Master's Project

Synthesis and In-Depth Analysis of Water, Energy and Food Issues in
Rio+20 National Reports and Addressing Capacity Building for

Integrated Water – Energy – Food Security Framework in National
Development Planning
By
Anusha Jagannathan
Dr. Timothy. L. Johnson, Advisor
April 2014
Masters project submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

requirements for the Master of Environmental Management Degree in
the Nicholas School of Environment of
Duke University
2014
2
Executive Summary:
The Sustainable Development Conference, commonly known as the Rio 20+

Summit, took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2012. The United Nations, along
with United Nations-Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) helped
prepare sustainable development reports for 60 countries. As an outcome of this
conference, these reports identified water, food and energy security as areas of top
priority for sustainable development planning, with a need to understand their nexus.
This research delves into these issues of integrated energy, water and food security
for the countries of Ethiopia, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Cambodia. These four
countries have agricultural-based economies are extremely vulnerable to climate
variability and resulting disruptions in energy, food and water availability. Rising
electricity and food prices combined with the volatile nature of water resources in an
environment of increasing climate change puts immense pressure on developing and
least developed countries to find sustainable solutions to meet the countries’
developmental and consumption needs. This report analyzes the possibility of
building capacity in these countries through integrated improvement of food, water
and energy sector planning with recommendations and incentives for integrated
management.
3
Table of Contents
Background on research initiative 5

Introduction 6
Tools and Methodologies 12
Understanding the nexus and working at it 14
Pilot Study: Ethiopia 16
Pilot Study: Sri Lanka 26
Pilot Study: Timor Leste 37
Pilot Study: Cambodia 43
Summary Table 47
Stakeholder Analysis 49
Problem Tree Analysis 51
Objective Tree analysis 52
Log Frame 53
Recommendations 59
Incentive to Stakeholders 62
Constraints 63
Conclusion 64
4
Background on the research initiative
As part of the United Nations conference for sustainable development, more

commonly known as the “Rio 20+, United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development”1, organized by the Brazilian government, the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) and UNDESA helped prepare a sustainable
development report for 60 countries. These reports identified water, food and energy
security as areas of top priority for sustainable development plans, with a need to
understand their nexus. In preparation of their national reports and Rio dialogues,
many countries acknowledged the need to include food security as part of their
sustainable development goals. Currently water is also identified as a priority area,
which is addressed under the Millennium Development Goals-7 (MDG7), and
energy access, which is now being recognized under the Secretary General’s
Sustainable “Energy for All” initiative. These sectors are faced with major
challenges, especially in African, South East Asian and South Asian countries. 2
Hence it is essential to conduct an integrated analysis of these sectors to understand
the political and social climate around them and develop strategies, which can lead
to simultaneous improvement of these sectors. This research delves into these issues
of integrated energy, water and food security for the countries of Ethiopia, Timor-
Leste, Ethiopia, and Cambodia. All these countries essentially being agricultural-
based economies are extremely vulnerable to climate variability, disruptions in
energy and water availability. Rising electricity and food prices combined with the
volatile nature of water resources in an environment of increasing climate change
puts immense pressure on developing and least developed countries to find
sustainable solutions to meet the countries’ developmental and consumption needs.
To find a solution to food and energy insecurity and make these three sectors more
sustainable, it is essential to work at the nexus of the three sectors and study their
dependence and integrated developmental prospects.
1
The report is available on the UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform at
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=400&nr=742&menu=35
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/742RIO+20_Synthesis_Report_Final.pdf
2
4 Countries include Cambodia, Ethiopia, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia
5
Introduction
Energy
In many of these countries, there is a problem of unaffordable electricity, lack of

energy access, and excessive dependence on fossil fuel for energy production.
Currently Ethiopia and Timor-Leste suffer from lack of access to energy and
electricity leading to highly unaffordable electricity prices. 3
Nepal and Bhutan have
tremendous hydropower potential, which is however extremely vulnerable to climate
variations and international border tensions. Currently most of the hydroelectricity
produced in Bhutan is sold to India and accounts for over 50% of the government’s
gross income4. In the event of climate variations such as droughts or floods, the
electricity production and hence export can go down. This in turn can go on to affect
the gross domestic income and food security.
The developing countries are also extremely dependent on fossil fuel for meeting
their energy needs. Over 2.5 billion people in developing nations depend on
charcoal, fuel wood, biomass, animal dung, and agricultural waste, which accounts
for about 90% of their total household consumption.5 By 2030, this number is
expected to rise to 2.7 billion, i.e. one third of the world’s population will be
dependent on unsustainable energy sources. The use of these sources adversely
affects the health of the people along with contributing to climate change and GHG
emissions.
Water:
In the water sector there is limited access both for consumption and non-
consumption purposes in many areas, and hence most countries are focused on
increasing water coverage, access and sanitation. Nepal and Timor-Leste suffers
from water contamination problems, while Cambodia has water scarcity and also is
faced with the challenge of contamination of the existing water resources by
3
Cambodia’s electricity sector, Kongchheng Poch
..\Downloads\Chapter 7-Cambodia's Electricity Sector in the Context of Regional Electricity Market
Integration.pdf
4
Hydropower vulnerability and Climate change, Middlebury College, ..\Downloads\
globalhydro_final_dm.pdf
5
Energy for cooking in Developing countries, IEA, ..\Downloads\cooking.pdf
6
industrial and human activities. The synthesis reports focused on identifying priority
areas within the water management sector. The World Water Day was observed on
22 March,6 2014 while over 2 billion people have gained access to potable water
since 2000. 6
A few of the objectives under the water sector are to increase water
access and water supply coverage in Tanzania, Ethiopia 7and Cambodia8, waste
water management in Ethiopia and Timor-Leste, and better water sanitation in
Timor-Leste. In Sri-Lanka, especially in Colombo, about 95% of the water is
supplied through pipes; however, the fluctuating pressure and intermittent supply is a
growing problem in these pipelines. The pipes in the center of the city are older than
one hundred years, while around 700km of water distribution network pipes are over
fifty years old. Of the entire water generation, about 49% of water is non-revenue
producing, which amounted to about 290,000 m3 2011. Currently 33% is due to
commercial losses, 11% is free water and 5% commercial losses. 9Currently about
90% of Nepal’s population is dependent on Agriculture for its livelihood and this
sector is hugely dependent on availability of water. Lack of availability of water may
directly affect the economic conditions and food security in Nepal. 10 Nepal11 and
Bhutan 12 are now focusing on utilizing water for renewable sources of energy
production, while there is a focus on increasing water supply coverage and water
access in Cambodia and Ethiopia.13
Food Security:
6
World Water day, 22March, www.un.org/en/events/waterday/
7
Success Story, Increasing water access in Ethiopia
http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/Success%20Story-Ethiopia.pdf
8
Improving Local service Delivery for MDG’s in Asia, Water and sanitation sector in Cambodia
http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/publications/undp_improving_local_service_delivery_water_
and_sanitation_sector_cambodia.pdf
9
5148-004: Greater Colombo Water and Wastewater Management Improvement Investment Program
(Facility Concept) http://www.adb.org/projects/45148-004/details
10
Natural resources Security in South Asia: Nepal’s
waterhttp://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/2007/0710Nepal.pdf
11
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/02/05/renewable-energy-powers-rural-nepal-into-
the-future
12
Bhutan, Renewable energy policy, http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/RE-Policy-
65.pdf
13
"Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation." Unicef, World Health Organization, n.d. Web.
<http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMPreport2012.pdf>.
7
The World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security as “when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life” 14. Food
security can be defined and identified at the national and household levels. The
macro level looks into national food security and can be defined as “self-sufficiency,
i.e. the country has enough food for its needs or that which its population demands”.
This approach looks essentially at the supply alone and not distribution of the food,
which is equally important15. “A household is considered food secure if it has the
ability to acquire the food needed by its members”.
FAO defines food security on individual bases however measures food security by
interviewing household members and self reported cases of good insecurity, These
“Household food insecurity scales are officially used by the Government in United
States to calculate food insecurity, and is now also being adopted by other
developing countries.16. This system however leads to two problems and hence
wrong accounting:
1. Household surveys may be biased where individual may chose school fees
and housing above food consumption and security.
2. The food allocation reported by households may not be based on the needs of
each individual.
3. Food security may not necessarily lead to nutritional security without
satisfactory sanitary conditions and primary healthcare.
4. Food security can also be defined as transitory and periodic insecurity,
where transitory food insecurity has to do with seasonal insecurity while
periodic insecurity refers to long-term lack of access to food.
The ability to acquire food for many crop growing and non-growing families in
developing countries is related the price of the food.
14
FAO 1996, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM
15
Andersen, Pinstrup. Food Security: Definition and Measurement. N.p.: n.p., 2009. Print.
16
Coates, Jennifer, Anne Swindale, and Paula Bilinsky. "Household Food Insecurity, Access Scale
for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide." N.p., 2007. Web.
<http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/eufao-fsi4dm/doc-training/hfias.pdf>.
Nord et al. 2009; Coates et al. 201
8
Food production in many of these countries is dependent on climate variations. With
growing population in these countries, there is a conflict between keeping up with
growing agricultural needs to fight food insecurity and to keep abreast with
developing renewable energy strategies for greening the economies. Currently about
5.9% of the Bhutanese population lives below the poverty line and consumes less
food than what is indicated by the poverty line. Being agricultural-based economies,
the food supply in these countries depends on the availability of water and energy. In
Nepal, 90% of the nation is dependent on agriculture and tourism for its livelihood,
while in Bhutan about 50% of the federal income comes from exporting
hydroelectricity to India5. With lack of water availability and energy availability/
production, these economies may directly feel the hit, which will directly impact
food security7. With rising energy and food prices, there is an increasing threat to
food security in these countries.
Hence it is clear that each sector is co-dependent on the other and with unsustainable
management of one, the other sectors will also directly or indirectly be impacted.
This report explores the current situation at the nexus of food security, energy and
water security in these countries. On the basis of this analysis, I provide
recommendations for capacity building in these sectors, which can be implemented
at the national level.
UNDP defines capacity development as the “process through which individuals,
Organizations and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain the capabilities to
Achieve their own development objectives over time.”17
Expected Outcome:
Energy:
Capacity Development, http://www.scor-int.org/CB_Summit/UNDP_Frequently%20Asked
17
%20Questions%20on%20Capacity%20Development%20June%202009_with%20bookmarks.pdf
9
A shift in the energy sector from fossil fuel to more renewable energy based
economies, namely wind, solar and hydroelectric power is expected. Most renewable
energy projects are undertaken by civil society organizations hence there is lack of
government support and infrastructure to make effective reforms. There is also an
immense problem of energy access in many countries, particularly affordable
electricity.
Water:
The aim is to improve water sanitation and water access, and incorporate better
waste water treatment technologies. In a conflict to keep up with greening the
economies and growing agricultural needs, renewable energy technologies need to
be adopted which can ensure constant and sustainable supply of water and also, be
less water intensive. These in turn May automatically go on to make the agricultural
and hence the food sector more secure. Hence, there is a need for better utilization of
water resources for hydroelectric power generation, renewable energy and
agricultural water use aimed at sustainable resource optimization.
Food insecurity:
The poverty line is defined as the minimum level of income, to meet basic needs
considered adequate in a country. About 80% of the world lives with an income of
10$ per day while 80% of the world’s population lives in countries with maximum
economic inequality. The poorest 40% of the world account for about 5% of the total
world’s income while the richest 20% account for about one third of the world’s
income. Most of these poor people are concentrated in developing nations. 18In
developing countries, the population is generally high and the per capita GDP is low.
Especially in Ethiopia (46.6%19) of total national income, Tanzania (27.8%20 of total
national income) Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Nepal, Bhutan (50% 5 of total national
income) and Ethiopia, the major sources of income is the agricultural sector which is
18
Poverty facts and stats, Global Issues, http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-
stats
19
Ethiopia Economy profile, 2013, http://www.indexmundi.com/Ethiopia/economy_profile.html
20
Tanzania Country report, Global Finance, http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-reports/164-
tanzania-gdp-country-report.html#axzz2ifHuzeLi
10
dependent on water for harvesting the crops. The agricultural sector is also energy
intensive with high demand for diesel, fuel, propane, agricultural chemicals and
animal feed. Since these countries do not have any mainstay industry besides
agriculture, there is immense pressure to keep up with the needs of the growing
population and increase in demand for food and agricultural produce with limited
supply of water and energy and money.
11
Tools and Methodologies:
This report draws primarily on United Nations sustainable development reports for
background information. The NSDS has set guidelines for sustainable development
and provides toolkits for incorporating sustainable development as part of national
development. The following procedure was conducted to prepare this report
1. Literature review using UN and World Bank reports

