GREAT WRITING 5: FROM GREAT ESSAYS TO RESEARCH

ANSWER KEY

Unit 1 b. Expected organization: The writer will discuss four

strategies of camouflage, one strategy per body paragraph.
Activity 1, page 5 2. a. Thesis statement (controlling idea is underlined): A
1. Possible answer: The purpose of this essay is to argue that wide variety of study skills and techniques can aid students
electronic voting systems are less reliable than paper ballots. as they work towards their objectives in all of their classes.
2. 5 paragraphs; 3 body paragraphs b. Expected organization: The writer will discuss different
studying strategies in relation to students’ objectives.
3. a. 2 citations
3. Answers will vary.
b. References
c. They are the same. Activity 6, page 12
4. Possible answer: Computer hackers can change the Answers will vary.
outcome of an election.
Activity 7, pages 13–15
Activity 2, page 8
___5__With mimicry, an animal’s coloring makes it resemble
Possible answers: another, more dangerous creature so that they are virtually identical.
1. Yes, because the author asks a question and draws the ___3__Animals such as zebras and giraffes show disruptive
reader into the essay. Also, the reader wants to know why coloration.
we should not rely on technology for voting.
___4__With disguise, some animals resemble specific elements
2. Yes, because the reader wants to learn about the four of their surroundings rather than their environment as a whole.
strategies of camouflage and how they differ.
___2__Concealing coloration helps animals to blend into their
3. Answers will vary. surroundings and create a visual illusion.
4. Answers will vary.
Possible answer: Yes, the topic sentences do an effective job of
Activity 3, page 9 building on the ideas expressed in the thesis because they each
elaborate on the ideas introduced.
1. a. Hook: Can computer technology be used to steal an
election? Activity 8, page 16
b. Question Essay 1.1
2. a. Hook: The animals that can live the longest are the ones 1. Key words from the introduction paragraph: Computer
that hide the best. technology, societies, voting, elections
b. Statement that surprises 2. Paragraph 1 ends with “Societies should not rely solely on
3. a. Hook: Many students dread them, but tests are a key part electronic systems for voting because elections are too
of the educational experience. important to trust to computers.”
b. Dilemma/conflict The conclusion returns to this idea with “Since voting is
critically important to the effective working of society,
Activity 4, pages 10–11 governments should not rely only on computers for all
Possible answers: elections.”
1. Hook: Some airline passengers pay twice as much as the 3. The writer gives an opinion.
person they are sitting next to. Essay 1.2
Type of hook: Surprising statement 1. Key words from the introduction paragraph: camouflage,
2. Hook: Passwords need to be easy to remember yet strategies, predators, predation, hiking
complex enough to keep accounts secure. 2. Paragraph 1 ends with “The four primary strategies of
Type of hook: Dilemma/conflict camouflage include concealing coloration, disruptive
coloration, disguise, and mimicry.”
3. Hook: What makes the best jury?
The conclusion returns to this idea with “Whether by
Type of hook: question
concealing coloration, disruptive coloration, disguise, or
4. Hook: These days kale is on nearly every menu. What has mimicry, animals need the protections of camouflage if
made it so popular? they are to escape their natural foes.”
Type of hook: Surprising statement / question 3. The writer gives an (expert’s) opinion. “ . . . as Emlen (2014)
observes, “Animals that panic, dashing from their hiding
Activity 5, page 12 places at the wrong time, or animals that walk or fly
1. a. Thesis statement (controlling idea is underlined): The with the wrong gait, can break camouflage with deadly
four primary strategies of camouflage include concealing consequences” (p. 18).”
coloration, disruptive coloration, disguise, and mimicry.

  1
Activity 9, page 17 9. vastly
Answers will vary. 10. vast

Activity 10, page 19 Activity 15, page 22

Possible answers: Answers will vary.
1. a weather delay: a delay that is caused by the weather Activity 16, page 22
2. a money shortage: a shortage of money 1. The candidate’s TV commercial was a crucial part of her
3. a rice cooker: a machine that cooks rice campaign.
4. an air traffic control mistake: a mistake with the control of 2. Some animals have developed very clever ways of
air traffic protecting themselves.
5. an earthquake warning system malfunction: a malfunction 3. In many courses, the final exam is worth as much as 50% of
with the warning system for an earthquake the final grade.
Activity 11, page 19 4. The three largest countries in the South America is are
Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia.
government officials 5. Selling a product successfully in a foreign country may
voting machines require to make making changes to the product.
voter registration
Activity 17, page 23
paper receipts
paper slips Possible answers:
voting procedure 1. The main cause of the problem is a severe lack of natural
resources such as coal and oil.
Activity 12, page 20 OR
1. acronym - UFO A severe lack of natural resources such as coal and oil is the
main cause of the problem.
2. conceal - hide
2. The president and vice-president played a part in passing a
3. dispute - disagreement
bill that raises taxes on sodas and other sugary drinks.
4. enhance - increase
3. In the experiment last week, the scientists placed coffee
5. normal - usual plants in special containers to see how much oxygen the
6. pace - speed plants would produce.
7. predator - attacker OR
8. retain - keep Last week in the experiment, the scientists placed coffee
9. vastly - significantly plants in special containers to see how much oxygen the
plants would produce.
10. verify - check
Activity 18, page 24
Activity 13, pages 20–21
Possible answers:
1. In subsequent months
No Babies Allowed?
2. flee from the scene
Should parents be allowed to bring their young baby to an
3. blend into your surroundings
upscale restaurant? Recently there has been some debate about
4. take an unnecessary risk this issue. Restaurant customers sometimes complain that a
5. a vastly different result crying baby can ruin their special evening out. They say that it is
6. dread seeing the dentist not acceptable that they have paid a lot of money for a special
evening and then a crying baby spoils their experience. Some
7. endure hardships parents say that everyone has the right to eat in any restaurant.
8. a coherent strategy For them, the price of the meal should not determine who
9. a normal body temperature can and cannot eat at that restaurant. Restaurant owners find
themselves in a difficult situation because they do not want to
10. enhance the flavor
lose affluent customers who are willing to spend a lot of money
Activity 14, page 21 at their places of business. However, these same owners do not
want to appear to be cold-hearted when it comes to children.
1. deviation It is indeed a difficult situation. In the meantime, it appears
2. deviates that different restaurants will have different policies about
customers bringing young babies with them.
3. endurance
4. endured Activity 19, page 25
5. enhanced 1. A cause-effect essay: Topic 4
6. enhances 2. A comparison essay: Topic 1
7. evolved 3. A reaction essay: Topic 2
8. evolve 4. An argumentative essay: Topic 3

