Title Propolis protects human spermatozoa from DNA damage

caused by benzo[a]pyrene and exogenous reactive oxygen

species.
Author(s) Russo A, Troncoso N, Sanchez F, Garbarino JA, Vanella A 

Institution Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and

Molecular Biology, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95125
Catania, Italy. alrusso@unict.it
Source Life Sci 2006 Feb 23; 78(13) :1401-6.
MeSH Adenosine Diphosphate
Benzo(a)pyrene
DNA Damage
Ethanol
Ferrous Compounds
Humans
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Male
Malondialdehyde
Plant Extracts
Propolis
Reactive Oxygen Species
Spermatozoa

Abstract Many environmental, physiological and genetic factors have

been implicated in defective sperm function, the most common
cause of infertility. In addition, sperm preparation techniques
such as centrifugation, used prior to in vitro fertilization, are
associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and an increase in the level of DNA damage. Factors
that can offer spermatozoa protection are, therefore, of great
importance. This study was designed to examine in vitro the
effect of a Chilean propolis ethanolic extract on human
spermatozoa treated with benzo[a]pyrene and exogenous
reactive oxygen species. Our experimental evidence
demonstrated that the natural drug under investigation is able
to protect genomic DNA by damage induced by
benzo[a]pyrene, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrogen
peroxide in combination with adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)
and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), determining a significant
reduction of the intracellular oxidants. An increase in
membrane damage, measured by monitoring the formation of
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and lactic
dehydrogenase (LDH) release, was observed only in sperm
treated with H2O2, ADP and FeSO4. The propolis extract was
shown to possess the capacity to protect sperm membrane
from the deleterious action of oxidative attack, reducing
TBARS formation and LDH release. In summary, our results
evidence that the protective effect exhibited by this natural
compound in human spermatozoa is correlated, at least in
part, to the antioxidant capacity of its active components, and
 suggest that propolis may have a role in protection against
male infertility.
Language eng
Pub Type(s) Journal Article
PubMed ID 16457855

Bee Propolis 

Related Terms
  • Bee Glue; Bee Putty; Propolis
Principal Proposed Uses
  • None
Other Proposed Uses
  • TOPICAL USES:  Genital Herpes; Skin Wounds; Oral Surgery; Tooth Decay; Vaginal
Infections
  • ORAL USES:  Cancer Prevention; Giardiasis
Page Navigation
   Requirements/Sources
   Therapeutic Dosages
   Therapeutic Uses
   Safety Issues
   References

En Español (Spanish Version)

Although honey is perhaps the most famous bee product of interest to human beings, bees
also make propolis, another substance that humans have used for thousands of years.
Bees coat the hive with propolis in much the same way we use paint and caulking on our
homes. People began using propolis more than 2,300 years ago for many purposes, the
foremost of which was applying it to wounds to fight infection. It is a resinous compound
made primarily from tree sap, and contains biologically active compounds called
flavonoids, which come from its plant source. Propolis does indeed have antiseptic
properties; the flavonoids in propolis may be responsible for its antimicrobial effects as
well as other alleged health benefits.

Requirements/Sources

Propolis is available in a wide assortment of products found in pharmacies and health

food stores, including tablets, capsules, powders, extracts, ointments, creams, lotions, and
other cosmetics.

Therapeutic Dosages

Topical propolis ointments, creams, lotions, balms, and extracts are usually applied
directly to the area being treated. However, we do not recommend applying bee propolis
directly to the eyes (see Safety Issues).

Propolis intended for oral use comes in a wide variety of forms, including tablets,
capsules, and extracts. Products vary so much that your best bet is to follow the directions
on the label.

Therapeutic Uses

Test tube studies have found propolis to be active against a variety of microorganisms,
including bacteria, viruses, and protozoans.1–10 These findings have been the basis for
most propolis research in humans and animals.

The results of a small controlled study suggests that propolis cream might cause attacks
of genital herpes to heal faster.11

A preliminary controlled study found that propolis mouthwash following oral surgery
significantly speeded healing time as compared to placebo.12 Propolis extracts may also
have value in treatment of severe periodontal disease, according to a study that evaluated
the use of propolis extracts as part of an irrigation procedure performed twice weekly by
dentists.43

In one study, rats given propolis in their drinking water got fewer cavities than rats given
regular water.18 However, no human studies have been performed to see if we would also
benefit.
Animal studies also suggest that topical propolis may be of benefit in healing wounds.13,14

One group of researchers compared a propolis extract against the standard antiprotozoal
drug tinidazole in 138 people infected with the parasite giardiasis.15 The extract appeared
to work about as well as the drug therapy.

A number of clinical trials have tested the use of propolis for eye infections16 and vaginal
infections.17 However, these were poorly designed; better trials are necessary before we
can say for sure that propolis is an effective treatment for any of these conditions.

One isolated study, published only in abstract form, tested bee propolis in women with
mild endometriosis and infertility. Reportedly, researchers found that use of bee propolis
at a dose of 500 mg twice daily resulted in a pregnancy rate of 60%, as compared to 20%
in the placebo group, a difference that was statistically significant.44 It is not clear why
propolis should have this effect.

Finally, test tube studies suggest that propolis has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and
cancer preventing properties.19–25 Again, without actual human studies, these results
suggest the need for future research but do not prove propolis effective for any particular
condition.

Safety Issues

Propolis is an ingredient commonly consumed in small quantities in honey. Safety studies

have found it to be essentially nontoxic when taken orally; propolis also appears to be
nonirritating when applied to the skin.26 However, allergic reactions to propolis are
relatively common; it is a known "sensitizing agent," meaning it tends to induce allergies
to itself when it is taken for an extended time.27–42

References

1. Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JMT, Franklin I. Antibiotic activity of natural products:

1. Propolis. Microbios. 1990;62:19–22.

2. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis
(propolis). Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36:347–363.

3. Grange JM, Davey RW. Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue). J R Soc Med.
1990;83:159–160.

4. Ikeno K, Ikeno T, Miyazawa C. Effects of propolis on dental caries in rats. Caries Res.
1991;25:347–351.
5. Metzner J, Bekemeier H, Paintz P, et al. On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and
propolis constituents [in German; English abstract]. Pharmazie. 1979;34:97–102.

6. Scheller S, Tustanowski J, Kurylo B, et al. Biological properties and clinical

application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from
pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance
in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP. Arzneimittelforschung. 1977;27:1395.

7. Takaisi-Kikuni NB, Schilcher H. Electron microscopic and microcalorimetric

investigations of the possible mechanism of the antibacterial action of a defined propolis
provenance. Planta Med. 1994;60:222–227.

8. Debiaggi M, Tateo F, Pagani L, et al. Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity

and replication. Microbiologica. 1990;13:207–213.

9. Harish Z, Rubinstein A, Golodner M, et al. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by

propolis and its immunoregulatory effect. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1997;23:89–96.

10. Higashi KO, de Castro SL. Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi
and have an impact on its interaction with host cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;43:149–
155.

11. Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. A comparative multi-centre study of the

efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes.
Phytomedicine. 2000;7:1–6.

12. Magro Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Topical effect of propolis in the repair of
sulcoplasties by the modified Kazanjian technique. Cytological and clinical evaluation. J
Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1994;36:102–111.

13. Magro Filho O, de Carvalho AC. Application of propolis to dental sockets and skin
wounds. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1990;32:4–13.

14. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis
(propolis). Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36:347–363.

15. Miyares AC Hollands I, Castaneda C, et al. Clinical trial with a preparation based on
propolis "propolisina" in human giardiasis [in Spanish; English abstract]. Acta
Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1988;18:195–201.

16. Popescu MP, Palos E, Popescu F. Efficacy of combined biological therapy with bee
products in localized palpebral and conjunctival eye lesions with reference to the clinico-
functional changes [in Romanian; English abstract]. Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L
Oftalmol Stomatol Otorinolaringol. 1985;29:53–61.
17. Zawadzki J, Suchy H, Scheller S. Use of propolis for treatment of vaginitis and
cervicitis [in Polish; English abstract]. Przegl Lek. 1973;30:620–623.

18. Ikeno K, Ikeno T, Miyazawa C. Effects of propolis on dental caries in rats. Caries
Res. 1991;25:347–351.

19. Pascual C, Gonzalez R, Torricella RG. Scavenging action of propolis extract against
oxygen radicals. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;41:9–13.

20. Volpert R, Elstner EF. Interactions of different extracts of propolis with leukocytes
and leukocytic enzymes. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46:47–51.

21. Khayyal MT, el-Ghazaly MA, el-Khatib AS. Mechanisms involved in the
antiinflammatory effect of propolis extract. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993;19:197–203.

22. Strehl E, Volpert R, Elstner EF. Biochemical activities of propolis-extracts. III.

Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. Z Naturforsch [C]. 1994;49:39–43.

23. Frenkel K, Wei H, Bhimani R, et al. Inhibition of tumor promoter-mediated processes

in mouse skin and bovine lens by caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Cancer Res.
1993;53:1255–1261.

24. Hladon B, Bylka W, Ellnain-Wojtaszek M, et al. In vivo studies on the cytostatic

activity of propolis extracts. Arzneimittelforschung. 1980;30:1847–1848.

25. Scheller S, Krol W, Swiacik J, et al. Antitumoral property of ethanolic extract of

propolis in mice-bearing Ehrlich carcinoma, as compared to bleomycin. Z Naturforsch
[C]. 1989;44:1063–1065.

26. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis
(propolis). Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36:347–363.

27. Blanken R, Koedijk FHJ, Young E. Propolis allergy [in Dutch; English abstract]. Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1987;131:1121–1123.

28. Bousquet J, Menardo J-L, Michel F-B. Allergy in beekeepers. Allergol Immunopathol
(Madr). 1982;10:395–398.

29. Camarasa G. Occupational dermatitis from beeswax. Contact Dermatitis. 1975;1:124.

30. Garcia M, Del Pozo MD, Diez J, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from a beeswax
nipple-protective. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33:440–441.

31. Hausen BM, Wollenweber E, Senff H, et al. Propolis allergy. (II). The sensitizing
properties of 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:171–177.
32. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70:584–586.

33. Melli MC, Giorgini S, Sertoli A. Occupational dermatitis in a bee-keeper. Contact

Dermatitis. 1983;9:427–428.

34. Petersen HO. Hypersensitivity to propolis. Contact Dermatitis. 1977;3:278–279.

35. Pincelli C, Motolese A, Pincelli L. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact

Dermatitis. 1984;11:49.

36. Schuler TM, Frosch PJ. Propolis-induced contact allergy [in German; English
abstract]. Hautarzt. 1988;39:139–142.

37. Trevelyan J. Spirit of the beehive. Nurs Times. 1997;93:72–74.

38. Wanscher B. Contact dermatitis from propolis. Br J Dermatol. 1976;94:451–455.

39. Hausen BM, Wollenweber E, Senff H, et al. Propolis allergy. (II). The sensitizing
properties of 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17:171–177.

40. Hay KD, Greig DE. Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70:584–586.

41. Petersen HO. Hypersensitivity to propolis. Contact Dermatitis. 1977;3:278–279.

42. Trevelyan J. Spirit of the beehive. Nurs Times. 1997;93:72–74.

43. Gebaraa EC, Pustiglioni AN, de Lima LA, et al. Propolis extract as an adjuvant to
periodontal treatment. OralHealth Prev Dent. 2005;1:29-35.

44. Ali AFM, Awadallah A. Bee propolis versus placebo in the treatment of infertitily
associated with minimal or mild endometriosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. A
modern trend. Fertil Steril. 2003;80 (Supp 3):S32.

Last reviewed June 2005 by EBSCO CAM Review Board

: Phytother Res. 2001 Nov;15(7):561-71.   Links

Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis.

 Banskota AH,
  Tezuka Y,
 Kadota S.

Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural

Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees

from various plant sources. It is a popular folk medicine
possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. It has
also been used as a health drink in various Asian, European
and American countries. Several groups of researchers have
focused their attention on the biological activity of propolis
and its active principles. Many scientific articles are published
every year in different international journals related to the
pharmacological properties of propolis. This review article
compiles recent findings (since 1995) on the pharmacological
properties of propolis focusing on its antihepatotoxic,
antitumour, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory
properties. The possible mechanism of action of propolis as
well as the active compounds are discussed. Copyright 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Diet to become pregnant

Posted: 05-04-2006 | Views: 639

Author: Yana Mikheeva

In Chinese medicine food is considered to be a basic source of energy. Different food

has different energetic qualities. For example, spicy piquant food is more male by its
nature (Yang source), whereas sweet food is more feminine (Yin source). Some kinds
of products help to maintain blood mixture; others help to remove excess liquid off
body or lower blood pressure. Different tastes – sweet, spicy, sour, bitter, salty and
scented – affect human organism in different ways.

