Prealgebra 5th Edition Lial Hestwood Solution Manual

Solution Manual for Prealgebra 5th Edition Lial Hestwood
0321845021 9780321845023
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CHAPTER 2 UNDERSTANDING
VARIABLES AND
SOLVING
EQUATIONS
2.1 Introduction to Variables
2.1 Margin Exercises
The expression is.

The variable is . It represents the class limit. The constant is .
(a) Evaluate the expressionwhen is .
Replace c with 25.
Order books.
Evaluate the expressionwhen is .
Replace c with 60.
Order books.
(a) Evaluate the expression when is feet.
Replace s with 3 feet.
• feet feet
The perimeter of the square table is feet.
Evaluate the expressionwhen is miles.
Replace s with 7 miles.
• miles miles
The perimeter of the square park is miles.
Evaluate the expressionwhen is .
Replace a with 40.
Divide.
Add.
The approximate systolic blood pressure is .

(a) Evaluate the expression when isand
is .
Replace with and with .

2.1 Introduction to Variables 43
(b) Value Value Expression

of of
is
is
is
is
(a) Multiplying any number by gives a product of .
Any
times zero
number
•
Changing the grouping of addends , , does not change the sum.
7. (a) can be written as • • • •
is used as a factor times.

can be written as • • • •
can be written as• • • •
can be written as • • • • • •
(a)means
• • Replace y with 5.
•• Multiply left to right.
•
(b)means
• • •Replace r with 6 and s with 3. • • • Multiply left to right.
• •
•
means
Replace x with 4
• • •
and y with 3.
• • • Multiply left to right.
• •
means
• • • • Replace c with 2.
• • • • Multiply left to right.
• • •
Divide. • •
•
Your average score is .
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
44 Chapter 2 Understanding Variables and Solving Equations
2.1 Section Exercises Expression (rule) for degrees:

is the variable; is the isdegrees.
constant. isdegrees.
is the variable; is the isdegrees.
constant. Expression (rule) for finding perimeter of
is the variable; is the constant. an equilateral triangle of side length :
is the variable; is the constant. Evaluate the expression when , the side
5. is the variable; length, is inches.
is the coefficient. Replace s with 11.
• Follow the rule and multiply.
6. is the variable;
is the coefficient. inches is the perimeter.
7. is the variable; Evaluate the expression when , the side

is the coefficient. length, is feet.
is the constant. Replace s with 3.
• Follow the rule and multiply.
8. is the variable;
is the coefficient. feet is the perimeter.
is the constant. Expression (rule) for perimeter:
9. Both and are variables. •meters ismeters.
10. Both and are variables. • inches isinches.
is the variable; is Expression (rule) for ordering brushes:

the coefficient; is Evaluate the expression when , the class size,
the constant. is .
12. is the variable; is Replace c with 12.
the coefficient; is • Multiply before subtracting.
the constant.
Expression (rule) for ordering robes: brushes must be ordered.
Evaluate the expression when there are Evaluate the expression when , the class size,
graduates. is .
Replace g with 654. Replace c with 16.
Follow the rule and add. • Multiply before subtracting.
robes must be ordered.

Evaluate the expression when there are brushes must be ordered.
graduates. Expression (rule) for ordering doughnuts:
Replace g with 208. •isdoughnuts must be ordered.
Follow the rule and add. •isdoughnuts must be ordered.
robes must be ordered. Expression (rule) for average test score, where is
Evaluate the expression when there are the total points and is the number of tests:
graduates. Evaluate the expression when , the total
Replace g with 95. points, is and , the number of tests, is .
Replace p with 332 and t with 4.
Follow the rule and add. Follow the rule and divide.
robes must be ordered. points is the average test score.
2.1 Introduction to Variables 45
Evaluate the expression when , the total Multiplying a number by leaves the number
points, is and , the number of tests, is . unchanged. Let represent "a number."
Replace p with 637 and t with 7. • or •
28. Adding to any number leaves the number

Follow the rule and divide. unchanged. Let represent "any number."
points is the average test score. or
Expression (rule) for buses: Any number divided by is undefined. Let
represent "any number."
is buses.
is buses. is undefined oris undefined.
ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ
21. Value Expression Expression
ultiplication distributes over addition. Let , , and
of
represent variables.
•is
is • •
• is
written without exponents is
is
• • • • •
•is written without exponents is
is
• • • • • •
22. Value Expression Expression
of written without exponents is
is • • • • • •
is
, or
is
is • • • • • •
, or
is can be written as • • • • . The
is
, or exponent applies only to the base .
Expressio can be written as • • • . The

23. Value Value n exponent applies only to the base .
of of can be written as • • • .
is, or The exponent applies only to the base .
can be written as • • • • • . The
is, or
exponent applies only to the base .
is
, or can be written as • • • • • • . The
24. Value Value Expression
can be written as • • • • . The
of of
•• is
••is can be written as • • • • • . The
• •is exponent applies only to the base . The
A variable is a letter that represents the part of a
rule that varies or changes depending on the can be written as • • • • • • • • . The
situation. An expression expresses, or tells, the exponent applies only to the base .
rule for doing something. For example, is an The exponent applies only to the base .
expression, and is the variable. Evaluate when is.
The number part in a multiplication expression is means
the coefficient. For example, is the coefficient in .
• Multiply.
Replace t with 4.
•
A constant is a number that is added or subtracted
in an expression. It does not vary. For example, is
the constant in .

44. • Replace with . 52. Use a calculator. Replace with , with , and with .
•
Evaluatewhen isand is . Evaluate when is and is , using a calculator.

means
• • •Replace r with 3 and s with 2. • • • Multiply Replace r with 3
left to right. and s with 2.
Use the y x key.
• •
•
Multiply left to right.
46. • • • • Replace with and with . ,
54. Use a calculator. Replace with

• • • • and with .
Evaluatewhen isand is . ,
means Evaluate when is , is , and is .
• • Replace r with 3 and s with 2.
••Multiply left to right.
• Replace x with
4, y with 2, and
z with 6.
48. Replace with and with . • • • Multiply left to
• •
right within the
abs. value bars.
49. Evaluate when is and is .
•
means
Replace s with 2 Evaluate the
• • • •
absolute values.
and t with 4. Add.
• • • • Multiply left to right.
• • •
•• 56. ••
• Replace with , with, and with.
••
50.• • • • •Replace with

and with .
•• • • • 57. Evaluate when isand is.