2  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research

Activity 20, page 25 A. h. Cell phones are addictive.
Answers will vary. B. A answering a text while driving is not rational.
V. Topic of Body Paragraph 4: b. People think that using a
cell phone does not affect ability to do other things at
Unit 2 same time.
Activity 1, page 28 A. The Occupational Safety and Health administration warns
drivers that reaction time is greatly slowed down.
Possible answers: B. Example: g. Texting causes the same delayed reaction
1. Brainstorm ideas. as driving while drinking.
2. Read about the topic. VI. Conclusion
3. Make an outline. A. The ending of the story is not as bad as it could have been.
B. d. Advice—turn your cell phone off.
Activity 2, page 29
Answers will vary. Activity 7, page 34
Answers will vary.
Activity 3, page 30
Possible answers: Activity 8, page 36
1. b. How music affects our mood Possible answers:
c. The best music to study with The Value of Bargaining
2. b. Why the service industry is growing Bargaining for the best price when you are shopping is a
c. The best jobs in the 21st century tough experience. The buyer wants to purchase a product at
3. b. Why football is popular in the U.S. the lowest possible price whereas the seller wants to maximize
the potential for profit. While the desires of the buyer and the
c. Sports in education seller completely oppose each other, it is in the best interest of
4. b. A vegetarian diet buyers to strategize exactly how they will convince a seller to
c. Steps to being healthy with nutrition lower his/her prices. Although prices are often not negotiable,
it never hurts to bargain with the seller.
Activity 4, page 32
Activity 9, pages 37–38
Possible answers:
Paragraph 1: The vehicle I was driving at the time was
Pros:
approximately five years old.
Children learn about limits.
Paragraph 2: Every day I receive up to 50 text messages.
Children can spend more time outside getting exercise.
Paragraph 3: The police who arrived at the accident scene were
There is less risk of damaging vision. very polite.
Cons: Paragraph 4: According to Hayley Tsukayama’s article, the World
It is hard to enforce time limits. Health Organization says that video games are a
Children may be using their screens for educational serious addiction for millions of people.
information. Paragraph 5: Some cell phones can help drivers immediately
call for emergency help if an accident occurs.
Activity 5, page 33 Paragraph 6: Why do people continue to mix texting and driving?
Answers will vary.
Activity 10, page 39
Activity 6, page 33 Possible answers:
Title: The Dangers of Texting While Driving Confusing Nouns
I. Introduction Learning nouns in a new language may seem easy, but in
A. Hook: Establish that texting while driving is dangerous. fact the grammar of nouns can vary from language to language.
B. Thesis statement: e. My car accident was completely Spanish, for example, has male nouns and female nouns, but
avoidable—I was texting while driving. why newspaper is masculine and magazine is feminine is a
mystery. Japanese nouns have no plural form, so Japanese
II. Topic of Body Paragraph 1: Beginning of the story learners of English may think -s is unnecessary in the phrase
A. c. I was expecting a text message. many books because the word many already means plural. In
B. I answered the message. German, all nouns are capitalized whereas English capitalizes
nouns that name specific people, places, and things. For
C. f. I took my eyes off the road.
example, English does not capitalize woman or city, but it
III. Topic of Body Paragraph 2: My accident could have been does capitalize Susan and Cairo. Finally, some languages mark
worse. the role of the noun as subject or direct object, so in Japanese,
A. I had an accident. I hit a parking meter. -wa is often added to a noun as subject and -o to a noun as the
B. a. Police officer gave me a ticket. direct object of a verb. English does not require suffixes to mark
the role of nouns in a sentence. Because nouns express basic
IV. Topic of Body Paragraph 3: People feel a strong need to ideas such as the name of a person, place, or thing, they seem
answer their cell phones. easy, but they can be confusing.

Answer Key  3
Activity 11, pages 40–41 4. maximize
1. react 5. negotiation
2. consists 6. negotiable
3. stand out 7. shift
4. is 8. shifted
5. has 9. Tragically
6. are 10. tragedy
7. are Activity 16, page 44
8. provides Answers will vary.
9. share
Activity 17, page 44
10. involves
1. Sometimes a word can be more than one part of speech
Activity 12, page 41 with no change at all, but other times the ending of the
1. is word changes to indicate whether it is a noun, verb,
adjective, or adverb.
2. centers
2. A roller coaster is a type of the amusement park attraction
3. have with a railroad system where cars can to travel up and
4. uses down slopes at fast speeds.
5. promote 3. The country of Switzerland lies in the center of Europe, while
6. portrays Norway and Greece is are at the extremes of the continent.
7. are 4. Jambalaya is a dish from Louisiana that people make it
with rice, vegetables, and seafood.
8. sends
5. Texting and driving can have tragedy tragic results, so it is
9. live
best don't not to look at a phone at all when operating a car.
10. helps
11. promotes Activities 18, page 45
Possible answers:
Activity 13, page 42
1. The team anticipates tough competition in next week’s
1. anticipate - expect championship game.
2. at once - immediately 2. The child’s desire for attention did not seem rational.
3. bargain - deal 3. Some people can multitask up to three tasks at once.
4. desire - want 4. In some places, bargaining can help maximize your dollar.
5. minor – less important 5. Some of the minor details of the contract are negotiable.
6. occupational - work
Activity 19, page 45
7. shift - change
8. thereby - as a result Possible answers:
9. tragic - sad 1. Owning a car in Vietnam is very expensive because of a
high government tax, so there are many more motorcycles
10. virtually - nearly than cars.
Activity 14, pages 42–43 OR
Because of a high government tax, owning a car in Vietnam
1. has not been tough enough
is very expensive, so there are many more motorcycles than
2. receive up to $1 million cars.
3. a sudden shift in people’s attitudes OR
4. cause serious harm In Vietnam there are many more motorcycles than cars
5. bargain with someone because a high government tax makes owning a car very
6. an occupational hazard expensive.
7. an ability to multitask 2. Rabbits are natural runners and can reach speeds of up to
30 or 40 mph.
8. a rational mind
OR
9. a deep desire to learn
Rabbits are natural runners that can reach speeds of up to
10. a minor concern 30 or 40 mph.
Activity 15, pages 43–44 3. The highest score for a game in the World Cup occurred when
Austria defeated Switzerland 7–5 in the quarterfinal in 1954.
1. harmful
2. harm Activity 20, pages 46–47
3. maximum Answers will vary.

