Lesson 1

Engineering Lettering
The main requirement of lettering on engineering drawing are legibility, uniformity, ease and rapidity in
execution. Both upright and inclined letter are suitable for general use. All letters should be capital, except
where lower case letters are accepted internationally for abbreviations.

Lettering should be either vertical or sloped at an angle of 2:5.

1. Do not mix lettering angles on the drawing. Use all upright lettering or all sloped lettering.
2. Use only uppercase lettering on the drawing.
3. All main titles are to be 5mm high lettering.
4. All main titles (eg PLAN, ELEVATION and SECTION) are to be 20mm below the elevation.
5. All ancillary notes are to be 2mm high lettering and placed in a convenient location on the page rather than in
a list form.
6. Use light guidelines for all lettering.

Here's some examples of how to use guide lines to create neat lettering.

Lesson 1B
Single Stroke Inclined Capitals

In this chart of single-stroke letters, the capitals are arranged in “family order,” first the straight letters, then
slant lines and curved letters. Each letter is shown in a square, so that the proportion of its width to height may
be easily learned. In this style, many of the letters just about fill the square. The arrows and figures give the
order and direction of strokes, which must be learned for each letter, Vertical strokes are all made downward
and horizontal strokes from left to right.
Single Stroke Vertical Capitals

Single Stroke Inclined Lower Case Letters

Words lettered in lower case or “small” letters are easier to read than when made in capital
letters. These letters are made with bodies two-thirds the height of the capitals, the ascenders (b,
d, f, etc.) extending up to the cap line and the descenders (g, p, q, etc.) dropping the same
distance below.

Single Stroke Vertical Lower Case Letters

LESSON 1C: Technical Lettering

INTRODUCTION
Technical Lettering is a barren piece of engineering drawing. It gives data concerning measures, and guidelines,
as notes and measurements. On a drawing, the entire of the composed data is consistently through lettering. It
isn't manually written. Likewise, it very well might be added here, that Lettering is fitting and right words
however not (Printing implies the creation of literature on a print machine)

Lettering
The writing of alphabets and numerals such as A, B, C, D…………………….Z and 1, 2, 3……………9, 0
respectively is called Lettering.
Mainly, there are two types of lettering most commonly used in engineering drawing viz. Gothic Lettering and
Roman Lettering.
Classification Of Lettering
The lettering, in general, is classified in two categories :-
1. Gothic Lettering
2. Roman Lettering.

Gothic Lettering
Lettering having all the alphabets or numerals of uniform thickness is called Gothic Lettering.
1. Vertical Gothic Lettering
2. Italic or Inclined Gothic Lettering.

Single Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

These are vertical letter having thickness of each line of alphabet or numerals etc. Same as the single stroke of a
[Link] Stroke means that the letter is written with one or more stems or curves and each made with single
stroke.

Single Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

These are single stroke letter inclined at 75' to the Horizontal.

Double Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering

Vertical letter drawn by double Stroke of pencil with uniform thickness between these strokes are called Double
Stroke Vertical Gothic Lettering.

Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering

Double stroke gothic when inclined at an angle of 75' is called Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering
Lower Case Vertical Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Lower case vertical gothic lettering is shown along with its sizes. Which is quite self explanatory.

Lower Case Vertical Double Stroke Gothic Lettering

It is shown along with its size which is quite self explanatory.

Lower Case Inclined Single Stroke Gothic Lettering

It is shown with its sizes which is self explanatory.

Roman Lettering
The lettering in which all the letters are formed by thick and thin elements is called Roman Lettering.
It may be vertical or inclined or inclined. It can be written with a chisel pointed Pencil or D-3 type Speed Ball
Pen.
Free Hand Lettering
The writing of alphabets without the use of drawing instruments and in free hand is called Free Hand
Lettering. It may be vertical or Inclined Gothic Lettering.

Mechanical Lettering
In Mechanical Lettering, standard uniform characters that are executed with a special pen held
in a scriber and guided by a template. Mechanical lettering does not normally require the use of
lettering guidelines. You will use mechanical lettering principally for title blocks and notes on
drawings, marginal data for special maps, briefing charts, display charts, graphs, titles on photographs,
signs, and any other time that clear, legible, standardized lettering is required. One of the most popular
types of mechanical lettering sets is the LEROY lettering set.

The Mechanical Lettering is some times done using special type of device called a Pantograph.
A PANTOGRAPH is basically a device consisting of four links which are pinned to each other in a
parallelogram fashion. The links can move about the hinge. The lowermost link of the parallelogram is
fixed to two rigid supports. One vertical link at one end is connected to a profile tracer which traces the
profile of the letter to be drawn and the second vertical link and the other horizontal link are jointly
connected to a pencil that draws the exact shape of the profile traced.

Height Of Lettering
The height "h" of the capital letter is taken as the base of dimensioning.

The main requirement of lettering on engineering drawing are legibility, uniformity, ease and rapidity in
execution. Both upright and inclined letter are suitable for general use. All letters should be capital, except
where lower case letters are accepted internationally for abbreviations.

