40 Ching I. Chuyén dong ctia hat tich dign trong chan khong Hinh 1.20: So a6 nguyén tf may gia te Cyclotron. Dé gia tc cc hat tich dign ta phai ding cdc may gia t6c. Mot trong nhitng may gia téc don gidn 1A may cyclotron si dung tir trusmg khong déi va dien trudng thay d6i véi tdn sé cao (e& 1.10" Hz). Cau tao cia cyclotron cé dang nhu & hinh (1.20): Hai nita cla mot hinh mu det (hinh chit D) céch dién véi nhau bing mot khe hd ndi v6i mot nguén dién cao tin. Hai dién cue nay duoc dat trong chan khong va tir trudng déu vudng géc véi mat day. Chiing ta biét ring trong tir trudng hat tich dién cd van t6c a vuong gdéc voi dudng ste sé chuyén dong theo quy dao tron ban kinh B= 3, véi chu ky khong phu thudc vao van t6c T = 268 = 25%. Do ditn 4p xoay chiéu dat gitta hai nita hinh try, trén khe chan khéng gitta hai dién cuc d6 dién trudng c6 chiéu thay ddi theo thai gian vi chu ky 7). Néu chu ky 7 bang chu ky quay cha hat tich dién 7 thi c6 thé dat diroc diéu kign 1a khi hat di tir tren xudng dign trutgng cé dau thich hop dé gia téc n6 lam cho né chuyén dong nhanh hon v6i bin kinh cong 1én hon (nhung chu ky khong di) dén khi hat di qua khe ha tir dudi lén dign trudng lai déi difu va gia téc nd, Cat nhu thé hat sé duge tang tdc va m@ rng dén bin kinh quy dao. Can tu ¥ ring trong budng gia téc chan khong phai rat cao, 4p sudt khf phai rat thap (c& 10-* - 10-'”" mmHg) dé trénh hat tich dign bi va cham vao céc phan tir khi du, Baj tap chuong I (1-1) Tim biéu thife va x4c dinh do nbay cia mot ong tia dién ti cia may dao dong ky cé cdc thong s6 sau: Hiéu dién thé tang t6c chim dién tira 900V,18. Chuyén dong vii van téc gdn hing van toc dnh sng 41 Hinh 1.21: Cho bai tap (1-3). khoang cach tir diém gitta ban l4i tia dén man huynh quang bang 20cm, chiéu dai cac ban Idi tia bang 2cm, khoang cach gitfa hai ban I4i tia bing 0,5cm. (1-2) Tim biéu thie va xdc dinh d0 nhay cila mét éng tia dién tt cla may dao déng ky c6 cdc thong s6 sau: Hitu dién thé tang téc chim dién ti 14 900. Khong céch gitfa tam cita ving ti mréng lim Iéch tia dién tirdén man huynh quang bang 35cm, Hé théng l4i tia gém hai cugn day Helmholtz hinh tran cé ban kinh & = 2, 5cm dat céch nhau mot khong cach 2z = Sem. $6 vong day tren méi cu6n 1a 200 vong. Kich thude ving téc dung cita tir truimg TA 2R, trong dé tir trong duge xem 1a déu. Chi ¥: cudng dé tir trang trong cudn Helmholtz dugc tinh bdi céng thite H = balls. BO tir thdm cita chan Khong jo = 1,26: 10-Tm/A; 7 1A ddng dién trong cudn day, W’ s6 vang day cita ca hai cuon. (1-3) Trén dung di ctia chim dién tir ngudi ta dat mot hé gdm hai ludi cd dang mat cau déng tim ban kinh trung binh 1a @ = 3em. Dién thé hudi ngodi la U, = 300V, dién thé ludi trong 1A U2 = 500V (so voi catot phat xa dién ti). Ching minh ring hé hai ludi nay ¢6 tinh hoi tu déi véi chim dién tit. Tinh tiéu cy