2. Stakeholder analysis
3. Problem tree analysis
4. Log frame
5. Solution tree analysis
The following reports have been used to conduct this research

Ethiopia, Africa
1. Ethiopia’s five year growth and transformation plan 2010-201421

2. The millennium Development Goals Report 201322
3. UNDP Ethiopia Key results23
4. UNDP Ethiopia Elements of Future Engagements24
5. MDGs in Ethiopia-Analyzing Regional Performance and Disparities in
Health Outcomes25
Cambodia, Southeast Asia

1. National Strategic Development Plan Update 2009-201326
2. The Cambodian Government’s Achievements and Future Direction in
Sustainable Development27
21
Growth and Transformation plan 2010-11-2014015, Ministry of finance and Economic
Development, the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, September 2010.
22
The Millennium Development Goals Report , United Nations, 2013
23
UNDP Ethiopia 2011 Key Results, UNDP, 2011
24
UNDP Ethiopia 2011 Key Results and Elements of Future Engagements for Transformational
Change, UNDP, 2011
25
Development brief, Analysing Regional Performance and Disparities in Health Outcomes in
Ethiopia, UNDP Ethiopia, No. 2/2012
26
National Strategic Development Plan 2009-2013, Royal Government of Cambodia, November 2009
27
The Cambodian Government’s Achievements and Future Direction in Sustainable Development,
Kingdom of Cambodia, 2012
12
3. The Millennium Development Goals Report 201328
4. Cambodia Human Development Report 201129
5. UN Common Advocacy Point – Food Security and Nutrition30
6. Impact of High Food Prices in Cambodia31
Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia
1. Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-203032

2. Sustainable Development in Timor-Leste33
4. Timor-Leste MDG-F Case Study Evaluation, 201235
Ethiopia, South Asia

1. Ethiopia Strategy for Sustainable Development36
3. Ethiopia Human Development Report 201238
4. Rapid Assessment of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on
Employment and Industrial Relations in Ethiopia39
28
The Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, 2013
29
The Future for Rural Livelihoods in the face of Climate Change, Cambodia Human Development
Report 2011, Ministry of Environment of Cambodia and UNDP Cambodia, 2011
30
Food Security and Nutrition Common Advocacy Points 2011, United Nations in Cambodia, 2011
31
Impact of High Food Prices in Cambodia, Cambodia Development Resource Institute, October
2008
32
Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030, Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste
33
Sustainable Development in Timor-Leste, Ministry of Economy and Development, February 2012
34
35
Timor-Leste MDG-F Case Study Evaluation, Rita Fernandes, MDG CSE Task Manager, November
2012
36
Ethiopia’s Middle Path to Sustainable Development through ‘Mahinda Chintana – Vision for the
Future’, Country Report of Ethiopia, June 2012
37
38
Ethiopia Human Development Report 2012, UNDP Ethiopia, 2012
39
Rapid Assessment of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Employment and Industrial
Relations in Ethiopia, Ramani Gunatilaka, August 2009
13
Understanding the nexus and the need to work at it
Fig 1: Nexus Diagram
40
"Water Food and Energy Nexus In Asia and the Pacific." United Nations, ESCAP, n.d. Web.
<http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/documents/
programs_hydropolitics_sdgs/Water-Food-Nexus%20Report.pdf>.
From the above figure it is clear how the three sectors are interdependent and how
streamlining one cam go on to affect the others and vice versa.
In the year 2000, following the United Nations summit, the UN adopted eight
international development goals, which address issues of extreme poverty,
sustainability and health issues. These are more commonly known as the Millennium
Development Goals, or MDG’s. From 1998 to 2008 there has been immense
progress made in areas, which are now covered under the MDG’s. 38
The Millennium Development Goals for Ethiopia are: 38
40
"Water Food and Energy Nexus In Asia and the Pacific." United Nations, ESCAP, n.d. Web.
<http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/documents/
programs_hydropolitics_sdgs/Water-Food-Nexus%20Report.pdf>.
14
1. “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve primary universal education
3. Promote gender equality and women empowerment
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS/Malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability”
After the 1992, sustainable development conference, a follow up conference in 2012

was conducted in Rio, where most developing countries identified the need to focus
on water, and food security. These issues directly address the Millennium
Development Goal of “eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, and ensuring
environmental sustainability.”
Currently there is no country that has policies to address the energy, water and food
sector as an integrated sector with a common management. Hence, this report looks
into the opportunities and areas where the energy, water and food sector can be
integrated and the incentives for doing this.
15
Pilot Study: Ethiopia
Fig 2(a): Ethiopia Graph 2(b) Africa Map
41
2 (a) ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d. Web. 09
Apr. 2014.
2(b) ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d. Web. 09 Apr.
2014.
41
"ETHIOPIA." Ethiopia Map / Geography of Ethiopia / Map of Ethiopia. World Atlas, n.d.
Web. 09 Apr. 2014.
16
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ethiopia) is a land locked country in the
Horn of Africa spanning an area of 1,104,000 square km 42. Of this, approximately
85% of the people live in rural areas. It is bordered by Eretria to the north, Djibouti
and Somalia to east, Sudan and South Sudan to the West, by Kenya to the South. As
of December 2012, Ethiopia had a population of 91.5 million 43, which is heavily
dependent on natural resources. Agriculture is one of the largest sectors in Ethiopia,
contributing about 46.6% 44
of the nation’s total revenue. Exports under the
agricultural sector include coffee, oil, flowers, vegetables and natural seeds. About
90% of the population earns its living through agriculture and the livestock sector,
which includes cattle export, hides and skins.45
Current Status Review
The millennium development goals require Ethiopia the country to integrate

