  &  
Delta  Modula1on  
Channel  Coding
•  Channel  encoder  adds  redundancy  for  error  protec1on  against  
channel  imperfec1on  or  noise    
•  Error  detec1ng  coding:  Capability  of  detec1ng  errors  so  that  re-­‐
transmission  or  dropping  can  be  done.  
•  Cyclic  Redundancy  Code  (CRC)  
•  Error  Correc1ng  Coding:  Capability  of  detec1ng  and  correc1ng  errors.  
•  Block  Codes:  BCH  codes,  RS  codes,  …  etc.  
•  Convolu1onal  codes  
•  Turbo  codes  
Interleaver  
•  To  protect  or  avoid  large  error  to  bursty  data  against  deep  mul1-­‐path  
fading  exists  in  the  channels  
•  To  enhance  exis1ng  error  correc1ng  codes  so  that  they  can  be  used  
to  perform  burst  error  correc1ons  as  well  
•  Most  of  error  detec1on  or  correc1ng  codes  care  about  errors  that  occurs  to  
individual  bits  or  symbols  
•  However,  errors  may  occur  to  groups  or  sequences  of  symbols  or  bits  
•  To  well-­‐known  interleaver  techniques:  pseudo-­‐random  and  shib  
register  
Interleaver
Modula:on
**  Why  do  we  need  modula/on?  **  
•  Telecommunica1ons  system:  someone  talking  to  another  person  
•  Let's  start  with  the  basic  func1on  of  any  communica1on  system  -­‐  consider  a  
communica1on  between  two  people  

Near:  

Far:  
Modula:on
•  Observe  some  basic  concepts:  
•  The  informa/on  power  where  the  sound  of  the  voice,  is  given  by  the  capacity  
of  the  lungs  of  each  which  can  whisper,  talk  or  scream.    
•  The  transmission  medium  this  informa1on  is  the  air  or  free  space.  
•  Who  speaks  is  the  transmi7er,  and  who  is  listening  is  the  receiver.  
•  The  informa1on  coming  out  of  the  transmiUer  needs  to  be  changed  
(modulated)  to  then  be  transmiUed  
•  At  the  receiver,  must  do  the  reverse  process,  or  the  demodula1on  of  
the  informa1on  (convert  to  the  original  informa1on)  
Modula:on
•  Analog  or  digital  signals  oben  refered  as  baseband  signals  because  of  the  typical  
low  pass  feature    
•  Baseband   signal   can   be   transmiUed   directly   over   channel,   however   when  
mismatch  between  signal  and  frequency  bands,  channels  cannot  be  moved  
•  Therefore,  a  mechanism  to  ‘move’  the  messages  to  the  right  channel  freq.  BW  is  
highly  desired  
•  Mechanism  also  known  as  modula,on  
•  Modula1on:   baseband   signal   is   used   to   modify   (i.e.   modulate)   RF   carrier   signal  
parameters,  such  as  amplitude,  freq,  or  phase    
Modula:on  -­‐  Analog
Modula:on  -­‐  Analog
•  Amplitude   modula/on   (1):     varying   the   strength   of   the  
transmiUed   signal   in   rela1on   to   informa1on   being   sent.   E.g.  
changes  in  signal  strength  to  specify  sounds  to  be  reproduced  by  
loudspeaker,  or  the  light  intensity  of  television  pixels  
•  Frequency   Modula/on   (2):   conveys   informa1on   over   a   carrier  
wave  by  varying  its  instantaneous  frequency  
•  Phase   modula/on   (3):   represents   informa1on   as   varia1ons   in   the  
instantaneous  phase  of  a  carrier  wave.  
Modula:on  –  Digital  
•  In  digital  modula1on,  an  analog  carrier  signal  is  modulated  by  a  discrete  signal.    
•  Digital  modula1on  methods  can  be  considered  as  digital-­‐to-­‐analog  conversion  
•  Our  analog  voice,  before  to  be  transmiUed,  it  must  be  converted  
•  Digital  devices  that  convert  analog  voice  through  a  process  of  sampling  and  quan1za1on  
Modula:on–  Digital  
•  Analog  signal  is  first  sampled,  then  quan1fied  into  levels.  Each  level  converted  to  
a  binary  number  
•  Example:  
▫   analog  signal  (blue)  with  its  
equivalent  digital  signal  (red)    
▫  with  two  levels:  
▫  With  four  levels:    
Modula:on  –  Digital    
•  Applica1on:  PCM  -­‐  Pulse  Code  Modula1on  method  used  to  convert  the  voice  
signal  into  digital  signal,  generally  used  in  telephony  
•  Between  the  maximum  amplitude  and  minimum  signal  levels  are  set  16  (0  to  15)  
•  Encoded  as  binary  numbers  (0000,  0001,  ...,  1111).  
Modula:on  –  Digital  
•  Digital  modula1on  has  advantages  over  analog:  
•  much  easier  to  recover  the  signal,  because  the  accumula1on  of  noise  and  distor1on  
can  be  avoided  
•  streams  of  digital  bits  are  much  more  suitable  for  various  mul1plexing  
schemes    
Modula:on  –  Digital   Quadrature  