However, their consumption should be balanced: if some of these tastes prevails in

your daily ration too much, then it creates disbalance in organism. For example, in
Chinese cuisine salt is considered to be necessary for bowels, but excess quantity of
salt prevents blood circulation. It’s interesting, that Western medicine agrees with
Chinese one in this matter in many aspects.

According to Chinese philosophy, eating is not only absorption of calories, but also a
possibility to treat organism, with the help of balancing of tastes and energy,
necessary for these or those organs. Sheng energy is responsible for reproductive
system.

As a rule, problems with consumption are caused by lack of this energy.

Symptoms of lack of this energy include also:
As a rule, problems with consumption are caused by lack of this energy.Symptoms of
lack of this energy include also:

Pain in lower part of back

Weakness in feet
Dryness of mucous membranes
Night sweating
Irregular menstruation
Low libido
Frequent desire for urination
Cold feet

and so on. Women suffer from many of these symptoms during menopause, when
Sheng energy begins decreasing abruptly.

Sheng energy has differences for male and female sources.

Men with reproductive and urological problems should avoid excess overwork, too hot
weather and piquant spicy food.

Women, having problems with conception, shouldn’t take too cold drinks, especially
during menstruation. They also should eat not raw, but slightly stewed vegetables, as
their digestion requires less energy.

For patients, suffering from sterility, Chinese medicine prescribes also:

Eat alkaline food, instead of acid. Alkaline food creates acid-alkaline balance,
necessary for conception and embryo acceptance. It includes: all fruits, except citrus,
vegetables, sprouts, and herbs (especially valerian). Acid food (meat, milk and
majority of cereals) creates too acid medium.

As it’s known, alkaline medium is necessary for spermatozoa survival. As saline has
alkaline qualities, it’s recommended to chew food well, and also not to drink during
and right after meal. Moreover, bioflavonoids, found in many vegetables and fruits,
contribute to healthy blood cells forming, necessary for uterus preparation for
conception and prevention of miscarriage.

Eat enough quantity of eicosanoic acids, preferably vegetable or contained in fish.

Eicosanoic acids are necessary for any living organism cells for their normal vital
functions. Unfortunately, organism itself doesn’t produce such acids. They lower level
of cholesterol, strengthen immune system and contribute to correct development of
fetus brain.

Moreover, these acids play main role in ovulation, especially during the process of
ovule coming out and its readiness for fertilization. Fish (especially sea), vegetable
oils of cold extraction, eggs, soy food, raw nuts and seeds contain necessary acids.

Reduce consumption of rich fats to minimum, as they suppress work of immune and
reproductive systems and are toxic for organism in general. Margarine and spreads,
lard and animal fat and also canned food contain these fats.

Eat fresh ecologically clean food and refuse from processed food. Especially this
concerns meat, as pesticides, hormone and other chemical agents, used for meat
processing, contain substances, similar to hormone estrogen, suppressing our natural
estrogen making, and affect endocrine system negatively.
Since long ago it Chinese medicine it was considered that the farer food is from its
source, the more vital energy it loses. It’s easy to believe this: we all know how
much taste of just plucked apple differs from taste of apple we buy in a shop.

Eat more cruciferous vegetables – usual cabbage, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower,
broccoli. Cruciferous vegetables contain a substance, stimulating more efficient
processing of oestradiol (most active natural estrogen) by organism.

Excess of oestradiol is responsible for pains in breasts, excess weight, low libido,
breast and uterus cancer. Substance, produced while eating cruciferous vegetables,
neutralizes oestradiol, splitting it in more harmless estrogens.

Take multivitamins and mineral complexes, containing vitamins A, C, E and of group

B, iron, zinc, selenium and folacin. These substances increase fertility (ability to
conception and fertilization) both of women and men, but they are usually absent
from our normal diet. Enough consumption of these substances neutralizes all
problems with sterility.
It’s also wishful to take following products:

Bee-pollen (propolis). Bee-pollen is what working bees eat. It has tonic and
regenerative qualities, strengthens immunity, regulates menstruation, intensifies
making of spermatozoa in men. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, nuclide acids,
enzymes and steroid hormones.

Propolis is the same bee-pollen, but processed to feed bee-female. Propolis helps
bee-pollen to lay millions of eggs and live much longer, than usual bee. It contains
the same active substances, that bee-pollen, but to a much greater extent, and has
been used for female inflammatory diseases treatment since long ago.

Laminaria. Life on earth came from ocean. Laminaria contains chlorophyll, amino
acids, minerals. It strengthens endocrine, nervous and immune systems, regulates
metabolism, purifies blood, contributes to regeneration of tissues and synthesis of
prostaglandin (hormone, necessary for conception).

Avoid coffee, nicotine and alcohol. Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol affect reproductive
system extremely negatively. Nicotine makes cells old, especially cells of
reproductive system and prevents conception. Alcohol prevents embryo acceptance.
According to researches, while extramural fertilization chances to become pregnant
while taking alcohol reduce 50%. Start drinking tea, especially green one. It contains
much less caffeine and volatile oils. Moreover, tea, unlike coffee, acts like
antloxidant.

Moreover, lead healthy way of living: sleep more, do physical exercises, walk on
fresh air and avoid stresses. During sterility treatment, try to avoid medicines,
especially medicines against allergy and high blood pressure, and also antibiotics.

About The Author

Yana Mikheeva is the creator of All about women site, it is an on-line resource for
women and about women. Here you can find articles on various subjects, such as:
diets, receipts, health, cellulite, figure, aromatherapy, wholesome food, psychology
of relationships, pregnancy, parenting, fashion and many others.
She also has Blog for women

This article is free for republishing

Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com

Bee Propolis May Improve Infertility

Associated With Mild Endometriosis

Emma Hitt, PhD

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Oct. 17, 2003 — Bee propolis appears to be effective for the treatment of
infertility associated with mild endometriosis, according to the findings of a
small randomized trial.

Propolis is derived from plant resins collected by honeybees. According to

Ali F. M. Ali, from the Ain Shams University, in Cairo, Egypt, and
colleagues, the substance has "many pharmacologic actions," including
inhibition of C aromatase and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as
strong anti-inflammatory activity.

Dr. Ali and colleagues presented their findings this week at the 59th annual
meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine in San Antonio,
Texas.

The researchers conducted a study of 40 patients with primary infertility for

at least two years and endometriosis diagnosed with laparoscopy. Patients
were randomized to receive 500 mg of bee propolis twice daily or a
placebo and were followed for nine months.

Of the patients taking bee propolis, 12 women (60%) became pregnant

compared with four (20%) in the placebo group (P < .001).

"The compliance of patients was satisfactory with no reported side effects,"

the authors note in their abstract.

The researchers conclude that "bee propolis is an effective line of

treatment for infertility associated with mild or minimal endometriosis."

They point out that their research was a pilot study with a limited number of
patients, but that the results indicate that a "multicenter prospective trial of
bee propolis is warranted."

ASRM 2003 Annual Meeting: Abstract O-84. Presented Oct. 13, 2003.

Reviewed by Gary D. Vogin, MD

500g Pollen (Powder or Granules, see options above)

pollen

Pollen

Pollen

Hay Fever

Royal Jelly

Hay Fever

* Credits to Steve Schector, N.D.

Bee Pollen is the male seed of a flower blossom which has been gathered by the bees and to
which special elements from the bees has been added.
The honeybee collects pollen and mixes it with its own digestive enzymes. One pollen granule
contains from one hundred thousand to five million pollen spores each capable of reproducing its
entire species.

Bee Pollen is often referred to as nature's most complete food. Human consumption of pollen is
praised in the Bible, other religious books, ancient Chinese and Egyptian texts. It has long been
prescribed by traditional health practitioners- including the fathers of Western medicine
Hippocrates, Pliny the Elder, and Pythagoras-for its healing properties.

More than 40 research studies document the therapeutic efficacy and safety of bee pollen.
Clinical tests show that orally ingested bee pollen particles are rapidly and easily absorbed-they
pass directly from the stomach into the blood stream. Within two hours after ingestion, bee pollen
is found in the blood, in cerebal spinal fluids, and in the urine.

Bee pollen rejuvenates your body, stimulates organs and glands, enhances
vitality, and brings about a longer life span. Bee pollen's ability to consistently and
noticeably increase energy levels makes it a favourite substance among many world class
athletes and those interested in sustaining and enhancing quality performance.

Bee pollen contains most of the known nutrients, including all of those necessary for human
survival. When compared to any other food, it contains a higher percentage of all the necessary
nutrients. Bee pollen is approximately 25% complete protein containing at least 18 amino acids.
In addition, bee pollen provides more than a dozen vitamins, 28 minerals, 11 enzymes or co-
enzymes, 14 beneficial fatty acids, 11 carbohydrates, and is rich in minerals, the full spectrum of
vitamins, and hormones. It is low in calories.

Several nutrients in bee pollen, such as proteins, beneficial fats, vitamins B, C, D, E, and beta-
carotene, calcium, magnesium, selenium, nucleic acids, lecithin, and cysteine, are scientifically
well documented for their ability to strengthen immunity, counteract the effects of radiation and
chemical toxins (which are the two most severe stressors to your immune system), and generate
optimal health and vitality.

Bee pollen provides anti-oxidants that scavenge free radicals caused by exposure to radiation,
chemical pollutants, and other intense physical or emotional stressors. Radiation and chemical
pollutants are known as the two most severe stressors to your immune system. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and the Environmental Protection Agency, the two premier health
monitoring organizations in the world, this year you will be exposed to over 200 different forms of
radioactive toxins and over 60,000 different chemical toxins.

Toxins by definition stress your immune system, harm other parts of your body, cause a wide
range of common health problems. All forms of radiation, and most chemical pollutants, also
produce cumulative side-effects. Any substance that effectively protects your body from the side-
effects of exposure to radiation or chemical pollutants is considered a strong immune stimulant
and generator of health.

Exposure to radiation and or chemical pollutants adversely decreases a number of vital body
substances These include antibodies and other white blood cells (your immune response). red
blood cells. and nutrients in blood and mother's milk, such as protein and the antioxidant vitamins
C and E.

Bee pollen is documented to counteract the effects that radiation and chemical pollutants have on
these important barometers of health. Equally important, bee pollen has been proven clinically to
generate health.
Bee pollen significantly reduced the usual side-effects of both radium and cobalt-60 radiotherapy
in twenty-five women who had been treated for inoperable uterine cancer.2 The women who took
the product were considerably healthier and had stronger immunological responses. These
women registered beneficial increases in a number of areas, including red and white blood cell
counts and serum protein levels. The women also reported feeling an improved sense of well-
being. It has also proved beneficial for nausea, poor appetite after radiation treatments, sleep
disorders, urinary and rectal disorders, and for general decline and weakness after treatment.
The dosage of pollen received by these women was twenty grams, which is about 70% of an
ounce, or approximately two teaspoons, taken three times per day.

X-rays, radiation, and many environmental pollutants break down some of your body's proteins,
thus producing histan-iine, which then causes several allergic responses. Various laboratory
analyses, and the patients' subjective reports, confirmed that bee pollen counteracted these
responses, including weakened immune system and sickness.3

Researchers found that this product strengthened the immune systems of mice, improved their
resistance to x-rays, and has antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also prevented the
development of cancerous tumors in mice.4

Bee pollen proves to be quite useful for activity enhancement and sports nutrition. It produces an
accelerated rate of recovery, including a return to normal heart rate, breathing, and readiness for
the next event. Bee pollen improves second and subsequent performances. Humans not
receiving bee pollen show declining performances. It provides energy, stamina, and strength, and
enhances performance levels.

Bee pollen should not be confused with the pollen that is blown by the wind and is a
common cause of allergies. Allergy-causing pollen is called anemophiles; it is light and easily
blown by the wind. Bee pollen is heavier and stickier, and is collected off of bees' legs by special
devices placed at the entrance to hives. It is called entomophiles or "friends of the insects," and
will rarely cause allergy symptoms.