cha hé. (Hinh (1.21). (1-4) Mot hé quang hoc dién tr gém mot catot phang K, mét ludi tang téc G, 06 dién thé Ug bang 200V, mot tim ngan (diapham) c6 dién thé U7), va mot anot 4 duge néi véi diapham, hinh (1.22). Xac dinh dién th€ U, (so véi catot) dé chim dign tir song song hoi ty lén anot. Cho biét khoang céch gitta ludi tang téc dén diapham 1a 0,5cm, khoang céch gitta diapham d&n anot IA 0,8cm, (1-5). Xét mot hé quang ‘gc dign tit nhu 6 hinh (1.17-b) gdm Icatot K,42 Chutong 1. Chuyén dong ctia hat tich dign trong chan khong Hinh 1.22: Cho bai tép (1-4), hai diapham D;,D2 va mét anot 4, Khoang cach gitta cdc dién cyc dé bang nhau va bing lem. Dién thé cla diapham thi | D; bang dién thé anot 4 va bang U, = 100V (so voi dién thé catot K). Xac dinh dién thé cia diapham thet 2 D, dé cho chim dién tit song song di qua hé hdi tu & anot A. Dap sé (t-1) S$ =4,5-10-'m/V; TV: (1-5) c6 hai nghi¢m U, = 432V va Uz = 28V.82 Chuong 2. Mt sd van dé vat lf Luong ik dep tg, dea 208, 2B, 68, 28, o Hinh 2.18: Phd ndng hag ciia quay te Bai tap chuong IT (2.1) Mot mat bang kali & céch ngon dén 100W 1a 75cm. Gid thiét nang luong bite xa cia dén trong don vi thi gian chi bing 5% cong sudt dinh mic. Néu coi mdi nguyén nit kali 6 dang mot dia det duéng kinh 18, hdy x4c dinh thai gian cin thiét dé mi nguyén tir dé hap thy mot nang luong bing cong thodt cla né yx © 2eV, theo mu song anh sdng. Ruit ra nhan xét, (2.2) Ngu®i ta chiéu kali bing tia cuc tim bude séng 25004. Biét cong thoat cha kali 14 2, 2eV, tinh dong nang cuc dai cla cdc electron phat ra. Néu cudng 46 bite xa téi IA 2W/m?, tinh s6 dién tir do mot don vi dién tich phat ra trong mot don vi thai gian. (2.3) Mét photon X ning lugng 0, 3MeV va cham tric dién véi mot electron hic déu & trang thai nghi. Tinh van t6c Idi cia electron bing cach ap dung céc nguyen ly bao toan nang Iwong va xung long. Kiém tra lai két qua bang céng thite Compton. (2.4) Tinh hieu dién thé gia t6c can thiét dé bude séng ket hop véi mot electron (séng De Broglie) c6 bude séng 14 (vao cd khodng cach gitta cdc nguyén tir trong tinh thé). (2.5) Chitng t6 rang khi mét hat c6 nang luong rit I6n so voi nang hrong nghi cia né thi hat sé cé bude séng két hop gfin diing bing bude sdng cha photon cé ciing nang Iygng. (2.6) Tinh van t6c pha va vn t6c nhém cia mét séng De Brogiie cé bude séng 4 =h/p = h/mv. (2.7) Mot chim hep electron nang lugng 60keV di xuyén qua mot ming da tinh thé bac (Ag) c6 khedng céch gidia mat mang IA d — 4,084, Xée dinh ban2.6. Mot 36 bai toan dom gidn cilia co hoc lemg tit 83 kinh anh nhiéu xa bac nhét trén man hinh dat & sau mang bac 40cm. (2.8) Ta gid thiét A = 6,625-10-4Js thay cho 6, 62510-"Js, Ngudi ta ném céic vién bi kh6i luong 66,25g vi van t6c Sm/s xuyén qua hai cita 6 hep, song song va céch nhau 0,6m, Mi lan ném, vién bi lot qua cita sé nao 14 hoan