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    15 views93 pages

    Phy Flash Card - 230719 - 170125

    Uploaded by

    Patel Het

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The quantities which can be measured by an instrument and by means of which we can describe the laws of physics are called physical quantities. aa aa Physical quantities which can be expressed as a combination of base quantities are called derived quantities. eg: Vetocity|=] . =e NOTE : The supplementary quantities have only units but no dimensions. Magnitude of physical quantity = (n Magnitude of a physical quantity is always constant. Itis independent of the type of unit. constant Te UTS CNT UNITS RSS | Dimensions of a physical quantity are the power to which the fundamental ! 1 quantities must be raised to represent the given physical quantity. | 1 USE OF DIMENSIONS n, fu, n, [u,] Suppose the dimensions of a physical quantity are ‘a’ in mass, 'b' in length and 'c' in time. If the fundamental units in one system are M, ,L, and T, and in the other system are M, ,L, andT, respectively. Then we can write. ny EMPL; Ty] = ny [M3 L373] Every physical equation should be dimensionally balanced. This is called the ‘Principle of Homogeneity’. The dimensions of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same. Note: A dimensionally correct equation may or may not be physically correct. PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY OF DIMENSIONS This principle states that the dimensions of alll the terms in a physical expression should be same. 1 1 For e.g, in the physical expression s= ut + at”, the dimensions of s, ut and at” all are same. Note: Physical quantities separated by the symbols +, -, =, >, < etc., have the same dimensions. LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS © By this method, the value of dimensionless constant can not be calculated © By this method, the equation containing trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms cannot be analysed. © if aphysical quantity depends on more than three factors, then relation among them cannot be established because we can have only three equations by equating the powers of M, L and T. Part A Difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of what you were measuring RANDOM Random errors appear randomly because of the operator, fluctuations in the extemal conditions and variability of the measuring instruments. The effect of random error can be some what reduced by taking the average of measured values. Random errors have no fixed sign or size. Thus they are represented in the form Ata Peale Systematic error occurs due to an error in the procedure or miscalibration of the instrument etc. Such errors have same size and sign for all Measurements. Such errors can be determined. The systematic error is removed before beginning ec ons. Bench error and zero emor are examples of systema ABSOLUTE Error may be expressed as absolute measures, giving the size of the error in a quantity in the same units as the quantity itself Least Count Error :- If the instrument has known least count. the absolute error is taken to be half of the least count unless otherwise stated RELATIVE (OR FRACTIONAL) Error may be expressed as relative measures, giving the ratio of the quantity's error to the quantity itself Absolute error in a measurement Size of the measurement Relative Error = RULES OF ie et tie CUD ee eT LLL eae mie The absolute random errors add ee ens When a quantity Q is raised to a power P, the relative error in the result is P times the relative error in Q. This also holds for negative powers. IFR=Q¥, then = Px 4 Q At) Least count of Vernier Callipers The least count of Vernier Calipers (v.c) is the minimum valve of correct estimation of length without eye estimation. if N'» division of vernier calliper coincides with (N-1) division of main scale, then N-1 m N vs = Vernier Scale Reading : ms = Main Scale Reading N(vs) = (N-1) ms => 1vs= Ss (for measuring t } or >t 1 1 BODY MOVING WITH DECREASING VELOCITY ODY MOVING WITH UNIFORM VELOCITY x v. Le 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 t eee t ' Slope Slope (ose) ~< es Cvs) ~< s Area under Area under curve curve DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION GRAPH Time in seconds Object is 5 ¢ Velocity Horizontal Zero line acceleration (zero slope) Acceleration LLL a (m/s?) (2) v (m/s) RELATIVE VELOCITY Relative velocity of A wrt B =e Relative acceleration of A wrt Ga absolute velocity of river Time taken by boatman to cross the river: t= Vir cos Displacement along x-axis Vb = absolute velocity of when he reaches on the other boatman. bank: a " ‘ ATF eG 1. Condition when the boatman crosses the river in shortest > Vv. a Ver velocity of boatman with respect to river or velocity of boatman in stil water 2. Condition when the boatman wants to reach point B, i.e., at a point just interval of time- opposite from where he started 3. Shortest Path when V: < Vie—® Smin = 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 when Vi > Ver— 1 ' ' ' ' — —- Vw = Velocity of wind a Va = Absolute Velocity of aircraft LEU ay a Vig = Velocity of river wrt ground ~ ~~ a | Vise Velocity of river wt man | Veg = Vim + Vg} ok nraintinaninnenaencel Va = Velocity of man wrt ground PROJECTILE MOTION INDIAN BATSMAN SIXES ) ® TRA RAAT Pan . —_ -_ eer Deane = tune Equation of Laan mame aml era PS SY usine Part Ill TS a SY 3 Range R = ucosaT +— + gsing ae 2usina. Time of flight T = re ‘The force that attracts ‘Nuc Force defined othe “Tk "tee at ny object with mas. force exered between The force that occurs electromagnetic field Fury objec chiding a Mot of a Block a Horizontal Smooth Surface GID rorizonta pull Gayp ru acting at an angle (()) = Rt sa : RT sina : F ar : Le com LITTTAPIIFIOTTITT? . CTTTITIIIPIITIII ID vg Ying Ree AoE ee) fiver guar a=gsin0 N=mgcos0 Cat hy Mo uM elt @ T> mg, man accelerates in upward direction @ T < mg, man accelerates in downward direction N : F.B.D of man & : Rope tr in = : ast mg 4mgcoso : fe {:. ; + mg PULLEY Jee SYSTEM Tone ale @_li—@ ) ua wz — I T a Ts iD c A mg mg Sane Eb... = FE [T=ma Friction is a contact force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of relative motion between two bodies. f = uN =umg TYPES OF FRICTION FORCES 1.STATIC FRICTIONAL FORCE The opposing force due to which there is no relative motion between the bodies in contact is called It’s a self-adjusting force. Coefficient of static friction is 2.LIMITING FRICTIONAL FORCE The maximum frictional force that acts when the body is about to move is called 3.KINETIC FRICTIONAL FORCE The frictional force between the surfaces in contact when relative motion starts between them is called Coefficient of kinetic friction is Hk < Hs MINIMUM FORCE REQUIRED TO MOVE THE BODY Bd F mg umg T+ Fin = N = Normal force FRICTION AS A COMPONENT OF CONTACT FORCE Fomor = VEIN? +N? {Fuge HN} Fe max = Fe = Contact force N= Normal force f= Friction MOTION ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE mg cost) ANGLE OF REPOSE Balancing Vertical Forces N=mg cos Balancing Horizontal Forces f= N= 1 mg cos0 When sliding with acceleration ‘a’ mg sind - mg cos0 = ma The angle of repose is the maximum angle that a surface can be tilted from the horizontal, such that ' an object on it is just able to stay on the surface without moving. or [fand, = where ().is called angle of repose. mg sind ig Goud ‘Part AY UT | With ue nue eun in ea use un) Cen ue ace Com ee et Be) circular motion with respect to that fixed (or moving) point. = $ RPC a n _ Total | Angle of Rotation ~ Totaltimetoken | ™ ° where 0; and 0: are angular position of the particle at time ty and te respectively SUS UCL eels lee Cora The rate at which the position vector of a particle with respect to the centre rotates, is called as instantaneous angular velocity with respect to the centre. ena ces (Vaa) Ora here Vas, = Relative velocity perpendicular 1 1 ' \ 1 ' ' 1 ep | to position vector AB ~ AtoO at dt 1 Relation between speed and angular Velocity : v= 1 is a scalar quantily ( PET u Let », and ©, be the instantaneous angular speed at time t, and respectively, then the average angular acceleration “., is defined os ate It is the limit of average angular acceleration as At approaches zero, that is = im Ao _do_, de &* ato at at ° do Part I je) RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION [Part i : a= a =rate of change of speed and d Mitek = x =r a or a= ra t it Equations of Rotational Motion p@ vs © = @+at RELATIONS AMONG ANGULAR VARIABLES 1 0 = a+ tat? neo @ - a = 200 Uniform Circular Motion | Non-Uniform Circular Motion Speed of the particle is constant i.e., 1 Speed of the particle is not constant i.e., «# constant Balancing Horizontal Forces: Balancing Vertical Forces: & CONICAL PENDULU. FBD of ball shows: Tsiné = mw? r= centripetal force Tcosé =mg ‘ond FBD of ball w..t ground CIRCULAR TURNING ON ROADS BY FRICTION ONLY For a safe turn without sliding: Safe Speed © The safe speed of the vehicle should be less than Jura © The coefficient of friction should be more than v2/rg. eS rg(p + tand Maximum safe speed Vnu= oH * tan?) (1- tan) rg(H —tand) Minimum safe speed Vinax= _/————— (1 +n tand) Thus, the cyclist bends at an angle tan ~ [v/rg] with the vertical. (1 and 3 are same type of motion) GEChroaiZy CYCLIST MOVE UPWARD Int ene 3 normal force increases but frictional force decreases because @ decreases. MOTION OF CYCLIST FROM B TO C From B to C, Normal force decreases but friction” force increases because @ increases. MOTION OF CYCLIST FROM D TO E Son D to E, 6’ decreases therefore mg cos® increases whereas Normal force increases but frictional force decreases. WORK, POWER, Ms W = Fds = Fscos0 w =T0 Poe) CAS ou a CC OE UO eeu mt ty Cee eg cry KINETIC ENERGY co Se Lean ea Cee oo idea s.tehg u idulum = mgl(I-cos®) 3 ibs. Lh etsy 30 Ball will complete the circle PCO UC CC a eT 1) @ Tension at A : Ta = 6mg @ Tension at B : Ts = 3mg © ifu = J5gR ball will just complete the circle and velocity at topmost point is Ball will stack in between /2gR CENTRE OF MASS OF SOME COMMON SYSTEM — Broan mn = m2 nr The Centre of m: mass lies closer to the heavier Mass STRETCHED SPRING WU ww EE ee f WW vi SPRING ATTACHED TO A BLOCK NLL. Release ¢C Release yy 1. 'B When the block is released at point C then spring force doesn’t change instantaneously When point A is released then the because of friction at mass m. spring force changes instantaneously to become zero. (3) SPRING BLOCK SYSTEM Vo YUU UU fo Maximum Extension: k(m + M) IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM / Impulse of a force 'F' acting on a body for a time interval t = ti to t = tz is defined as (Impulse - Momentum Theorem) COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION (e) The coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio of the impulses of reformation and deformation of either body. = Impulse of reformation _ / Fdt Se Velocity of separation of point of contact Impulse of deformation | Fadt Velocity of approach of point of contact Sa Linear momentum is a vector quantity defined as the product of an object's mass m, and its velocity v. Linear momentum is denoted by the letter p and is