Many people with allergies and hay fever safely and effectively ingest bee pollen. 73% of patients
with hay fever averaged a 75% improvement when given bee pollen orally. 78% of asthma
patients averaged a 75% improvement in taking the product orally. 17.8% of hay fever patients
and 33.3% of asthma patients showed a complete, 100%, improvement with oral product -usually
the sooner treatment began pre-seasonally the greater the rate of healing.5,6,7,8 Quercetin in the
product inhibits the release of histamine in the body. It may be one of the contributing factors in
decreasing allergic and hay fever responses.9,10,11,12

Bee pollen improves fertility. It can reduce cholesterol levels. It improved the condition of men
with prostatitis. It produced therapeutic benefits in patients with glycohaemia (abnormal amount of
blood sugar), low hemoglobin, and bleeding ulcers.

Bee pollen, royal jelly, and vitamin C were given to menopausal women for 30 days, after which
82% were symptom-free. Patients with kidney insufficiency were fed bee pollen and showed great
improvement. It promotes healing of a wide variety of other health problems.

Regarding safety, I have observed that a small percent of people who initially ingest large
amounts may occasionally experience minor gastrointestinal irritation and a laxative effect or a
rare allergic reaction.

One 1983 research study corroborates my clinical experience. It is unclear whether this effect is
due to the person being very sensitive; or due to poor quality such as gathered from
commercially-sprayed flowers. or improperly cleaned, dried, or stored which therefore may
contain debris or mold-causing moisture. I have also clinically observed that large amounts of the
product may be contraindicated for some people with gout as it may elevate purine or uric acid
levels.

For preventive purposes, a common initial adult dosage of granules is Initially 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon
once per day. The dosage is gradually increased to 1-2 teaspoons one to three times per day.
Adults suffering from allergies are best advised to start off with one to three granules daily, and
then to gradually increase to higher doses-usually over a period of one month or more. It is also
available in gelatin caps, tablets, mixed with other products, as a liquid, tincture, cream, and
salve. For preventive purposes, the suggested amount is two 450-580 mg. capsules three to four
times daily. A short term therapeutic amount is about three times the preventive amount. Bee
pollen should not be cooked.

1. .E. Kvanta, Acta Cheniica Scandinavia, 1968, vol. 22, no. 7, pp.216-265.
2. P. Herrnuss, et al., Str@entherapie, 1975, vol. 150, no. 5, pp. 500-506.
3. I. Osmanagic, M.D., Ph.D. Bee Pollen Protects Against Radiation Sickness Due
to X-Ray Therapy, Journal of the University Radiological Institute, Sarajevo,
Yugoslavia, 1973.
4. W. Robinson. Bee Pollen Arrests Cancerous Tumors in Mice, Journal of
thenational Cancer institute, p. 1 1 9-123, October 1948.
5. Maurer, Murray L. and Strauss, Margaret., "A New Oral Treatment for Ragweed
Fever. " Journal of Allergy, 3 2:343 (196 1).
6. Stemberg, Louis, "Seasonal Sonmolence, As Possible Pollenkllergy," Journal of
Allergy, v. 14, p. 89, 1942.
7. Black, J. H. J Lab Chem Med, Vol.8, p.709, May 1928.
8. Ibid. Vol. 12, p. 1 1 56, 1927.
9. Stanley, R. G., H. F. Linskens. Pollen Biology, Biochemistry and Management,
(New York: Springer-Verlag), 1974, pp. 230-235.
10. Hallet, F. P. & Parks, L. M. "A Note of the Isolation of Quereetin from ,Euphorbia
piluilfera L,' J Am Pharm Assn. p.56, 1950.
11. Hope, W.C. et al., "Short Communications-In vitro inhibition of the biosynthesis of
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and lipoxygenae activity by
quercetin," Biochem Pharmacol, 32(2): 367-371. 1983.
12. Middleton, C., Jr., et al. "Quereetin: an inhibitor of antigen-induced human
basopffil histamine release," J Immunol 127:546, 1981.

Zhong Yao Cai. 2000 Jun;23(6):346-8. Links

[Study on the pharmacologic effect of propolis]

[Article in Chinese]
 Luan J,
 Wang N,
 Tian L.

Department of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou University of Commerce,

Hangzhou 310035.
 Pharmacologic effects of propolis were investigated in this article. The results
suggested that propolis has pharmacologic functions in many aspects. It is a
new-type medicine derived from animal in pharmacology and food both. To small
mouse, propolis showed the functions of anti-fatigue and endurance to lack of
oxygen. To high-blood-lipid-model mouse, it prevented increase of blood-mucus
and blood lipid(TC, TG, LDL-C) (P < 0.05-0.01), but there were insignificant
changes to red-blood-cell proportion (HCT) and high-density lipoprotein
chelesteral (HDC-C). To small immunosuppessive-model mouse, propolis could
strengthen macrophagocyte phagocytosis in the abdominal-cavity (P < 0.05),
and increase the thymus-index (P < 0.05), but there were insignificant changes
to the spleen-index. The LD50 > 7500 mg/kg to small mouse.

ROYAL JELLY/TESTOSTERONE
Royal jelly has been shown to contain a substance apparently identical to testosterone, the
distinctive male hormone. (Experientia 40(1)104-106, 1984)

Pharmacol Res. 2005 Feb;51(2):147-52.   Links

Effects of propolis on blood glucose, blood lipid and free radicals in rats with
diabetes mellitus.

 Fuliang HU,
 Hepburn HR,
 Xuan H,
 Chen M,
 Daya S,
 Radloff SE.

College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.

The effects of ethanol (EEP) and water (WSD) extracts of propolis collected from
north China on blood glucose, blood lipid and free radicals in rats with diabetes
mellitus were studied. The results show that EEP and WSD led to decreased
levels of blood glucose (FBG), fructosamine (FRU), malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric
oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride
(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (VLDL-C) in serum of fasting rats; and to increased serum levels of
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
This suggests that propolis can control blood glucose and modulate the
metabolism of glucose and blood lipid, leading to decreased outputs of lipid
peroxidation and scavenge the free radicals in rats with diabetes mellitus.
 Royal Jelly: Ancient Medicine With New Applications

For most of human history, honeybees have been known as the

golden-colored creatures that steal nectar and pollen from fragrant
flowers, and create sweet-tasting honey. But other products from bees
have been used since ancient times, including royal jelly. The ancient
Egyptians used this milky mixture as to stave off aging and keep their
skin soft and young looking. This use continues to this day, and royal
jelly is being studied for even more exciting health and medical
benefits.

This nutrient-rich, thick, milky-colored liquid is the key nutrient that

turns an immature bee into a queen bee (worker bees are fed it only
during the first three days of life, but the queen is fed it throughout
her development and lifespan). Its highly nutritious composition could
be one reason that a queen bee lives for up to five years, while worker
bees live only seven weeks, or why she weighs 50 percent more than
the workers.

What’s In Royal Jelly?

Royal Jelly is actually a combination of honey and bee pollen,

combined with enzymes that nurse bees produce in their salivary
glands and feed to the larvae. Reyah Carlson, LNA is a certified
apitherapist from Ventura, California known by others as “the bee lady
of the West,” because of her involvement with apitherapy since 1989.
She currently has over 100 hives and maintains a web site at
http://home.earthlink.net/~reyah1958/index.html

Carlson has kept bees most of her life, and is very aware of the
nutritional benefits of royal jelly. She states, “ Royal Jelly contains
70% water. In pure form, it has a very acidic taste, because the pH is
from 3-4. Half of its dried matter consists of proteins and free amino
acids. It is the hive product that is the richest in amino acids - it
contains 20 essential ones.”

She adds that royal jelly is a rich source of other ingredients that
include:
Glucids: “Mainly glucose and fructose in equal amounts”
Lipids: “Up to 4.5% of the dried matter, composed exclusively of fatty
acids, including hydroxytransdecenoic acid, which possesses
antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-germinative properties.”
Minerals: “including calcium, iron, and potassium”
Vitamins: ”the B vitamins are all present, especially B5 (pantothenic
acid)-royal jelly is the richest natural source known; vitamins B12,
vitamin C, and the liposoluble vitamins are also present in lesser
quantities.”
Acetylcholine: “It contains large quantities, up to mg/gram; its
vasodilator properties make its use especially good in treating
circulatory disorders affecting the elderly, as well as its
neurotransmitter activity, which could explain the effect of royal jelly
on the nervous system.
Other elements: “Royal Jelly contains not only a glucose-oxydase,
but also the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone,
as well as a gamma-globulin, which could play a role in the resistance
to diseases.”

Royal jelly is available for human consumption in several forms.

Carlson states, "Royal Jelly can be taken fresh or fresh frozen, in
freeze/dried (lyophilized) tablet or capsule form, mixed in honey,
herbal preparations, and as a suppository for vaginal or rectal
administration.” Fresh royal jelly is considered most effective, and
since it is destroyed by gastric juices, methods that bypass the
stomach as considered even better. Carlson notes, “Sublingually,
rectally, or vaginally are also good administration methods, since you
by-pass digestive juices, and the jelly is readily absorbed.”

Healing Uses For Royal Jelly

Royal jelly has traditionally been used through the centuries to

improve skin tone, to bolster the immune system, and to increase
energy levels. It has a rich historical tradition that began with the
ancient Egyptians, who used this milky substance to maintain youthful
vigor and clear skin. Carlson adds that Aristotle was one of the first to
provide history with a written description of royal jelly: “’A kind of
whitish jelly, which is very much like a hominy.’ Aristotle also noticed
that it was offered as food to the bee larvae.”

According to Carlson, the ancient Greeks also used it in one of their

most famous elixirs: “Ancient Greeks spoke of ambrosia, which
bestowed immortality upon the gods in Olympus. Ambrosia was partly
composed of the famous royal jelly. In reality, man has consumed it at
will for centuries. In the past, they used to crush the wax queen cell
containing royal jelly, pollen, and propolis, consuming this very rich
cocktail in its perfectly fresh condition. This is one reason for its
remarkable effectiveness.”
Royal jelly has been studied scientifically in the years since. In the
1600’s, a Dutch scholar, Swammerdam, first looked at live hives under
a magnifying glass, and discovered that the chiefs of the hives were
actually the queens-and that they were fed royal jelly. And in 1740,
the French scientist Ferchaut de Reaumur, an experimental biologist,
“first scientifically confirmed the privileged treatment of the queen
bee,” states Carlson. By 1788, the famous Swiss zoologist Francois
Humber had established that royal jelly was used to “educate” the
queens.

In more modern times, both personal anecdotes and scientific studies

are indicating that royal jelly has health as well as nutritional benefits.
Carlson believes that she owes her own good health and clear skin to
taking it. “I personally take a rounded tablespoon I personally take a
rounded teaspoon of royal jelly every single day, without fail. It has a
calming affect, and helps with stress.I also make a lovely nighttime
facial cream which is made with royal jelly, beeswax, and
propolis...and I am told by many, how beautiful a complexion I have!”

Recent human studies using royal jelly have looked at its ability to
lower blood cholesterol levels. Several were double blind studies, and
used either an oral preparation, or an injectable form. These studies
showed that royal jelly, when taken in amounts of 50-100 mg/day,
helped to reduce total cholesterol levels by 14% in subjects with
moderately high cholesterol levels.1 Carlson adds, “I’ve seen those
who take royal jelly normalize cholesterol levels in as little as two or
three weeks, without changing their diet.”

Studies are showing that royal jelly may stimulate the reproductive
system. One study with ewes showed that supplementation with royal
jelly increased the amount of ovulation and pregnancy in the animals
that received it.2

Women who battle menopause symptoms will be interested in the

results of a study conducted in Denmark. There, they gave Melbrosia
(royal jelly mixed with bee and flower pollen) to women going through
menopause, and 1/3 of the women who participated reported relief of
their symptoms, including headache, vaginal dryness, and fatigue.3
Carlson adds, “Many of my clients are taking royal jelly as a form of
natural hormone replacement therapy, with very good results. And it’s
a wonderful way to prevent osteoporosis.” She adds that men can also
receive benefits from this milky-white supplement: “It’s good for men
who have prostate problems, as well.”
Royal jelly may give new energy to those who battle fatigue, according
to animal studies that showed that mice who were given fresh royal
jelly had more endurance and recovered more quickly after exercise
than those who didn’t.4 And further animal studies are looking at
whether peptide chains in royal jelly can help lower blood pressure.5

Some studies have indicated that fresh royal jelly can stimulate the
immune system, and help fight off viral infection6. Anecdotally,
Carlson has seen its effectiveness first-hand: “I personally have seen
success with use of royal jelly in a woman suffering from end stage
cirrhosis of the liver, who with in a short period of time had nearly a
complete recovery, and was off all medications.”