toan ngéu nhién. Tinh khodng cach van cia anh giao thoa trén twéng cach phia sau cia sé 12m, (2.9) Gia sit ta c6 thé do duge xung luong cia mot hat dén phan nghin. Xic dinh do bat dinh cuc tigu vé vi tri cla hat: a- Néu hat cé khdi luong Smg va van t6c 2m/s. b- Néu hat 1a dién ti c6 van téc 1,8 - 10%m/s. (2.10) DO rong cla mot vach quang phé bude séng 40004 bang 10-42. Tinh thdi gian trang binh dé hé nguyen ni 6 trang théi niing hrong dé. (2.11) Gia str do bat dinh vé xung lugng cia mét hat ding bang xung lugng cia né. Tim hé thite gitta 46 bat dinh cuc tiéu vé vi tri hat va buGe séng De Broglie cla nd. (2.12) Gi thiét nang luong cla mot hat dang chuyén dong theo duing thang 18 E = Jmv?, ching minh rang AE. At > h/2n, trong d6 At = Az/v. (2.13) Mot hat khdi Itong m bi bat buéc phai 6 trén doan thang £. Dua vao nguyen ly bat dinh hay xac dinh naing Iugng cuc tiéu ma hat c6 thé cd. Néu trong hat nhan, c6é dudng kinh 10-''m, cd mat mot dién tir thi dong nang cue tiéu cla né bang bao nhiéu. (2.14) Tim him rieng va tri rieng ca toan ti Z = i£. Qua d6 ching minh rang hinh chiéu xung lvong ca hat ty do 1a dai lugng khong bi luong tir hod. (2.15) Mét vi khudin rat nhé (tiny bacterium) c6 kh6i tuong 10-'4kg bi nhét gitta hai vach ctfrig c4ch nhau 0, Imm. Xac dinh van t6c nhé nhat cha n6. Néu van t6c cila né khodng 1mm trong 10s, hily xdc dinh sé Ivong tiring véi trang thai dé cla nd. (2.16) Mét dién tir c6é dong ning 50eV dén géin mot hang rio hinh chi nhat 6 chiéu cao 70eV vi bé day 1a a/L=1,0nm b/L = 0, iam Hay tinh xdc suit dién tit di qua theo higu Ying dudng ngam. (2.17) Ching minh ring bién d9 A cia cde ham s6ng m6 tA céc trang thai cha hat trong mét h6 thé nang cé vach cao vo cuc 1A A = \/2/L, trong dé 1 1a bé rong ca h6 thé.84 Chuomg 2. Mot s6'vain dé vat 15 laeng nt (2.18) a/ Tinh ba mite nang lugng thdp nhdt cua dién ti nhét trong mot hé thé cé vach v6 cute, bé réng L = 10-!?m. b/ Néu m6t photon duge phat ra khi dien tir chuyén tit mite c6 n = 2 xudng mitc c6-n = 1 thi bute séng cla photon bing bao nhieu. DAp sé (2.1). t= 57, 63; (2.2). Trax = 2, 7T5eV; Je = 2.52 - 1018 electron (2.3). 2.7). (2.8) Ay =0,4m. (2.9)af Az = 10, 56- 10-794; b/ A = 5,144, (2.10) r = 8,48 - 1078s, QA1 Ara (2.13). B= gygtapri Tin = 9,95MeV, (2.15). 0 = 3.107" m/s;n = 3-10°°, (2.16). a/b/D =e =1,3- 10°, (2.18), By = 37, 7eV, By = 151eV, Fy = 339eV; A = 1,1- 10-8.3.6. Nguyén If hoat dong ciia laser 155 Bai tap chuong III G-1) Tinh bude séng ngan nbét va bude séng dai nbét (bing 4) déi voi day Liman cia hydro. (3-2) Tinh nang hong ion hod ciia nguyen tit hydro bigt ring buée séng ngan nhat cila diy Balmerr 1 36504. (3-3) Trong mot ng phong dién céc nguyen tir hydro chiu téc dung cla mot ding dign tir nang lung 12,2 ev. Tim buée sdng cila cdc vach do hydro phat ra. (3-4) Tinh mémen tir cia mot dién tt chuyén déng xung quanh mot proton trén mot quy dao tron ban kinh + (theo vat ly ¢6 dién.) (3-5) Ap dung ket qua cita co hoc lugng tit tinh ede gid tri o6 thé c6 cha momen tir d6i véi mite n = 3. Biét cong thic lien hé gitta momen dong luong va momen th: f= — th a - vecto momen tit quy dao. (3-6) Biéu dién cde céch dinh huéng 66 thé c6 clia moment dong luong fi 1 = 0, 1,2 va 3; bang hinh vé. G-7) Trong vat ly thien van ngudi ta ding vach phd c6 bude séng 21em dé tham dd vil try, Vach nay dugc tgo béi photon phat ra tir nguyén tit hydro clla thién ha khi hung cia spin ctta dign tit chuyén ty trang thai song song sang trang thdi phan song song véi spin cla proton. Tim gid tri ti trutmg tc dung lén dién tr. Biét ring cong thifc lien hé gitta momen dong luong spin va momen tir spin Ja iat By =-=M, Nang lvong tuong téc gitta momen th fi va tir trudng c6 vecto cam ting tir 1a Ep =~jiB (3-8) Ching minh ring céc nguyén ti gém cdc 16p dign day hodn ton sé Ot trang thai co ban ‘Sy. (3-9) Thiet lap cau hinh (cau tric) dién tir cia 5 khi tro dau tien. Dap sé (3-1) Amar = 12154, nin = 91235 3-2) By = 13, 66V: (3-3) c6 3 loai photon vii A; = 65634, 42 = 12154, Ay = 10264; cé208 Chuong 4. Mot 36 vain dé vat If ban didn ‘Trong 46 Ula dién ap dat vio 1ép chuyén tip. Dign ép roi wén hai phin cia chuyén tiép U, va U2 Jién quan béi hé thie Vin el _ Nonta au (4.1 Vio ely Naver 4.105) trong d6 U; +U2 =U. Hien nay vat ligu tg0 chuyén tiép di chat [A céc hop chat AiwBy nhu Ga As va dung dich ran ba thanh phan nhur Al,Ga;_xAs, trong a6 2 ¢6 thé thay d6i tO dén 1, Khi « =0, GaAs cé AS, = 1,42eV, hing s6 mang 5, 65334 6 300K, khi z = 1, AlAs c6 AE, = 2,17,eV hang s6 mang bang 5,66054. U. Bai tap chuong IV (4-1) Néng d@ hat dan trong bén dan rigng thay d6i nhu thé nao khi nhiét 46 chat ban dn thay déi tit 200K dén 300K va bé rong ving cam gid thiet thay déi theo quy luat AE,(T) = (0,785 — aTyeV. (4-2) Bing thuc nghiém ngudi ta xdc dinh duge ndng do dign tir & 400K Ta1,3-10!%cm— va 6 350K 1A 6,2-10!’em~%, Ban dan Ia tinh khiét, hay tinh bé rong ving cdm & nhiét do khéng tuyét d6i néu biét rang AE, phu thuge vao nhiét dO theo cOng thitc AE, (1) = AB, (0) — a. (4-3) Tinh néng do dien tit, 16 cong, vi tri mic Fermi (so véi dink ving héa tri) ciia silic chia 1,1- 10°" nguyén tir B trén cm’ & nhiét dO 200%. Chic dai iuong trén sé thay déi nfur thé nao khi pha thém vio mdu céc nguyen tir photpho véi néng dd 9-10" nguyén tir P tren 1cm?. Cho biét néng d6 hat din riéng trong silic 6 300K Ia n; = 1,45-10'cm-", AB, = 1, 12eV, N, = 2,8-10em-*; Ny =1-10"em—, (4-4) Hay ching minh cong thitc néng d6 dién tir trong bin din suy bien loai x. 8x (2m\%? m= G(r) ere Xuat phat ry nguyén ly bit dinh Heisenberg Ar-Ap, = h Ay-Apy = h Qz-Ap, = h (4-5) Gia sit bin din Si loai n* voi Ng = 19" em* tip saic véi Si loai n v6i Ny = 10“cm~S, Hay tinh mic Fermi (so véi day ving din) trong timg vat Jigu n€u gia thigt ban din khong suy bién,4.8. Ban din khong ding nhdt, chuyén tidp pon 209 Khi can bing nhiét dong mite Fermi trong hai vat ligu 12 béing nhau, hay vé dinh tinh so dé ving ning lgng. Giai bai todn khi mu thit hai 18 loai p véi V7, = 10'em~®, Cho biét V, = 2,8-10!