4  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 

Unit 3 2. Mark Twain suggested that we will have more regret if we
don’t participate in activities or life rather than if we do.
Activity 1, pages 50–51 3. Lin Yutang noted that you find true peace when you do
not struggle against difficulties.
1. a. NC; b. C
4. Alice Walker pointed out that the easiest way to lose power
2. a. C; b. NC
is to think you don’t have it.
3. a. NC; b. C
5. Oscar Wilde thought that we should enjoy life rather than
4. a. NC; b. C take it too seriously.
Activity 2, pages 53–54 Activity 7, page 59–60
Most important ideas highlighted in bold. Answers will vary.
Sentence 1: With the arrival of the South Florida Railroad in
1880, Orlando was on its way to intensive growth. Activity 8, page 61
Sentence 2: Two decades later, Orlando experienced rapid Possible answers:
growth again on an incredible scale when Walt Disney World
opened its gates to tourists in 1971. 1. Orlando used to be a small agricultural town.
1. a. TS – too similar 2. This is due to the many theme parks.
1. b. X – different meaning 3. Orlando has experienced a high level of growth in the past
twenty years, but the level of commercialism remains low
1. c. P – best paraphrase despite being close to the very busy tourist area.
2. a. TS – too similar 4. Clearly, tourism has affected life in the Orlando area.
2 b. P – best paraphrase
2. c. X – different meaning Activity 9, page 61
Possible answers:
Activity 3, page 54
Just half a decade ago, Orlando used to be a small
Most important ideas highlighted in bold. agricultural town, but today it is the most visited place in Florida
1. Located 22 miles southwest of Orlando, the Disney area because of the multiple theme parks there. In fact, more than
alone covers some 28,000 acres. 55 million tourists visit this area annually. These parks, however,
Paraphrase: Possible answer:  By itself Disney includes are not actually in the city of Orlando but rather 15 miles away.
28,000 acres, and it is just 22 miles from Orlando. Although all of these parks with millions of visitors are just a few
miles away, the city does not have the level of commercialism that
2. In addition to having Florida’s largest hotel, Walt Disney you see near the parks. Unfortunately, the city has problems with
World has an array of thrilling attractions, including the traffic because of the theme park workers who live in Orlando.
Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney’s Hollywood Studios, and Tourism has clearly affected life in the Orlando area.
Animal Kingdom.
Paraphrase: Possible answer: Not only is Walt Disney World Activity 10, page 62–63
the home of the largest hotel in Florida, but it also has
Answers will vary.
many amazing theme parks.
Activity 4, page 56 Activity 11, page 63–64
Possible answers: Possible answers:
1. a. APA: According to Wilkins (1972), “While without Paragraph A: Important information
grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary Julia Child, born in 1912, became internationally
nothing can be conveyed” (p. 111). famous in the 1960s with the publication of her cookbook,
b. MLA: According to Wilkins, “While without grammar Mastering the Art of French Cooking. The book was praised for
very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing its sharp attention to detail, step-by-step instructions, and
can be conveyed” (111). clear illustrations of complex cooking techniques. Over the
remainder of her life, Child published approximately 20 more
2. a. APA: According to Wilkins (1972), communication books, including her autobiography, My Life in France. Today’s
depends much more on vocabulary than on grammar (p. 111). celebrity chefs owe a debt of gratitude to Julia Child, an early
b. MLA: According to Wilkins, communication depends pioneer of the field.
much more on vocabulary than on grammar (111).  Paragraph B: Important information
Activity 5, page 57 A world-renowned chef, Julia Child became famous for
her first cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, and she
1. APA: References cemented her celebrity status with several television programs,
Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language. London: including Julia Child & Company and Dinner at Julia’s. In several
Edward Arnold. of her early programs, before television shows could be easily
2. MLA: Works Cited edited, she made mistakes in her preparations, resulting in
Wilkins, David A. Linguistics in Language. Edward Arnold, 1972. failed dishes. Ironically, her mistakes endeared her to her
audience, as she demonstrated that even great chefs have bad
Activity 6, page 58 days. Child died in 2004, leaving behind her a lasting legacy of
Possible answers: delicious food.
1. Thomas Edison observed that people who fail are often
those who gave up too early.
Answer Key  5
Synthesis of Paragraph A and B 2. According to the article, the largest states are Alaska,
Julia Child, 1912–2004, was a world-famous chef. Her first Texas, and Montana, but Alaska and Montana has have
cookbook, Mastering the Art of French Cooking, launched her relatively small populations.
career when it was published in the 1960s. It was praised for 3. Unlike just twenty years ago, obtaining a good job today
how it used simple language to explain complicated recipes and require requires social networking skills.
made them seem simple for everyone. She was also in several 4. An important question for to consider is whether schools
television programs that people enjoyed watching. One reason with smaller class sizes produces produce better test scores.
people loved her cooking shows was that Child sometimes
made mistakes in the recipe, and people realized that cooking 5. Some airline officials who were early advocates for
was not a perfect science. Even very experienced people like purchasing the new aircraft have recently complained
Chef Child make mistakes. She also wrote 20 books, including about the lack of training for crew members.
her autobiography My Life in France. Today millions of people Activity 17, pages 67–68
remember this great chef who inspired them to cook without fear.
Possible answers:
Activity 12, page 64 1. Badgers have short legs for digging, but they can run
1. acute - severe surprisingly fast, up to 30 kph for a short period of time.
2. array - choices OR
3. complex - complicated Even though badgers have short legs for digging, they can
4. concede - admit you are wrong run surprisingly fast, up to 30 kph for a short period of time.
5. congestion - a lot of people 2. The famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven lost his
hearing in 1801, but he completed many of his most
6. found - start famous works, including his ninth symphony, around 1820.
7. fraction - a part OR
8. premium - higher quality Although the famous composer Ludwig van Beethoven
9. reveal - show lost his hearing in 1801, he composed many of his most
10. seek - look for famous works, including his ninth symphony, around 1820.
3. Venus, which is named for the Roman goddess of love
Activity 13, page 65 and beauty, is the second planet from the sun and has an
1. concede an election average temperature of 462 degrees Celsius.
2. a wide array of OR
3. a lasting legacy Venus, named for the Roman goddess of love and beauty,
is the second planet from the sun and has an average
4. an early pioneer temperature of 462 degrees Celsius.
5. point out differences
6. a small fraction of the population Activity 18, page 68
7. intensive training Possible answers:
8. bad congestion on the roads 1. In today’s society, some people believe that there is too
9. a complex problem much commercialism.
10. reveal a secret 2. According to this report, there is an acute problem with
immigration.
Activity 14, pages 65–66 3. If the report reveals any missing funds, we will take action.
1. acute 4. Without a doubt, the day I flew in a hot air balloon was the
most thrilling day of my life.
2. Acutely
5. John Glenn was a famous astronaut and a true pioneer in
3. commercialism
his field.
4. commercially
5. complex Activity 19, pages 69–70
6. complexity Answers will vary.
7. intensive
8. intensifies Unit 4
9. master
Activity 1, page 76
10. mastery
1. ✓ the reasons that Earth’s weather has changed so much
Activity 15, page 66 in the last century
Answers will vary. 2. Bangkok versus Singapore as a vacation destination
3. a trip to visit my grandparents
Activity 16, page 67
4. ✓ the increasing use of computers in schools
1. Due to the numerous factories in that area, the quality of 5. explaining dietary guidelines for children
the air in that regional region of the country is quite poor.
6. how to play the piano

