Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COST ALLOCATION
Reciprocal Method
RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING
Service revenue xx
Variable cost (xx)
Segment Contribution Margin xx
Controllable fixed cost (by managers) (xx)
Controllable profit margin (by managers) xx
Non-controllable fixed costs (fixed cost controllable by others) –
fixed cost that is traceable but non-controllable (xx)
Segment Profit Margin xx
Less: Allocated Common expenses (traceable costs not
controllable by managers and others) (xx)
Income before taxes xx
Less Income Tax Expense (xx)
Net income xx
PERFORMANCE MEASURE
Process Productivity
Process quality yield = Percentage of products that pass through the compliance
check
MASTER BUDGET
A. Operating Budget
1. Sales Budget:
2. Production Budget:
3. Purchases Budget:
Units of production
x Standard time allowed per unit
Standard labor time allowed
x Per hour direct labor cost
Total direct labor cost
5. Overhead budget:
B. Financial Budget
1. Cash Budget
CAPITAL BUDGETING
FACTORS
1. Old asset
○ Proceeds from Sale (-) inflow
○ Trade in value (-) reduces outflow
○ Tax on gain on sale (+) outflow
○ Tax loss on sale/ Tax Savings (-) reduced outflow
○ Avoidable repairs, net of tax (-) reduced outflow
○ Removal cost, net of tax (+) outflow
2. New Asset
○ Acquisition costs (+) outflow
○ Other direct attributable costs (+) outflow
3. Changes in Working Capital
○ Increase in WC (+) Consumes cash (Increase in Accounts Receivable)
○ Decrease in WC (-) Provides cash (Increase in Accounts Payable)
Replacement: 1 to 3
Alternative 1:
Tax (xx)
Incremental Depreciation xx
Alternative 2:
After-tax cash flow = Cost Savings or Cash Operating Income + Tax Savings
TECHNIQUES
= Investment
After-Tax Cash Flows
or Investment
Cash savings
(whichever is applicable)
i. Depreciation given along with Tax rates -> Consider the tax depreciation benefit
b. Payback bailout:
- Consider the salvage value (i.e., add the salvage value).
Total xx
Unknown period
= Cost of the investment - Cash inflow prior year - Salvage value (current yr.)
= Accounting Profit
Initial or (Average) Investment
= Accounting Profit
Investment plus Residual Value divided by 2
Present value of cash inflow = Cash inflow x PV of annuity @ discount rate or cost
of capital
NPV = Cash Inflow minus the PV of Cash Outflow (Accept if: NPV is 0 or more)
NPV:
PV of Cash inflows:
PV of Cash outflows:
Profitability Index
Profitability Index
= PV of Cash inflow
PV of Cash Outflow
IRR is missing:
Comparison:
Relevant references: