ZERAKI ACHIEVERS’ EXAMINATIONS (2022)

Term 3 - 2022
GEOGRAPHY (312)
FORM ONE (1)
Time: 2 ½ Hours
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section
1. (a) If the time in Town Y which is 750 W is 5 a.m., what is the time in town P which is
400 E? (3 marks)
Longitude difference = 75+40 = 1150
time difference = 115 x 4 = 460 minutes= 7hrs 40 minutes
time at P = 12:20pm
b) How does rotation of the earth cause the occurrence of day and night? (2 marks)
When one side faces the sun it becomes day while the opposite side remains dark hence night

2. (a) Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather station.(2 marks)
Rain
sunshine
atmospheric pressure
wind

(b)The diagram below represents a weather measuring instrument. Use it to answer the following
questions.

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(i) Identify the weather element measured using the above equipment. (1 mark)
Sunshine
(ii) Describe how the above instrument is used. (2 marks)
the spherical glass focuses the sun rays onto the sensitive paper which gets charred.
the burnt parts are then summed up according to scale to give duration of sunshine.
3. Describe how igneous rocks are formed. (5 marks)
Molten magma intrudes into country rock where it cools and solidifies to form intrusive igneous
rocks. When magma reaches the surface of the earth, lava flows, cools then solidifies to form
extrusive igneous rocks. In some cases the pyroclastic materials are thrown into the atmosphere
and come falling to form rocks.
4. (a) Describe the characteristics of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).(3 marks)
Shifts with apparent movement of the overhead sun.
a zone of the doldrums/low pressure
accompanied by convectional rainfall.
a zone of convergence of North East and south East Trade Winds.

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(b) Explain how altitude affects pressure. (2 marks)
High altitudes have thin atmospheric column leading to low pressure while lowland
areas have large column of atmospheric particles leading to high pressure.
5.(a) List down the isothermal layers of the atmosphere (2 marks)
• Tropopause
• Stratopause
• Mesopause
(b) State any three characteristics of the lowest layer of the atmosphere. (3 marks)
• Temperatures decrease with height.
• Atmospheric pressure decrease with height.
• Speed of wind increase with increase in height.
• Supports life.
• Contains most of the weather making elements.
SECTION B:
6. (a) (i) Give two appropriate examples of non-metallic minerals. (2marks)
Sulphur
Coal
soda ash
(ii) Apart from soda ash, identify three other minerals mined in Kenya. (3marks)
Gold
Titanium
Flouspar
(b) Describe diamond mining in Tanzania under the following headings. (6marks)
(i) Occurrence
occurs in a volcanic plug
(ii) Mining and processing

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the rock containing diamond is dug out using mechanical shovels. The small rocks are broken
down and transported to the treatment plant to remove the diamond from the ore.
Diamond is exported to overseas countries.
(c) Explain four factors to consider before exploitation of minerals is carried out. (8marks)
The value of the mineral: Valuable minerals are mined at high cost without loss because they
are in high demand.
The size of the deposit: It is economical to invest large deposit which will not be exhausted soon.
Quality of the ore: High quality ores are more economical to mine and they yield large amount
of metal.
Transport cost: It is economical to extract ores near major industrial centres because most are
heavy and bulky. Ores located in areas with undeveloped road network less likely to be mined.
Method of extraction: Occurrence of a mineral influences mining. For example, minerals that
occur close to the surface are cheaper to mine than those that are found deep in the crust.

d) Students from your class decided to carry out a field work in a nearby mining centre and
used photographing as a major method of data collection.
(i) Give three advantage of using photographs as a tool in collecting and recording data. (3marks)
Photographs show stages in a process.
Photographs can be used for future reference
Photographs do not require special skills to take.
(ii) State three importance of a working schedule in field work. (3marks)
Acts as a basis for evaluating field work progress.
Helps in saving time.
Helps researcher to remain focused on areas of study.

7. a) What is a rock (2mks)

Rocks are naturally occurring agglomeration of mineral particles that make up the earth crust
b) i) Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks (2mks)
 Andesite

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 Basalt
 Pumice
 Scoria
 Obsidian
 Phonolite
ii) Give three sources of sedimentary rocks. (3mks)
 Sediments obtained from weathered rocks
 Dissolved minerals in water
 Dead plants and animals
iii) State three reasons why sedimentary rocks are widespread in the coastal plains of Kenya.
(3mks)
 Coastal plain is a lowland which facilitates deposition
 Shallow continental shelf-suitable for formation of coral rocks
 Much of the coastal plain emerged from the sea where sediments had been deposited
c) State four factors that influence the change of original rocks to metamorphic rocks
(4mks)
 Rock resistant /hardness
 Rock texture and structure
 Rock porosity
 Solubility of rock minerals
 Chemical properties of rock minerals
d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the rocks within your school environment.
i) Give three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field study
(3mks
 Textbooks /geography notes

 Magazines /journals

 Atlases

 Geological maps

 Internet browsing /electronic media

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ii) State three advantages of dividing the students into groups during the field study (3mks)

 Helps to study the entire area at once

 Helps to save on time

 Enables the study to be carried out in an orderly manner

 Prevents congestion in specific areas

 Encourages participation of all students

iv) Identify three problems you are likely to face during the study (3mks)

 Attack by wild animals e.g., snakes, insect bites

 Adverse weather condition

 Tiredness or fatigue due to walking for long distances

(i) Give two advantages of studying the rocks through fieldwork. (2mks)

It helps to breakdown the classroom monotony

Enables students to study the processes through which various types of rocks were formed

8. (a) i) Differentiate between weather and climate. (4mks)

Weather is the daily atmospheric communication of a place over a short period of time while climate is
the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time.

ii) State two conditions necessary for the formation of fog. (2mks)

Warm day to accelerate evaporation.

Temperatures below dew point for condensation to occur

Calm night to allow air to remain in contact with the ground

(b) i) Describe the working of Aneroid barometer. (4mks)

The metal capsule responds to air pressure by either contracting or expanding.

When pressure falls the capsule expands and the movement is conveyed to a pointer which shows the
fall in pressure on a dial.

When pressure increases, the capsule contracts and the movement conveyed to the pointer to show an
increase in pressure on the dial.

ii) State three effects of sea breeze on the adjacent land mass. (3mks)

Moderates temperature conditions.

Increase moisture/humidity.

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May lead to formation of rainfall

(c) i) Explain how the following factors influence weather

Source of water (2mks)

Areas next to water bodies are humid due to evaporation. Such areas also tend to receive more rainfall.

Altitude (2mks)

High altitude areas have low temperature because of thin column of atmosphere allowing rapid loss of
terrestrial radiation

Low altitudes have high pressure due to thick column of the atmosphere that prevent escape of
terrestrial radiation.

ii) State three characteristics of convectional rainfall. (3mks)

The rain is accompanied by thunderstorm/hailstones

Falls for a short time.

Falls in the afternoon

Falls in torrents

(d) With the aid of well labelled diagram, describe the formation of land breeze. (5mks)

During the day the land heats faster than the sea. High pressure develops over the water body as low
pressure forms on land. Air over the land rises as cool air from the sea blows to occupy the place left by
the rising air.

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