Royal Jelly was also noted to have an anti-inflammatory effect and to

help heal diabetic wounds in another animal study7. And Carlson has
seen it improve circulation problems in her clients. “Because royal jelly
has vasodilation properties, circulation improves, and it can prevent
and diminish varicose veins,” she states.

There is one important caution that should be noted if a person is

considering taking royal jelly: the possibility of an allergic reaction,
which can range from mild (such as an upset stomach) to a severe,
life-threatening asthma or anaphylactic reaction.8 If a person is
allergic to other bee products, such as pollen or honey, they shouldn’t
take royal jelly.

This is one reason why Carlson starts people off with smaller doses.
She states, “I always start my clients on a low dose, 1/8th of a
teaspoon, and gradually work up from that point, depending on the
need. I have seen some who have an allergic reaction to royal jelly,
but by making a heavily diluted portion, and gradually increasing its
strength, the person can gradually come to tolerate full doses with no
ill affect. This needs to be done with caution, and certain precautions
need to be taken. It should only be attempted under the direction and
supervision of a qualified apitherapist, or doctor who utilizes
apitherapy.”

Royal jelly is a highly nutritious substance that is still being studied for
its effect on health and well-being. Recent study results are promising,
and who that this “food of the queens” could have health benefits for
those who take it.

References
1. 14. Vittek J. Effect of royal jelly on serum lipids in experimental
animals and humans with atherosclerosis. Experientia 1995;51:927-35
[review].

2. Husein MQ, Kridli RT. Reproductive responses following royal jelly

treatment administered orally or intramuscularly into progesterone-
treated Awassi ewes. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of
Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology

3. Szanto E, Gruber D, Sator M, et al. Placebo-controlled study of

melbrosia in treatment of climacteric symptoms. Wien Med
Wochenschr 1994;144:130-

4. Kamakura M, Mitani N, Fukuda T, Fukushima M.; Antifatigue effect

of fresh royal jelly in mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001
Dec;47(6):394-401

5. Matsui T, Yukiyoshi A, Doi S, Sugimoto H, Yamada H, Matsumoto

K.; Gastrointestinal enzyme production of bioactive peptides from
royal jelly protein and their antihypertensive ability in SHR.

6. Hamerlink,FF.; Neopterin: a review. Exp Dermatol 1999

Jun;8(3):167-76

7. Fujii A, Kobayashi S, Kuboyama N, Furukawa Y, Kaneko Y, Ishihama

S, Yamamoto H, Tamura T.; Augmentation of wound healing by royal
jelly (RJ) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

8. Leung R, Ho A, Chan J, et al. Royal jelly consumption and

hypersensitivity in the community. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:333-6.

Life Sci. 2004 Dec 17;76(5):545-58.   Links

Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor

cell lines.

 Russo A,
 Cardile V,
 Sanchez F,
 Troncoso N,
 Vanella A,
 Garbarino JA.

Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University

of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania-Italy. alrusso@unict.it
 Propolis, a natural product derived from plant resins collected by honeybees, has
been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine all over the world. The
composition of the propolis depends upon the vegetation of the area from where
it was collected and on the bee species. In this study, we investigated the
antioxidant activity of a propolis sample, provided by NATURANDES-CHILE,
collected in a temperate region of central Chile. In addition, this natural
compound was tested for its antiproliferative capacity on KB (human mouth
epidermoid carcinoma cells), Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma cells) and DU-145
(androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells) human tumor cell lines. Results
showed that this Chilean propolis sample exhibits interesting biological
properties, correlated with its chemical composition and expressed by its
capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit tumor cell growth.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Jul;26(7):1057-9.   Links

Cell growth inhibitory effect of cinnamic acid derivatives from propolis on human
tumor cell lines.

 Akao Y,
 Maruyama H,
 Matsumoto K,
 Ohguchi K,
 Nishizawa K,
 Sakamoto T,
 Araki Y,
 Mishima S,
 Nozawa Y.

Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Kakamigahara, Japan. yakao@giib.or.jp

A cell growth inhibitory effect of drupanin and baccharin, ingredients of propolis,

was found in human cancer cell lines. These compounds induced apoptosis in the
cells characterized by morphological and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation
analysis. Their effects were less potent compared with that of artepillin C, which
is a known anticancer compound from propolis. Importantly, HL60 cells were
more sensitive to drupanin than were Con A-stimulated peripheral blood
lymphocytes, whereas the potency of artepillin C was the opposite of that of
drupanin

J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 May 13;99(1):5-11.   Links

Effects of propolis on cell growth and gene expression in HL-60 cells.

 Mishima S,
 Narita Y,
 Chikamatsu S,
 Inoh Y,
 Ohta S,
 Yoshida C,
 Araki Y,
 Akao Y,
 Suzuki KM,
 Nozawa Y.

Nagaragawa Research Center, API Co. Ltd., 692-3 Nagara, Gifu 502-0071, Japan.

Brazilian propolis obtained from honeybee hives was extracted with water or
ethanol. Cell growth-inhibitory activities of these propolis extracts were found in
HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells. The extracts-induced apoptosis in the
cells, which was characterized by morphological and nucleosomal DNA
fragmentation analysis. The apoptosis was mainly attributed to the induction of
granulocytic differentiation, which was evaluated by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT)
reducing assays and cytofluorometric analysis for the expression of cell surface
marker CD11b. DNA microarray analysis was performed to examine the gene
expression profiles in the propolis-treated HL-60 cells accompanied with
granulocytic differentiation, which were compared with those in all-trans retinoic
acid-treated cells. Several genes were up- or down-regulated. Two genes
encoding S100 calcium binding protein A9 and ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 were
up-regulated, which were also confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse
transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Propolis-induced growth inhibition in HL-60 cells
was, at least in part, due to differentiation with gene expression profiles, which
are similar to those induced by all-trans retinoic acid.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Sep;72(1-2):239-46.   Links

Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from

Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China.

 Banskota AH,
 Tezuka Y,
 Adnyana IK,
 Midorikawa K,
 Matsushige K,
 Message D,
 Huertas AA,
 Kadota S.

Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical

and Pharmaceutical University, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant

sources. The composition of the propolis depends upon the time, vegetation and
the area of collection. Thus, quality evaluation of the propolis is important,
before use in food and beverages. For this propose three different biological
activities were carried out, i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
 scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity, of MeOH and
water extracts of nine different propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and
China. The results showed that water extracts of six Brazilian and a Chinese
propolis possessed stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity than the
corresponding MeOH extract, whereas in the case of Netherlands and Peruvian
propolis MeOH extract exhibited stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity.
The MeOH extracts of all propolis possessed stronger cytotoxicity than the
corresponding water extract towards murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma and human
HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. The result of hepatoprotective activity of Brazilian
propolis on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-
induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes were found in
accordance with the grade set up by beekeepers in Brazil.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Nov;27(11):1797-803.   Links

Strong antihyperglycemic effects of water-soluble fraction of Brazilian propolis

and its bioactive constituent, 3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid.

 Matsui T,
 Ebuchi S,
 Fujise T,
 Abesundara KJ,
 Doi S,
 Yamada H,
 Matsumoto K.

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Bioresource and

Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. tmatsui@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp

To clarify the suppression of postprandial blood glucose rise via alpha-

glucosidase (AGH) inhibitory action by natural compounds, propolis was
examined in this study. A single oral administration of propolis extract (50%
methanol fraction on XAD-2 column chromatography) in Sprague-Dawley rats
demonstrated a potent antihyperglycemic effect with the significant AUC(0-120
min) reduction of 38% at a dose of 20 mg/kg compared to that of controls.
Among the active compounds isolated from the fraction, 3,4,5-tri-caffeoylquinic
acid was found to be a prominent candidate that exerts the effect and shows a
strong maltase-specific inhibition with an IC(50) value of 24 microM. In addition,
the noncompetitive inhibition power apparently increased with the number of
caffeoyl groups bound to quinic acid.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Oct;28(10):1909-14.   Links

 Antihypertensive effects of Brazilian propolis: identification of caffeoylquinic acids
as constituents involved in the hypotension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

 Mishima S,
 Yoshida C,
 Akino S,
 Sakamoto T.

Nagaragawa Research Center, API Co., Ltd; 692-3 Yamasaki, Nagara, Gifu 502-0071,
Japan.

Brazilian propolis was extracted with water or various concentrations of ethanol and
were administered orally to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the effects on
blood pressure and heart rate were determined. Single oral administration of 100 mg/kg
of propolis extracts decreased the blood pressure in SHR. Significant decrease in blood
pressure was observed with propolis extracted with 25 and 70% ethanol. SHR were
given orally 5 mg/kg of propolis extracted with 25 or 70% ethanol, twice a day for 28 d
and the effects on blood pressure and heart rate were compared with control rats. While
the blood pressure in the control group increased day by day, the increase was slower in
rats treated with 25 and 70% ethanol extracts of propolis. The hypotensive activity of
propolis extracted with 25% ethanol was more significant compared with control group
than with 70% ethanol. Di- and tri-caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) were found to be
characteristic components of propolis extracted with 25% ethanol. A single oral
administration of 3,4-diCQA, 3,5-diCQA, and 3,4,5-triCQA each at a dose of 10 mg/kg
were conducted in SHR. These three components were found to have antihypertensive
effects and therefore contribute to the antihypertensive effects of propolis extract. These
results suggest that 25% ethanol extract of propolis is useful for prevention and
treatment of hypertension
Letters in Applied Microbiology
Volume 31 Page 174  - August 2000
doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00785.x
Volume 31 Issue 2

 
 
In vitro activity of propolis against Streptococcus pyogenes
K. Bosio1, C. Avanzini1, A. D'avolio1, O. Ozino2 and D. Savoia1
k. bosio, c. avanzini, a. d'avolio, o. ozino and d. savoia. 2000.

Propolis, a multifunctional substance used by bees to maintain the safety of their hives, is
popular for its therapeutic potential against some micro-organisms. Ethanolic extracts of
two propolis specimens, collected from different areas within a region in the north-west of
Italy, were examined to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against 46 Streptococcus
pyogenes strains. By both agar dilution and agar diffusion methods, the minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were ≤ 234 µg ml 1,
corresponding to a one in 512 dilution of the 12% (w/v) extracts. One of the two propolis
samples was more active and this extract was shown to be richer in the flavonoids
pinocembrin and galangin using HPLC. Therefore, with a simple microbiological assay
technique, in particular the agar dilution method, it was possible to standardize the
analysis of propolis samples to identify the quality parameters of this natural product
before use for medical treatment.
 Potential Medical Uses and Biologic Properties of Propolis

Several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the biologic activity of propolis
and its active constituents.[34] General medicinal uses of propolis have included dental care and
the treatment of anemia, ischemia, infections, cancer, and hepatitis. In regard to dermatology,
propolis has been used in tissue regeneration, wound healing, and the treatment of ulcers and
eczema.[5]

Several studies have shown that aqueous and alcohol extracts of propolis have
hepatoprotective effects on both chemically induced (carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, and
D-galactosamine [D-GalN]) and immunologically induced (D-GalN/lipopolysaccharide) liver
toxicity.[35–41] The antitumor activity of propolis, including cytotoxicity, has also been well
documented.[34] A new clerodane diterpenoid called PMS-1, isolated from Brazilian propolis,
exhibits cytotoxicity toward human hepatocellular carcinoma, human lung carcinoma, and skin
tumors.[42,43] Specifically, CAPE was shown to be cytotoxic to various tumor cell lines[44] and to
have antitumor properties. Studies have shown that it can arrest the growth of human leukemia
HL-60 cells[45] and different oral tumor cells.[46]

The flavonoids and phenolic compounds of propolis have also been reported to have antioxidant
properties that play a role in the antitumor and antihepatotoxic activities of propolis. Reactive
oxidative species associated with tumor production are thought to act as second messengers for
signal transduction pathways that regulate cell proliferation. The phenolic constituents of
propolis reduce intracellular peroxides, thereby potentially inhibiting carcinogenesis. This activity
also seems to be hepatoprotective.[34]

One of the most widely known and extensively researched properties of propolis is its
antibacterial activity. Many research studies have been conducted with propolis on different
species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms.[6,34,47–51] One study examined the
antibacterial activity of different fractions of Brazilian propolis against Staphylococcus aureus
and observed that the antibacterial activity is mainly due to polar phenolic compounds.[47]

Propolis has also shown an antiinflammatory effect and has been used for the treatment of
some skin inflammatory diseases.[8] Mirzoeva and Calder studied the in vivo effect of dietary
propolis and propolis components on arachidonic acid metabolism.[52] The ethanol extract of
propolis was found to suppress prostaglandin and leukotriene generation by murine peritoneal
macrophages in vitro and during zymosan-induced acute inflammation in vivo. Propolis
significantly suppressed the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism during
inflammation. CAPE was the most potent modulator of the arachidonic acid cascade among the
tested propolis components.[52]

Many of the above-mentioned studies of the biologic activities of propolis were performed with
mice and therefore may not be generalizable to humans. The few studies involving human
subjects were limited by small sample sizes and nonrandomized noncontrolled study designs.
More detailed studies are needed to determine the potential therapeutic benefits of propolis in
humans.

