REASONING

Reasoning is the process by which information is used to

draw conclusion and make decision.sometimes we need to
think things through to reach a conclusion when we are
presented with a tough question or situation .Reasoning
skills are essential to day to day life. We use them to make
choices among possible options to distinguish between
positive and negative situation to decide.how to approach a
problem and resolve it and much more.As we consider some
more specific.
Example: Keep in mind this equation , which may help you to
understand how it all works.
Given information + knowledge = Reasoned conclusion
 TYPES OF Reasoning
1. Deductive Reasoning (Reasoning by
certainly; top-Down Reasoning)
2. Inductive Reasoning (Reasoning by
consistency; bottom-up Reasoning )
3. Abductive Reasoning
 1.Deductive Reasoning(Reasoning by
certainly; top-down reasoning)
• The reasoning method that deals with certainly is called deductive
reasoning. This reasoning method deals with certain conclusion
(logically certain inferences ). It reasons from certain rules and
facts “ down” to logically certain conclusions that necessarily
follow the premises of an argument. It is often called top-down
reasoning because it generally starts with a certain rule about a
class of things,compare that to a certain fact about a specific
thing,and then reasons down towards a certain conclusion about a
specific thing.
• For example, it is dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets are
icy now, so it would be dangerous to drive.
2. Inductive Reasoning (Reasoning by
consistency;Bottom-up reasoning
The reasoning method that deals with probility is known as
inductive reasoning . Inductive reasoning is a reasoning method
that deals with probable conclusion. It reasons from facts and
probable rules “up”toward probable conclusion that do not
necessarily follow from the premises. It looks for patterns in data,
reasoning by consistency. It is often called bottom-up reasoning
because it generally starts with
specificfacts/observations/measurementand/or probable rules.
For example, it would be dangerous to drive,as the streets are icy
now. It is dangerous to drive on icy streets.
 Abductive Reasoning
• The reasoning method that deals with guesswork is called abduction
reasoning. Abduction reasoning that formulates a hypothesis, a type of
probable conclusion that does not necessarily follow from the premises (it
is therefore a type of induction). It reasons by analogy,comparing an
interesting observation to a certain rule, probable rule, certain fact,
probable fact, or another observation to make an educated guess\about
what might be the case (which can then be explored using inductive
reasoning).
• For example, It would be dangerious to drive. It is dangerous to drive on
icy streets. The streets are icy now.

Presented by Priti Koirala

• ROLL NO: 18
• Subject: psychology