20‐Feb‐23

ELECTRICAL SERVICES
AR 5301 : Building Services III
(Electrical & Lighting)

Ashutosh Kumar
17TH Jan 2023

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

BUILDING SERVICES
 Its a need for any structure to keep healthy environment
effect on inside and outside of structure.
Building services
are responsible for
the mechanical,
electrical and
public health
systems required
for the safe,
comfortable and
environmentally
friendly operation
of modern
buildings.

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BUILDING SERVICES
Can you imagine a building without MEP services?

Mechanical

Electrical

Public Health Services

Building Services-Electrical
Power Sub Station

HT Panel
HT

LT Panel, MDB, DB(PDB/LDB)

Power & Control Cabling

Small Power

Emergency Power Supply-DG/UPS

Lighting system

Earthing System

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Extra Low Voltage Services

• CCTV

• Telephone

• Fire Alarm System

• Public Address System

• Access Control System

• Lighting Control System

• Server & Data System

Type of Drawings
• Single line diagram(SLD)

• Schematics

• Wiring diagram

• Control layout

• Section Drawing

• Co-ordination layout

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Power Sub Station

 Load Calculations

 Transformer Type-Dry/Oil

 HT/LT panels
Load

 Cable Sizing Voltage Level Rural Municipal

 SEB Norms 240/415V up to 100 KVA up to 187 KVA

11/22KV 100‐1500
100 1500 KVA
KVA 187‐1500
187 1500 KVA
KVA

22KV 1500‐3000 KVA 1500‐3000 KVA

33KV 1500‐5000 KVA 1500‐5000 KVA

132/220KV 5000+ KVA 5000+ KVA

Load Calculations
ELECTRICAL LOAD CALCULATIONS (A Type 2BHK UNIT)

Unit load of a flat

Total
Diversity Maximum
Type of load Per flat Qty UoM KW/Unit Unit Connected Unit Unit
factor Demand
Load
Lights 9 Nos 0.06 KW 0.54 KW 66% 0.36 KW

g / Exhaust Fans
Ceiling 4 Nos 0.08 KW 0.32 KW 66% 0.21 KW

5 amp Sockets 6 Nos 0.1 KW 0.6 KW 50% 0.30 KW

15 amp for Refrigerator 1 Nos 0.425 KW 0.425 KW 66% 0.28 KW

6A Mixer/Iron etc 3 Nos 1 KW 3 KW 50% 1.50 KW

Air conditioner 0 Nos 2 KW 0 KW 50% 0.00 KW

Geysers 1 Nos 2 KW 2 KW 50% 1.00 KW

3.65 KW

Say 4.00 KW

Unit load of a Block

Number of units 60 units

Unit load 4.00 KW

Total Load 240 KW

Common Loads

Elevators 2 nos 7 KW 14 KW

Common Lighting 1 KW

Total Load of building 255 KW

Considering Group
70% 179 KW
Diversity factor
Considering Power
0.85 210 KVA
factor

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Power Flow Diagram

HT P
Panell PDB LDB

DG Set Distribution Xmer SMDB

LT Panel/DG Panel MDB

Transformer
Selection of Transformer

• Total Load

• Dry or liquid(oil) filled

• Indoor/Outdoor

• Star/Delta Type( Vector Group)

• Impedance/PF/Efficiency/Voltage
peda ce/ / c e cy/ o age Levele e

• Mounting-Pole/Base

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Transformer Calculations
Transformer sizing
Total Connected load = 185.85 kW
Max. demand = 185.85 x 0.9(load factor)
= 167.27
Transformer Cap. = 167.27/(pf x eff )
=167.27/(0.85x0.85)
=231.51
231 51 kVA
Considering 85% loading of Xmer = 231.51/0.8
=271.36 kVA
Nearest available higher capacity 315 kVA

Diesel Generator(DG Set)

A. Categorize into
1. Continues load
2 Non continues load
2.
3. Intermediate load

B. Selection Consideration

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Diesel Generator
 Selection Consideration
 Capacity Combination
 Load pattern & DG set capacity-Overlaod
a) 10% overload for 1hour of every 12 hours
b)) 50% overload for 15 seconds.