•  Phase-­‐shib  keying  (PSK):  conveys  digital  data  by  changing,  

or  modula1ng,  the  phase  of  a  reference  signal  (the  carrier  
wave)  
•  BPSK:   simplest   form   of   PSK.   Uses   two   phases,   separated   by   In-­‐phase  
180°  (1-­‐D)  
•  Most   robust   of   all   the   PSKs,   takes   the   highest   level   of  
noise/distor1on   to   make   demodulator   reach   incorrect  
decision.    
•  However,   only   able   to   modulate   at   1   bit/symbol,     so  
unsuitable  for  high  data-­‐rate  applica1ons.  
Modula:on
•  Modula1on  allows  mul1ple  signals  to  be  Tx  at  the  same  geographical  area  w/out  
direct  mutual  interference  
•  Example:  TV  broacast,  output  from  mul1ple  TV  sta1ons  carried  by  the  same  cable  
(or  over  the  air)  to  TV  Rx  
•  W/out  modula1on,  TV  broacast  limited  to  one  sta1on  at  a  1me  in  a  given  
loca1on  since  all  TV  channels  share  the  same  (large)  BW  –  wasteful  protocol!  
•  Various  TV  sta1ons  modulated  at  diff  fc,  translate  each  TV  signal  to  diff  freq  range  
•  At  TV  Rx,  tunable  bandpass  filter  select  the  desired  TV  channel  for  viewing  –  
process  known  as  mul/plexing  
Mul:plexing
•  Mul1plexing:  method  which  mul1ple  analog/digital  signals  are  combined  into  
one  signal  over  a  shared  medium  
•  Aim  is  to  share  resources    
•  Types  of  mul1plexing:  
•  Frequency  Division  Mul1plexing  (FDM)  
•  Time  Division  Mul1plexing  (TDM)  
•  Code  Division  Mul1plexing  (CDM)  
•  Orthogonal  Frequency  Division  Mul1plexing  (OFDM)  
•  Wavelength  Division  Mul1plexing  (WDM)  
Frequency  Division  Mul:plexing

•  Inherently  an  analog  technology  

•  Achieves  combining  of  several  digital  signals  into  one  medium  by  sending  signals  
in  several  dis1nct  frequency  ranges  over  that  medium.    
•  Only   one   cable   reaches   a   customer's   home   but   the   service   provider   can   send  
mul1ple   television   channels   or   signals   simultaneously   over   that   cable   to   all  
subscribers.    
•  Receivers  must  tune  to  the  appropriate  frequency  (channel)  to  access  the  desired  
signal  
•  Most   common   applica1ons   is   radio   broadcast,   cable   television   and   1G   mobile  
network  
Frequency-­‐Division  Mul:plexing