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/521353_4

Bee-Rich Pollen Products

 Frequently Asked Questions

What is the source of propolis?

Propolis is a dark substance that is collected by bees from leaf buds, twigs,
and tree bark. It is used in the beehive to repair holes and cracks, embalm
intruders, and to line cells before the cells contain eggs.
What is the history of the use of propolis?
Propolis is nothing new. Hippocrates recorded the use of propolis to treat
wounds, sores, and ulcers as early as the fourth century B.C. The Roman
scholar Pliny extolled the benefits of propolis 400 years later in his writings,
explaining how "it extracted all substances embedded in the flesh, reduced
swelling, softened hardened areas, soothed pain, and healed sores when it
appeared hopeless for them to mend." Propolis use was recorded between the
eleventh and fifteenth centuries as a health aid. In the early twentieth century
during the Boer War, propolis was mixed with petroleum jelly and used as a
wound healer. Flavonoids, an important component of propolis, were
identified in the 1950's. Scientists now believe that propolis is an antibiotic
and antiviral substance that enhances the effectiveness of the immune system.
What are flavonoids and what do they do?
Flavonoids are antioxidants. They maintain the integrity of cells by trapping
free radicals that otherwise cause damage and hasten the aging process.
Flavonoids also bind heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadium to
prevent these metals from causing damage to the body. It is believed that the
flavonoids contained in propolis should be a regular part of our diet in order to
stimulate the immune system against potentially harmful microbes.
Flavonoids also help prevent cell damage and improve the absorption of
certain nutrients.
What are some of the uses and benefits of propolis?
Some of the benefits of propolis are that it fights diseases of the oral cavity,
along with ear, nose, and throat illnesses. In addition to these benefits,
propolis also prevents inflammation of the intestines, speeds cell growth, and
improves skin problems and burns. Another benefit of propolis is its effective
use against inflammation of the intestines. Propolis has been known to activate
the thymus gland, thus stimulating the immune system and can augment
antibiotics. Propolis also can be taken as a pain reliever. Propolis has
antifungal properties that inhibit infections, allowing bees to live together in
close conditions in a beehive.
What are some of the components of propolis?
Propolis contains approximately 55% resins and balsams, 30% beeswax, 10%
etheric oils, and 5% pollen. Propolis also contains a variety of flavonoids.
What are the benefits of having Siberian Ginseng as an additive to Royal
Jelly?
There are numerous benefits that are associated with Siberian Ginseng. One of
its benefits is that it acts as a preventative and therapeutic adaptogen,
increasing resistance, health, and vitality. Another benefit of Siberian Ginseng
is that of an antioxidant. This causes the inactivation of free radicals. A third
benefit is that it increases physical endurance under stress. This benefit can be
attributed to its antioxidant properties. Siberian Ginseng has also been known
to protect against microbal and viral infections.
I have problems with ascorbic acid. Can I take BeeRich Cee Pollen?
You may be able to take Cee Pollen, because it contains a buffered type of
ascorbic acid (also known as vitamin C). However, we do not recommend that
you take Cee Pollen. If you decide to try Cee Pollen, take it in extremely small
portions so that you will be able to judge how it effects you.
What type of vitamin C does Cee Pollen contain, and why?
Calcium ascorbate is the type of vitamin C contained in Cee Pollen. It is used
because it's a buffered type of vitamin C.
What is the difference between calcium ascorbate and ascorbic acid?
There are numerous forms of vitamin C or ascorbic acid. 99.9% of these forms
are extracted from natural sources such as corn and potatoes. We use the
preferred type, calcium ascorbate because the side effects of ascorbic acid are
buffered with calcium, another important mineral.
http://www.eimi.com/beerich/br-faq.htm

PROPOLIS EFFECTS
BRAIN

The effect of propolis on brain cells had been unknown in professional

literature. Tests conducted by the Ruđer Bošković Institute have
shown that the NATIVE PROPOLIS could protect the brain from
damage and atrophy of nerve cells, particularly in cases of nervous
system diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
Huntington’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, neuritis, brain
atherosclerosis, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, ischaemic-
reperfusion brain injury, aging, etc.), because it:

-prevents the brain oxidative stress,

-increases antioxidative defence of the brain tissue,
-neutralizes free radicals in the brain,
-markedly strengthens the gene with a weakened function
apparently linked to the damage of nerve cells and an increased  risk
of Parkinson’s disease,
-repairs the free-radicals induced DNA damage,
-strengthens the gene that aids transmission of nerve impulses
-stimulates the DNA replication in the brain.

In cases of brain tumour (glioma) it stimulates the organism to

produce the drug by itself (immunosuppression therapy).

It has been proved that, in cases of brain stroke, propolis in synergy

with the bee pollen (NATIVE PROPOLIS) increases the blood supply of
the brain and facilitates the more rapid recovery of disrupted and lost
functions.

EYES

Tests on mice have shown that propolis prevents the forming of

cataract and enhances the antioxidative defence of blood and lens.

The same antioxidative as well as anti-inflammatory mechanisms

protect the cornea from the results of chemical and mechanical
injuries.

ORAL CAVITY

Propolis stops the reproduction of bacteria in the oral cavity, heals

necrotic stomatitis, aphthae and candidiasis, prevents the forming of
dental plaque and dental caries, reduces the painful sensitiveness of
teeth, increases tooth enamel hardness, strengthens dental pulp,
reduces the acute and chronic inflammation of gums (paradontosis).
HEART

NATIVE PROPOLIS prevents lesion and strengthens the defence of the

heart muscle from oxidative stress and free radicals that are formed
under the influence of cardio-toxic substances.

The protective activity is especially important in cases of heart

diseases and persons at risk for hereditary heart diseases.

Blood
Propolis improves the absorption of minerals (iron, calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium) from the digestive system into the blood
circulatory system.

Anaemia
In combination with pollen (NATIVE PROPOLIS), it increases
resorption of iron into the blood and raises the level of haemoglobin
in cases of iron deficiency anaemia (ferropenic anaemia).Tests
conducted in Ruđer Bošković Institute have shown that the presence
of NATIVE PROPOLIS in blood substantially reduces the level of free
radicals, increases the antioxidative defence and prevents oxidative
stress. Thus, it protects blood corpuscles from free radical damage.

Lymphatic system
It has been determined in laboratory conditions on the model of
human leukaemia cells (HL-60) that one of the propolis components
kills the tumour cells.
Using the DNA chip method in Ruđer Bošković Institute it has been
determined that NATIVE PROPOLIS markedly strengthens the gene
the lack of which leads to appearance of lymphatic system carcinoma.

The protective activity of NATIVE PROPOLIS is significant for groups

at high-risk for hereditary blood diseases.

KIDNEYS & LIVER

KIDNEYS
Antioxidative substances in propolis not only protect the kidneys from
acute damage caused by some cytostatics (cisplatin) during
chemotherapy, but also prevent forming of carcinoma on the kidneys.

LIVER
Ruđer Bošković Institute has determined that NATIVE PROPOLIS
prevents liver damage caused by free radicals and enhances its
antioxidative defence.
Tests conducted on mice have shown that, generally, propolis
protects the liver from chemical toxins and alcohol, which is
attributed to its ability to capture free radicals. Its protective effect is
stronger than the well known substance glycyrrhizin, used by official
medicine.

Carcinomas
Stops the growth of some kinds of liver tumours and kills
cancerogenic cells.
Liver protection is important to chronic patients who must take
medications regularly, in cases of liver diseases and to persons prone
to alcohol abuse.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Clinical experiences of local therapy with propolis preparations have

shown good results in treating cervical ectopia, erosion, inflammation
and vaginal inflammation.

Carcinomas
It has been proved at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics in Zagreb that Croatian propolis has anti-tumour and
anti-metastasizing effects on mammary gland carcinoma.

Research results of Ruđer Bošković Institute have shown that NATIVE

PROPOLIS stimulates processes that prevent the formation of
carcinomas of reproductive organs. Furthermore, it stops the
progression of carcinoma and kills tumour and deformed
cells.Cytostatics combined with propolis are more efficient in
preventing the progression of carcinoma and its metastasizing and
the side effects of chemotherapy are substantially diminished
(nausea, weakness, vomiting, and the reduction in the quantity of
corpuscles).

Therefore, the usage of propolis is important for protection of persons

at increased risks for hereditary reproductive organs diseases and,
with a compulsory physician recommendation, it can be used to treat
the above mentioned diseases.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Propolis has a healing effect on the digestive system.

It stimulates its regular functioning and protects stomach cells from
alcohol-caused damage. Experiences with NATIVE PROPOLIS show
that it can be effective in constipation prevention.

Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer

Due to its anaesthetic and healing properties, propolis has been used
in treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer for a long time. The
practice of using NATIVE PROPOLIS has shown rapid healing effect on
duodenal ulcers.This is probably due to its anti-inflammatory
properties, forming of film over the mucous membrane, reduction of
gastric acidity and soothing the smooth musculature cramps.

Large intestine inflammation

Clinical as well as our own experiences in the application of propolis
have shown a very beneficial effect on chronic large intestine
inflammation (colitis).
Large intestine carcinoma
It prevents lesion of the large intestine that can cause the
development of carcinoma. When the carcinoma has already
developed it slows down its growth, kills the tumour cells and reduces
the risk of metastasizing to the liver. Combined with cytostatics, it
diminishes the progress of abdomen carcinoma considerably and the
recuperation of white and red blood cells is more rapid, compared to
using only cytostatics.
Therefore, it could be used, with a compulsory physician
recommendation, in addition to the cytostatic therapy, because it
improves the immune system and alleviates the consequences of
chemotherapy.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Propolis therapy or therapy that combines propolis with medications

has been considerably effective in healing inflammation of nasal
cavity, throat, sinusitis, inflammation of the vocal cords, bronchitis
and pulmonary tuberculosis.

Asthma
A clinical study of patients suffering from mild to medium asthma has
shown that propolis reduces the frequency of seizures at night and
considerably improves the ventilatory lung functions.

Lung cancer
Tests on animals have proved that propolis prevents forming of
bronchial and alveolar cell carcinoma. Propolis treatment or treatment
that combines propolis with cytostatics prevents metastasizing to the
lungs. Research at Ruđer Bošković Institute has proved that NATIVE
PROPOLIS protects the lungs from damage caused by free radicals
and oxidative stress and prevents forming of lung cancer because it
markedly strengthens the gene the lack of which leads to appearance
of tumour. Furthermore, the research showed that NATIVE PROPOLIS
stops the growth and kills the tumour cells.

Therefore, it is important to protect the lungs with propolis when

inhaling increased quantities of oxygen (hyperbaric oxygen therapy,
diving, increased physical exertion – athletes), working in polluted
atmosphere (smog, chemical solvents, smoking), when suffering from
pulmonary diseases and when at risk for possible hereditary
pulmonary diseases.

http://hedera.hr/propolis-effects/

Titre du document / Document title

Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
NIEVA MORENO M. I. (1) ; ISLA M. I. (1) ; SAMPIETRO A. R. (1) ; VATTUONE M. A. (1) ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
(1)
Cátedra de Fitoquimica, Instituto de Estudiox Vegetales, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia,
Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Ayacucho 461, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, ARGENTINE
Résumé / Abstract
Propolis is extensively used in Argentine folk medicine. Alcoholic extracts of propolis from different regions
of Argentina were prepared. The extracts were analysed for the determination of total flavonoid content
(from 13.3 to 42.6 mg/g of propolis) by using the aluminum nitrate method, UV spectrophotometry and thin
layer chromatography. All of them contained high total flavonoid content. It was also observed that all
samples of ethanolic extracts of propolis showed free radical-scavenging activity in terms of scavenging of
the radical DPPH but the highest activities were found for samples from Tucumán and Santiago del Estero.
In all cases with 20 μg/ml of soluble principles, the percentage of DPPH degradation was different (Banda
Oeste: 67.5%; Verónica: 45%; Forres: 35%: Saenz Peña: 20% and Juan José Castelli: 55%). These
results may justify their use as a source of natural antioxidants.
Revue / Journal Title
Journal of ethno-pharmacology  (J. ethnopharmacol.)  ISSN 0378-8741  CODEN JOETD7
Source / Source
2000, vol. 71, no1-2, pp. 109-114 (19 ref.)