called “momentum” in short: p=mv Note that a body’s momentum is always in the same direction as its velocity vector. The units of momentum are kg.m/s. CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM For a single mass or single body, If net force! If net external force acting on a system of acting on the body is zero. Then, | particles or system of rigid bodies is zero. > = ! Then, p=constant or v=constant 1 ’ Pom = Vom = iuincsr=corsieint) \ Pcm= constant or Vcm= constant 1 Note :- In every type of collision, only linear momentum remains constant. UES eR R RSS) or—: v o—: @—: Before Collision After Collision In this case, linear momentum and kinetic energy both are conserved. After solving two conservation equations. We get, es f a } ea ( 2m } vi = (———] v, + |} ve JERE svv2 = (——_}v. + ———_] , Da) Dad Lid Lad ES Te ST => Inan inelastic collision, the colliding particles do not regain their shape and size completely after the collision. => Some fraction of mechanical energy is retained by the colliding particles in the form of deformation potential energy. Thus, the kinetic energy of the particles no longer remains conserved. => (Energy loss)pertectty inelastic > (Energy 10SS)rarticl inelastic => 0 M Ea ANGULAR MOMENTUM ‘ULAR MOMENTUM OF A PARTICLE ABOUT A POINT 1} ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY ROTATING ABOUT A FIXED AXIS Here, | is the moment of inertia of the rigid body about axis. [3] CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on an object, no change of angular momentum will occur. nowt ED vo» FEB) oar? = cine [4] ANGULAR IMPULSE Since The angular impulse of a torque in a given time interval is defined as |)J ler) ee Bel ase) ma ie) Pure rolling means no relative motion (or no slipping at point of contact between two bodies.) Gp - Ge - & If Vp > Vo or V > Re, the motion is said to be forward slipping and if Vp < Vo < Re , the motion is said to be backward slipping. The condition of pure rolling on a stationary ground is, a=R. ‘Suppose a force F is applied at a distance x above the centre of a rigid body of radius R, mass M and moment of inertia CMR? about an axis passing through the centre of mass. Applied force F can produces by itself a linear acceleration a and an angular acceleration « F(R+X) ¢_ FIK=R as———_, f= ——— MR(C + 1) oma) 2 PURE ROLLING ON A INCLINED PLANS | A rigid body of radius R, and mass m is released at rest from height h on the incline whose inclination with horizontal is 6 and assume that friciton is sufficient for pure rolling then, TOPPLING W=mg Balancing Torque at E Balancing Torque at W — Fb+N(a—x)=mga ifx=a — a mi BP te) Pad DT Tle G = Gravitational Constant Perens pene Cites = Mass of Earth CaS CliC ee atlas os PGC Dera) re eee aero eee is eee FORCE 7 Vy g' = g-Rw2sintd Te A =] eS ES clo sae a AO). nia 2 ia OO SER eT id At equator, effect of rotation of earth is maximum and value of g is minimum. @ At poles, effect of rotation of earth is zero and value of g is maximum. Gravitation Field Strength Gravitation field strength at a point in gravitational field is defined as: & = 5M (cowards the mass) or [fee @ Inside points, E; = 0 @ Just outside the surface, E = aM ; R - Radius of Sphere ; 1 - Distance of centre from an external point ®@ Outside Point, E. = ® On the surface E-r graph is discontinuous. On the axis of aring cmx (R2+ x2)? Ex = 3) Atx =0, E = Oi.e., at centre Ifx>>R,E i.e., ring behaves as a point mass ae Atx—+0,E+0 ; DTT CERT ollie @ Inside points Sar cu. - Aaa ae ge bes On unter cm 1 @ Outside points Bs =e or Boo @ Atr—-@,E—o Kepler's law ui Je Motion All the planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits with sun at one of the focus, not at centre of orbit. The line joining the sun and planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time. The time period of revolution of a planet in its orbit around the sun is directly proportionally to the cube of semi - major axis of — \ the elliptical path around the sun. {Planet} Sere ae force per unit area of the body due on of the applied force is called stress we cl aan th) iy J i io Pulling force per unit area Tangential force per unit area Increase in length or volume It causes shearing of bodies ed The ratio of the change in size or shape Change in size or shape WN irae ore to the original size or shape of the body Preece) . Angi thi ih hich li i HH SHEAR STRAIN: normattorxed surface istuned « — Coefficient of Linear Expansion At Change in Temperature EEE WORK DONE IN STRETCHING A WIRE MeYelo ee acetate) HOOKE'S LAW Within the elastic limit, the stress developed in a body is proportional to the strain produced in it, thus the ratio of stress to strain is a constant.This Strain constant is called the modulus of elasticity ~ THERMAL STRESS (ie Le i Y — Modulus of Elasticity 4) Ged Ir ERela artes ie Cc STRESS STRAIN CURVE If we increase the load gradually on a vertically suspended metal wire: y — Breaking Point B Yield Point A Stress ° Strain a ep pan ea ee a stress, which is called point of ) The wire literally flows. The maximum stress corresponding to D, after Msc iia which wire begins to flow. In this region, strain increase even if wire is unloaded and ruptures at E. J YOUNG'S MODULUS Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the linear stress to linear strain, provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. \ i J BULK MODULUS MODULUS OF RIGIDITY fe Melina var I Tangential Stress Volume Strain /V i is ze ak Tangential Strain een | THERMAL EXPANSION LINEAR EXPANSION T ' ' : ' ' ' i OL = coefficient of linear expansion ' ' : H AT = Change in temperature SUPERFICIAL OR AREAL EXPANSION B = coefficient of Areal Expansion VOLUME OR CUBICAL EXPANSION —_——- Initial Length — Length After Heating Minne) Pd | Pa) iz Lz ears Sealed Tube anna) Measures atmospheric ieekate Measures the Pressure of gas ceed " | |||b {eee seceserahe ae - |= Poteor en (5 Pascat's iaw | 6 HYDRAULIC LIFT ‘Ss The pressure applied at one point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted 5 a Uniformly to every part of the fluid Hes and to the walls of the container. _ ss 2 ; 2 QnA FUT / wit=5: In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering per second at one end a is equal to the mass of fluid leaving aaa per second at the other end decrease in pressure he ericeeniae ee I Cam * Saat porentel ene ‘Meaning that in steady flow the product of cross- section and the speed of fluid remains constant everywhere simultaneous increase in the speed of fluid pw *" 5: eae ed Qn ‘A body totally or partially submerged in a fluid is subjected to an Archimedes upward force equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid it displaces —=— § 4 water displaced by Archimedes Archimedes id FD Vi: submerged volume of solid RADIATION | at Transfer of The rte tube ent ransered or {i)Emssive power ofa black body ended trough 3 sbtane 2 ie proportional to fourth power ‘realy proportional tthe of Absolute temperature Otte ete 0 pope ‘sistant (e=er') (i) Temperature gradient 2T along the o=s Bokzmann Constant path of tet rae (i) Emissive power of body due to heat transfer from body to surrounding, oT) tier «a Sem content (k= EH Newton's Law of Cooling verte KR For small temperature difference, fate of cooling due fo radiation ‘proportional to temperature ‘erence Rate of heat _ Rate of heat ecreaser "with. increase in flow entering ~ flow exiting temperature of black body. we \ x t No beat Taw tough thermal estance (Rs) oy) Y Ace © or