6  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 

 7. ✓ why some students receive scholarships B. Cite the study of W. Seymour, who documents the
8. ✓ falling birthrates in many countries circumstances of the battle.
9. Answers will vary. C. Discuss how the United States might have remained a
member of the British Commonwealth, if not for a heavy
10. Answers will vary. fog.
Activity 2, page 77 IV. Body Paragraph 3
Possible answers: A. Provide the example of Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of
Cause of stress: Russia.
Financial worries B. Cite the study of H. Belloc, who documents the effect of
the Russian winter.
Tests
C. Discuss the consequences of Napoleon’s defeat in relation
Illness to Russia’s rise as a world power.
Effects of stress:
V. Conclusion
Poor sleep
A. Summarize the three examples from the body paragraphs.
Poor health
B. Suggest that, although weather forecasters can predict the
Depression weather with more accuracy than in the past, the course
Activity 3, pages 78–80 of history cannot be fully isolated from the effects of
the weather.
Pre reading questions:
Answers will vary. Activity 5, page 83
Post-reading questions: Possible answers:
1. The purpose of this essay is to show how weather has 1. Two significant effects of phone addiction are diminished
affected world history. attention spans and lack of social engagement.
2. Thesis: Although many people believe that the weather 2. While many people complain of bad relations with their
has little influence in their lives besides determining what siblings, being an only child has drawbacks.
clothes they wear on a particular day, the weather has in 3. Reducing one’s environmental impact, saving animals, and
fact caused world history to radically shift in important maintaining good health are three reasons for choosing a
ways that are still felt today. vegetarian diet.
3. focus-on-effects method 4. Insomnia is often a result of stress and poor eating habits.
4. APA
5. Causes:
Activity 6, page 84
a. a monsoon in Japan Paragraph 1 . . . the weather has in fact caused world
history . . .
b. fog in Long Island
Paragraph 2 As a result of two monsoons . . .
c. the cold winters of Russia
Because of this unexpected defeat . . .
Effects:
Paragraph 3 Due to this fog
a. Kublai Khan failed to conquer Japan.
 Consequently, today’s United Kingdom of
b. The British failed to defeat the American colonists.
England. . .
c. France failed to conquer Russia.
Paragraph 4 However, because his dreams of glory . . .
6. Answers will vary.
As a consequence of the failure of . . .
Activity 4, pages 81–82 Paragraph 5 . . . the weather has been a key factor in
numerous . . .
I. Introduction
A. Hook: Describe how people think they control their fate. Activity 7, pages 84–85
B. Suggest that people cannot control every aspect of their 1. If
environments.
2. as a consequence of / because of
C. Thesis statement: The weather has changed world
history in important ways. 3. Thus
4. in order to
II. Body Paragraph 1
5. Finally
A. Provide the example of Kublai Khan and his invasion of Japan.
6. because
B. Cite the study of J. Delgado, who describes Kublai Khan’s
failed invasion. 7. can lead to
C. Discuss how Japan’s identity would have changed if 8. Furthermore
Khan had succeeded in his invasion.
III. Body Paragraph 2
A. Provide the example of the American Revolution against
Great Britain.

Answer Key  7
Activity 8, page 86 6. retreat - go back
7. crush - defeat
A Simple Experiment
8. tempting - inviting
In our experiment, we placed three live freshwater plants
into a quart jar that was is filled with fresh water at 70 degrees 9. hypothesis - idea
Fahrenheit. We then carefully added a medium-sized goldfish. 10. superior - better
Next, we tightened tighten the lid and wrapped tape tightly
around the lid. This very last step was is done to ensure that Activity 11, pages 88–89
no air could can enter or exit the bottle. The jar was placed 1. during the king’s reign
on a shelf where it was is exposed to indirect sunlight for
approximately eight hours each day. At one o’clock every day 2. completely overlook the obvious
for a week, we observed the fish swimming in the jar. On several 3. a radically different idea
occasions, we noticed notice that the plants emitted multiple 4. according to the original hypothesis
bubbles of a gas. The fish survived for the entire week even
though no food or air was provided. Our original hypothesis 5. a reciprocal agreement
was that the green plants produced a gas. We now believe 6. a serious obstacle to achieving a goal
believed this gas was oxygen. 7. the soldiers were ordered to retreat
Activity 9, page 87 8. span several decades
9. a dreadful mistake
1. C
10. occur multiple times
2. F; With no remarkable difference except the color of the
exterior paint. Activity 12, page 89
Possible answer: The two houses stood side by side with 1. densely
no remarkable difference except the color of the exterior
paint. 2. dense
3. F; A history of many intriguing stories of leprechauns, 3. intervene
fairies, and elves. 4. intervention
Possible answer: Ireland is a country with a history of many 5. justification
intriguing stories of leprechauns, fairies, and elves. 6. justify
4. C 7. justified
5. F; Because of the unprecedented popularity of this 8. temptation
particular film.
9. tempting
Possible answer: Because of the unprecedented popularity
of this particular film, producers were extremely eager to 10. tempt
begin work on its sequel. Activity 13, page 90
6. C
Answers will vary.
7. F; After nearly three decades of separation.
Possible answer: When the two brothers finally meet after Activity 14, page 90
nearly three decades of separation, the atmosphere is
1. Flights from San Francisco were delayed because the fog
tense.
caused limited visible visibility.
8. C
2. Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United
9. F; Pay a great deal to talk with a so-called expert who States on January 20, 2009, and served two terms for a
claims to be able to understand what dreams mean. total of eight years.
Possible answer: I don’t want to pay a great deal to 3. The country of Singapore was a part of the Federation of
talk with a so-called expert who claims to be able to Malaya until 1965 that is when it became an independent
understand what dreams mean. country.
10. F; Since the bus workers in the area are continuing their 4. One of the most famous desserts in Argentina is dulce
strike over pay. de leche, which is a sugary paste that people eat with ice
Possible answer: Since the bus workers in the area are cream.
continuing their strike over pay, thousands of commuters 5. O. Henry is the pen-name of a well-known American author
in the capital city were once again late for work today. whose short stories are considered classics.
Activity 10, page 88 Activity 15, page 91
1. emit - release Possible answers:
2. brutal - bad 1. The beautiful countries of Switzerland and Austria lie in the
3. handily - easily center of Europe.
4. obstacle - problem 2. Because the verb get has many different meanings, it is
5. unambiguously - clearly difficult for people who are learning English.
OR