sustainable development as part of the national development policy and programs.
Through the climate resilient strategies CRGE and medium term strategies, the
country has made immense progress in the sustainable development sector. Under
these, access to clean and safe drinking water has more than doubled in the last five
years to 58.25% in 2011-2012. The sanitation coverage in the rural areas has also
increased from 60-80%, while urban sanitation coverage increased from 64-86%.
Currently Ethiopia also has the lowest per capita carbon emissions. Though a lot of
development has happened under the MDG’s there is still a lot of room for
improvement in the country and the MDG’s provide a good platform for structured
development in the country. Hence the millennium development goals are of
significance to Ethiopia as they help in sustainable development of the country. 46
42
"Ethiopia." Ethiopia. World Bank, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia>.
43
Ethiopia Population." - Demographics. Index Mundi, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/population.html>
44
"Ethiopia Economy Profile 2013." Ethiopia Economy Profile 2013. Index Mundi, n.d. Web. 23
Apr. 2014. <http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/economy_profile.html>.
45
Ethiopia. Ethiopian Embassy. Embassy of Ethiopia, Washington DC. Investing in Ethiopia. N.p.:
n.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/pdf/investingagriculture.pdf>.
46
"The Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015." Millennium Development Goals.
United Nations, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014.
17
In Ethiopia there was a 30% decrease in population living under the poverty line
(1.25$ per day) and a 60% increase in GDP between 1999 and 2009. The
employment-to-population ratio increased by approximately 15% from 1991-2008. It
received about 5-8% ODA investment in agriculture, which was on the higher end of
the MDG between 2005-2008. However, money for food still comes from aid. Lack
of energy access, unsustainable water resource management, harvesting of natural
resources, and renewable energy development pose challenges for achieving and
sustaining the MDGs environmental goal.
Currently Ethiopia is faced with inadequate energy and over 80% of the nation does
not have energy access. Ethiopia has huge water resources, but still has one of the
lowest levels of water supply and sanitation service in the world. There are low
levels of irrigation development and challenges in hydropower development, and
very few disaster risk mitigation strategies. These countries are not well prepared in
times of floods, droughts, hurricane or other natural disasters to have resilience and
recovery or relief strategies. 47
In spite of vast water resources, less than 5% of
irrigable land is used of used for food production. 48 Challenges in the hydropower
sector include:
1. Impacts of dam construction on the local communities. For example in the
case of the Gilgel Gibe III hydropower plant, the effects on the community
Addisu Bodderu Peasant association are being analyzed 49
2. A few of the negative impacts were
a. Dislocation of people from the their communities
b. Impacts on protected areas and natural vegetation
c. Impacts on wildlife and farmlands.
d. This project will go on to dislocate and destroy of few of the natural
habitat and vegetation around the community 50
47
Water and poverty linkages in Africa- Ethiopia case study pdf
48
Integrated Management of the Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia
under Climate Variability and Climate Change
49
https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/32612/MPhil-Thesis-
ThexChallengesxofxRenewablexEnergyxResourcexDeviopment-
ThexCasexofxGilgelxGibexIIIxHydropowerxProjectxinxEthiopia.pdf?sequence=1
50
"Environmental and Social Impact Assessment." African Development Bank. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Gibe%20III_EIA_
%20Executive%20Summary%20EBJK%2006-08-08.pdf>.
18
3. During construction of the largest hydropower dam on the Nile River, flaws
have been detected in the design of its foundation.51
There has, however, been an increase in water access and sanitation in the last
decade. In the year 2000, 13% of the population (50 million then) lived in rural areas
of which 73% had access to safe drinking water. Access to sanitation was only 6% in
rural and 62% in urban areas. These figures have significantly improved now. In the
year 2009, water supply coverage had risen to 62% in rural areas and 89% in rural
areas, with an overall level of 62%. The sanitation however has shown lesser
improvement with only 39% coverage in 2009 52
Ethiopia’s acrimonious history with Somalia and Eritrea, has led to economic
downturns. There has been immense expenditure on wars and conflict resolution that
could have been utilized for economic development and resource utilization.
In 2007, Ethiopia was running its second cycle of its Poverty Reduction Strategic
plan, and a universal access plan for water access and sanitation for the whole
country. However vulnerability to climate change has hindered most plans and has
led to natural resource degradation leading to water and food insecurity. The
temperature is expected to rise by 1.5-degree Celsius during all seasons making
regions in Sub-Saharan Africa to become even drier than the most regions. With the
already increasing water stress in Africa, this may lead to severe water shortages for
70-220 million people by 2020. This in turn would affect agriculture and food
secudrity25. Currently Ethiopia is faced with inadequate energy and over 80% of the
nation does not have energy access. In spite of vast water resources, less than 5%
irrigable land is used for food production.53There is only one railroad running across
Ethiopia connecting Djibouti to Addis Ababa, however about 77% of the national
51
"Ethiopian Hydropower Dam Assessment Warns of Structural Weakness."Bloomberg Business
Week. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-10-03/ethiopian-hydropower-dam-assessment-warns-of-
structural-weakness>.
52
"Water Supply and Sanitation." Water Supply and Sanitation in Ethiopia. World Bank, n.d. Web.
<http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Ethiopia.pdf>.
53
"Integrated Management of the Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia, Hydropower and Irrigation Modeling"
International Food Policy Research Institute, n.d. Web.
<http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Block2007Integrated(1).pdf>.
19
foreign currency income is spent on importing fuel. 41 Most of the GDP goes into
funding the fuel needs of the nation.
Energy:
Situated in the horn of Africa, Ethiopia is naturally endowed with vast hydropower,
solar, geothermal and wind energy resources. Together, these resources produce
998.7 kWh yearly of which 83% of which is produced by hydroelectric power plants
and 17% through thermal installations.54 However, to date more than one third of the
nation does not have access to electricity and the country is more vulnerable to
energy insecurity due to fluctuating prices and supply.
Ethiopia is endowed with vast amounts of natural resources but most of them are
underutilized. It has the second largest hydropower potential in Africa after Congo,
however only 2% of the potential is currently being utilized. 55. In 2009 92% of the
population was dependent on biofuel and waste. There is a huge dependence on
biomass (92% of the total renewable energy) most of which comes from wood,
charcoal and agricultural residues. Liquid ethanol has also started to be used as a
source of energy in Addis Addaba56. The annual consumption of energy is about 80
million tons while the per capita consumption is about 1 ton.
The Great Energy Valley Summit II, which took place October 23 and 24 in Addis
Addaba, was organized to discuss the energy security situation in Ethiopia and to
decide on the policy forward.
54
"Ethiopia-Energy Resources." Ethiopia-Energy Resources. Mongabay.com, n.d. Web. 23 Apr.
2014. <http://www.mongabay.com/history/ethiopia/ethiopia-energy_resources.html>.
55
Mazengia, Dawit Hailu. "Ethiopian Energy Systems-Potentials, Opportunities and Sustainable
Utilizations." Uppsala University, n.d. Web.
<http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:408745/FULLTEXT01.pdf>.
56
"Great Rift Valley, Energy Summit II." Entico Events, n.d. Web.
<http://www.enticoevents.com/_reports/grv-energy-2/report/downloads/
GRV_Energy_Summit_2_Report.pdf>.
20
Water sector in Ethiopia:
“Water Security” is described as “the nexus between the availability, accessibility

and use of water.” The concept is defined as ‘availability of, and access to water in
sufficient quantity and quality to meet livelihood needs of all households throughout
the year, without considering the needs of other users”57.
Research has shown that there will be increasing water security and access problems
in Africa in the years to come. 20One of the major reasons for this owes to the fact
that over 50 water basins in the continent are interbasin. Hence most water bodies
are shared between nations leading to water conflicts and intercommunal intolerance,
which results in “tragedy of the commons” problems. Unsustainable water resource
management, harvesting of natural resources and energy development pose
challenges for achieving and sustaining the MDGs environmental goals in the
country. Ethiopia currently has 12 water basins, with 122-billion m3 runoff volume,
about 2.5-6.5 billion m3 ground water potential, with a total average of, 1575 m3.
Inspite of this available water, due to lack of storage facilities, the farmers do not get
enough water for irrigation, which makes it hard for most farmers to produce more
than one crop.58 Ethiopia has huge water resource development potential; but with a
hydropower potential of 45GW only 2% of it is developed so far. 59 20
The, existing
policies have not unlocked this potential to use water for developmental purposes25.
Beyond water sanitation and access, water security greatly also takes into account
the dependence and vulnerabilities of communities on water, water linked
opportunities, societal stability and human dependence on resources. Adding to this,
growing evidence of climate change, directly affects the rural communities. The
57
"Climate Change, Water and Food Security." Overseas Development Institute, n.d. Web.
<http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4116.pdf>.
58
"Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia." International Water Management,
Institute Colombo, n.d. Web.
<http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/4738/WP123.pdf?sequence=1>.
59
"Brief Description of Ethiopian Hydropower Development." N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://nrec.mn/data/uploads/Nom%20setguul%20xicheel/Water/badrakh%20china/Ethiopia.pdf>.
21
poorer regions of Ethiopia, where the pastoral farmers live do not get rains on time
anymore, and have inconsistent weather patterns, which is making it harder for them
to sell their livestock. Ethiopia remains one of the least developed countries, ranking
157 out of 169 according to UNDP reports, and climate change variability has been
affecting water, energy and food security.
Food security issues:
Food security in Ethiopia greatly depends on rainfall. Ethiopia is constantly faced