%em-3;.N, = 1-10!%cm=3, (4-6) Tinh do dan cila silic tinh khiét 6 3004. Biét n; = 1,45: 10!cm-*, DO linh dong cha dién tit 4. = 1450cm?/Vs; do linh dOng cla 16 tréng pp = 450em?Vs. Gidi bai todn khi silic duge pha them mot néng dd asen véi néng dd 1-10! nguyen tit tren 1cm~3, Giai bai todn sau khi silic dugc pha thém tiép tuc mot néng do nhom 12. 1-10"? nguyén tt trén 1cm~* (4-7) Tinh hiéu cong thodt dién tit gitfa hai mau silic, mu thir nhat pha tap loai n v6i Ng = 1-10'em%, mau thi 2 pha tap loai p vdi'N, = 1-10"Sem=3, Cho. biét AZ, bang 1, 12eV, nhiét dO 300K V6i kT = 0,026eV, N, = 2,8-10'%om-9 Ny =1-10% em, Néu hai mau nay tiép xtic vi nhau, trong diéu kién can bang tinh hang ro thé nang d6i véi dién tir gitta hai mau. (4-8) Tinh bé day va dién dung Idp chuyén tiép p — n, biét: ~ Thién dp nguce Uy, = 20V. - Hang s6 dién m6i tuong di « = 16. - N6ng do pha tap bén phiin p la .N, = 4-10?'m-* ~ N6ng do pha tap bén phén n 1a Ny = 2. 10'm-%. - Dién tich lép chuyén tiép 5 = 10-8m?, ~ Hang rio thé nang khi thién 4p bang khong 1a oth =0,5eV. a 9) Cho mét chuyén tiép p—n trén tink thé Ge véi e'= 16, N, 25.10%m-3, = 1-10"m-*. Ndi véi thién ap nguye ‘bang bad nhieu thi, xdy-ra‘hidu img dung ogdm qua lop chuyén tiép. Biét rang trutng téi han dé xdy ra hie ng duémg ngdm Ia €. = 107V/em. Bo qua gid tri bidu thé tip mic Uy." 4 (4-10) Gia sit grad dign thé trong mau silic tinh thé tinh khiét 1a 400v7em, d6 linh dong cia dién tir va 16 eréng tong ung [a 0, 12m?/Vs vi'D, 025th? PVs. Hay xc dinh: a- Téc dO cudn cia dién tt va 16 trong. b- Dien tré suat cia silic, gid sit néng a0 hat din riéng la 2.5- 10%, c- Dang cuén toan phn, néu tiét dien ngang cita mu 1a 0,03 -10-*m?, Dp sé: (4-1) Seg = 3,6. 108210 Chuong 4. Mot s6'vdn dé vat bj ban dén (4-2) AE, (0) = 0,26eV (4-3) af Fy = 1,1- 10cm, fig = 1,91- 10cm —*, Ey = Ey +0, 177eV. b/ Néng do 1d trong, dign tir va mite Fermi 1a: Po = 2-10!em7$ rm = 1-108em~* By = By +0,277eV (4-5) Mite Fermi trong tig vat ligu la: Ep = E,-0,146eV Ej. = Be -0,326eV Ey; = By +0,299eV = EB, ~ 0,821eV (4-6) Do dain dign trong ba trudng hop 1a af ay = 4,4-10-8 phos pj = 22,8: 10-* Mem bf an = 2,32-10-? aL; py = 43,1 Mom cf op = 7.2+ ghgi Pp = 0,13: Nem (4-7) Mite Fermi cia hai vat liéu va higu cong thoat 18 En E, - 0,266eV Ep Ey +0, 119eV Ab = ely = $,- 4 =0,735eV nou (4-8) Dién dung ldp chuyén tiép C = 88, 5pF. (4-9) Thien dp ngugc céin thiét dé xdy ra higu tng duéng ngdm IA Up, = 21,24V. (4-10) a- vgq = 48m/s; tpg = 10m/s. be p= 1,724. 