8  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 

 The verb get has many different meanings, so it is difficult
for people who are learning English.
3. The Beatles were a musical group from the United
Kingdom that became internationally famous in the 1960s.
OR
The Beatles, a musical group from the United Kingdom,
became internationally famous in the 1960s.
Activity 16, page 92
Possible answers:
Lighting the World
One of the most positive outcomes of the invention of the
light bulb is that it has allowed people to expand their lives into the
dark hours of night. Human productivity increased significantly
after this invention significantly because better lighting enabled
people to read, study, work, play, and socialize into the late
hours. In addition, the prevalence of affordable lighting allowed
companies to continue to manufacture their products during the
night hours. Electric lighting also enhanced public safety, because
city streets were illuminated without the potentially potential
danger of gas. Now that electric lights are everywhere, it is almost
impossible to imagine a world without them.
Activity 17, pages 92–93
1. a
2. c
3. Possible answer: Though some people think granola bars
are good for you, they can contain a lot of sugar as well.
4. Possible answer: Earth’s population has increased
dramatically since 1800, and it looks like this growth will
continue.
Activities 18, pages 94–95
Answers will vary.
Unit 5
Activity 1, page 100
1. The steps in collecting data for a research study
2. ✓ Rio de Janeiro versus Tokyo as a site for the Summer
Olympic Games
3. ✓ Reproductive processes of mammals and reptiles
4. ✓ Societies with small families and societies with large
families
5. An analysis of voting trends and results in recent elections
in Ecuador
6. ✓ The career choice of becoming a teacher or a lawyer
7. Daily life for a student at a university
8. Information about llamas in the Andes Mountains in Peru
9. Answers will vary.
10. Answers will vary.
Activity 2, page 102
Answers will vary.
Activity 3, pages 102–105
Pre-reading questions:
Answers will vary.
Post-reading questions:
1. The purpose of this essay is to compare two different kinds
of classroom: online versus face-to-face.
2. Thesis statement: Students should not assume that either
online or face-to-face classes are superior; instead, they
should focus on what they need to learn from a particular
course and which learning paradigm will best facilitate
their education.
3. point-by-point method
4. Advantages of face-to-face classes
a. Development of communication skills
b. More opportunities for social interaction
Advantages of online classes
a. Greater convenience
b. Increased student participation
5. Answers will vary.
6. Possible answer: The writer could have discussed the
costs associated with these two kinds of courses: books,
transportation, etc.
Activity 4, page 106
Possible answers:
Title: Online and Face-to-Face Learning in the Digital Age
I. Introduction
A. Describe increasing importance of computers in education.
B. Briefly contrast online education with traditional face-to-
face classes.
C. Thesis statement: Students should not assume that
either online or face-to-face classes are superior; instead,
they should focus on what they need to learn from a
particular course and which learning paradigm will
best facilitate their education.
II. Body Paragraph 1
A. Discuss convenience of online courses versus face-to-face
courses.
B. Provide example of how scheduling time for online
courses is more convenient than for face-to-face
courses.
III. Body Paragraph 2
A. Discuss the different rates of student participation in
online versus face-to-face courses.
B. Provide scholarly evidence that supports argument that
online courses increase student participation.
IV. Body Paragraph 3
A. Discuss the differences in face-to-face communication
in these two kinds of classes.
B. Provide example of specific classroom settings that benefit
from face-to-face interaction.
V. Body Paragraph 4
A. Discuss the need for adequate computer access and
skills to take online courses.
B. Suggest that some students spend too much time
learning how to use the computer technology rather than
concentrating on the subject matter.
VI. Body Paragraph 5
A. Discuss differences in personal relationships between
traditional and online classes.
Answer Key  9
 B. Provide an example of how teachers cannot write effective 5. The economy is growing as rapidly this year as last year.
recommendation letters for students they do not know 6. WW1 was as not nearly as costly in terms of lives as WW2.
personally.
7. Community colleges are not as expensive as universities.
VII. Conclusion
8. Introversion does not seem to be as common as
A. Suggest that students and teachers assess their learning extroversion.
and instructional styles in order to create learning
environments where everyone is likely to prosper. Activity 9, page 112
B. Predict that this issue will be resolved in the future. 1. According to the most recent data, the population of Spain
Activity 5, page 107 is larger than the population/that of Greece.
2. The company’s annual report indicates excellent sales in
Possible answers: January, March, and July.
1. Although Walt Disney’s theme parks in Orlando and 3. With only five days until the deadline, our team’s project is
Tokyo share many of the same attractions, there are key not as good as the other team’s.
differences between them as well.
4. Many children like watching TV shows and playing video
2. While soccer and rugby originated from the same sport, games.
they are now significantly different in many ways.
5. To apply for a loan, select from our different loan packages,
3. Despite their shared reputations as political reformers, fill out an application, and submit it to a loan officer at the
England’s Queen Victoria and Elizabeth II saw their position bank.
in quite different terms.
6. According to the report, schools in California spend more
Activity 6, page 108 money per student than schools/those in New York.
7. For better heart health, three great forms of exercise involve
1. Paragraph 2: Although face-to-face . . . Shows difference
our legs: jogging, distance running, and brisk/fast walking.
2. Paragraph 3: As opposed to some lecture classes . . .
8. To relax, many people like surfing the Internet, working in
Shows difference
the garden, and doing crossword puzzles.
3. Paragraph 4: Another difference between these two types
. . . Shows difference Activity 10, page 113
4. Paragraph 5: While face-to-face classes . . . Shows difference 1. vital - necessary
5. Paragraph 6: Finally, one other way traditional classrooms 2. indigenous - native
are different from online classes . . . Shows difference 3. encounter - find
6. Paragraph 7: Both face-to-face and online courses. . . 4. merge - combine
Shows similarity 5. simulate - similar
Activity 7, pages 109–111 6. duplicate - copy
7. reluctance - hesitation
Pre-reading questions:
8. navigate - understand
Answers will vary.
9. prosper - succeed
While-reading questions:
10. isolate - alone
1. too
2. Unlike Activity 11, page 113–114
3. whereas 1. facilitate student learning
4. but 2. navigate the web site easily
5. For example 3. the mass extinction of dinosaurs
6. While 4. effective planning is vital
7. on the other hand 5. an animal’s natural habitat
8. Thus 6. duplicate the results of an experiment
9. As a result 7. address a problem
10. While 8. a hospitable environment
11. Consequently 9. a reluctance to participate
12. both 10. allocate enough time for a meeting
Activity 8, page 111 Activity 12, page 114
Possible answers: 1. extinction
1. Egypt is not as large as Saudi Arabia. 2. extinct
2. The population of San Francisco is not as large as the 3. isolated
population of Los Angeles.
4. isolating
3. The heart is not as complex an organ as the brain.
5. navigable
4. The weather in Tokyo is not as humid as in Bangkok.
6. navigate

10  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 

 7. prosperity Unit 6
8. prosperous
9. simulation Activity 1, pages 122–123
10. simulate Answers will vary.

Activity 13, page 115 Activity 2, page 125

Answers will vary. Answers will vary.

Activity 14, page 115 Activity 3, pages 126–128

1. Before you start to write a paragraph or an essay, you
should make a simple outline.
2. Giraffes eat only leaves, so they usually live in areas with a
lot of green vegetation.
3. Miami may have more people than any another other city
in Florida, but the capital city has been is Tallahassee.
4. Three great gift ideas for a recent college graduate
includes the cash, clothing, and travel.
5. The article indicates how many adults have to wear glasses
or contacts for to read well.
Activity 15, page 116
Possible answers:
1. To have some quiet time before the rest of their family
wakes up and to get to their office on time, some people
wake up very early every day.
OR
Some people wake up early every day in order to have
some quiet time before the rest of their family wakes up
and to get to work on time.
2. A Boeing 737, which is one of the most common
commercial planes, seats approximately 140 passengers.
OR
One of the most common commercial planes, the Boeing
737, seats approximately 140 passengers.
3. According to a credible website, the top three names
for baby girls in England are Sophia, Olivia, and Emma
followed by Isabella and Ava.
OR
Sophia, Olivia, and Emma, followed by Isabella and Ava, are
the top three names for baby girls in England, according to
a credible website.
Activity 16, page 116–117
1. c
2. a
3. Possible answer:
People should let animals stay in their natural homes so
that these animals can survive and avoid extinction.
4. Possible answer:
One last distinction between face-to-face and online courses
is that there are more chances for students to interact and
develop relationships in face-to-face situations.
Activities 17, pages 117–118
Answers will vary.
Pre-reading questions:
Answers will vary.
Post-reading questions:
1. The purpose of this essay is to describe a reaction to an
infographic.
2. The National Geographic graphic “Lost and Tossed” (2016)
depicts in a clear and comprehensible way the staggering
amount of edible food that is wasted each year.
3. Reaction to the quality of the graphic: clear, comprehensible
4. Reaction to the topic of the graphic: alarming
5. Thesis statement: Given that, globally, so many people
suffer from serious hunger, the information presented in
this visual is especially alarming.
6. Answers will vary.
7. Possible answer: The writer could have included
information about how much food is wasted at restaurants
and supermarkets.
Activity 4, page 128
Title: The Shocking Truth about Food Waste
I. Introduction
A. Briefly mention how precious food is for humanity.
B. Cite National Geographic’s visual of food loss.
C. Thesis statement: Given that, globally, so many people
suffer from serious hunger, the information presented
in this visual is especially alarming.
II. Body Paragraph 1
A. Most distressing revelation in the graphic: more fruits and
vegetables are lost or wasted than actually eaten
B. State that this graphic shows that all of us need to reduce
food waste.
III. Body Paragraph 2
A. Another disturbing statistic about food loss: 20 percent of
food loss happens during picking and sorting.
B. Rhetorical question: With modern agricultural
equipment and technology readily available, how is it
possible to waste that much food?
IV. Body Paragraph 3
A. Discuss how consumers contribute to food loss—20%.
B. This waste is unacceptable: it is insulting to the millions of
people who are suffering from hunger around the globe.
V. Conclusion
A. Prediction: We will be more motivated to do our part
toward reducing food waste.