with food security challenges due to land degradation, and consistently changing
weather patterns in poorer pastoral regions leading to lower crop productivity. This
greatly affects the agricultural sector, which employs about 80% of the population of
about 82 million people. There has been an improvement in this sector in recent
years, however. In the Northern part of the country physical and biological soil
measures in the recent past, area cover measures, have been adopted and
implemented since early 1990s46. One such example of a success story is the forest
and woodland cover increase in Tigray. This has been achieved under the food for
work program which is now covered under the Safety Net program during PASDEP,
a plan for accelerated and sustained development to end Poverty, which covers food
security issues for the entire nation.46 Overall inflation in the food sector increased
by about 7% for general, 3.8% for food items and 10.8% for non food items. There
was an increase in consumer price index of bread and cereals by 6.6%.60
Climate change and weather patterns variations have led to soil degradation leading
to crop failure in rural Ethiopia 61. Climate change is not directly a cause of concern
for the whole nation but it does adversely affects the pastoral farmers, who need to
fight for dwindling natural resources like water, land and cattle for agriculture. This
is turn makes the food security of the nation more vulnerable. The Government has
reported an immediate assistance of 4.5 million people for food62.
60
http://www.wfp.org/countries/ethiopia/food-security
61
Ethiopia, Climate change Environment and security,
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0Byky6NvKhSPzM1ljVG94eFBMbkk/edit?usp=drive_web
62
UPC conflict, Climate change and water security in Sub Saharan Africa, Oluwole Akiyode
September 01, 2011, http://www.monitor.upeace.org/innerpg.cfm?id_article=821
22
Basic issues of food security for the poor, inadequate nutrition levels, and low rural
incomes have been prevalent in Ethiopia for a long time. The prices of maize and
cereals have been stable, with a decrease of 5% in wheat and a 1% decrease in maize
price by July 2013. The recorded import parity prices for white maize and wheat
were US $ 447/mt and at US $ 374/mt for wheat respectively. The hunger index has
also reduced from around 45 to 30 from 1988-92 to 2003-08.
Existing Policies:
After the Rio summit in 1992, Ethiopia adopted many sustainable development
plans. A few of them are medium and long term policies focused on agriculture such
as the Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), Poverty reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP), a plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End
poverty (PASDEP) 2005/6-2009/10.63 In 2011, Ethiopia also developed a Climate
Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE), which was launched at the 17th COP to
UNFCCC in Durban.
The CRGE has a four-pillar strategy, which aims at the development of a green
economy:
1. “Adoption of agricultural and land use efficiency measures Rio+20, National
Assessment Report 2012”
2.” Increased GHG sequestration in forestry, i.e., protecting and re-establishing
forests for their economic and ecosystem services including carbon stocks “
3. “Deployment of renewable and clean power generation”
4. “Use of appropriate advanced technologies in industry, transport, and buildings64”
To follow up with effective implementation of the CRGE, the Government has also
created institutional arrangements such as a CRGE facility within the Ministry of
Finance and Economic Development. While each sector will have an environmental
segment to prepare its resilient plans, the UNDP is in charge of managing the CRGE
funds and resources.26
63
United nations Conference on sustainable Development,
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/973ethiopia.pdf
64
Rio20+ National assessment Report
http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/814UNCSD%20REPORT%20final%20revs.pdf
23
In 2010, Ethiopia also formulated the (GTP) Growth and Transformation Plan,
which is one of the most ambitious plans, which seeks to integrate sustainable
development and principles. A vast range of policies have been formulated for
environment, water, forest, climate change and biodiversity under Article 3.2 of the
national development plans prepared by the United Nations. The Ethiopian
Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1994, while the Institute of
Ethiopian Wildlife and Conservation authority has been strengthened to enhance
biodiversity and sustainability6.
A few of the major environmental challenges faced are to reduce pollution in urban
areas, land degradation, fragmentation and impact on rural-urban migration, lack of
skilled human resources in planning and implementation of green economy strategy.
A few of the national policies are:
Sector National Policies

Water  Increasing water supply and sanitation rural areas to farmers who
are dependent on rainfall for irrigation
 Improving conditions to incorporate rainwater harvesting practice
 Improving awareness in households about maintaining sanitation
and hygienic conditions
 Improving farm water management
 Promoting Rainwater capture and storage
 Adopting 5% water per cent flow policy, which would help the
nation to retain 5% of the water that flows through the Sudano-
Ethiopian border
 Increase volume of water tanks for drought affected areas
 Increase tarrification and fees on sanitation in cities where density
is considered high
 Construct public sanitation facilities
 Introduce agricultural pastoral methods and technologies
 Incorporate new technologies and build infrastructure for
24
rainwater harvesting.
 Increase water supply, sanitation and adaptation resilience.
 Access to affordable technology
 Improving farm water management
 Rainwater capture and storage
Energy  “Transform from traditional to modern energy sources
 Promote development of the energy sector65
 Undertake studies on development and utilization of energy and
improve13 the electric energy aimed at growth and expansion13
 Promote infrastructure for development of alternative renewable
sources13
 Build better petroleum storage and facilities units13
 Deployment of renewable and clean power generation
 Use of appropriate technologies in industry transport and
buildings “
Food  Addressing issues of poor food security, inadequate nutrition, low
Security insecure rural income
 Increasing the quality and quantity of domestic investment in
agriculture
 “Adoption of agricultural and land use efficiency measures”
65
Ministry of water and energy, Federal Democratic of Ethiopia http://www.mowr.gov.et/
25
Pilot Study: Sri Lanka
Fig: 3(a) Map of Sri Lanka 3(b) Map or Asia
3(a) "SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d. Web. 22
Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.
Fig 3(b)66 "SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d.
Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.
Sri Lanka, formerly known, as Ceylon is an island country in South Asia, located in
66
"SRI LANKA." Sri Lanka Map / Geography of Sri Lanka / Map of Sri Lanka. N.p., n.d. Web. 22
Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/lk.htm>.
26
the northern part of the Indian Ocean. With a total land area of 25332 square miles, it
has a population of about 20.33 million. The GDP of the country is mainly
constituted by the three sectors; agriculture, industry and services which account for
11.1%, 30.4% and 58.5% of GDP respectively. In the year 2012, the agricultural and
fisheries sector recorded a growth of about 5.8%, 8.1% in the industrial sector and
7.9% in the services sector as measured based for the third quarter of 2013.67 A few
of the major agricultural crops are paddy, tea, rubber and coconut.
The MDGs require the country to integrate sustainable development as part of the
national development policy and programs. The Sri Lankan Government participated
in the MDG summit and 2000 and has henceforth been committed to the cause. To
achieve the MDGs a campaign has been launched, under the Ministry and finance
and planning with direct guidance from UNDP.68 To achieve this, the country has
also adopted the Pro-Poor and the Pro Growth strategies, which have led to
improvement in some social sectors. Much work still needs to be done to make more
progressively towards the MDGs.
The millennium development goals require the country to integrate sustainable