AqT = Constant ©’ © THE GAS LAWS According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the volume of a gas at constant temperature (called isothermal process) is inversely proportional to its pressure, that is @-a_— CHARLE'S LAW According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the volume of a gas at constant pressure (called isobaric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, that is GAY LUSSAC'S LAW OR PRESSURE LAW According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the pressure of a gas at constant volume (called isochoric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, that is > SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTIONS (Simple pendutum:t = 2 (Gi) Physical pendulum:t = af (Tomo enavunt = 29fE () Unear 9 senes: oe hak (0) Paral: kath CW samt me m9 0990) noe (RIDE gy (eK (0) Displacement =x = Asin (ot +) (1 ety £8 = scone +6) = ofa (ty Acceleration : 22 = po? sient + (w) Phase: ote 9 ~ (v9 Phase Constant: @ (i) Two bodies system T = 2 wen Arsin (ot +9) x =A sin(ot +8) wnere () Displacement : #= asin (at +9) (8) Anguar veloety: = gerconatey) 4 1 acceleration £8 «a sncar + 8) wy $2 _-gorsnar +) (Ww) Phase: ot + (0) Phase constant : # NAVE r ) Wave is distributed energy or distributed “disturbance”, be Ee Et) Perens Ray Ker aR une R: asus MR Rs eeu u esl Rane} Pou Rsk siteiecdeleee eee AM urs ts Mechnical waves are further classified in two categories such that TTA SLU core aot A Cok =) I ae rod Co NO A cet oh col oa perpendicular to the x axis as the wave passes, it is called transverse waves. 2. Longitudinal waves (sound waves) evel eR Neat MMR oar RC elon otra Ro hare} ae ea Re ke ts Dee te or NS De Me lolol] nro oR rol eee Ron nae te a Cece enn eeu ea iesa amare nay PTV ape Aleka be lee ey wee) | Na er aL Set tS) Py ere (cee) ) See A ee ee Sed ENERGY CALCULATION IN WAVES Pari 1, KINETIC ENERGY PER UNIT LENGTH ON ol RSet RN en eel Re Rau oo) pee Be Toe R oN ous ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY v2 The Elastic potential energy of the string element results as string element is stretched during its rele lolay Seems ees el ULL Sol Regu em sel Vedios Ki 4. AVERAGE POWER TRANSMITTED BU Xeno ARI BU LANNE eR Le ROR aa oe) energy over integral wavelengths ry fa z mn 1a (9) a i=] m FA ma I = Uh Tata eol aco h oe | lefined as power transmitted per unit cross section area of the medium. o A ty Mea Re Ue MC e dee au) Rew ias eet me ea al eT a RCM aces MOM ar MCE Ete ta am tcerel Tote el aaa ea ae a claret erate eS Nec ie eR tea ea ce Rae nea Ca a aM Res MR ol eee Me Coa EM AMS aaa elas aN ncaa Cau esa Me eo emia el se ure mung ao) Cees Rascal ee eo ume ance eu mae ann aR eo Ree) Sec eaa aeeeO MS acul une kee eacoccit { Figure (a) —> Constructive interference } y at 57 Coes Soo Tee x eo rome tenis y 0 ry K or * a SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING WAVES iS NC aol nL MENT Btu esau en NACI a oad yr =A; sin(ot + kx:) their individual displacement ESN Ol tas.9) Nae Oise 2.0) er laa sc) MEIN CKee eo) iS Peeled) Pear Te enon eet en aan ERC aCe uae Cad CRE MCR ack Be CUS RL gar MaMa eo) ett Rene tM aR Tear —s y=A;sin(oot =kex) eee Olea ne) H t H rs \ 0 areola Olea ce) H Or Rac MRC MN cece tt Rac an Rae RIAs) ene Oe Cae eed i Re Cie ea RN eam mT ERR Rel Cay — i 7 a Nice.) SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING WAVES When two coherent waves travelling in opposite directions superpose then SCR eae a a i CoO ICT ea CeCe er eee ae ial aa a Raia] EN PC ee Ge Re ue sa mea iy a aT loop is in the form of potential energy only. When the particles reaches its mean PSCC ain C a a ee aN Les aur am ees Come) RR Mura iCU al eres Rea a Ae ERS ae Te eC a aM ete Prelesey Ra: alsa ete mesic) OFundament: Dun Rae Runa Se ard nodes and the centre is the antinode. This mode of vibration is known as the fundamental mode and ete Ce Gece LC arate emma @ First Overtone The frequency fz is known as second harmonic late ta cola cep a 2 Pe eC aie (us a third harmonic or second Hee” | SS ey Pe M ECO Re CEu aPC CCR med Doe cee laters SEEM SN irra Mon Mor esto ' i ee Hi i i i S J ore oe t Sn i ETL ‘| H ' J t fundamental or I** harmonic wee Neha he ero Te euricy| ((2n+1)"*harmonic, n* overtone) PAN ToR Travelling waves | Sehr a aie hr 4 j | any ENT 1 i MOO NT Me tela) P between two boundaries Ln with a definite velocity medium. Z i = RCM atte om otis * Tame gan s, all particles of the | nodes oscillate with same frequency ae Sol different amplitudes. Amplitude reals CL Lele eee ler ( MET Mehdi La t = Ea Ue ae sata} etween two oti ‘i Nar Lc ae ESCM m Teta ola] Claas a ee Oe oy Poa oR CMe Mt aS Pe aM Po icici See CRIM een tite Pe Cam esr aterm eae tG i i CCRC CRM MER Pee nee UT: is phase difference between any two Pee nt ta j j vA eer ye eoyeenie te RCC CME Mist Mae al) SCC CECE Con CL Ceol mach) STC U oe pee eee eee Ce Sey BoC Cc a al mal aelag) Cerna) These waves do not transmit energy peat Mansel ia “~~ ~~ PROPAGATION OF SOUND WAVES ~ - RO Re ee MMM Mune eR ms ‘} periodic compressions and rarefactions of pressure, which is etree ann sce aefetsoe a a a COMPRESSION WAVES ~ ~ = reas ue y+dy — When a longitudinal wave is propagated in a Peels maar ecm acl and rarefaction in the medium periodically. nS 8 (ner — dx——— pererrs Velocity and Acceleration of particle y; D General equation of wave is given by f © © Y= Asin (wt - kx) Ve oot d) ©) ~ ~~ VELOCITY OF SOUND/LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN SOLIDS = —- sass Crit Oln con v Fe tho oe a ar) Qin Fluid Ol— & ———<4e— dK [pa aE Te, a Pe aes ry ide ra ae Od — es See oud [eetelleot Moxey ctl (ola Secu airtel Colcol UM elem TLUaTe ~===~====~* ~~ ~~ LONGITUDINAL STANDING WAVES ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ - as Two longitudinal waves of same frequency and amplitude, travelling in opposite directions interfere to produce a standing wave. TO Cu Re ha a WAVES IN A VIBRATING AIR COLUMN- ~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~— 7 Vibration of Air in a Closed Organ Pipe nen Mer ee mmol nmol Cee ee oi kod eed Soaked Fundamental Frequency a een SciN2 ~» Wavelength —» eels east esis Reselcfel Ca HOM ete UTM oC Tn | open end of an organ pipe lies ' slightly outside the open end. The Hee Rete | open end is called end correction y H H H Vibration of Airin Open Organ Pipe Ce aa a elare oust 8) frequency of organ H pipe can be given uM F Prien ees i Re ae Nestle Refaleluret eels eee Sees em cM uu RRC loig of sound in air experimentally and also to Con tel Meum Mn e Roto SMO RCo re aa Ree Ne eae w is ir w m~ w se a a o i=} Vector Form t 1 i ang q = Charge ; x = Distance (ta charge q,is place at a pointin electric field, it experiences a net force Fon it, >) then electric field strength at that point can be | E=—— } 40 ) ECTRIC FIELD DUETOA IFORMLY CHARGED RO pAzeAUest PERPENDICULAR a ee SinceL >>r => @,= 0, =90° PERPENDICULAR | E,= a (sin90°+ sin90°) ==> |e, = *% (cosg0'— coss0") => 2kr r AtP,Enct=E,+Ey En = 1B oy SAC Se LU Om IN SINT a ATS r ka r Ey = we (cosa - cos90) = For maxima, x = +R 2 | [along the axis] Ifx<>R tH ene Yel aH) an irae are erat achat} Crna ie bee) Benne net Nines ; —_— j—se | 4 }. = Linear Charge Density 53 a) | ; 0 a foal esc r tt De eit) Para toa ae cnet) item enor ksiees Pre esnrsices ue to Dt) ae coum? G = Surface Charge Density P= Volume Charge Density atta TOLL ALLs ee POTENTIAL DUE TO CONCENTRIC SPHERES Ata pointr>c Atapointa

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