Answer Key  11
Activity 5, page 129 Activity 10, page 134
Answers will vary. 1. eagerly await a response
Activity 6, page 130 2. ranked as the best in the world
3. deeply disturbing
1. Furthermore, along with another study (Conrad, Niles,
Neher, Roy, Tichenor, & Jahns, 2018) suggesting that 4. compile a list
“the average person living in America wastes nearly 5. a recent opinion poll
one pound of food daily” (14), this graphic shows that all 6. an alarming report
of us—from farmers to consumers—need to decrease 7. be taken aback by surprising news
food waste.
8. readily available
2. With regard to other parts of the graphic, another
disturbing statistic is that 20 percent of food loss happens 9. due to expire soon
during picking and sorting. 10. an embarrassing revelation
3. Without a doubt, this is unacceptable.
Activity 11, pages 134–135
4. Indeed, just as most people cannot imagine wasting food,
they are shocked to find out how much food is actually 1. disturbed
wasted every day. 2. disturbing
Activity 7, page 131 3. eager
4. eagerly
1. Long before Colgate started selling its toothpaste in the
1800s, the ancient Egyptians had a recipe for toothpaste. 5. expires
2. At college, students learn key skills in order that they can 6. expired
be prepared for a good job after graduation. 7. reputation
3. This website is especially useful for young teens even 8. reputedly
though it was originally designed for the people of their 9. reveals/revealed
grandparents’ age.
10. revelation
4. Because the senator’s popularity is so low, it is unlikely
that he will win in the next election. Activity 12, page 135
5. Even if the team wins all its remaining games, it will have a Answers will vary.
losing record for the year.
6. Some sociologists note that the rich are getting richer Activity 13, page 135
whereas the poor are getting poorer. 1. Although the United Kingdom and New Zealand are similar
Activity 8, page 129–131 for in size, but New Zealand has just under 5 million people
while the United Kingdom has more than 63 million people.
Possible answers: OR
1. Even though / Although / Though  Although The United Kingdom and New Zealand are
2. When similar for in size, but New Zealand has just under 5 million
3. because / since people while the United Kingdom has more than 63 million
4. Additionally / Furthermore / In addition / Also people.
5. Regarding 2. Because of Vietnam has such an incredible variety of
interesting places to see and experience, more than 10
6. Even though / Although / Though millions tourists visit this country each year.
7. Indeed / In fact 3. One thing that makes Arabic as a foreign language difficult
8. Finally / In addition / Furthermore to master is that many different dialects are spoken, which
9. While / Although / Even though / Though means that the Arabic in Egypt may not resemble to the
Arabic in Morocco or Oman.
10. Nonetheless / However
4. Few people outside the city of Pittsburgh knows know
Activity 9, page 133 about its riverside trails where people bike or jog and
enjoying enjoy the river scenery.
1. alarming - shocking
5. According to a reputable higher education website, at
2. commodity - product least 38 schools in the United Kingdom that offer courses
3. compile - organize in chemical engineering at the undergraduate level.
4. depict - show
Activity 14, page 136
5. edible - can eat
6. expire - end 1. It is alarming that 20 percent of fruits and vegetables are
lost during picking and sorting.
7. rank - order
OR
8. reputable - respectable
The loss of 20 percent of fruits and vegetables during
9. revelation - announcement picking and sorting is alarming.
10. taken aback - surprised

12  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 

 2. Of the 12 verb tenses in English, one of the most difficult Activity 2, page 147–148
for English language learners is the present perfect tense.
Possible answers:
OR
Topic: Requiring future parents to take parenting classes
For English language learners, the present perfect tense is
one of the most difficult of the 12 verb tenses. Pro:
3. Many people are surprised to learn (that) the three official 1. Parents will be more confident.
languages in New Zealand are English, Maori, and sign 2. Young parents can meet other future parents and learn
language. from one another.
OR Con:
The three official languages in New Zealand are English, 1. Teaching future parents about child raising is a family’s
Maori, and sign language, which many people are responsibility.
surprised to learn. 2. Time spent in class means time spent away from work or
leisure.
Activity 15, page 137
Topic: Allowing the death penalty
Possible answers: Pro:
Banning Plastic Straws 1. Taxpayers will not have to pay to keep the offenders in
Should plastic straws be banned? Many environmental activists prison.
are concerned about the number of plastic products that are 2. The threat of the death penalty will keep people from
produced and then thrown away after a single use. Plastic committing violent crimes.
products disintegrate very slowly, so they can contribute to
horrible environmental problems. One example of this kind of Con:
problem is the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch, which is a 1. The individual may have been wrongly convicted.
79-thousand-ton floating trash island. Environmentalists will 2. No one should have the right to take another person’s life.
hope that if people learn that they do not need plastic straws, Topic: Getting a pet for a child
they will reconsider their use of other plastic products. A vast
number of products today are packaged and sold in plastic. Pro:
Banning plastic straws will not solve this problem entirely, but 1. Pets are good companions for children.
it would be a good first step. 2. A pet’s death can teach children how to grieve.
Activity 16, page 137–138 Con:
1. A pet might hurt the child.
1. b
2. Parents may have to take care of the pet if the child fails to
2. c
take responsibility.
3. Possible answer:
Beginning with the movie The Jazz Singer, actors were able Activity 3, pages 148–151
to speak their lines instead of gesturing their reactions,
which marked the end of silent movies. Pre-reading questions:
4. Possible answer: 1. Answers will vary.
Wikipedia reports that curling started in Scotland in the 2. Possible answers
1500s and was played on frozen lakes. Topic: Studying abroad for one semester
Pro:
Activity 17, pages 139–140
1. Studying abroad could help students learn life skills not
Answers will vary. taught in schools, like budgeting and being aware of other
cultures.
Unit 7 2. Students could practice language skills in real life rather
than in a classroom.
Activity 1, page 146
Con:
1. The first time someone flew in a plane.
1. If students are immature or rude, they could give a bad
2. ✓ The choice of a specific candidate to vote for in an impression of their country when abroad.
election
2. Students may consider the semester abroad as a vacation.
3. How and why birds migrate south for the winter
Post-reading questions:
4. Steps in negotiating an international contract
1. The purpose of this essay is to argue that study abroad
5. ✓ The necessity of higher taxes on gasoline programs are beneficial for students and their future careers.
6. ✓ Why schools should offer after-school programs for ­ 2. Thesis statement: Colleges and universities should require
at-risk students students to study abroad for at least one semester of their
7. ✓ Reasons that you deserve a pay raise undergraduate education to prepare them for today’s
8. How to play chess well interconnected world.
9. Answers will vary. 3. Arguments to support viewpoint:
10. Answers will vary. a. A semester abroad allows students to experience a
new culture.