development as part of the national development policy and programs. The Sri
Lankan Government participated in the MDG summit and 2000 and has henceforth
been committed to the cause. To achieve the MDGs a campaign has been launched,
under the Ministry and finance and planning with direct guidance from UNDP. 69 To
achieve this, the country has also adopted the Pro-Poor and the Pro-Growth
strategies, which have led to improvement in some social sectors. Much work still
needs to be done to achieve the MDGs
A few of the environmental problems prevalent in Sri Lanka are deforestation, soil
erosion, wildlife population threatened by poaching and urbanization, coastal
67
"Department of Census and Statistics- Sri Lanka." Department of Census and Statistics-Sri Lanka.
Government of Sri Lanka, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. <http://www.statistics.gov.lk/>.
68
Millennium Development Goals, http://www.undp.org/content/srilanka/en/home/mdgoverview/
69
Millennium Development Goals, http://www.undp.org/content/srilanka/en/home/mdgoverview/
27
degradation from mining activities, contamination of freshwater sources from
mining activities and run offs, waste disposal, air pollution etc.70
The pro-poor pro-growth strategy is essentially one “which incorporates the positive
attributes of the market economic policy with the domestic aspirations by providing
necessary domestic support to enterprises, and encouraging foreign investment” 71
The Government is trying to promote the pro poor pro growth strategy by
introducing plans such as the “Mahinda Chinthana” and the “Mahinda Chinthana:
Vision for a new Sri Lanka, a ten year development framework 2006-2016.” This
focuses on various sectors including energy, knowledge, aviation, commercial and
employment. Under the energy sector, it has been proposed to develop the nation’s
own energy sources and also strengthen the electricity grid to ensure uninterrupted
electricity supply. Under this plan, it has been proposed that the vehicles driven in
the country and the electricity supplied will be provided through locally produced
oil. This program is also expected to increase the employment opportunities in the
country. To follow up, the workshop “Service Delivery and pro-growth in Sri
Lanka” is specifically focused on pro-poor development strategies. The aim of these
programs is essentially harness local aspirations of the people by investing in
ambitious projects and also bringing in foreign investments to promote economic
development. The country has achieved a growth of about 3 percent in its GDP in
the last two decades, while poverty declined from 26 to 23 percent. The policies also
focus on reducing disparity between urban and rural estate poverty and across
various districts in the country.72
Energy:
70
Country Energy Information, Sri Lanka,
http://www.energyrecipes.org/reports/genericData/Asia/061129%20RECIPES%20country%20info
%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf
71
Service Delivery for Pro Poor Growth in Sri Lanka,
http://www.ips.lk/events/workshops/11_18_012007/concept_note.pdf
28
Energy is a mandatory requirement for Sri Lanka, for its day-to-day functions and is
also a major developmental sector in the country. The energy demands in the country
are met via the following sources
1. Indigenous primary sources
2. Imported primary sources of energy
3. Imported secondary sources of energy.72
Sri Lanka currently uses 47% biomass, 8% hydropower and 45% petroleum to meet
total energy demands with a per capita consumption of 4 toe 73. As on date Sri Lanka
produces about 53.38% of electricity from renewable sources and 16 large
hydroelectric power plants have been established generating 1205 MW and wind
power of 3MW 38. As on May 30, 2013, Sri Lanka had 0.55 Quadrillion Btu of total
primary energy production, 0.228 of total primary energy consumption and 1512 Btu
per 2005 US Dollars, of energy intensity74 33.
In the year 2012, the total electricity
generated grew by 4.4%. The indigenous sources contribute to about 56% of the
energy production in the country, while most of the energy produced can be
attributed to fossil fuel energy and hydroelectricity. To date most of the
hydroelectricity has already been harnessed and hence energy from fossil fuels is
expected to grow in the coming years 36.
The Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority was established in 2007 to provide
sustainable solutions to the growing energy needs in Sri Lanka and for devising
environmental friendly energy strategies 38. This agency aimed at moving the country
towards renewable energy sources and shifting from conventional energy sources to
more sustainable sources.38
A project under the Sri Lanka sustainable energy plan is the Hiru Saviya project,
which aims to provide solar powered electricity in rural villages, which are not
connected to the national grid. 38 The first village to have been powered was
72
Ariyadasa, L., Mr. "Current Status of the Energy Situation in Sri Lanka." N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.sa-energy.net/m/vffcL.pdf>.
73
"Expected Outcome of Rio20+ by Sri Lanka." UNCTAD, n.d. Web.
<http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/362sri.pdf>.
74
"Overview Data for Sri Lanka." EIA, n.d. Web. <http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?
fips=CE>.
29
Galgamuwa of Monaragala district vested in public in January 2009. 38 The project
has powered more than 260 houses and powered school streets and lamps and also
powered a village Vedha community in Rathugala. 38
Water sector in Sri Lanka:
Water is an essential part of sustainable development plans in Sri Lanka, and annual
fresh water source is estimated to be 50 m3 Of the total water consumption, 83% is
used up by agriculture, 6% by industry and 5% by domestic purposes. 38 The
Government has been focused on improving water quality and providing safe
drinking water. Currently about 80% of the population has access to safe drinking
water, 30% of which is through piped water supply of the National Board of Water
and Drainage
Sri Lanka typically follows a tank system for irrigation and water supply. The water
sector in Sri Lanka is essentially faced with the following challenges:
1. Lack of clean supply of water
2. Health problems due to water contamination
3. Old pipelines across the center of the city, which produce non-revenue
generating water.
Sri Lanka is also faced with water contamination issues, due to ineffective water
management. Wastewater, sediments due to ineffective land management and
excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural wastes are the main reasons
for contaminated water sources75 76
. The tank system has been one of the water
systems followed in Sri Lanka for years, which not only supplies water for irrigation
but also replenishes the ground water level. Lacks of state run authority to monitor
fertilizer use and use of toxic substances in coconut and paddy plantation is
contributing to long-term impacts on water.
75
"Water Matters (SL) :: IWMI." International Water Management Institute
(IWMI). N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/newsletters-srilanka/water-matters-sl/>.
76
http://www.humanrights.asia/countries/sri-lanka/news/alrc-news/human-rights-council/hrc15/
ALRC-CWS-15-11-2010
30
Two thirds of the country is considered dry zone and about 34% of the country
receives water through pipes systems while the rest of the country depends on local
sources, wells and tube wells, rain water harvesting, canals, steams and springs. 77
As
already mentioned, these pipes in the country are more than 100 years old and over
49% of this water is non-revenue generating.
There is also an increasing concern about the health of the people, as there are
increasing health risks due to unsafe drinking water. Out of 25 districts, about 15
districts do not have safe drinking water. 51
Based on a report prepared by the World Food Program, Ministry of Economic

Development and Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and training institute, a
food security assessment was conducted in April 2011. According to this study,
46% of the nation is food insecure with a 15% being extremely insecure. One of the
provinces of extreme concern is Kolinochchi 78. This study covered 164 locations,
2474 households using a stratified two stage random sampling approach. Low-
income levels and high food prices have been the major reasons for the food
insecurity. The dietary intake levels deteriorated from October 2010 to April 2011. 43
The region of Batticaloa was affected by floods in January and February 2011,
which showed statistics of food insecure regions. The northern and eastern provinces
of the country were more insecure than the others. This is essentially because these
regions are relatively impoverished and the poor regions are affected constantly by
natural calamities, lack of livelihood, unemployment. These were also the areas
affected by war and hence the economic recovery in these regions is yet undergoing.
The reasons contributing to slow economic recovery in these regions are:
77
"SRI LANKA: Lack of Safe Drinking Water Leading to Upsurge in Health Problems." - Asian
Human Rights Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.humanrights.asia/countries/sri-lanka/news/alrc-news/human-rights-council/hrc15/
ALRC-CWS-15-11-2010>.
78
"Food Security, In Northern, Eastern, North Central Provinces, A Food Security Assessment
Report, Sri Lanka." World Food Program, n.d. Web.
<http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp243519.pdf>
31
1) Over 63-75 of households had taken credit with about 20-40% to feed their
families. These households are still in debt.
2) Lack of livelihoods and alternate occupations. Most families are still trying to
build assets, acquire land and liquid assets
3) Underemployment and lack of conventional and regular sources of income
some families still depend on gifts and donations from people.
4) 15% of houses are still hosted by other families and do not have houses of
their own.
5) Household limited access, and other structural limitations. Due to the lack of
employment and other facilities, most families use borrowing, pawning,
selling jewelry etc. Most of the income of these families also goes in
repayment of debt and very little income remains for livelihood purposes. 79
6) The floods were around the agricultural seasons, which affected the crop
produce for the year, and hence the food security situation. 43 A total 1.7
million people were food insecure, of which 78% lived in the eastern and
Northern province of the country.
12% of the total population is severely food insecure and 82% of this section lives in
the Northern and Eastern province of the country.43
With the growing problems of food insecurity and decreasing dietary intakes, and
the vagaries of monsoon impacting agriculture produce, innovative policy ideas to
improve the food insecurity conditions are mandatory.
Of the regions (Northern and eastern), which are highly food insecure, the main
occupation in these regions is agriculture. These regions fall under the agro
ecological zones of Sri Lanka. Paddy is the main crop in the Northern Eastern and
North central provinces of Sri Lanka. One of the major challenges to paddy
cultivation has been that of the climate change and lack of shortage of water for
irrigation.43
Existing Policies:
79
Government of Sri Lanka, World Food Programme
32
A few of the existing policies in Sri Lanka are.
1. “Cleaner production policy 2004
2. National air quality management policy 2000
3. National Biosafety Policy 2005
4. National environmental Policy 2003
5. National Policy on Wetland Conservation 200380”
Currently under the Government of Sri Lanka, a project has been initiated called
Haritha Lanka, a greening initiative launched in 2009 by the Ministry of
environment which was aimed at integrating environmental considerations into
sustainable development and long term sustainability. Under this environmental
program there is a provision to establish a national council for sustainable
development (NCSD) and a development national action plan for Haritha Lanka
aimed at incorporating sustainable development along with greening the economy.
The NCSD was established and headed by the president of the country to get policy
advice on the environmental front and to incorporate it into socio economic
policymaking. The members of this project are same as the members of the cabinet,
who hold positions in office relating to economic development subjects. A few of
the sectors spanned under this are,38
 Energy
 Transportation
 Water
 Agriculture and livestock
 Flora, Fauna and Ecosystems
 Education
 Urban Development
 Coastal and Marine environment
 Waste management
 Health
 Biodiversity
 Climate change 38
80
Ministry of Environment and Renewable energy
http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=136&Itemid=127&lang=en
33
This initiative includes ten goals under the National action plan under Haritha Lanka
1. Clean Air-Everywhere
2. Saving the Fauna, flora and ecosystems
3. Meeting the challenges of Climate change
4. Wise use of land resources
5. Responsible use of land resources
6. Doing away with the dumps
7. Water for all and always
8. Green cities for health and prosperity
9. Greening the industries
10. Knowledge for right choices38
This action plan is an attempt to translate the concept of sustainability from theory to
practice and involves the involvement of many ministries. It includes short term,
medium term strategies stretching from 2009 to 2016, incorporating 82 strategies
and 325 action plans. 38
Existing National water energy and Food security policies:

81
Sector National Policies

Water  Developing water on the Mahaweli rivers on all other major rivers
 Alleviating water scarcity in dry zones by increasing
infrastructure such as building large scale storage, 82
 The irrigation management policy support activity led to the
establishment of FO’s for management of irrigation by farmers
and exemption of management fees from farmers. 46
 Charging fees for irrigation water 46
 To make all surface and ground water resources are state owned
and managed by the Government.
 The government shall pay the water sharing costs while
81
Rio20+ National assessment Report
82
Swings and whereabouts, a narrative eon water policy in Sri Lanka,
http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3359.pdf
34
transferrable system for water right will be implemented.
 Promote water conservation and save water allocation for new
user
 Voluntary transfer of water rights to be encouraged
 Follow water policy and law, which is funded by FAO and ADB
 Local authorities are encouraged to register for domestic wells83
Energy  “Providing basic energy needs