The recommended size of lettering is as under :-

ITEM SIZE h, mm
Drawing number in Title Block and letters denoting Cutting Plane Section 10, 12
Title of Drawing 6, 8
Sub-titles and Headings 3, 4, 5, 6,
Notes, such as Legends, Schedules, Material list, Dimensioning 3, 4, 5
Alteration, Enteries and Tolerances 2, 3

Guide Lines
The light thin lines drawn to obtain uniform and correct height of letters are called Guide Lines. Guide
line should be drawn very light and thin, so that, they need not be erased after the lettering is finished.
To erase guide lines after finishing the lettering is not easily possible. Guide line for capital and lower
case lettering.

GUIDES IN USING TRIANGLES IN DRAWING AT DIFFERENT ANGLES.

DRAWING TOOLS

List of drawing tools in preparing blueprint.

  Architect's scale
 T-square
 Adjustable triangle
 Mechanical pencils with leads
 Felt tip pens
 Erasers
 Erasing shields (for accurate erasing of only specific parts of your drawing)
 Compass
 Symbol template
 Long metal ruler or straight edge
 Tracing paper
 Masking tape
 Utility knife
 Big flat working surface (table)
 White poster board as a base for your working surface

Optional but nice:

Parallel ruler (for drawing parallel lines — alternatively you can also use a T-square

HOW TO BISECT A LINE OR A CIRCULAR ARC.

HOW TO DRAW

A. an ogee curve

1. Let NA and BM the two parallel lines

2. Draw the line AB, and assume inflection at point T
3. At point A, and at point B, erect perpendiculars AF and BC,
4. Draw perpendicular bisectors of AT and BT. The intersections F and C of these bisectors and
perpendiculars, respectively , are the centers of the required tangent arcs.
 B. Four-centered ellipse

1. Given axis AB and CD, draw line BD

2. With O as center and OA as radius, strike arc AE
3. With D as center and DE as radius, strike an arc EF
4. Draw a perpendicular bisector GH of the line BF. The points K and J, were it intersect the axes, are
centers of the required arcs.
5. Locate centers M and L , by setting off OL = OK and OM = OJ.
6. Using centers K, L, M and J, strike the required circular arcs. The points of tangency T are the
junctures of the arcs on the lines joining the centers.
C. How to draw a hyperbola
A hyperbola is generated by a point moving so that the difference of its distances from
the two fixed points, the foci is constant and equal to the transverse axis of the hyperbola.

1. To construct the curve geometrically, select any point X on the transverse axis produce.
2. With centers F and F’ and BX as radius, strike the arc DE.
3. With the centers F and F’ and AX as radius, strike arcs to intersect the arcs first drawn in points Q,
R, S and T, which are points of the required hyperbola.
4. Find as many additional points as are necessary to draw the curves accurately by selecting other
points similar to point X along the transverse axis, and proceeding as described for point X .
5. To draw the tangent to hyperbola at a given point P, bisect the angle between the focal radaii FP and
F’P. The bisector is the required tangent.
6. To draw the asymptotes HCH’ of the hyperbola, draw a circle with a diameter FF’ and erect
perpendiculars to the transverse axis at points A and B to intersect the circle in the point H. The line
HCH are the required asymptotes.

D. How to draw an involutes of a circle

1. Divide the circumference into a number of equal parts
2. Draw a tangent line at each division point.
3. Set off along each tangent line the length of the corresponding circular arc.
4. Draw the required curve through the points set off on several tangents.
ORTHO PROJECTION
GENERAL RULES FOR DIMENSIONING

Please note that any rule can be broken with a good enough reason. These are more
like guidelines. Following these rules results in good dimensioning practices. The
first rule is the most important and the rest all have roughly equal importance.

1. Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the same information given in two different
ways. Don’t over-define or under-define the object.
2. No unnecessary dimensions should be used – only those needed to produce or inspect the
part.
3. Dimensions should be placed at finished surfaces or important center lines.
4. Dimensions should be placed so that it is not necessary for the observer to calculate, scale
or assume any measurement (except for repeated circles).
5. Dimensions should be attached to the view that best shows the shape of the feature to be
dimensioned.
6. Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines whenever possible.
7. Dimensions should not be placed on the object, unless that is the only clear option.
8. Overall dimensions should be placed the greatest distance away from the object so that
intermediate dimensions can nest closer to the object to avoid crossing extension lines.
9. A dimension should be attached to only one view (i.e., extension lines should not connect
two views).
[Link] cross dimension lines.
[Link] crossing extension lines when possible.
12.A center line may be extended and used as an extension line.
[Link] should slope at a 30, 45 or 60 degree angle.
[Link] numbers should be centered between arrowheads except when using stacked
dimensions where the numbers should be staggered.
[Link] general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter; an arc by itS radius.
 [Link] should be located by their center lines.
[Link] should be located (but not necessarily dimensioned) in the view that shows the
feature as a circle.
[Link] lines start approximately 1/16” from the object and extend 1/8” past the last
dimension.
[Link] first dimension is approximately 1⁄2” from the object and each associated dimension
spaced uniformly approximately 3/8” apart.

ELECTRICAL SYMBOL AND PLUMBING SYMBOL

ELECTRICAL SYMBOL AND PLUMBING SYMBOL

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SYMBOLS