Answer Key  13
 b. A semester abroad gives students the opportunity to
learn a foreign language outside of the classroom.
4. Paragraph 5
The opposing idea is that the semester abroad is just a
vacation for students.
5. Answers will vary.
6. The last sentence offers an opinion.
Activity 4, pages 151–152
Possible answers:
Title: Why Studying Abroad Is The Best Classroom
I. Introduction
A. Hook: Quote about interconnectedness
B. People’s jobs now depend on international connections.
C. Thesis statement: Colleges and universities should require
students to study abroad.
II. Body Paragraph 1
A. Show how studying abroad lets students experience a
foreign culture.
B. Brewer and Cunningham (2009): Studying abroad
teaches students about not only the foreign culture but
also their own culture and perspectives.
III. Body Paragraph 2
A. Discuss how studying abroad contributes to learning a
foreign language.
B. Kauffmann, Martin, and Weaver (1992): Learning a
language in a real-life situation is effective.
IV. Body Paragraph 3
A. Explain how studying abroad allows students to see their
academic discipline from a new perspective.
B. Provide a counterargument: …this argument may appear
illogical: Math is math, whether in Peru or Poland, and
the fundamental principles of chemistry do not change
from Ghana to Germany.
V. Body Paragraph 4
A. Address a common opposing idea that studying abroad is
just a vacation.
B. Show that A is not accurate: Study by Dwyer and Peters
(2004)
C. Argue that schools need to prepare their students for study
abroad so they know the requirements and goals.
VI. Conclusion
A. Suggest that studying abroad should be required.
B. Opinion: In a world made smaller by technological
advances, students who graduate with the experience
of living in a foreign culture will also be better
prepared to succeed in their careers.
Activity 5, page 153
Possible answers:
1. Topic: Requiring future parents to take parenting classes
Pro: Future parents should be required to take parenting
classes as there would be important benefits to the child
and his/her parents.
Con: Future parents should not be required to attend
parenting classes because being a parent is a private affair.
14  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 
2. Topic: Allowing the death penalty
Pro: The death penalty should be allowed for several
important reasons.
Con: The death penalty should be banned because of three
significant reasons.
3. Topic: Getting a pet for a child
Pro: Getting a pet for children should be encouraged as it
promotes responsibility and respect for animals.
Con: Getting a pet for children should be discouraged
because of three reasons.
Activity 6 page 155
Paragraph 3: Furthermore, studying abroad also greatly
facilitates learning a new language.
Paragraph 4: Additionally, students benefit from studying their
academic discipline from a new perspective.
Activity 7, page 155
1. Counterargument: Though studying abroad offers many
advantages, some may argue that a semester or year
abroad is nothing but a vacation.
2. Possible answer:
 Paraphrase of refutation: Some students do use the
study abroad experience as an excuse to have fun, but
their behavior should not cause universities to cancel study
abroad programs.
Activity 8, page 155
Possible answers:
1. Refutation: However, risking the lives of passengers is too
dangerous and can hurt the airline’s reputation.
2. Refutation: Yet many people have found ways to prevent
food waste, and their example should be followed.
3. Refutation: Nonetheless, there is evidence that a teacher’s
ability to transmit knowledge and skills can impact test
scores.
Activity 9, pages 156–158
Pre-reading questions:
Answers will vary.
While reading:
1. What is more,
2. While
3. Additionally
4. While
5. Some might argue that
6. Nevertheless,
Post-reading questions:
1. The purpose of this essay is to argue that governments
should do more to protect the oceans by preventing
overfishing and promoting alternative methods.
2. Thesis statement: Governments must encourage
sustainable fishing practices and other regulatory guidelines
to ensure that the oceans preserve their variety of animal
and plant life as well as sufficient fish populations.
3. Counterargument: Some might argue that the oceans are
so huge that there must be plenty of fish left.
4. Answers will vary.
Activity 10, page 159 Activity 15, pages 163
1. must 1. assume
2. should 2. assumption
3. should 3. considerable
4. should 4. considerably
5. could 5. depletion
6. might 6. depleted
7. might 7. revolution
8. revolutionary
Activity 11, page 160
9. sustainability
1. The audience was completely disgusted by the speaker’s
10. sustainable
remarks.
2. The medical tests used to diagnose heart disease are highly Activity 16, page 164
accurate.
Answers will vary.
3. One thing that we know about the weather is that it can be
utterly unpredictable. Activity 17, page 165
4. Although the drug is expensive, it has proven to be highly 1. While most country countries around the world require a
effective. person to be at the least 18 years old to obtain a driver’s
5. It can be extremely difficult to persuade citizens to vote for license, in some parts of the United States and Canada, the
higher taxes. minimum age is as young as 14.
Activity 12, page 161 2. One way to minimize the number of people who/that
catch a cold each year is to encourage them to wash their
Possible answers: hands frequent frequently.
1. virtually 3. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, the play that continues
2. fairly / relatively J. K. Rowling’s famous fantasy series, begins 19 years after
the events of the last book in the series, Harry Potter and
3. extremely/ deeply the Deathly Hallows.
4. scarcely / hardly 4. Banjos and guitars are similar musical instruments, but
5. absolutely / utterly banjos typically have four or five strings, whereas guitars
6. highly typically they have six.
7. totally / utterly / completely 5. One of the earliest educational video games, The Oregon
Trail, which first appeared in 1971, allows students to learn
Activity 13, page 162 about life as 19th-century American pioneers.
1. collapse - destruction Activity 18, pages 165–166
2. compound - increase
Possible answers:
3. considerably - greatly
1. Flights that depart from San Francisco are often delayed
4. deplete - finish because of the unpredictable fog that blankets the city.
5. downplay – less serious OR
6. framework - plan The unpredictable fog that blankets San Francisco often
7. gravity - seriousness causes flight to be delayed.
8. in a new light - in a different way 2. Aretha Franklin, who died in 2018, was an incredible singer,
9. suspend - stop for a time songwriter, and pianist.
10. trigger - cause to happen OR
An incredible singer, songwriter, and pianist, Aretha
Activity 14, pages 162–163 Franklin died in 2018.
1. an incentive to work hard 3. Although 51 million people live in the entire country of
2. downplay the significance South Korea, the majority of the population lives in the
province surrounding Seoul, which is the capital of the
3. make an incorrect assumption country.
4. recognize the gravity of the situation OR
5. trigger an explosion 51 million people live in the entire country of South Korea,
6. compensate for a weakness but the majority of the population lives in the province
7. a sustainable way of life surrounding Seoul, which is the capital of the country.
8. the collapse of the industry Activity 19, page 166
9. invalidate a contract
Possible answers:
10. considerably more expensive