 Providing energy security
 Promoting energy efficiency and conservation Transform
 Promoting indigenous resources
 Adopting an appropriate pricing policy
 Enhancing energy sector management capacity
 Consumer protection and ensuring level playing field
 Enhancing quality of energy services
 Providing protection from adverse environmental impacts of
energy facilities84”
Food  “Ensure optimal nutrition throughout the lifecycle.
Security  Enhance capacity to deliver effective and appropriate
interventions
 Ensure effective management of adequate nutrition to vulnerable
populations
 Strengthen research, monitoring and evaluation
 Food nutrition security to all citizens
 Strengthen advocacy, partnership and networking85”
Recommendations:
83
Outline of National Strategic plan to establish a national water resources authority of Sri Lanka
http://www.unescap.org/esd/publications/water/wrs/85/09%20WRS85-SriLanka.pdf
84
http://www.ceb.lk/download/db/national_energy_policy.pdf
85
National Nutrition policy of Sri Lanka
http://203.94.76.60/health/eng/publications/National%20Nutrition%20Policy-English/National
%20Nutrition%20Policy-English.pdf
35
Sri Lanka has recognized the dependence of its agricultural sector on water and
energy availability and the vulnerability of the agricultural sector ensuring more
constant water and energy access to the agricultural sector and all other service
sectors. A few of the recommendations to achieve sustainable integrated
management are:
1. Increase the understanding of the water energy and food security nexus
challenges and the need to integrate and work at the nexus.
2. Encourage technological disruptive innovations for improving the conditions
in the country
3. Re orient the Government framework more towards sustainable development
4. Incorporate institutional thinking
36
Pilot Study: Timor-Leste
Fig : 4(a)Map of Timor Leste 4(b) Map of Asia
4(a) "EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d.
Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/etimor.htm>.
86
4(b) "EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d.
86
"EAST TIMOR." East Timor Map / Geography of East Timor / Map of East Timor. N.p., n.d.
37
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste located in Australasia, lying between
Indonesia and Australaia is commonly known as Timor-Leste or East Timor is a.
The country occupies a land area of 14,874 km2 with a population of 1,114,000
(2012). Almost 78% of the population is Timorese and Indonesians and Chinese
making up 20% and 2% respectively.
East Timor is predominantly a lower middle-income economy with a Gross national

per capita of $6,230. Almost 50% of the country is illiterate and 37% of the people
live below the international poverty line, which is less than US $1.24 per day.
Although the country is expected to have the sixth-highest growth of GDP in the
world in 2013, they are still tanked 134th in the Human Development Index.
Timor-Leste is very susceptible to climatic changes. Being a small island, natural

disasters such as floods, typhoons and hurricanes can greatly impact the nation and
also cause a lot of destruction in the agricultural sector leading to loss of produce.
Timor-Leste has some environmental, infrastructural and demographic constraint.
Large urban populated compounded by water scarcity during the dry season has been
a major issue in the country. The water scarcity has also had a major impact on the
agricultural system of the country.
The country’s large urban population has also led to a very big waste management
problem. The lack of financial support from the state, compounded by very bad pre
existing infrastructure is quickly becoming a major issue in many of the highly
populated coaster regions.
Energy Status in Timor-Leste:
People of Timor-Leste do not have adequate access to dependable electricity.

A recent study by the International Energy agency has shown a strong correlation
between human development and modern energy usage. People of Timor-Leste have
problems utilizing basic necessities for health such as heating, cooking and lighting
due to energy problem in the country. In Timor Leste, ensuring reliable and
38
uninterrupted energy access, electricity supply, fuels such as LPG, kerosene, and
reduction in consumption of biomass are mandatory for help reducing poverty and
promote health and wellbeing. .
87
The problem of lack of electricity has indirectly led to another major problem in the
country. The poor depend primarily on biomass fuels, like wood or agricultural
waste, for domestic use. Burning these biomass fuels generates toxic compounds that
lead to severe respiratory and health problems. World health Organization (WHO)
estimated in 2002 that 1.3 million people in South-east Asia died of reparatory
problems. Although many of the people killed due to smoking and smog, respiratory
illness due to the use of biomass fuel is also a major contributing factor. It is
estimated that 500,000 premature deaths, mainly women and children, have been
reported each year because of burning biomass in India alone.
Improving the access to modern energy plays a critical role in many of the aspects of
heath and well being other than the above mentioned issues. Apart from the effect of
burning biomass can have on the health, women also carry heavy loads on foot,
which makes their back susceptible to injury. This might even reduce the gender
prejudice, which leads to girls having to sacrifice their education to bring wood for
their family. Thus improving the energy infrastructure can promote gender equality.
Electricity can also help women pump water instead of carrying water, which caused
issues similar to carrying wood.
Energy poverty is very prevalent in Timor Leste, which also propagates gender
inequality. Women and girl children are responsible for carrying wood for biomass
instead of going to school or other activities. These lead to health problems for the
women including back aches, respiratory diseases due to burning wood etc. This
situation can be changed by proving energy sector, E.g. by providing diesel
generators to villages, this would reduce the consumption of wood; provide more
uninterrupted and reliable energy than fuel wood.
88
87
Holdren et al. 2000 cited in Gaye 2007, p.7 / WHO 2002, pp.187-191
88
Moss, Jeremy, and Michael McGann. "Climate Change and Energy Poverty in Timor Leste." N.p.,
n.d. Web. <http://www.socialjustice.unimelb.edu.au/assets/files/pdf/2012/TimorLeste%20.pdf>.
39
Water sector in Timor-Leste:
Many project have been successfully undertaken to develop the water sector in
Timor Leste. These projects have been faced with challenges to make them
sustainable. The main problem in the urban areas is the lack of maintenance and
inadequate water resources while in rural areas it is essentially community
management.
Progress under the projects is as follows:
 Water supply sanitation services and water supply services were re-
established in 12 district towns while little was achieved in the sanitation
sector.
 The project helped in capacity building, and many reports were prepared
which however were beyond the existing capacity of the people and the
communities. The project however had its gaps. It did not take into
consideration, which made the community models and the project
unsustainable.
 The project was also negatively impacted due to political reasons where
immediate results were expected leading to quick distribution of resources.
These issue led to temporary insurgency, and failure to achieve the desired results.
This project was more focused on quick results as opposed to sustainable results,
which hence made the project little ineffective. The lack of focus on community
capacity building, follow up measures to ensure project success and fast paced result
oriented approach were the drawbacks of the project, though significant capacity
building was achieved through the project.
The Red Cross Society is trying to introduce these basic necessities and restore
existing one, which are not accessible enjoyed by all. Construction of water and
sanitation amenities is addressed by the society and community involvement is a
huge part of ensuring sustainability and longevity of the projects.
Under CVTL over 150 water and sanitation facilities have been constructed in the
country, which include lavatories, wells, water tanks, and irrigation systems. This
40
project has provided better sanitation and health to many families hence improving
quality of life.
To make these projects sustainable, communities are involved and given ownership
to ensure personal care and involvement in maintaining the facilities. The
communities are also provided with First Aid and hygiene training, to ensure
maintained quality of the sanitation and hygiene program.
.89 90
To maintain continues food access by poor households, the three aspects enabled by
the policymakers are:
1. Seasonal income transfers to poor households;
2. Seasonal food imports;
3. Increasing agricultural productivity91.
The first policy, (84 M.d.J. da Costa et al.), increases the purchasing power of poor
households hence directly increasing food demand while the second policy reduces
the staple food prices through seasonal imports and stock releases hence addressing
food supply.
At an international level, many food interventions are covered under the first policy.
As an example, under such policy, employment for millions is generated during lean
periods and while many cash and food for work programs are introduced.
An example under the second policy is BULDOG is rice import and price control
program in Indonesia, while the third policy intervention 92.
The third policy encourages public sector investments in the agricultural sector, in
areas such as agricultural research, improved input supply, rural roads, agricultural
extension system etc. This policy helps in increasing productivity and also
89
Project Performance Evaluation Reports
http://www.adb.org/documents/evaluation-timor-leste-water-supply-and-sanitation-rehabilitation-
projects-phase-i-and-ii-
82
Red Cross – Timor-Leste
http://www.redcross.tl/water-and-sanitation
90
91
Dorosh and Haggblade 1995; Dostie et al. 2002: Pinstrup-Andersen et al. 1999
92
Agriculture, growth and poverty reduction,
http://dfid-agriculture-consultation.nri.org/summaries/wp1.pdf , Timmer 1997
41
improving lives if the households. Seeds of Life program are an example of a
program in Timor Leste, which falls under this category.
42
Pilot Country: Cambodia
Fig: 5(a) Map of Cambodia 5(b) Map of Asia
5(a) "CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web.
25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.
93
5(b) "CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web.
25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.
93
"CAMBODIA." Cambodia Map / Geography of Cambodia / Map of Cambodia. N.p., n.d. Web. 25
Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kh.htm>.
43
Introduction:
Cambodia is a southeastern country bordering Thailand, Vietnam and Laos with a