Z Naturforsch [C]. 1997 Nov-Dec;52(11-12):828-33. Links

Potent free radical scavenging activity of propol isolated from Brazilian propolis.

 Basnet P,
 Matsuno T,
 Neidlein R.

Pharmazeutisch-Chemisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg, Germany.

We evaluated free radical scavenging activity of the water, methanol and

 chloroform extracts of propolis in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free
radical and xanthine-xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion assay
systems. The free radical scavenging activity guided fractionation and chemical
analysis led to the isolation of a new compound, propol (3-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-
oxo-but-1-enyl)-phenyl]-acrylic acid) from the water extract, which was more
potent than most common antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E (alpha-
tocopherol) in these assay systems.

: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005 Sep 15;39(3-4):455-62.   Links

Assessment of the antioxidant activities of Brazilian extracts of propolis alone

and in topical pharmaceutical formulations.

 Marquele FD,
 Di Mambro VM,
 Georgetti SR,
 Casagrande R,
 Valim YM,
 Fonseca MJ.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao

Preto-USP, Av. do Cafe s/n 14049, 903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. frandm@fcfrp.usp.br

The antioxidant activity of extracts of propolis and of formulations added with

these extracts were measured by scavenging different radicals in different
systems. For the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and the glycolic extract of
propolis (GEP) the IC50 observed were respectively of 0.024 and 0.035
microL/mL in scavenging hydroxyl radical, 0.016 and 0.012 microL/mL in
inhibiting lipid peroxidation, 0.22 and 0.24 microL/mL in inhibiting
chemiluminescence produced in the H2O2/luminol/horseradish peroxide (HRP)
system and about 0.005 microL/mL for both extracts in inhibiting
chemiluminescence produced in the xanthine/luminol/xanthine oxidase (XOD)
system. The antioxidant activity of extracts of propolis in the formulations was
not able to be assessed neither using the deoxyribose assay, since the
formulation components interfered in the assay measurements, nor using
chemiluminescence in the H2O2/luminol/HRP system, since this method did not
show to be sensitive for the extract of propolis evaluation. However, the
antioxidant activity of extracts of propolis could be successfully evaluated in the
formulations using both lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescence generated in
the xanthine/luminol/XOD system inhibitions.

Fitoterapia. 2002 Nov;73 Suppl 1:S21-9.   Links

 Antioxidant activity of propolis: role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and galangin.

 Russo A,
 Longo R,
 Vanella A.

Department of Biochemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of

Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy. alrusso@mbow.unict.it

Propolis, a natural product produced by the honeybee, has been used for
thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. The extract contains
amino acids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, flavonoids, cinnamic acid,
terpenes and caffeic acid. It possesses several biological activities such as
antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antiviral and antibacterial. The exact
mode of physiological or biochemical mechanisms responsible for the medical
effects, however, is yet to be determined. In this work, we have investigated
the antioxidant activity of a propolis extract deprived of caffeic acid phenethyl
ester (CAPE). In addition, the activity of CAPE and galangin was also examined.
Propolis extract (with and without CAPE) and its active components showed a
dose-dependent free radical scavenging effect, a significant inhibition of
xanthine oxidase activity, and an antilipoperoxidative capacity. Propolis extract
with CAPE was more active than propolis extract without CAPE. CAPE, used
alone, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, higher than galangin. The
experimental evidence, therefore, suggests that CAPE plays an important role
in the antioxidant activity of propolis.

Dentists Abuzz Over Cavity-Prevention Potential Of Honeybee

Product
Dentists from the University of Rochester Medical Center and food scientists at State
University of Campinas in Brazil have discovered that a substance that Brazilian honeybees
make to protect their hives might prove to be a potent anti-cavity agent.
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www.nytimes.com/college

The substance is propolis, a sticky material like glue that bees make to hold their hives together.
Bees create the brew by collecting secretions from trees and other plants, carrying them back to
the hive, chewing up the materials, then spitting the concoction out and mixing it with beeswax.
In a hive, the substance is used to seal holes, keep the hive clean, and even to embalm dead
insects.

In laboratory tests, the most potent version of the substance, from southern Brazil, cut the cavity
rate in rats by about 60 percent, and nearly stopped the activity of a key enzyme that forms
dental plaque. Dentists say that since rats get cavities the same way as humans do, and the
same substances that prevent cavities in the animals also prevent cavities in humans, they're
enthusiastic about the potential of the substance to prevent cavities in people. Dentists hope to
test the substance on human volunteers.

The link between hive and health was first noted by Michel Hyun Koo, D.D.S., Ph.D., who
earned his dental degree in Brazil and then decided to study food biochemistry. Thanks in part
to active honeybee research across campus at State University of Campinas, Koo began
studying propolis and soon was traveling around Brazil collecting the material from hives, using
a device like a putty knife to scrape the dark yellow or brown, caulk-like substance from hives.
His first experience left him barely able to walk, as he received about two dozen stings around
his ankles from angry bees because his black socks triggered the bees' defensive behavior.

Brushing the pain aside, Koo persisted, focusing on the cavity-fighting potential of propolis as he
earned his master's degree in food science and his doctorate in oral biology in Brazil. Then he
came to the Center for Oral Biology at the University of Rochester to try to pinpoint the most
effective cavity-fighting substances in propolis. Koo was recognized this summer by the
International Association for Dental Research, which awarded him its Research in Prevention
Award for research in North America at its annual meeting; he received the same award, for
research in South America, in 1998 for his earlier work.

"The potential with these natural products is enormous. The bees are doing a great work for
human health, by facilitating the identification of compounds with applicability to dental science,"
says Koo.

The team isn't the first to note the health effects of propolis. Human use of propolis dates back
to at least 300 B.C., and today there are creams, lotions, and even chewing gum that contain
propolis and tout its anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. In recent times
people have claimed that the substance is useful in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and for
treating burns, psoriasis, and herpes. Propolis is used as a food additive in Japan, and demand
is strong in Europe too; in the United States, Koo says, there has been little demand, though
lately he has seen propolis popping up on store shelves, as anti-oxidant capsules or as a
solution to treat cuts.

But not all propolis is created equal; the quality and make-up of propolis varies dramatically,
depending largely on the plants and trees of the region where honeybees do their work. Koo
analyzed more than 2,500 propolis samples from Brazil alone and found 12 different chemical
compositions.

"There is a huge variability in terms of chemical composition, depending on the plant ecology of
the specific regions where bees collect this material. Just because there's propolis in toothpaste
doesn't mean it's useful," says Koo, noting that there are a few mouth washes and toothpastes
that contain propolis. "There's a huge variety of propolis out there, and much of it is useless
against cavities." That's why Koo's colleagues in Brazil are working with beekeepers there to
create international standards for propolis.

During the past two years Koo has spent thousands of hours in his Rochester laboratory,
working with dental research William Bowen, D.D.S., Ph.D., to figure out exactly which of the
more than 100 compounds in propolis are responsible for its cavity-preventing properties. They
have found two substances, both present in the potent propolis made by bees in southern
Brazil, that seem especially protective. The University of Rochester and State University of
Campinas have filed for patents on the compounds, which target both the bacteria that form
cavities as well as the specific enzymes that take part in the process.

Dentists are most excited by the action of one of the substances against glucosyltransferase
(GTF) enzymes, which play an important role in the buildup of plaque on teeth. The enzymes
create molecules called glucans to construct a biofilm, and, like masons at a construction site,
they use the glucans like bricks to form a formidable structure that serves as a sort of safe
harbor for bacteria to collect, latch onto teeth, and secrete acid that eats away at our enamel.
This whole assembly, a biofilm not much different than the slime on a boat hull, is what we call
plaque, says Bowen.

"Once this mesh of sugars and bacteria forms, it becomes easier for other bacteria to stick to it.
More bacteria join in, and the plaque becomes one big acid factory. It's like an acid sponge
sticking to your tooth's surface," Bowen says.

Knocking out the enzymes that build plaque is a key to oral health, Bowen says. Within seconds
after brushing your teeth or having them cleaned professionally, GTF enzymes mount an
assault on a tooth, creating a biofilm that other bacteria latch onto. Even the nearly one liter of
saliva that our body sends washing over our teeth every day isn't enough to neutralize plaque.

Koo and Bowen found that one of the substances they isolated is the best inhibitor of GTFs that
scientists have ever seen. The substance is especially effective at blocking the enzyme that the
most common pathogen in our mouth, Streptococcus mutans, uses to build plaque, and it also
blocks a particular GTF enzyme that no other compound is known to inhibit. The substance
blocked up to 95 percent of the action of GTFs in the test tube and about 60 to 70 percent on
tooth-like surfaces, accounting for its effectiveness at reducing cavities in animals.

In addition to Koo and Bowen, the research team includes dental researcher Anne Vacca Smith
and research associate Sylvia Pearson of Rochester, dental researchers Pedro L. Rosalen and
Jaime A. Cury of State University of Campinas in Brazil, and food scientist Yong K. Park of
State University of Campinas. The work was funded by the National Institute of Dental and
Cranio-Facial Research and the Brazilian Government Agency.

 
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/08/010830082619.htm

Fitoterapia. 2002 Nov;73 Suppl 1:S53-63.   Links

Phytochemical compounds involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis

extract.

 Borrelli F,
  Maffia P,
 Pinto L,
 Ianaro A,
 Russo A,
 Capasso F,
 Ialenti A.

Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via D.

Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.

Two ethanolic propolis extracts (EPE) with and without the caffeic acid
phenethyl ester (CAPE), CAPE and galangin (major components of propolis)
were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity in rats using carrageenin foot
oedema, carrageenin pleurisy and adjuvant arthritis. In our experiments, EPE
with CAPE and CAPE alone significantly inhibited carrageenin oedema,
carrageenin pleurisy and adjuvant arthritis. In contrast EPE without CAPE and
galangin did not exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic
inflammation. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of
propolis is due to CAPE.

: Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2005 Dec;149(2):497-500.

  Links

The effect of quercetin and galangin on glutathione reductase.

 Paulikova H,
 Berczeliova E.

Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology,

Slovak Technical University, Bratislava. helena.paulikova@stuba.sk.

Quercetin and galangin can change the activity of glutathione reductase.