Answer Key  15
 Spam
How many emails do you receive every day that are
unwanted offers or advertisements? Most of these emails
are spam, commercial messages sent to a large number of
recipients or posted in a large number of places. Spam, which
Flynn and Kahn (2003) define as “unsolicited e-mail that is
neither wanted nor needed” by anyone, is a huge problem
today. In fact, spam threatens the entire email system. Email
is a vital method of communication today, but the annoying
mountain of spam threatens to destroy this critically important
tool. If email is to continue to be useful, laws against spam
must be strengthened and enforced to avoid the exploitation
of e-mail.
Activity 20, page 167
1. b
2. a
3. Possible answers:
The Chinese poet Cáo Xuěqín wrote Dream of the Red
Chamber, which is considered one of China’s four great
classical novels.
OR
Dream of the Red Chamber, which was written by The
Chinese poet Cáo Xuěqín, is considered to be among the
four great classical novels to emerge from China.
4. Possible answers:
Built in 1891, Al Jahili Fort of Abu Dhabi was used to
defend palm groves and to house local governors.
OR
Abu Dhabi has many interesting sites, including the Al
Jahili Fort, which was built back in 1891 to defend palm
groves and provide a residence for local governors.
Activity 21, pages 168–169
Answers will vary.
Unit 8
Activity 1, page 173
1. b (Astronomy is too broad a topic for a research paper.)
2. b (World peace is too broad and abstract a topic for a
research paper.)
3. a (A comparison of works by O. Henry, William
Shakespeare, and Stephen King is too broad a topic; also,
the writers are from different historical eras and their works
have little in common.)
4. b (A comparison of job opportunities for women in Europe
in 1815, 1915, and 2015 is an interesting topic, but would
likely require more than 1,500 words to adequately explore.)
5. a (The rules of basketball do not require much research or
interpretation.)
Activity 2, page 174
Possible answers:
Research topic: The benefits of artificial intelligence
Possible questions:
1. What are examples of artificial intelligence?
2. How can these examples benefit humans?
3. Are there any drawbacks of artificial intelligence?
16  Great Writing 5: From Great Essays to Research 
Research topic: The connections between video games and
teenage well-being
Possible questions:
1. How often do teens play video games?
2. What happens when teens play video games excessively?
3. How can teens be encouraged to do activities other than
playing video games?
Research topic: The causes of human migration
Possible questions:
1. What are the most common patterns of human migration?
2. What are some internal reasons people migrate?
3. What are some external reasons people migrate?
Activity 3, page 176
Answers will vary.
Activity 4, page 176
Answers will vary.
Activity 5, page 177
1. They are arranged alphabetically, according to the last
name of the author.
2. The last name and initial of the author are capitalized; the
first words of the article’s title and subtitle are capitalized;
all major words in the journal’s title are capitalized.
3. The book is Vocabulary myths: Applying second language
research to the classroom. (A journal entry includes the
journal name, volume number, and page references for the
specific article sourced)
4. Applied Linguistics and The Modern Language Journal each
have more than one entry.
5. The oldest source is Ott, Butler, Blake, and Ball’s “The effect
of interactive-image elaboration on the acquisition of
foreign language vocabulary.”
The most recent source that is an article is Huckin and
Coady’s “Incidental vocabulary acquisition in a second
language.” (Folse’s Vocabulary myths is the most recent
publication, but it is a book, not an article.)
6. Multiple sources by the same author are sequenced by the
date of publication.
Activity 6, page 178–179
Possible answers:
1. The naming of our planets
Thesis statement: When we learned the names of the
planets in elementary school, most of us gave little thought
to how the planets got their names, but the origin of these
names is quite interesting.
2. How Europe shaped the map of Africa
Thesis statement: If European countries had not set up
their empires in Africa, the map of the entire continent
would look very different today.
3. The meaning of O. Henry’s short story “The Gift of the Magi”
Thesis statement: In O. Henry's "The Gift of the Magi," the
central theme of sacrifice is evident in the actions of the
two characters.
4. The greatest achievements of Indian Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi
 Thesis statement: Although some may want to focus on Activity 10, page 188
her role within India, the greatest achievements of Indian
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi were international. 1. ally - friendly
5. The salaries of current professional basketball players 2. commence - start
Thesis statement: The salaries of professional basketball 3. flourish - do well
players may seem absurdly high, but there are good 4. fragile - weak
reasons that top players earn so much money.
5. hostile - unfriendly
Activity 7, page 181–185 6. legitimate - lawful
Pre-reading questions: 7. margin - edge
1. Possible answer: sea; The excerpt mentions a pirate. 8. notorious - negative
2. Answers will vary. 9. spy - secret
Post-reading questions: 10. ultimatum - last
1. The purpose of the research paper is to describe how the Activity 11, pages 188–189
United States won the War of 1812 with the unexpected
ally of a pirate. 1. all classes commence at 8 a.m.
2. Thesis statement: Lafitte’s efforts in the War of 1812 2. include a one-inch margin
certainly helped to establish the United States as a world 3. build a strong alliance
power, but history should neither overlook his criminality 4. flourish in a new environment
nor minimize his accomplishments.
5. a hostile environment
3. Paragraph 3 gives the background information.
6. an entirely legitimate business
4. There are three headers.
7. notorious for being late
5. Nine sources are used. There are seven direct quotations.
8. deliver an ultimatum
Activity 8, page 186 9. an extremely fragile package
1. A very simple soup can be made with chicken, onions, 10. diplomatic relations
tomatoes, water, salt, and pepper.
Activity 12, page189
2. At midnight last night, the bill was still being considered
(by senators). 1. alliance
3. High-quality coffee is grown in several key countries, 2. allies / allied
including Vietnam and Brazil. 3. diplomatic
4. Thousands of auto parts are produced by this factory every 4. diplomacy
week.
5. flourish
5. A healthy salad can be made quite easily with any type of
6. flourishing
lettuce and some fresh vegetables.
7. legitimate
6. For the past two weeks, serious problems with cell phone
service have been experienced (by many customers) in the 8. legitimately
Toronto area. 9. notorious
7. More than a dozen new voting districts in Tennessee were 10. notoriously
created in the 1970s (by local governments).
8. Most travelers are exhausted by driving from Miami to Activity 13, page 190
New York. Answers will vary.
Activity 9, page 187 Activity 14, pages 190–193
Online Courses Step 1
As computers  become/have become increasingly
1
1. No, you cannot select your own topic. Yes, there is a
important in education, many more online courses 2 are specific topic. Yes, you can modify the topic.
being offered/are offered by colleges and universities. In this 2. 1,000 words
new type of education, some students never even 3 set foot
on campus to earn a degree. Online learning 4 has caused a 3. Three outside sources are required, including at least two
revolution in education, but its benefits need 5 to be measured sources from an academic journal.
against its liabilities when it 6 is compared to traditional face- 4. The expected type of citation is not stated.
to-face instruction. Students should not 7 assume that either Steps 2-12
online or face-to-face classes are superior. Instead, students
Answers will vary.
should 8 pay attention to the information they 9 need from a
particular course and which type of learning 10 facilitates their
education the best.

Answer Key  17