10°Om. c- 1 =6,96-1077A.5.6. Nhiing nguyén IS co ban ciia link kién thu quang (photdétecto) 279 Bai tap chuong V (5-1) Chimg minh cong thitc tinh khdu do sé (NA - Numerical Aperture). NA = (n? = ni)! /2 = m (2a)? (5-2) Ti diéu kién cac mode dan truyén trong soi quang giat cp da mode, bd qua su dich chuyén pha do phan xa & mat phan cach 18i - vb, dénh gid s6 lugng cdc mode dé cho d= 10Aq,n, = 1,5 dd chénh chiét sudt 4 = 0,02. (5-3) Cho soi quang giat cap da mode cé do chénh chiét sudt A = 0,01, chiét suat cita 16i 1,5, biréc sing anh sing A = 1,5,m. Tinh do gidn xung sing, danh gid bé rong dai thong va khdu dé 86 (tinh géc 4,,,,,) cho khoaing cach km. (5-4) Cho mot ban din ving c&m thang tinh khiét c6 bé rng ving cm AB, = 1,5eV, gid sit khoi lugng hiéu dung cita dién tir va 16 tréng la dang hung, bing nhau va bang “3* = 9,1. 10-%?kg . a- Tinh buéc séng nguong hip thu, b- Newdi ta thay ring khi cudmg do anh sang kich thich cud Ién bin din trés nen trong suét véi Anh sing c6 bude séng nguimg tén day. Hay giai thich hign tuong nay. c- Néu mat d@ trang thai trong ving dan va ving héa tri duoc tinh theo cong thie aE) = 28 ey VE-E va néu cho ndng do dién titva néng d6 16 trong do quang phat sinh la 10"%’cm~ hay tinh bude séng ngudng trong truémg hop nay. (5-5) Mot mau ban dan don tinh thé silic c6 bé day 0,2bym dude chiéu sang bing anh sdng don sic cé hy = 3eV véi cong sudt 10m, Tim nang luong téng céng ma mau hdp thu trong 1 gidy, nang Luong nhiét chuyén cho. mang tinh thé trong [s va sO photon sinh ra do tai hop bite xa riéng ( ving - ving) cho hé s6 hap thy & bude sdng dang xét 1A 4-10'em“, AB, = 1, 12eV -6) Mot mdu GaAs duge chiéu sng bai anh sang cé buc séng A = 0,6. Cong sudt tia ti 1a lomW. Néu 1/3 cong sudt dé bi phan xa tré lai vA 1/3 thoat ra tit mat sau cla mu thi bé day cia mau bang bao nhiéu. Tim nang lung nhiét duge truyén cho mang tinh thé trong mot giay. Biét hé sé hap thu a(0,6um) = 5+10'em-!, AB, = 1,42eV. (5-7) Mot quang dan co kich thude L = 6mm, W = 2mm, D = lm dude chiéu boi bite xa déng déu. Do hap thu dnh sing dong dién tang lén 2, 83mA,280 Chuong 5. Mitt) tin higu quang Dién dp dat len 2 cyc 1a 10V. Khi ngat nguén séng dot ng6t dong dién gidm voi van t6c ban dau 18 23,6A/s. Cho biét 1, = 3600cm?/Vs, 4p = 1700em2/Vs. Tim: a) 86 cde dign tir 18 trong phat sinh trong ché do dig; b) thoi gian sng cia hat din khéng cd ban; ©) néng dQ hat dan du tén tai sau khi ngat nguén sang tne. Dap so (5-2) N = 6 mode. G-3) At = 5- 1074s; B 5-10" bit/s} Onax = 12°25; NA =O, 212, (B-4) a. An = 0, 827um; ©. dun = 0, 788m. (5-5) Nang lugng truyén cho mang 14 3,9-10-*W; nang luong bitc xa do tai hop 1a 2,4-10-#W; s6 pho tOn tai hop bite xa trong mét gidy 1A 1, 3-10’*phot/s. (5-6) Nang lugng truyén cho mang trong mot giay Ii 1,559nW. (5-7) a. agp = 1- 10cm; b, r= 0,12 10-85; c. n(t) = 2,4. 10cm,