Quercetin (a catechol structure in the B-ring) and galangin (any hydroxyl group
in the B-ring) have different biological activities but, both possess high
antioxidant abilities. Quercetin during the antioxidative action, is converted into
an oxidized products (o-semiquinone and o-quinone), and subsequently
glutathionyl adducts may be formed or SH-enzyme can be inhibited. We have
tried to see whether inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) can be influenced
by preincubation of enzyme with NADPH (a creation of reduced form of
enzyme, GRH(2)) and whether diaphorase activity of the enzyme is decreased
by these flavonoids. The results confirmed that quercetin inhibits GRH(2) and
inhibition is reduced by addition of EDTA or N-acetylcysteine. Both of flavonoids
have no effect on diaphorase activity of glutathione reductase and this enzyme
could increase the production of free radicals by catalysis of reduction of o-
quinone during action of quercetin in vivo.
Biology of Reproduction
Article: pp. 1309–1316 | Full Text | PDF (276K)

Functional Significance of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Glutathione Reductase in the
Antioxidant Defenses of Human Sperm1
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 A.C. Williams
 W.C.L. Ford

A.C. Williams, W.C.L. Ford

University Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St Michael's Hospital,
Bristol BS2 8EG, United Kingdom
Glutathione peroxidase is one of the principal antioxidant defense
enzymes in human spermatozoa, but it requires oxidized glutathione to
be reduced by glutathione reductase using NADPH generated in the
pentose phosphate pathway. We investigated whether flux through the
pentose phosphate pathway would increase in response to oxidative
stress and whether glutathione reductase was required to protect
sperm from oxidative damage. Isotopic measurements of the pentose
phosphate pathway and glycolytic flux, thiobarbituric acid assay of
malondialdehyde for lipid peroxidation, and computer-assisted sperm
analysis for sperm motility were assessed in a group of normal, healthy
semen donors. Applying moderate oxidative stress to human
spermatozoa by adding cumene hydroperoxide, H2O2, or xanthine plus
xanthine oxidase or by promoting lipid peroxidation with ascorbate
increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway without
changing the glycolytic rate. However, adding higher concentrations of
oxidants inhibited both the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolytic
flux. At concentrations of 50 μg/ml or greater, the glutathione
reductase-inhibitor 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl) 1-nitrosourea decreased flux
through the pentose phosphate pathway and blocked the response to
cumene hydroperoxide. It also increased lipid peroxidation and
impaired the survival of motility in sperm incubated under 95% O2.
These data show that the pentose phosphate pathway in human
spermatozoa can respond dynamically to oxidative stress and that
inhibiting glutathione reductase impairs the ability of sperm to resist
lipid peroxidation. We conclude that the glutathione peroxidase-
glutathione reductase-pentose phosphate pathway system is functional
and provides an effective antioxidant defense in normal human
spermatozoa.
Keywords: gamete biology, sperm, sperm motility and transport
Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1570-1578 (2002)
© 2002 FEBS
The expression of glutathione reductase in the male reproductive
system of rats supports the enzymatic basis of glutathione function in
spermatogenesis

Tomoko Kaneko12, Yoshihito Iuchi1, Takashi Kobayashi13, Tsuneko Fujii4,

Hidekazu Saito2, Hirohisa Kurachi2 and Junichi Fujii1

Departments of 1 Biochemistry, 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology, and 3 Urology, Yamagata University School
of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan; 4 Cell Recovery Mechanisms, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan

Correspondence to J. Fujii, Department of Biochemistry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2

Iida-nishi, Yamagata City, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Fax: + 81 23 628 5230, Tel.: + 81 23 628 5227, E-
mail: jfujii@med.id.yamagata -u.ac.jp

Glutathione reductase (GR) recycles oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by converting it to the

reduced form (GSH) using an NADPH as the electron source. The function of GR in the
male genital tract of the rat was examined by measuring its enzymatic activity and
examining the gene expression and localization of the protein. Levels of GR activity, the
protein, and the corresponding mRNA were the highest in epididymis among testes, vas
deferens, seminal vesicle, and prostate gland. The localization of GR, as evidenced by
immunohistochemical techniques, reveals that it exists at high levels in the epithelia of
the genital tract. In testis, GR is mainly localized in Sertoli cells. The enzymatic activity
and protein expression of GR in primary cultured testicular cells confirmed its
predominant expression in Sertoli cells. Intracellular GSH levels, expressed as mol per
mg protein, was higher in spermatogenic cells than in Sertoli cells. As a result of these
findings, the effects of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor for GSH synthesis,
and 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an inhibitor for GR, on cultured
testicular cells were examined. Sertoli cells were prone to die as the result of BCNU, but
not BSO treatment, although intracellular levels of GSH declined more severely with
BSO treatment. Spermatogenic cells were less sensitive to these agents than Sertoli cells,
which indicates that the contribution of these enzymes is less significant in
spermatogenic cells. The results herein suggest that the GR system in Sertoli cells is
involved in the supplementation of GSH to spermatogenic cells in which high levels of
cysteine are required for protamine synthesis. In turn, the genital tract, the epithelia of
which are rich in GR, functions in an antioxidative manner to protect sulfhydryl groups
and unsaturated fatty acids in spermatozoa from oxidation during the maturation process
and storage.

Keywords: glutathione reductase; spermatogenic cell; Sertoli cells; spermatozoa;

epididymis

Analysis of propolis from the continental and Adriatic regions of Croatia

Auteur(s) / Author(s)
KOSALEC Ivan ; BAKMAZ Marina ; PEPELJNJAK Stjepan ;
Résumé / Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) from the continental and Adriatic regions
of Croatia showed that 72.2% of propolis samples contain galangin, 88.8% of samples contain kaempferol,
naringeninand apigenin and 66.6% of samples contain caffeic acid. Caffeic acid, pinocembrin, galangin,
chrysin and naringenin were analyzed by HPLC. In all samples, pinocembrin was the dominant flavonoid.
In samples from the Adriatic region, concentration of pinocembrin ranged from 0.03 to 6.14% (x = 2.87%)
and in the continental region samples from 0 to 4.74% (x = 2.84%). Chrysin was found in all propolis
samples in a concentration ranging from 0.22 to 5.32% (x = 1.86%) in the continental region samples and
from 0.03 to 3.64% (x = 1.96%) in samples from the Adriatic region. Chrysin was followed by naringenin,
ranging from 0 to 1.14% (x = 0.42%) in samples from the Adriatic region and from 0.22 to 2.41% (x =
0.60%) in the continental region samples. Concentration of caffeic acid ranged from 0 to 10.11% (x =
2.69%) in the Adriatic region samples and from 0.27 to 2.67% (x=1.37%) in samples from the continental
region of Croatia. Results of HPLC analyses suggest that propolis samples collected from various parts of
Croatia do not differ markedly in contents of chrysin, pinocembrin, naringenin and galangin but differ in the
concentration of caffeic acid. All EEPs significantly inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis in comparison
with the control (80% ethanol) (p < 0.05), showing inhibition zones of 16 ′ 2 mm for samples from the
continental region, and of 18 ′ 3 mm for samples from the Adriatic region. There was no significant
difference in antimicrobial activity of EEPs from the continental and Adriatic regions of Croatia, suggesting
that bactericidal activity depends on synergism of all phenolic compounds.
Revue / Journal Title
Acta pharmaceutica  (Acta pharm.)  ISSN 1330-0075
Source / Source

2003, vol. 53, no4, pp. 275-285 [11 page(s) (article)]

Propolis
We found this on the web several years ago and are posting it here for your
information.

Past to Present
Propolis has been around for over 45 million years, and has been used by
humans for thousands of years, both internally and externally, as a healing
agent.

The Greek physician, Hippocrates, prescribed the use of propolis to help heal
internal and external sores and ulcers. Ancient Egyptians depicted propolis-
making bees on vases and other ornaments, and used the resinous substance to
alleviate many ailments. Pliny, the Roman scholar, wrote much on the use of
resins such as propolis in his massive book, Natural History. He touts the
abilities of propolis to reduce swelling, soothe pain, and heal sores, to name a
few.

In The History of Plants written by John Gerard in 1597, propolis was lauded
for its ability to provide swift and effective healing for many conditions.
Apothecaries of this era used propolis as a major ingredient in healing
ointments.

Propolis is a sticky resin which seeps from the buds of certain trees--the bees
prefer poplar--and oozes from the bark of other trees, chiefly conifers Although
propolis is vitally important to the colony, there are usually just a few propolis-
gathering specialists in the hive.

The bees gather propolis, sometimes called "bee glue," and carry it home in
their pollen baskets. There they are met by one or two other worker bees who
help them unload. These workers take the resinous material and add salivary
secretions and wax flakes to it, then use the new product for numerous
protective purposes as bee propolis. The bees use it to coat the inside of the
hive, including the passageway and the brood chambers.

Propolis protects the hive in two ways: First, it reinforces the hive itself;
second, it protects the hive from bacterial and viral infection. And it is these
latter properties which man has found so helpful through the centuries.

Help From The Hive

Bee propolis is a powerful protector. It consists of approximately 55 percent
resinous compounds and balsams, 30 percent beeswax, 10 percent aromatic
oils, and 5 percent bee pollen. Other constituents include flavonoids, amino
acids, B vitamins, and most importantly, antibiotic substances.

Often called "nature's penicillin," bee propolis has effective antibacterial,

antiviral, antiseptic, antifungal, and antibiotic-properties. These protective and
healing properties have been conclusively demonstrated in numerous studies all
over the globe.

Tuberculosis
In the former Soviet Union, V.H. Karinova and E.I. Rodionova conducted a
study on 135 patients suffering from various forms and stages of tuberculosis.
Their patients' ages ranged from six to 50. Patients were given bee propolis
three times daily for four to 10 months depending upon response to treatment.
By the end of the study, all but 12 of the patients had improved dramatically,
including some patients going into regression. The 12 who did not respond
favorably all suffered from kidney tuberculosis.
 Ulcers
In Romania, Drs. A. Vasilca and Eugenia Milcu conducted a study on the
therapeutic properties of propolis on ulcers. Thirty four patients with chronic
ulcers were given extracts of propolis daily for two weeks. The results were
impressive, with 28 patients completely recovering and six cases dramatically
improving. Tissue biopsies were conducted on some of the patients, which
confirmed the regenerative effects of bee propolis.

Mitosis
Medical researchers N. Popovic and N. Oita of Rumania published a report on
the effects bee propolis has on mitosis (the process of cell division). They
reported that a tissue never becomes entirely malignant; it always contains
some normal cells, but the activity of the normal cells is affected and even
repressed by malignant cells. Bee propolis favors the activity of normal cells by
repressing malignant cells, which helps the tissue to reestablish its normal
condition. Constituents of propolis have a mitodepressive effect (depression of
the proliferation of cancerous cells) on cells deranged by malignancy.

Colitis
In Bulgaria, Dr. S. Nikolov, et al, investigated the efficacy of bee propolis in
the treatment of acute and chronic colitis. Forty five patients, both men and
women aged 20 to 65 years old and suffering from either acute or chronic
colitis, took part in the study. They were given extracts of bee propolis three
times a day before meals. In 43 of the patients results were positive, with 26
showing very good response, 12 showing good response, and five showing
satisfactory. Only two patients showed no improvement. In most cases, pain
began to diminish in seven days, disappearing on the nineteenth or twentieth
day.

Immune System
Perhaps the most broadly investigated and widely accepted attribute of bee
propolis is its immune-boosting activity. It is a natural, broad-spectrum
antibiotic that activates the thymus gland. Bee propolis not only prevents
infectious diseases, but clears them from the system, as well.

As demonstrated in numerous experiments, propolis has the ability to directly

destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi, even penicillin-resistant staphylococcus.
Bee propolis is formidable against viruses. This trait is attributed to the
bioflavonoids present in propolis, which have a protective effect against viral
infections. Viruses are enclosed in a protein coating. As long as it remains
unbroken, the infectious and dangerous material remains imprisoned and is
harmless to the host organism. Unfortunately, within the host there are enzymes
which remove the protein coating, thus releasing the harmful material to wreak
havoc within the system. With the presence of bee propolis in the system,
however, this doesn't occur. The bioflavonoids inhibit the enzymes from
removing the protein coating, keeping the viral material locked inside. These
same flavonoids maintain the protective coating around the virus, thus
rendering it inactive. With the presence of the bioflavonoids, the host virtually
becomes immune to the virus.

Another way in which propolis aids the immune system is its ability to
strengthen phagocyte activity. Phagocytes are cells that are able to surround,
engulf, and digest microorganisms and cellular debris. This increase in activity
with the introduction of bee propolis was observed and documented by a
number of Soviet and European scientists.

The Power of Propolis

The power of propolis is wide-ranging and of immense benefit to humans, as
well as to its creator--the little honey bee. People suffering from high levels of
blood fat can benefit from taking bee propolis. At the Worker's Hospital of
Lian Yun Gang, Jiangsu Province in the People's Republic of China, Dr. Fang
Zhu chose 45 patients suffering from hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and
coronary heart disease and gave them 300 mg of bee propolis three times a day
for 30 days. At the end of that period all patients showed a significant reduction
of blood fats and improvement in related disorders.

Another benefit of propolis is its inhibitory effect on certain prostaglandins,

which it accomplishes by blocking the enzymes that form specific
prostaglandins. This can be of immense benefit to those suffering from aches
and fever, which are caused by prostaglandins. Bee propolis acts in nearly the
identical way aspirin does by blocking the same enzymes, yet without the
negative side effects you can get with aspirin.

This enzyme-blocking, prosta-glandin-inhibitory effect is also beneficial to the

mouth and throat. For instance, a leading cause of dental problems is the
erosion of the gums and tissues that line the tooth sockets. Inflammation and
infectious bleeding can cause a weakening of the bone structure and tooth loss.
But propolis, by blocking specific enzymes, prohibits the formation of the
prostalandins which cause the inflammation, bleeding, and eventual
decomposition. At the same time, propolis actually stimulates other specific
enzymes which strengthen the walls of the blood vessels in the gums, thereby
having a twofold effect on the mouth.

When inflamed and sore, the throat responds favorably to propolis, and for the
same prostaglandin inhibition reasons. By inhibiting prostaglandin formation,
inflam-mation recedes and diminishes.