51. Evaluatewhen is, is , and is, Replace z with 6
using a calculator. and y with 2.
Replace r with 3, s with 2,
and t with 4. Follow the order of operations.
Use the y x key. Numerator:

•
Multiply left to right.
Denominator:
, Undefined Division by 0 is undefined.

2.2 Simplifying Expressions 47
58. Evaluate when is and is. The like terms are the constants, and .
Replace x with 4 There are no variable parts.
• and y with 2.
The like terms are and since the variable parts
Follow the order of operations. match; both are .
•
The coefficients are and .
Numerator:
•
The like terms are and since the variable parts
Denominator:
match; both are .
•
The coefficients are and .
UndefinedDivision by 0 is undefined. 2. (a) These are like terms.
Relating Concepts (Exercises 59–60)
59. (a) Evaluate when isseconds. Add the coefficients.
The variable part, b,
Replace s with 15. stays the same.
(b) These are like terms.
Divide.
Rewrite y 3 as 1y 3.
miles Add the coefficients.
Evaluate when isseconds. The variable part, y 3,

stays the same.
Replace s with 10.
(c) These are like terms.
Rewrite n as 1n.
Divide.
Change to addition.
miles Add the coefficients.
Evaluate when is seconds. The variable part, n,

Replace s with 5. stays the same.
(d) These are like terms.
Divide. Change to addition.
Add the coefficients.
mile The variable part, c,
(a) Using part (c) of Exercise 59, the distance stays the same.
covered in seconds is half of the distance These are like terms.
covered in seconds, or mile. Rewrite xy as 1xy
Using part (a) of Exercise 59, the time to Add the coefficients.
cover miles is half the time to cover miles, or The variable part, xy,
seconds. Or, using parts (b) and (c), find the stays the same.
number halfway between seconds and seconds
(f) These are like terms.
Using parts (a) and (b) of Exercise 59, find Change to addition.
the number halfway between seconds and Add the coefficients.
seconds; that is seconds. The variable part, p 2,
2.2 Simplifying Expressions

(a)
The like terms are and since the variable parts These are like terms.
match; both are . Rewrite ab as 1ab
The coefficients areand .
or
stays the same.
Change to addition. Zero times anything is zero.
48 Chapter 2 Understanding Variables and Solving Equations 2.2 Simplifying Expressions 48
3.(a) can be written as

Rewrite using the
commutative property. • •
Combine 3b 2 7b2 •
⸀Ā ᜀ Ā Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā
Change to addition. (d) Rewrite x as 1x.
Rewrite using the can be written as
commutative property. • •
Rewrite b as 1b. •
Add the coefficients
of like terms.
5.(a) can be written as
(c) ••
Rewrite using the
commutative property.
Add the coefficients (b)can be written as
of like terms. ••
Zero times anything
is zero. (c)can be written as
••
(d) • •
•
Change to addition.
Rewrite y as 1y.
Rewrite using the
commutative prop. (d)
Add the coefficients ••
of like terms. Multiply.

Change addition
or to subtraction.
Change to addition. (e)
Rewrite using the ••
commutative prop. Multiply.
Add the coefficients Change addition

of like terms. to subtraction.
6. (a) Distributive property
4.(a) means • • . Using the associative
••
property, it can be rewritten as
Rewrite using the
•• commutative property.
• Combine constants.
or
(b) can be written as (b) Distributive property
•• •• Multiply.
• Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Combine constants.
These are like terms.

(c) Distributive property Add the coefficients.
•• Multiply.
Change to addition. The variable part, r,
Rewrite using the stays the same.
of like terms.
or The variable part, t,
stays the same.
(d) Distributive property
9. These are like terms.
•• Multiply.
Rewrite x 2 as 1x 2.
Change to addition.
Rewrite using the
commutative property. Add the coefficients.
Combine constants.
The variable part, x 2,
stays the same.
10.
(e)
• Distributive property
Rewrite y as 1y. 11. These are like terms.
Change to addition. Rewrite p as 1p.
Change to addition. Add the coefficients.
of like terms.
The variable part, p,
o
r
2.2 Section Exercises stays the same.
1. and are the 6.

only like terms in the expression. The variable
, , and are like terms.
parts match; both are . The coefficients are
There are no variable
and .
parts; constants are
2. andare like considered like
terms. The variable parts match; both are . The terms.
coefficients are and .
3. and
are the like terms in the expression. The
variable parts match; both are . The coefficients
areand .
4. and
are like terms. The variable parts match;
both are. The coefficients areand.
5. , , andare
like terms. There are no variable parts; constants
are considered like terms.

Rewrite a 3 as 1a 3. Change to addition. Any number minus itself is .
Any number minus itself is .
The variable part, a 3, stays the same.


Rewrite xy as 1xy.
Change to addition.
Add the coefficients. Use the commutative property
to put the constants at the end.
The variable part, Add the coefficients of like terms.
or The only like terms are constants.
xy, stays the same.
or
Write in the understood
19. These are like terms. 29. coefficients of 1.
Change to addition.
Add the coefficients of
Add the coefficients. like terms.
The variable part, t 4,

, The variable part, ab 2,
stays the same.
stays the same.
or
30.
or
Write in the under-
stood coefficients Write in the understood
of 1. 31. coefficients of 1.
Add the coefficients. Change to addition.
The variable part, y 2, Rewrite using the
stays the same. commutative property.
Add the coefficients of
like terms.
These are like

terms. Rewrite x as
1x and x as 1x.
Change to addition.
The variable part,

x, stays the same. Write in the under-
stood coefficient of 1.
[] Change to addition.
Rewrite using the
Use the commutative property

to rewrite the expression so that Add the coefficients of
like terms are next to each other. like terms.
Add the coefficients of like terms.
•
The variable part, a,
stays the same.