Wires
 Wire-It’s a single conductor, could be stranded but not
insulated between conductor

 Wire Types- Single, Stranded, Braided

 Wires insulation FR (Fire Retardant)

FR-LSH ( Fire Resistant Low Smoke)
FRZH (Fire Retardant Zero Halogen)

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Cable

 Cable- insulated conductor, could be single, multiple conductor

 Types- Power Cable- PVC/XLPE-Armoured/Unarmoured

 Twisted Pair Cable-Telephone/Network

 Two pair/Multi pair-

 Fiber optics- Data/Communication

 RG cable-for
bl f CCTV

 Co-axial Cable- TV

INTRODUCTION
 Energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to
perform work on – or to heat – the object, and can be converted in
form but not created or destroyed.
form, destroyed
 The SI unit of energy is the joule.

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ENERGY FORMS

ENERGY SOURCES
There are two types of energy in world on the
basis of there sources and p production cycles
y .

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ELECTRICITY
The movement of electric charge is
known as an electric current, the
intensity of which is usually
measured in amperes. Current can
consist of any moving charged
particles; most commonly these
are electrons, but any charge in
motion constitutes a current.
Electric current can flow through
some things, electrical conductors,
but will not flow through an
electrical insulator.

ELECTRICITY SOURCES
Anything that produces electricity is referred to as a Source of Electricity.

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ELECTRICITY SOURCES

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

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ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Production of a current in
a wire when there is
relative motion between
the wire and the magnetic
field.
The motion produces a
potential difference
between the ends of the
wire.
wire
In the diagram, the faster
the magnetic is moved,
the greater the induced
voltage.

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION
• A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid
(liquid or gas) to mechanical energy.

• Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft

against which steam is forced, thus rotating the shaft
connected to the generator which produces electricity.

COAL POWER PLANT

In a fossil-fueled steam turbine, the fuel (mainly coal) is
burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce
steam.
• In power plants, steam
is pushed through the
turbine which rotates a
shaft

• The rotating shaft drives

a generator by turning a
coil of wire in a
magnetic field.

• 50 Hz AC Electricity is
generated at 11,000
volts

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ELECTRIC GENERATOR
 Electricity is generated from the stored energy of water
that makes turbine run and generate electricity
electricity.. The other
method includes fuels (Coal, diesel or gas) to fire boilers
and pass stream and generate electricity through generators
generators..
Transformer step up several thousands or even hundreds of
tthousands
ousa ds oof vo
volts
ts be
before
o e itt iss supplied
supp ed to tthee ttransmission
a s ss o lines
es
or cable
cable.. By transmitting electricity at high voltages less power
is lost in the cables
cables.. At the receiving end of voltage is stepped
down by transforms in local sub-
sub-stations to consumers at 240
volts..
volts

El t i Generator
Electric G t

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E t iin the
Entry th bbuildings
ildi
 In Urban areas electrical cables are Usually underground and are
brought up to entry point at ground level or into basement service
cable cannot be bent to small radiee and this should be borne in mind
when considering point of entry
entry.. In small buildings the cable run is
kept as short as possible, terminating in a distribution board at the
first convenient position.
position. In these buildings the distribution board will
be fitted with a seal box to prevent moisture from entering the
insulation of the service cable, a main fuse for the premises in a box
sealed by the supply authority and the consumer unit or other
switch and fuse gear belonging to the building
building.. The position chosen
for the distribution board should be readily accessible both for meter
reading and for replacing fuses.
fuses. In some cases special glasses are
provided so that meter can be read without entering the premises
premises..