total land area of 176515 sq. km and has a population of 15,205,539. The
population growth rate is 1.67%. The country has tropical and rainy
seasons for summers and dry season from December to May. A few of the
natural resources are oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese,
phosphates and hydropower potential. It has an 800 km border with
Thailand and 450km with Lao, 1450km along Vietnam and a 450km long
coastline. Of the total land area of about 181035km, around 49% is
covered by forest and 2.5million hectares is arable land and .5 million
hectares is pastureland. The climate in Cambodia has both southeast and
northwest monsoons. 94
Cambodia is still the poorest country in South East Asia, with poor
infrastructure due to the recent wars from 1970-1990 and also the Khmer
Rouge massacre which killed 2-4 million people most of whom were
skilled professionals leaving with country in dearth of doctors, lawyers,
engineers etc. 95 96
The FDI development is slowly growing in the country
but currently the Cambodians still live under 1USD per day.
Current status:
Cambodia is mainly an agricultural based economy with 85% of the population

living in rural areas. The nation’s infrastructure was greatly damaged due to the war
and the aim of the government is to restore the country’s infrastructure. The people
greatly depend on Farming, fishing, livestock, forest and non-forest products and use
fuel wood, charcoal and agricultural residues.
94
The World Bank group, regional fact sheet, the World Bank group, Regional fact sheet from world
development indicators.
95
http://www.bama.ua.edu/~joshua/archive/may10/aguilar.pdf
96
The world Bank group, frequently asked questions about poverty in Cambodia
44
As one of the world's biggest food importers, South Korea's foreign agricultural
investment has been on a steady increase (Pearce 2012). It was reported in Korean
times that 13,000 ha of maize in Cambodia for shipping back to Korea. 97
Energy Status:
Cambodia has significant deposits of energy, such as coal and natural gas and about
84% of the energy needs are met by primary sources, essentially fuel wood.
However less than 9% of the country has access to grid electricity. There is however
rapidly increasing electricity access in the country, which cannot be met by the local
electricity companies.
Rural electrification of villages has been increasing at a fast rate. However, the local
energy companies do not have the potential to keep up with the rapidly growing
energy needs.
Water status:
Cambodia has abundant water resources including the Mekkong Basaac

Lake and the Tonle Sap Rivers alongside having the largest freshwater
lake in Asia with a surface area of about 8155 square km. 98
Availability
of groundwater from hand wells and dug wells is common too. UNICEF
and other organizations have been working on the scale up of water
access though water is also facing arsenic contamination in wells. 99
Though the country has abundant water resources, due to lack of

infrastructure conditions in the country, more than 39% of the country’s
rural population uses unimproved water techniques. 10 0 And this has
97
"Cambodia Energy Structure Strategy." N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/cambodia/energy.pdf >
98
"Improving Local Service Delivery for the MDG's in Asia: Water and Sanitation Sector in
Cambodia." Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
<http://bama.ua.edu/~eritter/Ritter/research.html>
99
Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Mao S, Chea S, Peng N &Iddings S. (2007). Assessment of the
Chemical Quality of Drinking Water in Cambodia. Journal of Water and Health, 5(1):101‐ 116.
100
UNICEF. (2006). Cambodia Statistics. Accessed 14, December 19, 2009 at:
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html.
45
further gone on to affect the infant mortality rate which has gone up to
82% and 56.2% of preneo-natal deaths, due to spread of diarrhea due to
unclean water. 101 102
A few engineers, under the group Engineers Without Borders, have

inspected Cambodia with the following aim:
1. Increasing water access in rural Cambodia

2. Providing household ceramic water purification systems
101
National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Statistics [Cambodia] & ORC Macro.
(2006).Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Calverton,
Maryland, USA: National Institute of Public Health, National, Institute of Statistics, and ORC Macro.
102
N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.unescap.org/esd/Energy-Security-and-Water-Resources/water/egm/
2013/wfe-nexus/documents/background-papers/Status-of-the-Water-Energy-Food-Nexus-
15%20March.pdf>
46
Summary Table:
Table 1:
Country Ethiopia Timor-Leste Cambodia Sri Lanka
Rural 85% 74% 78.4% 84.97%

population
Dependence 46.6% 70 % 72% 18% GDP and 30%

on employment
agriculture
Energy 20% 20% Less than 9% 47%

access
Water 56.6% have 1/3 has full 8155 km2 80% of population has
Coverage access to access, 39% of the nation safe drinking water
safe 1/3-partial uses unimproved 15 on 25 districts do
drinking access water techniques not have safe drinking
water 1/3 poor/ no water.
access
Sanitation 39% 40% -access 63.3% of total 91% of the nation has
access coverage to sanitation population103 sanitation access104
Food More than 2/3 , 15% extremely
insecure 11 millions 1.6 million insecure
need food people
103
UNICEF , Cambodia Statistics http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html
104
Trading Economics, World Bank, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/improved-
sanitation-facilities-rural-percent-of-rural-population-with-access-wb-data.html
47
10 5
From the summary table, it can be noted that all the economies are essentially
agricultural based economies, with about 75% of the man power or GDP coming
from agriculture related professions with the exception of Sri Lanka, which has
greater dependence on services. The rural population is also fairly high with more
than 75% of the nation living in rural areas. Essentially, these are also the areas
where the population is involved in agricultural activities, and are susceptible to
climate variations, have limited energy and water access. Due to climate variations,
these regions are faced with delayed rainfall, droughts, floods etc. and which affects
the agricultural productivity and hence food security and GDP, which further goes
on to affect the infrastructure of the area and the capacity to have better water, food
and energy management systems. Hence the focus of the recommendations and the
proposed project is to reduce the vulnerability of the susceptibility of the rural
population to natural disasters, by building capacity, improving the agricultural,
water, energy and food sector by introducing modern techniques and also by having
integrated management of the sectors to ensure optimal distribution of resources and
better planning.
Stakeholder analysis, problem tree, solution tree analysis, and log frame-project
formulation have been done to address the issues, essentially in rural areas where the
management of the energy, water and food sectors are not good, and there is lack of
technical expertise or capacity to sustain any changes.
Cambodia Energy Structure Strategy." N.p., n.d. Web.

105
<http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/cambodia/energy.pdf>
48
Stakeholder Analysis:
A stakeholder is one who has an interest in the project. A stakeholder analysis is a

very important tool, which helps us identify everyone who has some interest in the
project and the degree of involvement. This can vary from the donors and funders of
a project to the beneficiaries including local communities and the people who get
financial returns on the project. It is extremely helpful to know the donors are and
who actually benefit from this project. The stakeholders in this project are:
1. 1.The National Governments: The Governments need to take ownership of

this project and make them their own. The Government, along with the
energy, water, food and agricultural authority will be the key planning and
execution body at the center.
2. Local people: The key beneficiaries, also the key stakeholders will be the
local people of the country. The project being conducted would directly,
impact their lives, either directly benefitting them or disturbing their
everyday lives. They will also be the ones involved in the project on an
everyday basis, as it will be carried out in their surroundings.
3. International Organizations like UN, UNDP, UN-DESA, UNDSD. These

organizations will be responsible for providing technical expertise,
consulting, monitoring and evaluation of the project. UN-DESA and DSD
would be the biggest stakeholders who will also be involved in the convening
and negotiations process.
4. Multilateral Funding agencies like World Bank and IFC, and bilateral
agencies such as US-AID, DFID, and US-AID. These organizations will
have greater stake, however lesser operational control in the actual project.
5. Civil Society, and the Local NGO’s can play a major role by taking
ownership of the project and mobilizing it at the Local level. The local
people can have maximum outreach in this project, and by leveraging that, it
is possible to achieve local people’s cooperation, support and involvement
49
6. Academic institutions like Duke and UNC can be involved in this project
where the research expertise can be used to conduct feasibility studies and
design projects.
From the above analysis, it can be inferred that the National governments and the
local people of the countries. Essentially, for any of the four countries, the local
people need to take ownership of the project and ensure have full involvement to
sustain the project. The Government Authorities in the country need to make policy
changes while the, the local communities need to be involved in the training process
so ensure better understanding of the project and also take over the monitoring,
maintenance and upkeep and hence make the project more sustainable
50
Problem tree and objective tree analysis:
A problem tree analysis is a fault tree analysis of a problem and looks into the root
cause of the problems and the effects and the trickle down effects. This tree shows
the cause-effect relationship of the problems relating to the integrated management
of water-energy and food security in Ethiopia. It delves into the root cause of these
problems and how it is affecting the country at a more national level.
Fig 6: Problem tree statement
51
Fig 7: Objective Tree statement
An objective tree statement provides a flowchart of objectives with recommended

solutions that can lead to expected results. By identifying the required ends and
goals, recommendations are provided to bridge the gaps in the systems. In the case
of Ethiopia, one of the major drawbacks in the system is the lack of understanding of
the problems and the need for integrated management of these. The problem in
Ethiopia can be addresses by working at the nexus of water, energy and food
security by increasing awareness and expertise. The lack of policies to address these
issues at the nexus has led to disintegrated energy water and food sector. By
implementing policies that lead to the collaboration of these sectors, a common
management can be appointed in place, which can set common goals and design
projects, which address the three sectors along the way. Incorporating sustainability
into it can incorporate sustainable development into National Development planning
by training personnel to understand the problems of the disintegrated sectors, train
them to work at the nexus and enable them to make better development policies.
52
Project formulation table: Log Frame
A log frame is a project-scheduling tool, which helps break down problems into its
various components in a methodical way hence helping in of addressing it step by
step.
The Log Frame is a unique project management tool 106, which enables us to break
down the project into various smaller components. The log frame entails the
identification of measurable indicators and assumptions in every step/ deliverable,
which is a great way of also tracking progress in a project and ensuring how a project’s
success can be evaluated. This can also help in identifying gaps in the project and the
recommendations that can be added to a project to over come the gaps.
A Log Frame to analyze the nexus of energy, water and food security in Agricultural
based economies, as a model project for Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste and this tool
was used to look at the problem with a holistic perspective and break it down into
three intermediate sectors, which were also the intermediate results essentially:
 Sustainable energy sector

 Better managed water sector
 Better managed food sector
By breaking down the final deliverable into smaller intermediate results and outputs,
the log frame helps in getting a step by step methodical view of the problem and ways
to approach it.
The following project can be translated into individual countries, based on the
conditions of each individual country. The overlap in work noticed in the three sectors
in energy, water and food security can be used as opportunity areas for the
administrations to collaborate.
"Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons." N.p., n.d. Web.