By using the associative property, we can write

as
35. There are no like terms.
• • • • • .
The expression cannot be simplified.
36. There are no like So, simplifies to .
terms. The expression cannot be simplified. •
Write in the understood coefficients of 1. By using the associative property, we can write
Change to addition. as
• • • • • • • .
So, simplifies to .
•
Rewrite using the commutative property. Write in the
understood coefficient
of 1. Rewrite using the
Add the coefficients of like terms. associative property.
•
•
Distributive property
••
or
••
as
• • • .
So, simplifies to . Distributive property
••
•
••
as
• • • . • • •
So, simplifies to . . So, simplifies to .

•

as

••
••
••
Change addition
to subtraction of
the opposite.

69. Distributive property
•• ••
or Rewrite using the
Distributive property Add the coefficients
•• of like terms.
Change addition
to subtraction Zero times any
of the opposite. number is 0.
Zero added to any
••
number is the number
or
•• ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ
•
••
• ••
Rewrite using the
Combine like terms. ᜀ Ā ᜀ Ā ᜀ
istributive property
••
••
Change to addition.
Combine like terms.
Distributive property Any number plus its
•• opposite is 0.
Combine like terms.
••
••
••
Change to addition.
Rewrite using the 73. Distributive property
• • Rewrite n as 1n.
of like terms. Change to addition.
Change addition to subtraction Rewrite using the
of the opposite. commutative property.
•• of like terms.
or
or
••
Summary Exercises Variables and Expressions 53
Distributive property ••
•
• Rewrite p as 1p.
Change to addition.
of like terms. Distributive property
••••
Change addition to Change to addition.
subt. of the opposite.
•• Group like terms and add the coefficients.
or
••••
A simplified expression usually still has variables,
but it is written in a simpler way. When evaluating
an expression, the variables are all replaced by
specific numbers and the final result is a
numerical answer.
78.
• • • •
The answers are equivalent because of
the commutative property of addition. Distributive property
Like terms have matching variable parts, that is, •• • ••
matching letters and exponents. The coefficients
do not have to match. Examples will vary.
Possible examples: In , the terms and are like
terms. In , the terms and are like terms. Change to addition.
Group like terms and add the coefficients.

Add the coefficients of like terms. If no
coefficient is shown, it is assumed to be . Keep
the variable part the same. Examples will vary.
Keep the variable part unchanged when

combining like terms. As shown above, the
correct answer is .
In the last step, do not change the sign of the first
term. The correct answer is . Summary Exercises
83. Distributive prop. • • •
Variables and Expressions
Change subtrac- is the variable;
tion to adding or1 1 is the coefficient; is the constant.
the opposite.
2. and are the variables;
Group like terms
is the coefficient.
and add the 3. is the variable;
coefficients. is the coefficient;
is the constant.

• •
Expression (rule) for finding the
• perimeter of an octagon of side
length :
10. Replace withaE ndvalwuaithe th.e expression
If is multipwlie
hen , the sidneum
d b y a n y lebnegrt,ht,hies yreasrudlst. is
Thus, there is no need to make any calculations since the result is
Replace s with 4.
• Follow the rule and
multiply.
yards is the perimeter.
Evaluate the expression
when , the side length, is inches.
Replace s with 15.
• Follow the rule and
multiply.
inches is the perimeter.
Expression (rule) for finding the total
cost of a car with down payment ,
monthly payment , and number of
payments :
Evaluate the expression when
the down payment is $ , the monthly
payment is $ , and the number of
payments is .
Replace d with
$3000, m
with $280, and t
with 36.
$ $ • Multiply before
adding.
$ $ ,
$ , is the total cost of the car.
Evaluate the expression when
the down payment is $ , the monthly
payment is $ , and the number of
payments is .
Replace d with
$1750, m
with $429, and t
with 48.
$ $ • Multiply before
adding.
$ $ ,
$ , is the total cost of the car.
• • • •
• • • •

• • • • • • • •
9. • • •Replace with .
• • •Multiply left to right.
•
11. Replace withand with .

If is multiplied by any number, the result is
14. Replace with and with.
Thus, there is no need to make any calculations
since the result is
12•. Replace with , with, and with
.
•
15. • •• • Replace withand
with. M
u• Multiply left to right.
• •
l
• • t
i
• p
l
y
16. • • • • • • Replace with
and with. Mulltiply left to right.
• • e • • • •• • • • •
f
• • • • t
•
t • •
• o •
r •
i
g
17. Use a calculatohr. Replace with , with , and with .
t
,
.
•
13. • •Replace with.


2.3 Solving Equations Using Addition 55
• ••
or
(a) Simplifying the expression correctly:
• •
••
The student forgot to multiply • .
Simplifying the expression correctly:

•
••••
Two negative factors give a positive product.
• Simplifying the expression correctly:
Keep the variable part unchanged; that is, adding

or 's to 's gives an answer with 's, not 's.
••
In the last step, do not change the sign of the
first term; keep as . The correct answer is
2.3 Solving Equations Using Addition

1. (a) Given equation

?
28. • • Replace c with 95.
110 is more than 80.
No,is not the solution.
?
29. •• Replace c with 65.
Balances
• Yes,is the solution.
(No need to checkand .)
(b) Given equation

?
Replace c with 28.
30. ••
••
?
Replace c with 20.
31. ••
••
?
Replace c with 24.
or No,is not the solution.
?
Replace c with 32.
32.
•• Balances
•• Yes,is the solution.

(a) Solvefor . Combine like terms.
To get by itself, add the opposite of , To get r by itself,
which is . To keep the balance, add 1 to both sides.
add to both sides.
or The solution is .
Check
The solution is . •• Replace r with 2.
Check Original equation

Replace y with 7.
Balances, so solution is .
Solvefor .
Balances
Change to addition.
To get by itself add the opposite of , which is , to

both sides.
To get by itself add the opposite of , which is ,

to both sides.
( )
The solution is.