ELECTRICITY GENERATING SOURCE

Solar Energy – The light and heat from the sun, harnessed using technologies
like, solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and
artificial
f photosynthesis is known as solar energy. It is the prime source off
renewable-energy.
Wind Energy – It is one of the various types of energy. The energy present in
the flow of wind, used by wind turbines is called the wind energy. This energy
is a major cheap source to produce electricity. In this phenomena, the kinetic
energy of the wind is converted into mechanical power.
power
Nuclear Energy – The energy present in the nucleus of an atom is known as
nuclear energy. The particles of an atom are tiny and needs energy to hold
themselves. Nuclear energy is that enormous energy in the bonds of an atom
which helps to hold the atom together. Nuclear energy can be used to make
electricity.

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ELECTRICITY GENERATING SOURCE

Geothermal Energy – The energy or heat present inside the Earth is known as
geothermal energy. It is a cheap & convenient heat and power resource and use
of this energy doesn’t have a side effect like greenhouse gas emission etc.
Tidal Energy – Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of hydropower (energy
present in water), which converts the energy present in the tides to produce
electricity.
Biomass Energy – Biomass is organic matter obtained from living organisms.
The energy produced from biomass is called biomass energy.
Electrical Energy – The energy caused by moving electric charges is known as
electrical energy. Electric energy is a type of kinetic energy as the electrical
charges moves.
Thermal Energy – As the name suggests, thermal energy is the energy obtained
from heat. It is a microscopic, disordered equivalent of mechanical energy.

ELECTRIC GENERATORS
An electric generator is based on the principle
of electromagnetic
g induction:
spinning coils of wire within magnetic fields
property of electromagnetism that a
changing magnetic field through a loop of
wire produces a voltage along the loop
this voltage
g can drive a current and pprovide
energy to an external circuit

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Electric Generators
 An electric generator is just an electric motor working in
reverse, or visa versa

AC and DC
In a dc (Direct Current) electrical system, the
movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in
one
o eddirection
ect o aand
d tthe
e voltage
o tage remains
e a s co
constant.
sta t

In an ac (Alternating Current) the movement (or

flow) of electric charge periodically reverses
direction. An electric charge would for instance
move forward, then backward, then forward, then
backward, over and over again. g The voltageg
fluctuates rapidly from positive to negative values.

In a household electrical outlet (which is AC), the

voltage fluctuates from -220 V to +220 V fixty
times every second (50 Hz)

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Why Two Types of Current?

dc is better when:
 an appliance needs to run on batteries [because
batteries produce dc currents]
 an appliance uses integrated circuits (e.g. computer
chips) [because most chips are designed to run with
5 V or 12 V dc]

ac is better when:
 high voltages are required [because the voltage can
be changed using a simple device called a
transformer]
 the appliance needs to run a motor [because ac
motors are easier to build]

How to Transfer Electrical Power

Wires used to transfer

Wires
electrical power have a
small resistance R
Power loss (P = I2R) is
greater when the
current I is large
High
Hi h voltage
lt iis b
better
tt
because more power
can be transferred with
less current

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Example 1
A power plant want to transfer 1 MW through a
line with a resistance of 1 

Case 1: The voltage is 1200 V, what is the power

loss?

Answer: First find the current using P = IV

which is the same as I = P/V
so I = (1,000,000 W)/(1200 V) = 833 A
the power loss is P = I2R
so P = (833 A)2(1 ) = 693,000 W !!!!

Example 2
A power plant want to transfer 1 MW through a
line with a resistance of 1 

Case 2: The voltage is 120,000 V, what is the

power loss?

Answer: First find the current using P = IV

Answer:
which is the same as I = P/V
so I = (1,000,000 W)/(120,000 V) = 8.33 A
the power loss is P = I2R
so P = (833 A)2(0.1 ) = 69.4 W !!!!

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Transformers
 A transformer is an electrical device that takes
electricity of one voltage and changes it into
another voltage.

 Transformers only work for ac circuits

 Basically, a transformer changes electricity

from high to low voltage using two properties of
electricity:

1. Electromagnets: In an electric circuit, there is

magnetism around it
2. Electromagnetic Induction: Whenever a magnetic
field changes (by moving or by changing strength) a
voltage is made.