106
<http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Toolkit-files/08-
58296_tool_10-3.pdf>.
53
54
55
56
From the above analysis, essentially the problem for all four countries is the inability
to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, due to disintegrated water, energy
and food sectors. The reason is none of the countries have policies, which address
the sectors as one, or even incentivize collaboration across sectors. The management
for all the sectors is independent and the so are the decision making and executing
bodies. The solution essentially for these problems is to implement policies, which
help in integration of the three sectors. Based on each country, it will be necessary to
determine the level of training and expertise required in each country to suit the
economic conditions, its capacity to sustain, and the degree of benefits that can be
reaped. Taking from the log frame and the solution tree statement, the project can be
broken down into water, energy and food sector projects, which overlap at the
agricultural sector and at the hydropower sector. Hence, the solution tree analysis
gives the breakdown of the different intermediate results, while the Log Frame
provides a methodical solution to actually carry out the various steps, the ways to
monitor it and the necessary prerequisite for each output.
57
Recommendations:
Foreign direct investment in

energy sector and
privatization of agriculture
Incorporating policies, that

enable the energy water and
food sector to work together-
1. Certain minimum limit of Collaboration of water
renewable energy as part f authority with agricultural
the portfolio, and
incorporating water as part of
energy
Integrated
management
of water
energy and
food
A few of the recommendations to achieve sustainable integrated management are:
1. Privatization of agriculture: If the private sector takes over the

agricultural sector, and also collaborates with the water sector, there can
be concentrated planning and managing of the agricultural productivity
and planning. If the water sector is managed by the same authorities as
the agricultural authorities, there can be cost cutting in irrigation, and
reduce wastage. There can also be a common distribution channels for
water and food. This can reduce distribution costs by two different
channels.
58
2. Joint management of the water the water and energy sector for more
profitable hydropower harvesting.
3. Invest in R&D and better measurement of the potential risks to food

security, climate change, land degradation and erosion. Having better
disaster risk mitigation measures and be better prepared to deal with
natural disasters and accidents.
4. Build infrastructure to adopt more renewable energy technologies. The
private sector can be involved here. By encouraging investments from
the private sector, the hydropower potential can be better harnessed due
to more efficient management, trained personnel, better monitoring and
maintenance. The biggest struggle faced by developing nations is the
lack of infrastructure to harness renewable technologies and new energy
production units. Also increase availability of toolkits for sustainable
development.
5. Develop small-scale industries and shift focus of the economy from
agriculture to other sectors. Shift focus from consumption based economy
to investment-based economy.
6. Improve collaboration with stakeholders and encourage greater
involvement of stakeholder in policy implementation process. Effecting
policy reforms, which encourage more public Private sector partnerships.
Increasing incentives for investing and promoting renewable energy,
sustainable water management and provide food security.
7. Promote the Green Growth Action Plan, an initiative under the World
Economic Forum. It is an initiative to encourage private sector
investments in developing countries to harness renewable energy and
green technologies.
8. Strengthen human capital, financial capital, better IT infrastructure to
develop intelligence forces.
9. Vocational and technical training to the Governmental staff for better
understanding of sustainable development. Training of staff for best
available practices. 107
107
Technical and Vocational Education and Training for sustainable Development
..\Downloads\AB1_TVETforSD.pdf
59
10. Recommendation for UN: The role of the UN in this project essentially will
be the convene the National Government of each country, the water, energy,
food and agricultural Authorities of the various countries, donor
organizations like World Bank and IMF, external research institutes such as
University, experts from the field from educational, non profit and private
sectors. Upon convening a meeting, and proposing dialogue, UN should be
the mediator in agreeing up the terms and conditions of the project. UN can
further be involved in the actual implementation of the project by monitoring
and evaluating the project. Un can lend technical staff for field work in the
countries
60
Incentives to stakeholders:
The greatest incentives would be financial incentives:

1. By managing the sectors in an integrated fashion, there can be more optimal
resource, management and administrative planning. This would help in cost
cutting by eradicating redundant activities.
For example, if the same authorities overlooked food and water distribution
channels, then there can be more concentrated management, cost cutting in
individual supply lines and would reduce overhead construction, maintenance and
transportations costs which may be incurred if different authorities managed then
separately.
2. By privatizing the agricultural sector, there can be increased productivity, hence

giving better returns and increasing GDP of the country and also helping in fighting
food security by ensuring greater produce.
Constraints
1. No Reference Project:
The biggest constraint in this project is the lack of a reference project. Since
no such project has been conducted in the past, where the energy, water and
food sector have been approached in a unified manner, it is difficult to
gauge the success off the project and the difficulties we may face along the
way.
2. Opposition from Locals:
The local people may not cooperate with the project officials. In such a case,
it can be very difficult to move the project forward. It would be absolutely
mandatory to get the local communities’ accent and support to conduct this
project in their areas, as they will be the key beneficiaries.
3. Lack of Capacity to sustain the changes:
In spite of capacity building, it is possible that the changes incorporated, as
the countries may not sustain part of this project. This could be due to
existing practices and behavior of the people, poor infrastructure or
ineffective policies.
61
Conclusion:
The major problem currently is that, there is lack of central integrated management
of the three sectors. Currently in the four countries, there are no policies, which
address the problems of the three sectors as one. The sectors are handled, managed
and funded individually. Hence there is a need for policies, which address the three
sectors at the nexus. Policy changes need to be made which help in the integration of
the three sectors. The objective and purpose of this project would however needs to
be different from managing the three sectors independently in a way that each goal
of this project shall directly address a problem in more than one sector instead of
individually addressing problems in each sector.
By using the recommendations provided in this report, and incorporating additional
changes to meet the needs of each individual country, the three sectors can be
integrated and productivity can be increased by working at the nexus of energy,
water and food security.
62

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Synthesis and In-Depth Analysis of Water, Energy and Food Issues in

Rio+20 National Reports and Addressing Capacity Building for

Masters project submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

The Sustainable Development Conference, commonly known as the Rio 20+

Background on research initiative 5

As part of the United Nations conference for sustainable development, more

In many of these countries, there is a problem of unaffordable electricity, lack of

1. Literature review using UN and World Bank reports

The following reports have been used to conduct this research

1. Ethiopia’s five year growth and transformation plan 2010-201421

Cambodia, Southeast Asia

Timor-Leste, Southeast Asia

1. Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan 2011-203032

Ethiopia, South Asia

The Millennium Development Goals for Ethiopia are: 38

After the 1992, sustainable development conference, a follow up conference in 2012

Web. 09 Apr. 2014.

Current Status Review

The millennium development goals require Ethiopia the country to integrate

“Water Security” is described as “the nexus between the availability, accessibility

Food security issues:

Food security in Ethiopia greatly depends on rainfall. Ethiopia is constantly faced

A few of the national policies are:

Sector National Policies

Current Status Review

The millennium development goals require the country to integrate sustainable

Water sector in Sri Lanka:

Food security issues:

Based on a report prepared by the World Food Program, Ministry of Economic

Existing National water energy and Food security policies:

Sector National Policies

Energy  “Providing basic energy needs

East Timor is predominantly a lower middle-income economy with a Gross national

Current Status Review

Timor-Leste is very susceptible to climatic changes. Being a small island, natural

Energy Status in Timor-Leste:

People of Timor-Leste do not have adequate access to dependable electricity.

Cambodia is a southeastern country bordering Thailand, Vietnam and Laos with a

Cambodia is mainly an agricultural based economy with 85% of the population

Cambodia has abundant water resources including the Mekkong Basaac

Though the country has abundant water resources, due to lack of

A few engineers, under the group Engineers Without Borders, have

1. Increasing water access in rural Cambodia

Rural 85% 74% 78.4% 84.97%

Dependence 46.6% 70 % 72% 18% GDP and 30%

Energy 20% 20% Less than 9% 47%

Cambodia Energy Structure Strategy." N.p., n.d. Web.

A stakeholder is one who has an interest in the project. A stakeholder analysis is a

1. 1.The National Governments: The Governments need to take ownership of

3. International Organizations like UN, UNDP, UN-DESA, UNDSD. These

Fig 6: Problem tree statement

An objective tree statement provides a flowchart of objectives with recommended

 Sustainable energy sector

"Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons." N.p., n.d. Web.

Foreign direct investment in

Incorporating policies, that

A few of the recommendations to achieve sustainable integrated management are:

1. Privatization of agriculture: If the private sector takes over the

3. Invest in R&D and better measurement of the potential risks to food

The greatest incentives would be financial incentives:

2. By privatizing the agricultural sector, there can be increased productivity, hence

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