Check
Original equation
Replace k with 4.
( )( )
Balances
(b) Change to
addition.
Rewrite the left side by using the

The solution is.

Replace b with 4.
Balances
3. (a) Rewrite both sides by changing subtraction
to addition. Combine like terms.
2.3 Section Exercises 3. Replace with,, ,
1. Replace with , , , and . and.
Given equation Given equation
? ?
Replace n with 58. Replace y with 4.
?
?
Yes,is the solution. Replace y with 16.
(No need to check , , and .)
Yes,is the solution.
2. Replace with , , , and . (No need to checkand.)
? ?
4. Replace with, ,,
? ? and.
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
The check forbalances, sois the solution. is the solution. (No need to check .)
5. (a) Add to both sides because
giveson the left side. Add 8 to both sides.
(b) Addto both sides
becausegiveson the right side. The solution is.
6. (a) Addto both sides Check

becausegiveson the left side. Replace a with 9.
(b) Add to both sides because Balances

giveson the right side. 13.
7. Add the opposite of
Add the opposite of 4, 4 , to both sides.
5, 5 , to both sides.
The solution is . The solution is .
Check Check
Replace p with 4. Replace k with 18.
Balances Balances
Add 3 to both sides. Add 9 to both sides.

The solution is .
The solution is .
Check Replace y with 16.
Replace a with 9. Balances
Balances
Change to addition. Add the opposite of 6,

Change to addition. 6 , to both sides.
Add the opposite of
The solution is .
The solution is . Check

Replace y with 6.
Check
Balances
Replace r with 10.
Balances 16. Change to addition.
Add 15 to both sides.
Change to addition.
The solution is .
The solution is . Check

Replace k with 15.
Check
Replace b with 8. Balances
Balances
11. Add the opposite of
Add the opposite of 13, 13 , to both sides.
The solution is.
The solution is.
Check Check
Replace n with 8. Replace r with 6.
Balances Balances
Correct solution:
The solution is.

Change to addition.
Check Add the opposite of
Replace z with 7.
Balances
19.
Change to addition. The solution is .
Add the opposite of Check
12, 12 , to both sides. Replace z with 8.
Change to addition.
The solution is . Balances
Check 24. The given solution is .

Replace x with 0.
Change to addition. Check
Balances Replace x with 13.
Balances
Change to addition. is the correct solution.

Add 3 to both sides. 25. The given solution is .
Check
The solution is . Replace x with 18.
Check Balances
Replace m with 0. is the correct solution.
Balances 26. The given solution is .
21. Check
Add the opposite of Replace k with 5.
2, 2 , to both sides. Does not balance
Correct solution:
The solution is.
Check Add the opposite of
Replace t with 3. 2, 2 , to both sides.
Balances
22.
Add 10 to both sides. The correct solution is.
Check
The solution is . Replace k with 9.
Balances
Check
Replace w with 9. 27. The given solution is .
Balances
Check
23. The given solution is . Replace b with 10.
Does not balance
Correct solution:
Check Does not balance

Replace z with 2.
Change to addition.
Add the opposite of
10, 10 , to both sides. The solution is .
Check
Replace b with 0.
Balances Add 4 to both sides.
28. The solution is .

Th Check
e given solution is .
Balances
Check
Replace a
with 0. Change to addition.
Does not Add.
balance Add 10.
Correct solution:
The solution is.
Check
Add the opposite of
The correct solution is .
Replace a with 14. Replace b with 30.
Balances Balances
Simplify the right side.

Change to addition. Add 1 to both sides.
The solution is . The solution is.
Check
Check
Replace c with 6.
Replace w with 17.
Balances
Balances
30. 35.
Change to addition.
Simplify the right side.
The solution is .
The solution is .
Check
Replace b with 12. Check
Balances
Replace t with 0.
31. Change to addition.
Simplify the left side. Balances
Change to addition. 36.
The solution is . Add 8 to both sides.

Check
The solution is .
Replace y with 5. Check
Change to addition. Replace p with 0.

Balances Balances
1x is the same as x.
The solution is.
Change to addition.
Combine like terms.
1z is
the
same as
z. The
solutio
n is .
Check
••Replace z with 7.
Change to add.
Balances
38.
The solution is.

Check
• Replace r with 5.
Balances
Rearrange and
39. combine like terms.
The solution is .
Check
•• Replace w with 3.
Balances
Add 4 to
both sides.
The solution is.

Check
Let t = 5.
Balances
41. Change to addition.
Combine like terms.

The solution is. Add 2.

Change to addition.
The solution is.
43.
The solution is 1 . Change to addition.
Combine like terms.
Rearrange and The solution is .
47. combine like terms.
44.
Add 3 to both sides. Change to addition.
Combine like terms.
The solution is .
The solution is .
C
h
a
n Add 4 to both sides.
g
e The solution is .
t
o Add 31 to both sides.
a The solution is.
d
50. d
i Add 72 to both sides.

t
i The solution is.
o
n
.

The solution is .
Change to addition.
( )()Change to addition.
Rearrange and
Combine like terms.
combine like terms.
The solution is.
The solution is .
Change to addition.
ComAbdinde1l.ike terms.
The solution is.
The solution is.
Change to addition.
The solution is .
Combine like terms.

The solution is.
58.
The solution is.

No, the solution is , the number used to replace in the original equation.
n, add to both sides, not .
The correct solution is .
C
h
61.
e
Add the opposite of
c 10 10
k 10, 10, to both sides.
D
o
e
s
n
o
t
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
T
o
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
t
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
c
h
a
n
g
e
tThere were graduates this year.
o
62. .
Add the opposite of
10 10
T 10, 10, to both sides.
h
e
st year.
When the temperature is degrees, a field cricket

chirps times (in seconds).
h
e
r Add 37 to both sides.
e
w eWhen the temperature is degrees, a field

cricket
chirps times (in seconds).
e
gChange to addition.
r Add 65 to both sides.
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
l
a
s average $ per month in winter.
66.
Change to addition.
E
r
n
e
s
tAimee's parking fees average $ per month in
owinter.
'
s
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
f
e
e
Add the opposite of

10, 10, to both sides.
Change all subtractions to additions. The solution is.
Commutative property
Equations will vary. Some possibilities are:
Combine like terms.
Add the opposite of
The solution is . 6, 6, to both sides.
The solution is .
Add the opposite of 5, 5, to both
sides.
The solution is .
72. (a)
The solution is .
69. Add the opposite of 1, 1, to
both sides.
Change subtraction within absolute
value to
The solution is .
addition and rearrange the terms.
Simplify inside absolute value bars. Collect like
terms. Change to addition.
Evaluate absolute values.
Add the opposite of
Change to addition.
1, 1, to both sides.