Transformers
Transformers are constructed by simply winding
wire around two ends of a rectangular piece of
metal or the “core”
core
Electricity moving through the primary coil
creates a magnetic field around the core.
This magnetic field induces an electric field and
moves electrons in the secondary coil, thus
producing
p g an electric current.

Voltage Voltage
In Out

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Transformers
The input line connects to the 'primary' coil, while
the output lines connect to 'secondary' coil.
The alternating current in the primary coil induces
an alternating magnetic field that 'flows' around the
metal core, changing direction during each
electrical cycle.
The alternating field in the core in turn induces an
alternating current on the secondary coil.
The voltage of the secondary coil is directly related
to the primary voltage by the turns ratio, or the
number of turns in the primary coil divided by the
number turns in the secondary coil.

Transformers

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Types of Transformers
 Step-up transformers convert low voltages to high
voltages. Note that there are more turns on the
secondary coil.
 Step-down transformers convert high voltages to low
voltages. Note that there are less turns on the
secondary coil.

Step-up Step-down

Example
For example, if you wanted to increase your
house voltage from 110 volts (110V) to 220V in
order to power your electric stove, you could use
a transformer with twice the turns in the
secondary coil as in the primary coil.

The relationship is written as:

input volts / input turns =
output volts / output turns

110V / 5 turns = 22 = 220V / 10 turns

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The “Grid”
Electrical power travels from the power plant to
your house through a system called the power
di t ib ti grid.
distribution id

Component of Transmission Line

o Conductor

o Earth wire

o Insulator

o Transmission Tower

o Wave trap and other

hardware(Clamp, Spacer,
Vibration dampers,
connectors etc.

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Selection of Transmission Voltage 47

 Standard Voltage - 66,110,132, 220, 400 KV

 Tolerances - ±10% up to 220 KV & ±5% for 400 KV

 Selection Criterion of Economic Voltage –

 Quantum of power to be evacuated
 Length of line
 Voltage regulation
 Power loss in Transmission
 Initial and operating cost
 Present and future voltage in neighborhood

Types of Towers

 Type A Tower (Tangent Tower with suspension string)

o Used on straight runs and up to 2° line diversion
 Type B Tower (Small Angle Tower with tension string)
o Used for
f line deviation from
f 2°° to 15°°
 Type C Tower (Medium Angle Tower with tension string ).
o Used for line deviation from 15° to 30°.
 Type D Tower (Large angle tower with tension string)
o Used for line deviation from 30° to 60°
 Type E Tower (Dead End Tower with tension string)
o Used for line termination & starting
 S
Special
i l tower-
t
 Suspension Tower (Span ≈ 1000 m)
o Used for River crossing, Mountain crossing etc.
 Transposition Tower
o Used for transposition of tower

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Different Types of Towers

49

Tower Design

Tower height
Base width
Top damper width
Cross
Cross arms length

Fig. Typical 765 KV Tower Structure

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Height of Tower Structure

Height of tower is determine by-

H  h1  h 2  h3  h 4

h1=Minimum permissible ground

clearance
h2=Maximum sag
h3=Vertical spacing between conductors
h4=Vertical clearance between earthwire
and top conductor

Electrical Requirement

o Continuous current rating

rating.
o Short time current carrying rating.
o Voltage drop
o Power loss
o Minimum dia to avoid corona
o Length of line
o Charging current

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Overhead lines & underground lines

Reference Standards
 IS-398 Specification of Aluminium Conductor for Over Head
Transmission Line(ACSR)

 IS-802 Code of Practice for use of Structural Steel in over head

T
Transmission
i i Li Line TTower
 IS 3853
Specification of Aluminium Steel Core Wire for Aluminium
Conductor
 IS 4091
Code Practice for Design and Construction of Foundation of
 IS 5613 Transmission Line Tower and Pole

Specification of Design,
Design Installation and Maintenance of Line
 CBIP above 11 KV and up to 220 KV

Manual on Transmission Line Tower, Technical Report N0. 9,

 IE Rules,
1956 March 1977

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