•  To  work  properly,  frequency  overlap  must  be  avoided  

•  link   must   have   sufficient   BW   to   be   able   to   carry   the   wide   range   of   frequencies  
required  
•  demul1plexer   at   the   receiving   end   works   by   dividing   the   signals   by   tuning   into  
the  appropriate  frequency  
•  FDM  gives  a  total  bandwidth  greater  than  the  combined  bandwidth  of  the  signals  
to  be  transmiUed  
•  In  order  to  prevent  signal  overlap,  there  are  strips  of  frequency  that  separate  the  
signals:  known  as  guard  bands  
Frequency-­‐Division  Mul:plexing
Time-­‐division  mul:plexing
•  Time  domain  divided  into  several  recurrent  1me  slots  of  fixed  length,  one  for  each  sub-­‐channel  
•  Requires   two   or   more   bit   streams/signals   transferred   simultaneously   as   sub-­‐channels   in   one  
communica1on  channel,  but  are  physically  taking  turns  on  the  channel  
•  A   sample   byte   or   data   block   of   sub-­‐channel   1   is   transmiUed   during   1me   slot   1,   sub-­‐channel   2  
during  1me  slot  2,  etc.  
•  One   TDM   frame   consists   of   one   1me   slot   per   sub-­‐channel   plus   a   synchroniza1on   channel   and  
some1mes  error  correc1on  channel  before  the  synchroniza1on  
•  Example  of  TDM:  GSM  (2G  mobile  network)  and  satellite  communica1ons    
Code-­‐division  Mul:plexing

•  Technique   in   which   each   channel   transmits   its   bits   as   a   coded   channel-­‐specific  

sequence  of  pulses  
•  This   coded   transmission   typically   accomplished   by   transmirng   a   unique   1me-­‐
dependent  series  of  short  pulses,  which  are  placed  within  chip  1mes  within  the  
larger  bit  1me  
•  All  channels,  each  with  a  different  code,  can  be  transmiUed  on  the  same  media  
and  asynchronously  demul1plexed  
•  CDM  can  be  found  in  3G  mobile  network  
Orthogonal  Frequency-­‐division  mul:plexing  (OFDM)

•  Frequency-­‐division  mul1plexing  (FDM)  scheme  used  as  a  digital  mul1-­‐carrier  

modula1on  method  
•  Large  number  of  closely  spaced  orthogonal  sub-­‐carrier  signals  are  used  to  carry  
data  
•  Data  divided  into  several  parallel  data  streams  or  channels,  one  for  each  sub-­‐
carrier  
•  Each  sub-­‐carrier  is  modulated  with  a  conven1onal  modula1on  scheme  at  a  low  
symbol  rate,  maintaining  total  data  rates  similar  to  conven1onal  single-­‐carrier  
modula1on  schemes  in  the  same  bandwidth  
•  Mul1plexing  technique  for  LTE/LTE-­‐Advanced  (4G  mobile  network)  and  current  
genera1on  WiFi,  such  as  802.11ac    
Orthogonal  Frequency-­‐Division  Mul:plexing  (OFDM)
Wavelength  Division  Mul:plexing  (WDM)
•  WDM  systems  are  divided  into  
three  different  wavelength  
paUerns:    
•  Normal  (WDM):  two  normal  
wavelengths  1310  and  1550  on  one  
fiber  
•  Coarse  (CWDM):  up  to  16  channels  
across  mul1ple  transmission  
windows  of  silica  fibers  
•  Dense  (DWDM):  C-­‐Band  (1530  
nm-­‐1565  nm)  transmission  window  
but  with  denser  channel  spacing  
•  For  fiber  op1c  communica1ons  
(Internet  broadband)  
Mul:ple  Access  as  an  Extension  of  Mul:plexing

•  Use   of   mul1plexing   to   provide   communica1on   service   to   mul1ple   users   over   a   single  

channel.  
•  It  allows  for  many  users  at  one  1me  by  sharing  a  finite  amount  of  spectrum  
•  A   mul1ple   access   method   makes   it   possible   for   several   transmiUers   connected   to   the  
same  physical  medium  to  share  its  capacity.  
•  Other  mul1ple  access:  SDMA,  BDMA,  WDMA,  NOMA  (5G),  etc    
Summary