The solution is . (c) $ $

Add the opposite
$ $ of $2 50, $2 50,
to both sides.
$
$
$
The solution is . The solution is $ .
Equations will vary. Some possibilities are:

$ $ The solution is $ .
$ $ The solution is $ .
2.4 Solving Equations Using Division

Relating Concepts (Exercises 71–72) 2.4 Margin Exercises
1. (a) Solve.
71. (a) Equations will vary. Some possibilities are:
Use division to undo multiplication. Divide both
sides by the coefficient of the variable, which is .
Change to addition.
The solution is. The solution is .

2.4 Solving Equations Using Division 63
Check Original eqCuh
ateicokn
• Replace s with 11.
B Replace p with 1.
al
an
ce Balances
s
Divide both
sides by 9.
(a)
Write in the understood
The solution is. 1 as the coefficient of k.
Check Divide both
• Replace p with 3. sides by 1.
Balances The solution is .
Check
Divide both
sides by 5. • Replace k with 12.

Balances
The solution is .
Check Write t as 1t.
Replace x with 8. Divide both
•
Balances sides by 1.
The solution is .
Divide both Check

sides by 7.
•Replace t with 7.
The solution is.
Balances
Check
•Replace t with 10.
Balances Write m as 1m.
Divide both
(a)
sides by 1.
Combine like terms. The solution is .
Divide both
sides by 4. Check
The solution is.
• Replace m with 20.
Check Balances
• •
2.4 Section Exercises
Replace n with 7.
Divide both
The solution is .
Check
Change to addition. Rewrite p as 1p. •Replace z with 2.
Balances
Combine like terms. Divide both sides by 13.

2. Check
•
B
al
a
n
c
e
s
The solution is .
The solution is .
Divide both Divide both

sides by 12. sides by 5.
Check •
Check
Replace r with 4.
• Replace b with 5.
Balances
Balances
Check •
12. Check
•
Balances
The solution is .
Balances
The solution is .
Divide both
sides by 3.
The solution is . Combine like terms.
Divide both
Check sides by 2.
•Replace y
with 0.
The solution is .
Balances
6. Check Check
•Replace r with 3.
•
Balances
Balances
Check
The solution is . •
Divide both Balances

sides by 7.
The solution is.
The solution is .
Check
• Replace k with 10.
Balances Change to addition. Rewrite p
as 1p. Combine like terms.
8. Check
Divide both sides by 4.
•
The solution is .
Balances
The solution is .
Check
Divide both
• Replace p with 3.
sides by 9.
The solution is .
Change to addition.
Check Balances
• Replace r with 6.
Balances
10. Check
•
Balances
65 TheChapter
solution is2 . Understanding Variables and Solving Equations Change to addition.
Combine like terms.
Divide both
sides by 10.
The solution is .

2.4 Solving Equations Using Division 65
Change to addition.
• Replace z with 2. Combine like terms.
Divide both
Change to sides by 12.
addition. The solution is .
Balances
Original equation Original equation Divide both

Change to addition. sides by 9.
Divide both
Original equation
sides by 5.
The solution is. Divide both
sides by 10.
Original equation
The solution is.
Combine like terms.
Divide both 27. Original equation
sides by 8. Change to addition.
The solution is.
Original equation Combine like terms.
Change to addition. Divide both
Rewrite x as 1x. sides by 6.
Combine like The solution is .
terms. Divide both
sides by 8. 28. Original eq
The solution is .
Combine. Divide both sides by 7.
Original equation The solu-tion is .
Change to addition.
Rewrite c as 1c. Original equation
Combine like terms. Change to addition.
Divide both Combine like terms.
sides by 3. Divide both
The solution is. sides by 4.
The solution is .
21. Original equation
Change to addition.
Rewrite w as 1w.
Combine like terms.
Original equation
1w is the same as w. Change to addition.
22. Original equation Divide both

1t is the same as t.
The solution is .

Original equation • •
To multiply on the left, use
Change to addition. the associative property.
Combine like terms.
•• Original equation Original equation

To multiply on the left, use Write in the understood 1.
the associative property. Divide both
sides by 1.
Divide both The solution is .
sides by 8.
The solution is . 41. Original equation
•• Original equation Write in the understood 1.
Divide both
To multiply on the right,
sides by 1.
use the associative prop.
The solution is .
Divide both Original equation
sides by 25. Write in the understood 1.
The solution is . Divide both
Original equation sides by 1.
To multiply on the right, The solution is .
••
use the associative prop.
Original equation
Write in the understood 1.
Divide both
Divide both
sides by 12.
sides by 1.
The solution is .
The solution is .
• • Original equation
Associative property Original equation
• • Original equation
Original equation
Associative property Write in the understood 1.
Divide both
Divide both
sides by 1.
sides by 20.
The solution is .
The solution is .
37. Original equation Original equation

•• Associative property Write in the understood 1.
Divide both
sides by 30. The solution is.
The solution is.
Each solution is the opposite of the number in the
38. Original equation equation. So the rule is: When you change the sign
•• Associative property of the variable from negative to positive, then
change the number in the equation to its opposite.
Divide both In , the opposite of is , so .
sides by 10.
Equations will vary. Some possibilities are
The solution is.
(i)and (ii).
67 Chapter 2 is
The solution Understanding .Variables and Solving Equations
The solution is.