Another attribute of bee propolis is its ability to correct and stabilize proper
protein metabolism. A team of physicians at the Institute of Radiology in
Serajevo, Yugoslavia treated patients who were suffering from radiation
complications. These patients had serious liver damage caused by improper
protein metabolism and X-rays. The patients were given bee propolis for two
months. Another group of patients, also suffering from radiation complications,
were given a placebo. At the end of two months, those taking bee propolis had
significantly improved, with some patients' symptoms completely disappearing.
No improvements were observed in the group given the placebo.

The Human Equation

Bees have used propolis for millions of years, and humans have used it for
thousands. Both species find it immensely useful and beneficial. Much of the
bees' success in surviving through the ages may be accredited to propolis. As
humans, we may yet discover we've only just scratched the surface to the
benefits of this resinous wonder.

PROSES TERJADINYA PROPOLIS  

 
Propolis adalah produk lebah yang kaya akan zat-zat esensial yang sangat berguna bagi  
manusia. Propolis diproduksi oleh lebah dengan mengutip RESIN dari pucuk daun dan
kulit-kulit kayu pokok poplar, willow, birch, pine, horse, chestnut, dll.  Resin ini dicampur
mesra dengan polen, lilin dan suatu elemen dari perutnya untuk menghasilkan damar
atau Propolis sebelum menghasilkan komponen lain.   

Percampuran elemen-elemen unik menghasilkan ANTIBIOTIK semulajadi yang berkesan

untuk menangkis serangan pelbagai jenis mikrob, virus dan kulat.  Antibiotik tersebut
merupakan perlindung pada seluruh sarang dan pintu masuk sarangnya.Tujuannya ialah
untuk memastikan sarangnya tidak diserang-jangkit oleh virus, bakteria atau sebarang
pencemaran persekitaran.
Propolis juga untuk melindungi sarang daripada pengaruh perubahan cuaca dan suhu
luar sambil mengekalkan tahap kelembapan 90% serta suhu dalamannya pada 32ºC
(94ºF) dan dalam apa jua keadaan sepanjang tahun. Propolis bersifat sebagai ‘carbon-
fibre’ atau        ‘bee-glue’. Digunakan sebagai penyambung, ‘sealant’ dan ‘varnish’ kepada
sel-sel (honey-comb).

 
Sejarah mencatatkan ia bermula seawal 300BC di Mesir dan disusuli Summerian,
Babylonians dan Assyrian. Propolis telah digunakan sebagai UBAT, PENAWAR & bahan
kecantikan.

Raja Fir’aun telah dikatakan tidak pernah jatuh sakit kerana mengamalkan propolis. Kain
yang direndam dengan propolis telah dikatakan penyebab utama mumia Fir’aun
terpelihara daripada sebarang unsur pencemaran sehingga kehari ini.  

Catatan sejarah juga membuktikan  ia bermula seawal 350BC di Yunani 

dan menempuh tamadun  Greco-Roman, China, Tibet, Maya dan Inca.

Hippocrates (460-377) menggunakannya dalam rawatan berbagai penyakit. Iskandar

Zulkarnain (Alexander The Great) mengamal larutan propolis untuk kekuatan dan
kesihatan.  Guru beliau Aristotle menulis kajian saintifik  yang pertama dalam sejarah
manusia
mengenai lebah.
 
Terkenal sebagai Russian Penicillin:  ANTIBIOTIK yang sangat berkesan. Diguna secara
meluas ketika Perang Dunia II.

Hanya dalam selepas tahun 1965 ia mula dikaji dan perkenalkan semula oleh K. Lung
Aagaard dari Denmark dan saintis Perancis,  Prof. Dr. Remy Chauvin pada tahun 1968.

Hari ini hospital, klinik, intititusi dan universiti di kebanyakan negara utama di dunia
membuat penyelidikan, menguji dan mengguna propolis untuk merawat dan mencegah
pelbagai penyakit

Propolis disifatkan sebagai            “makanan kesihatan ajaib ” yang mampu menangani

kesan akibat tekanan jiwa dan pencemaran.

Menggunakan Propolis secara konsisten dapat membantu proses  memperkuatkan sel-

sel badan dan struktur tubuh serta meningkatkan sistem imuniti dan memperbaiki tahap
kesihatan secara menyeluruh.
 

PENGATURAN KELEMBABAN DAN VENTILASI UDARA

Kelembaban sarang tawon yang menjadikan madu berkualitas dan terlindungi harus dipertahankan dalam
batas tertentu sepanjang waktu. Sedikit berubah tingkat kelembaban menjadi di atas atau di bawah limit,
akan dapat merusak kualitas gizi dan hilang proteksinya. Demikian pula, temperatur sarang tawon harus
32°C selama 10 bulan. Untuk menjaga agar konstan tingkat temperatur dan kelembaban dalam batas-batas
tertentu ini, "kelompok ventilasi" tawon ditunjuk untuk melaksanakan tugas penting ini.
Selama musim panas, sangatlah mudah kita dapat mengamati bagaimana tawon memberikan ventilasi
sarangnya. Pintu sarang tawon dipadati oleh tawon. Dengan bertahan hinggap di lantai kayu, tawon
mengipasi sarangnya dengan menggunakan sayapnya. Dalam suatu standar sarang tawon, udara yang
masuk dari satu sisi dipaksa untuk keluar dari sisi lain. Tawon ventilator tambahan juga bekerja
menyebarkan arus udara di sekitarnya.

Sistim ventilasi yang sama dipakai untuk menjagai sarang tawon dari bahaya asap dan polusi udara.

SISTIM KESEHATAN

Usaha tawon untuk menjaga kualitas madu tidak hanya dibatasi pada pengaturan kelembaban dan
penkondisian udara saja. Sistim kesehatan yang mengagumkan juga terjadi di sarang tawon untuk
menghindari kejadian apapun yang mengkin dapat menghasilkan sumber lahirnya bakteri. Prinsip dasar
sistim kesehatan ini adalah untuk menghindari barang asing yang dapat masuk dalam sarang tawon.
Karena itu selalu ada dua pengawal di depan pintu masuk sarang. Jika ada barang asing ataupun serangga
yang akan memasuki sarang tawon meskipun sudah ada usaha preventif ini, maka semua tawon awas
sekali dan mengeluarkannya dari sarangnya.

Untuk barang asing lebih besar yang tidak dapat dibawa keluar sarangnya, mekanisme preventif yang lain
dimulai. Untuk keadaan yang demikian ini tawon menghasilkan sesuatu yang disebut "propolis (damar
tawon)". Tawon membentuk propolis yang mengumpulkan damar dari pepohonan seperti pohon cemara,
poplar, akasia; kemudian menggabungkan ini dengan sekresi khususnya. Kelebihan yang mendasar dari
propolis adalah kemampuannya untuk tidak melindungi bakteri di dalamnya. Substansi seperti ini dibungkus
dengan propolis setebal 1.5 mm, sehingga terisolasi dari sarang tawon.

Damar tawon yang sama digunakan untuk menambal sarang yang pecah. Damar bereaksi dengan udara
dan membentuk permukaan yang keras setelah mengering dalam waktu yang sangat pendek.

Jelas sekali kita dapat menyadari bahwa sistim yang diimplementasikan oleh tawon untuk menjaga
sarangnya memerlukan kesadaran dan intelejensi yang tinggi. Yang lebih menarik adalah cairan damar
yang dikeluarkan oleh tawon untuk perlindungan dari bakteria. Meskipun kita bisa menganggap bahwa
tawon mengeluarkan cairan ini "secara sadar" untuk membungkus partikel asing, namun bagaimana
mungkin menyediakan penjelasan atas pertanyaan berikut: 'bagaimana tawon menambahkan kualitas anti-
bakteri ke cairan yang dikeluarkan oleh tubuhnya'. Apakah manusia, -yang sudah pasti lebih intelijen dari
tawon- memiliki kemampuan untuk memberikan kualitas anti-bakteri ke dalam sekresi tubuh manusia
sendiri?

Resveratrol and Propolis Extract: An

Insight Into the Morphological and
Molecular Changes Induced in DU145
Cells
Authors: Scifo, Christian1; Milasi, Angela2; Guarnera, Andrea1; Sinatra, Fulvia2; Renis,
Marcella1

Source: Oncology Research Incorporating Anti-Cancer Drug Design, Volume

15, Number 9, 2005, pp. 409-421(13)

Publisher: Cognizant Communication Corporation

  Abstract:

In the Western world cancer is the second leading cause of mortality, and prostate
carcinoma represents in men the second most important type of cancer-causing death. We
have already shown that resveratrol (200 μM) triggers in DU145, an androgen-resistant
prostate cancer cell line, a necrotic-like cell death, while propolis ethanolic extract (100
μg/ml) causes an apoptotic-like cell demise. The present research is aimed to better
elucidate the molecular mechanisms activated by the two micronutrients. Vinorelbine
bitartrate, a drug widely used in prostate cancer therapy, was utilized as a reference drug,
because it is known to induce apoptosis. The combined treatments between the
micronutrients and vinorelbine have been studied to test a possible vinorelbine dose
reduction, avoiding its side effects without altering its cytotoxic action.In this
investigation SEM and TEM analyses were performed to examine the morphological
modifications induced; our observations confirmed necrotic cell features after treatment
with resveratrol, and apoptotic modifications after propolis. We also measured cell cycle
progression to study a correlation with p21 and p53, two well-known cell cycle
checkpoints. The levels of HSP27 and HSP70, two chaperones also exerting
antioxidant/antiapoptotic functions, were been also analyzed. Our data indicate that the
two micronutrients modulate cell cycle distribution, increasing p53 levels, without the
induced HSPs being able to rescue DU145 from death. The results presented suggest
chemotherapy based on resveratrol and propolis, alone or in combination with
vinorelbine, as a potential useful tool for prostate cancer therapy; the increase in cell
cycle control and the modulation of HSPs expression reinforce this suggestion.

Keywords: Human prostate cancer; DU145; Resveratrol; Propolis; Transmission electron

microscopy; Immunoblotting; Cell cycle

Propolis is a rich source of minerals, vitamins C, E, provitamin A, and B-complex. There is also
a selection of amino acids, fats, trace minerals and bioflavonoids

Life Sci. 2004 Dec 17;76(5):545-58.   Links

Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor

cell lines.

 Russo A,
 Cardile V,
 Sanchez F,
 Troncoso N,
 Vanella A,
 Garbarino JA.

Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University

of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania-Italy. alrusso@unict.it

Propolis, a natural product derived from plant resins collected by honeybees, has
been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine all over the world. The
 composition of the propolis depends upon the vegetation of the area from where
it was collected and on the bee species. In this study, we investigated the
antioxidant activity of a propolis sample, provided by NATURANDES-CHILE,
collected in a temperate region of central Chile. In addition, this natural
compound was tested for its antiproliferative capacity on KB (human mouth
epidermoid carcinoma cells), Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma cells) and DU-145
(androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells) human tumor cell lines. Results
showed that this Chilean propolis sample exhibits interesting biological
properties, correlated with its chemical composition and expressed by its
capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit tumor cell growth.

PMID: 15556167 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Propolis

Products containing this ingredient: acneleuca, propolis anti-septic balm

Propolis has an ancient history. It was known in the time of Aristotle and discussed in detail
by Pliny, the Roman naturalist. Now this bee-produced remedy is enjoying a revival as an
antibacterial and antifungal agent aiding human health by preventing infection.

Holistic therapists say it successfully treats a variety of ailments including colds and sore
throats, skin problems, stomach ulcers, burns, hemorrhoids, gum disease and wounds.

Forager bees collect Propolis from the buds of trees and use it to seal, line, strengthen and
preserve the inside of their hive. Soft and sticky when warm, Propolis can be moulded to fill
holes and gaps, or spread over surfaces. Damaged combs are repaired and objects that
cannot be removed from the nest are sealed with Propolis. Propolis (from Greek, meaning
“bee-glue”) is a harmless anti-infective agent, widely used today in Germany and Europe as
a natural antibiotic.

Taken internally, it helped patients in the Austrian Klosterneuberg Hospital with gastric and
duodenal ulcers by reducing pain in 70% of cases. American doctors are currently
recommending it not only to fight infection, but also to reduce the effects of stress.

As a supplement, it is an excellent aid against bacterial infections. A Soviet scientist stated

that bee Propolis stimulates phagocystosis, which helps the white blood cells to destroy
bacteria.