2.5 Solving Equations with Several Steps 67
Change to addition. ••••

Combine like terms. Associative property
Divide both
sides by 2. Change to addition.
Divide both
Divide by the coefficient
of , which is , not by the sides by 50.
opposite of .
The solution is .
••••
The correct solution is A.ssoc. prop. Simplify within the absolute values.
You can divide both Simplify the absolute values. Combine like terms.
sides of an equation by Divide both
the same nonzero
number and keep the sides by 70.
equation balanced.
The solution is .
Divide both
sides by 3.
The length of one side is feet.

52. 58.
Divide both
Simplify within the absolute value.
sides by 3.
The length of one side is inches. Simplify the absolute value.

Combine like terms.
The length of one side is meters. The solution is .
2.5 Solving Equations with Several Steps

Divide both 2.5 Margin Exercises
sides by 5.
1.(a) To get 2r by itself,
The length of one side is yards. 7 to both sides.
••••
To solve for r,
Associative property divide both sides by
the coefficient, 2.
Change to addition. The solution is .
Combine like terms.
Divide boC
thheck
sides by 1. •Replace r with 3.
Balances
The solution is .
Change to addition.
Divide both
sides by 10.
The solution is .
Rewrite p as 1p. Add 6.
Add 3p.
Check Divide both

sides by 2.
• Replace r with 2. The solution is .
(a)
• • Distribute on the right.
Balances
(a) Solve, keeping the variable on left side. Change to addition.
Add 2y to both sides.
Change to addition. Divide both

Add 1 to both sides. sides by 4.
The solution is .
Check
or The solution is . Replace y with 2.
Solve , keeping the variable on the right side.
Balances
Add 3y to both sides. (b)
•• Distribute on the left.


Check
Solve, keeping the variable on left side.
Replace m with 0.
Rewrite p as 1p. Balances

Add 1p to both sides.
• •
Distribute on the left.
Change to addition.

Change to addition.
Divide both
sides by 2.
The solution is .
Divide both
sides by 6.
The solution is .
Check Check
Replace t with 5. Let p = 1.
Balances Balances
4.(a) Distribute. 2. Check
••
Variables left
Add 2b.
Balances
Add 21.
The solution is .
or
The solution is. Change to addition.
Check Add 6 to both sides.
•
Balances
(b) Distribute
Divide both
sides by 8.
The solution is .
•• Check Replace y with 1.
Add the
opposite. Balances
Combine Chec
like terms. 4. k
Add 2n.
Balances
Add 6.
The solution is .
Divide both 5. To get 9a by itself,
sides by 6. add 10 to both sides.
Divide both
The solution is .
sides by 9.
Check The solution is .
• Let n = 2.
Check
Balances Replace a with 2.
2.5 Section Exercises
Balances
To get 7p by itself, 6. Check
add 5 to both sides.
Divide both
sides by 7.
The solution is . Balances
The solution is .

7. To get 3m by itself, Solve , keeping the variable on the left side.
Change to addition.
Divide both Add 4p to both sides.
sides by 3.
The solution is .
Check
Replace m with 0.
Divide both
sides by 2.
Change to addition.
Add 6p to both sides.
The solution is .
Check
Balances
Divide both
9. Change to addition. sides by 2.
To get 5x by itself, The solution is .
Check
Divide both
sides by 5. Balances
The solution is .
Check
Replace x with 4. 12. Left side: Right side:

Balances
10.
The solution is .
The solution is .
Balances
Balances
Solve , keeping the variable on the left side. simplifies to .
Change to addition. Add 2a to

Add 6k to both sides.
both sides.
Add 6 to Add 18 to
both sides. both sides.
Divide both
The solution is . sides by 5.

The solution is .
Change to addition. Check

Add 2k to
both sides.
Balances
16. simplifies to
Add 10 to
both sides.
Divide both
sides by 8.
The solution is .
Check
Replace k with 2.
Balances
.
The solution is.
Divide both
Add 10 to sides by 5.
both sides.
14. Left side: Right side:
Balances
Neither side can be simplified, so solve the
equation.
Add 3t to
both sides.
sides by 11.
Check
The solution is .
Check
Replace t with 0.
Balances Balances

Neither side can be simplified, so solve the 21.

equation. Distribute.
Change to addition.
Add 9z to
both sides.
Divide both
Divide both
sides by 8.
sides by 24.
The solution is .
The solution is .
22.
Check Distribute.
Replace z with 0.
Change to addition.
Balances
simplifies to.
Divide both
sides by 9.
Add 2 to
The solution is .
both sides.
23.
Distribute.
Divide both Add 8 to both sides.
sides by 2.

sides by 2.
Check The solution is.
24.
Balances Distribute.
simplifies to .
Divide both
Add 2z to sides by 3.
both sides. The solution is.
25.
Distribute.
Add 12 to Add 8 to both sides.
both sides.
Divide both
sides by 7. The solution is.
26.
The solution is.
Distribute.
Check Add 15 to both sides.
Copyright © 2014 Pearson

Copyright Education,
© 2014 Inc.
Pearson Education, Inc.
Divide both
The solution is.

© 2014 Inc.
27. Divide both

Distribute. sides by 9.
Change to addition. The solution is.
33.
Divide both
sides by 6.

sides by 6.
28. The solution is.
Distribute.
Change to addition. 34.
Add 49 to both sides. Change to addition.
Divide both
The solution is . sides by 8.
The solution is .
Distribute.
Change to addition.
Change to addition.
Divide both C
sides by 12. h
The solution is . a
n
30. g
Distribute. 3 e
Change to addition. 6. t
o
Add 33 to both sides. a
d
Divide both d
sides by 11. i
The solution is . t
i 37.
o
Distribute. n
Change to addition. .
Add
9 to
bot
Divide both h
sides by 2. side
The solution is . s. 38
.
32.
Distribute.

© 2014 Inc.
b
D
o Divide
i
t both
v
h sides by
i 2.
d The solution is .
s
e i
d
b e Change to
o s addition. Add 2n
t to both sides.
h b
y Divide
s both
i 8 sides by
d . 9. The
e solution is.
s T
h
b e
y
s
9 o
. l
T u
h t
e i
s
o
o
l n
u
t i
i s
o .
n
i
s A
. d
d
3
x
Add t
24 to o
both b
o
sides.
t
h
D s
i i
v d
e
i
s
d .
e

© 2014 Inc.
39. Divide both

Add 2a. The solution is .
44.
Change to addition.
Add 7 to both sides. Combine like terms.
Add 1y.
45.
40. Distribute.
Change to addition. Change to add.
Add 1r. Group terms.
Combine terms.
Add c.
Add 8.
Add 56.
Divide both
sides by 9.
The solution is. Divide both
sides by 9.
41.
Change to addition.
Add 5b to both sides. The solution is .
46.
Divide both
sides by 7.
The solution is.
42.
Change to add.
Add 8t.
The solution is .
47.
Add 9. Distribute.
Add the
Divide both opposites.

Group like
sides by 5.
The solution is . terms.
Combine
43. like terms.
Change to addition. Add 13y.

© 2014 Inc.
Combine like terms.
Add 2k.
Add 5.

© 2014 Inc.
Divide
by 2. Add 3x.
The solution is .
Add 8.
Divide both
sides by 7.
The solution is.
Add 6p.
The solution is .
Add 17.
Divide
Change to add. by 16.
Combine terms.
Add 6.
The solution is .
Divide both
sides by 1.
The solution is .
Change to add.
Combine terms.
Add 5.
Divide both
sides by 1.
The solution is .
The solution is .
51.
Distribute. Add 4.
Change to add.
Add 6c. Add b.
Add 42.

© 2014 Inc.
The solution is .
The solution is .

© 2014 Inc.
The sum of and a positive number is

negative, so must be negative.
(a) It must be positive, because the sum of two
Add 1. negative numbers is always negative.
The sum of and a negative number is
positive, so must be positive.
(a) It must be positive. When the signs are the
same, the product is positive, and when the
The solution is . signs are different, the product is negative.
The series of steps may vary. One possibility is: The product of and a negative number is
Change to addition. negative, so must be positive.
Add 2t to both sides (a) It must be negative also. When the signs are
(addition property). different, the product is negative, and when the

Add 5 to both sides signs match, the product is positive.
(addition property).
The product of and a negative number is
Divide both sides by 5
positive, so must be negative.
(division property).
Chapter 2 Review Exercises
The solution is . (a) In the expression , is the variable, is the
Multiplication distributes over both addition coefficient, and is the constant term.
and subtraction. Examples will vary. Some The term that has as the constant term and as
possibilities are is and
the coefficient is .
is.
Check (a) Evaluatewhen is .
• Replace c with 15.
The check does not balance, so is not the correct Order test tubes.
solution. The student added to on the left side,
instead of adding to . The correct solution, Evaluatewhen is .
obtained using , , is .
• Replace c with 24.
Check
Order test tubes.
(a)means • • • • •
The check does not balance, so is not the

means • • • •
correct solution.
(a)means
Student did not
distribute the •
over the . • Replace n with 3.
means

© 2014 Inc.
• •
The correct solution is . • • Replace n with 3.
Relating Concepts (Exercises 61–64) •
(a) It must be negative, because the sum of two
positive numbers is always positive.

© 2014 Inc.
Chapter 2 Review Exercises 77
(c)means 12.Distribute.
•• •
Replace m with 2
•• • and p with 4. or
• • Expressions will vary. One possibility is
.
•
(d)means
••••• • The solution is.
Replace m with 2 Check
• • • • •• and n with 3.
Replace n with 11.
• • • ••
Balances
• • ••
15.
• ••
••
The solution is .
Combine like terms.
Check
or
6.
Rewrite x as 1x.
Change to addition.
Combine like terms. Balances
Associative property Divide both
• • sides by 6.
• The solution is.
Associative property
••
Combine like terms.
•
Divide both
9. Distribute. sides by 4.
•• The solution is .
10. Distribute. Divide both

•• sides by 7.
11. Distribute. 19.
••
Divide both
sides by 3.
The solution is.
Divide both
sides by 3.
Divide both The solution is.
sides by 15. [2.5]
The solution is . Distribute.
Divide both
sides by 1. Add 8w to
The solution is . both sides.
Divide bothAdd 6 to
sides by 2.both sides. Add 6y to
The solution is . both sides.
Divide both
Add 4 to sides by 4.
both sides. The solution is .
28. [2.5]
Add the
opposites.
Divide both
Combine
sides by 4.
like terms.
Divide both
The solution is .
sides by 5.
23.
•• Distribute. The solution is .

29. [2.5]
Add 8 to
both sides. Add 7 to
both sides.
Divide both
Divide both
sides by 4.
sides by 3.
The solution is. The solution is .
24. 30. [2.5]
Add 4 to Add 3b to
both sides. both sides.
Divide both Add 6 to

sides by 2. both sides.
The number of employees is . Divide both

25. [2.5] sides by 2.
Add 4a to The solution is .
both sides. 31. [2.3]
Add 3 to
both sides.
The solution is.

Chapter 2 Test 79
[2.5] Chapter 2 Test
Distribute.
Add 3n to In the expression, is the coefficient, is the variable,
both sides. and is the constant term.
Evaluate the expressionwhen isand
is .
Add 3 to
both sides.
• •
Divide both
sides by 3.
The solution is .
Buy hot dogs.
[2.5]
Distribute. 3. means • • • • • • •
4. means • • • • •
Add 42 to
both sides. 5. means
• • •
Divide both
• •• Replace s with 5
sides by 21. The
and t with 4.
solution is . • •
[2.5] •
Add 6d.
Add 13 to
both sides.
7.
Divide
by 4.
The solution is .
8.
35. [2.5]
or
Add 12b to 9.
both sides. There are no like terms.
The expression cannot be simplified.
Divide 10.
by 18. Associative property
•• of multiplication
The solution is.
Associative property
• •
The solution is . of multiplication
• • Distributive property
14.
Combine like terms.

or
Combine
like terms.
16.
sides by 3.
TheAsolution is .
d
Chedck
Replace a with 3.
6
t Balances
o
20.
b
o
t Add 8.
h
Thessolution is .
i
d
e
s
Divide both
.
sides by 1.
Divide both
Check The solution is .
Replace x with 5.
Balances 22.
Add 2x to both sides.
Divide both
sides by 7.
Divide both
sides by 7.
The solution is.
Check
•( ) Replace w with 11. The solution is.
Balances
23.
Add 3m to
both sides.
Divide both
sides by 1.
Add 13 to
The solution is. both sides.
Divide both
Check
sides by 4.
• Replace p with 14.

Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1–2) 81
Divide both Add 6b to
sides by 6. both sides.
Add 42 to
Cumulative Review Exercises (C hapters 1–2)
both sides.
, , , in words is three hundred six billion, four thousand, two hundred ten.
Eight hundred million, sixty-six thousand:
,,
The solution is .
(a) lies to the right of on the number line, so .
Distribute.
Add 24 to
both sides.
Divide both
sides by 3.
The solution is .
Addition property of equality: Start with a

possible solution, for example, . Now add an
abitrary number, say , to both sides, to give us the
equation .
Division property of equality: Start with a possible
solution, for example, . Now multiply both sides
by an abitrary number, say , to give us the
equation .
Thus, equations will vary. Two possibilities are
and .
Solving:

tive
proplerty of addition: Changing the order of
the aiddends does not change the sum.
e
(b) •sMultiplication property of zero:
Multiplying any number by gives a product of
. t
(c) • o• Distributive property: Multiplication
distributes over addition.
t
(a) h
Underline the hundreds place:
The lnext digit is or less, so leave as . Change and
to e.
,,f
t
Underline the thousands place: ,
o
The fnext digit is or more, so add to , write the
and add to the ten-thousands place. Change
and too .
n
Change to addition.
t
h
e 6 is 6 units from 0.
n 4 is 4 units from 0.
u
m
b
e
Sarme sign, positive product
• l
i
Sanme sign, positive product
e
10. ,
Sasme sign, positive quotient
o
. Addition of a number
4 and its opposite is zero.
.
12.
•• Exponent
(
a • Multiply left to right.
)
C
is undefined. Division by is undefined.
o
m
m •
u Different signs, negative product
t
a
shares rounds to . $
Change to addition. rounds to $ .
$ stays $ (it's a single digit number).
Different signs, negative quotient Each stock dropped in value by $ and Doug
owned shares. Multiply to find out how much
money he lost. Then, subtract this amount from
the original total value.
Change to addition. Estimate: $•$

Exact: $•$
Multiply. His shares are now worth $ .
Add. $ rounds to $ . $
rounds to $ .
19. months (in one year) rounds to .
Estimate:$$
Numerator:
$$
Exact: $ $ $ $
Multiply.
Change to addition. She will spend $ for rent and parking in one
Add left to right. year.
means• • • • • •
Denominator: means
• • • •
• • Exponents •••• Replace x with 5
and y with 2.
••• Multiply left to right.
••
•
Last step is division:
days rounds to .
miles roundCs htoan. ge to addition.
Average distance "per" day implies
miles
division. Estimate: days miles per Combine like terms.
miles or
day Exact: days miles per day 27.

Write the understood
coefficients of .
The average distance the tiger traveled each Change to addition.
day was miles.
Combine like terms.
degrees rounds to . "Rise" of •
degrees rounds to .
A start temperature of degrees followed by a rise
of degrees implies addition.
Estimate:degrees
Exact:degrees
The daytime temperature wasor
degrees.

Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters 1–2) 83
29. 35.
• Associative property Add 2m to both sides.

• • Distribute.
Divide both
sides by 3.
The solution is .
or
32. Check
Add x to both sides.
Divide both
sides by 2.
The solution is.

Check
Replace x with 4.
Balances

Divide both
sides by 14.
Replace m with 4.
The solution is .

The solution is.
The solution is.
Check
Replace y with 6.
Add 1b to
both sides.
Balances
Add 1 to
both sides.
Divide both
sides by 2.
The solution is .
Check
The solution is .
Replace k with 7.
Balances
40.
Add 2 to
both sides. Add 18.
Add 8t to Add 10y

both sides.
Divide
Divide both by 4.
The solution is .
sides by 6.
The solution is .

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Solution Manual for Prealgebra 5th Edition Lial Hestwood

The expression is.

Replace a with 40.

The approximate systolic blood pressure is .

Replace with and with .

(b) Value Value Expression

7. (a) can be written as • • • •

is used as a factor times.

2.1 Section Exercises Expression (rule) for degrees:

7. is the variable; Evaluate the expression when , the side

10. Both and are variables. • inches isinches.

is the variable; is Expression (rule) for ordering brushes:

robes must be ordered.

28. Adding to any number leaves the number

Expressio can be written as • • • . The

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Evaluatewhen isand is . Evaluate when is and is , using a calculator.

46. • • • • Replace with and with . ,

54. Use a calculator. Replace with

• Replace with , with, and with.

50.• • • • •Replace with

•• • • • 57. Evaluate when isand is.

Use the y x key. Numerator:

, Undefined Division by 0 is undefined.

Evaluate when isseconds. The variable part, y 3,

Evaluate when is seconds. The variable part, n,

2.2 Simplifying Expressions

3.(a) can be written as

Add the coefficients ••

of like terms. Multiply.

Add the coefficients Change addition

These are like terms.

2.2 Section Exercises stays the same.

1. and are the 6.

13. These are like terms.

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These are like terms.

The variable part, t 4,

These are like

The variable part,

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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

By using the associative property, we can write

terms. The expression cannot be simplified. •

So, simplifies to . . So, simplifies to .

By using the associative property, we can write

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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Group like terms and add the coefficients.

Keep the variable part unchanged when

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written without exponents is

11. Replace withand with .

13. • •Replace with.

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(a) Simplifying the expression correctly:

The student forgot to multiply • .

Simplifying the expression correctly:

Two negative factors give a positive product.

• Simplifying the expression correctly: