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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

SEMESTER TWO 2018

Campus: City

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Antarctica: The Frozen Continent

(Total Time Allowed: TWO hours)

INSTRUCTIONS:

Multiple Choice Questions:

• Use the Teleform Sheet.
• Use pencils only. Shade the rectangle completely.
• Do not X out mistakes. ERASE them completely.
• Complete last name, first name,
and initials, ID Number, fill spaces
from left to right.
• Your code is 1021202.
Check this is correct on your teleform

Short Answer Questions:

• Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.

Exam Format: Total marks = 90

ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ATTEMPTED.

Multiple Choice Questions: Answer ALL questions. 60 marks

Short Answer Questions: Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Marine Mammals 5 marks
Antarctic Fish 5 marks
Birds 5 marks
Human Survival 5 marks
Political 5 marks
Human Impact 5 marks

Hand in your Teleform answer sheet and Short Answer Sheets.

Retain your Multiple Choice Question pages.

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SECTION A

Multiple Choice Questions

(60 marks)
(Recommended time: 1¼ hours)

Choose the ONE correct answer from the alternatives provided.

1. There are three families of seals. The _______ also known as the true seals, have _______
different species in Antarctic waters. In contrast the _______, or eared seals have _______
species in Antarctic waters.
1. Otariidae, three, Phocidae, two
2. Phocidae, five, Otariidae, one
3. Odobenidae, ten, Otariidae, five
4. Odobenidae, five, Phocidae, one

2. What is the main purpose of the sebaceous glands found in the skin of Antarctic fur seals?
1. They trap air for insulation.
2. They protect the under-fur layer from damage.
3. They produce oil to waterproof the fur.
4. They are where the under-fur layer is produced.

3. Which feature is common across Antarctic seals and enables them to efficiently catch krill?
1. streamlined bodies
2. lobed teeth
3. echolocation
4. rapid swimming

4. Which of the following statements BEST describes Antarctic fur seals?

1. Males are considerably larger than females, with both sexes moving away from the
breeding colonies once breeding is finished. They are shallow divers, often feeding at
night on squids and fishes.
2. They were nearly extinct but their remote breeding grounds in the pack ice has
protected them from further exploitation. They feed mainly on krill, undertaking deep
dives to capture prey.
3. Females wean their pups after one week then disperse to the ice edge to find prey.
Females undertake longer foraging trips and deeper dives than males as they have extra
energetic demands with pup rearing.
4. They are one of five species of true seal that haul out on the fast ice. They have a long
period of pup dependence with females undertaking daily foraging trips before
returning to her pup.

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5. Which of the following statements about leopard seal ecology is INCORRECT?

1. Leopard seals use elaboarate calls to find each other during the breeding season.
2. You typically find leapord seals around the pack ice and amongst ice floes.
3. Male leopard seals defend a harem of females during breeding season.
4. Krill are an important part of the leopard seal diet.

6. In what region was whaling and sealing first established?

1. Macquarie Island
2. Ross Sea
3. South Georgia
4. Antarctic Peninsula

7. The _______ whales typically feed on _______ during the productive summer months. In
contrast, _______ whales feed year-round using _______ to help find their prey.
1. baleen; zooplankton; toothed; echolocation
2. toothed; fish; baleen; vision
3. toothed; krill; baleen; vision
4. baleen; zooplankton; toothed; sound

8. Which of the following statement BEST describes Type C killer whales?

1. They are the largest killer whale primarily feeding on minke whales.
2. They live in inshore waters in the dense pack-ice feeding mainly on fish.
3. They are the smallest killer whale, found in the sub-Antarctic region where they feed on
fish.
4. They feed mainly on penguins near the Antarctic Peninsula.

9. Humpback whales sing to:

1. advertise prey patches to other whales.
2. advertise for a mate.
3. keep their calves close by.
4. scare prey into tighter schools.

10. Having learned from the poor management practices around commercial seal hunting,
Grytviken whaling station was the first place where:
1. the Norwegian government controlled the whaling industry.
2. they initiated a multi-species whale hunt.
3. they had to keep records of their whale catch.
4. they only hunted sperm whales.

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11. As Antarctica separated from the African continent and drifted southward about 20 to 25
million years ago, a new pattern of oceanic circulation established forming the
__________________. This led to ____________ sea temperatures and probably led to the
extinction of most fish fauna such as ________________.
1. Antarctic Coastal Current; warming; Antarctic cod
2. Antarctic Circumpolar Current; cooling; sharks and rays
3. Antarctic Coastal Current; warming; lanternfish
4. Antarctic Circumpolar Current; cooling; Notothenioids

12. Freshwater fishes:

1. were last seen in the Antarctic before the early Eocene epoch.
2. have never been found in Antarctica.
3. have adapted to live in saline lakes in the Dry Valleys.
4. are currently found only in the Antarctic Peninsula.

13. Antarctic fish have evolved to live in very cold and stable conditions. The range of
temperatures over which Antarctic fish can function is one of the narrowest - between (-2oC
and +6oC). We call this:
1. supercooling.
2. stenothermy.
3. freezing-point depression.
4. a non-colligative property.

14. Scientists are studying an Antarctic fish that lives on the bottom of McMurdo Sound (600-
700 m depth) where water temperatures average approximately -1.9oC. The most likely
reason this fish can survive in such low temperatures at depth is because:
1. it is resistant to freezing.
2. it produces ice nucleating agents (INAs) to direct freezing to its extracellular
compartments.
3. there is little chance of it coming into contact with ice living at this depth.
4. it is protected by significant amounts of antifreeze.

15. Antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fishes:

1. melt ice crystals by warming them up.
2. completely stop ice nucleation.
3. cannot reach the blood.
4. can only work if ice is already present.

16. Bioluminescence is the ____________________________________________________.

The most common bioluminescent colour in Antarctic fish is _________ because
_________________________________.
1. production and emission of light by an animal; blue; blue light travels furthest in the
water.
2. absorption and emission of light by; blue; blue light travels furthest in the water.
3. absorption and emission of light by an animal; red; red light travels furthest in the
water.
4. production and emission of light by an animal; red; red light travels furthest in the
water.

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17. The diagram above shows a likely Antarctic toothfish lifecycle with four main stages
(labelled 1-4). What happens at Stage 3 in waters around the continental shelf?
1. Juvenile toothfish spend 3-4 years growing and feeding.
2. Adult toothfish spawn.
3. The adult toothfish matures over a number of years.
4. Egg and larval drift over a period of a few months.

18. Which scenario BEST describes the graph above from your knowledge of Antarctic
Fisheries?
1. The height of the commercial fisheries occurred in 1970 with mackeral icefish,
followed by a rapid population decline. There was another peak in 1978 after a
population resurgence, followed by ongoing sustainable fisheries.
2. The Patagonian toothfish fishery began around 1970 and declined rapidly because of
illegal fishing prior to the start of the Antarctic toothfish fishery in 1978.
3. Commercial fisheries began around 1970 with marbled rock cod, which
declined rapidly. The fishery then targeted mackeral icefish in 1978 using larger trawl
nets with a few hundred tonne catch, followed by a collapse in this population.
4. Commercial fisheries started around 1970 targeting mackeral icefish, followed by a
rapid population decline. Then the fishery moved on to marbled rock cod in 1978.

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19. Rising carbon dioxide levels may have an effect on which of the following for Antarctic
Fish?
1. egg development
2. predator detection
3. skeletal systems
4. All of these options are correct.

20. Warming Antarctic waters may have an effect on which of the following?
1. All of these options are correct.
2. The timing of ice algae and phytoplankton blooms.
3. The distribution of lanternfish.
4. The amount of light reaching twilight zone.

21. Which of the following facts is NOT critical to our understanding of the distribution and
abundance of Antarctic birds?
1. Antarctica is geographically isolated from all other substantial land masses.
2. Antarctica is permanently covered with ice and snow with little exposed rock.
3. The position of Antarctica with most of its land mass below 70o S.
4. Antarctica is an extremely dry and windy continent.

22. Sheathbills, teals and pipits are all types of:

1. perching birds.
2. seabirds.
3. ducks.
4. land birds.

23. Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

(i) Ornithology is the study of birds.

(ii) Breeding populations of birds in the Antarctic are clustered rather than
randomly distributed.
(iii) Relative to other areas there are a large number of avian species that breed in the
Antarctic.
(iv) All Antarctic bird species are endemic.

1. Only statements (iv) and (i) are correct.

2. Only statements (ii) and (iii) are correct.
3. Only statements (i) and (ii) are correct.
4. Only statements (iii) and (iv) are correct.

24. What group of animals dominate the Antarctic ecosystem?

1. insects
2. seals
3. birds
4. whales

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25. The graphs above show the number of species (given above each histogram bar) from
Africa and Antarctica as a function of their body mass.
Which of the following principles do these graphs demonstrate?
1. Most Antarctic avian species are small and Antarctica has a high biodiversity relative to
Africa.
2. Most Antarctic avian species are small and Antarctica has a low biodiversity relative to
Africa.
3. Most Antarctic avian species are large and Antarctica has a high biodiversity relative to
Africa.
4. Most Antarctic avian species are large and Antarctica has a low biodiversity relative to
Africa.

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26. The picture above shows the results of a DNA sexing gel. The letters W and Z denote DNA
fragments amplified from the W-chromosome and Z-chromosome respectively. Six penguin
individuals have been analysed, which individuals are male?
1. Individual 3, 5 and 6 only.
2. Individual 1, 2 and 4 only.
3. Individual 1, 3 and 5 only.
4. All individuals.

27. Which of the following statements about penguins is INCORRECT?

1. World-wide there are about 18 species of penguins.
2. Penguins belong to the order Sphenisciformes.
3. Penguins do not have teeth, but have spines made of keratin inside their mouths.
4. Wild penguins occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

28. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

1. Male penguins are generally heavier and have longer flippers than females.
2. Female penguins are generally heavier than males, but only during the breeding season.
3. Female penguins are generally heavier and have longer flippers than males.
4. Male and female penguins are exactly the same size.

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29. The picture above is a magnified image of the plumage on a penguin flipper. As an
adaptation to cold penguins have feathers that are :
1. loosely packed, non-overlapping and reduced in size.
2. tightly packed, non-overlapping and normal in size.
3. loosely packed, overlapping and normal in size.
4. tightly packed, overlapping and reduced in size.

30. Which two species of penguin belong to the genus Aptenodytes?

1. macaroni and rockhopper penguins
2. King and Emperor penguins
3. Adélie and chinstrap penguins
4. King and Adélie penguins

31. During the _______ more than _______ sealing ships travelled widely throughout the
Antarctic region. During their search for seals to hunt they discovered _______ of the sub-
Antarctic Islands.
1. 1900s; 100; all
2. 1800s; 1100; one-third
3. 1900s; 1000; one-quarter
4. 1700s; 10; half

32. Which of the following was NOT used as a long-term shelter for sealers when working at
the sub-Antarctic islands?
1. ships
2. upturned small boats
3. wood and stone huts
4. caves

33. Early sealers and whalers were paid a 'lay' that was approximately 1% of the total earnings
but most of them returned to shore in debt. How did they incur this debt?
1. They did not work hard enough.
2. There were not enough seals for them to hunt.
3. They were charged for the use of all items when at sea.
4. They paid to go on the voyages.

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34. Early whaling ships carried smaller whale catching boats. Which of the following
statements is INCORRECT with regards to early whaling activities?
1. The small vessel carried 5-7 men onboard who rowed after the whale, before
harpooning it and eventually reuniting with the main ship to handle the carcass.
2. The small, 7-9 m vessels were powered by a small diesel engine that allowed the
whalers to approach the whale closely before using harpoons to kill it.
3. Sailors rowed the whale-catching boats away from the main ship, then used a hand-held
harpoon and lance to injure the whale before exhausting it until it eventually died.
4. The double-ended boats were designed for ultimate manoeuverability, lessening the risk
of death to the whalers onboard.

35. Given the abundance of animals as a source of food in Antarctica, why did early voyagers
get scurvy?
1. There was not enough fresh food with sufficient vitamin C.
2. Antarctic animals have low iron levels therefore lacking sufficient vitamins.
3. Thiamine is a limiting nutrient in Antarctic systems.
4. They were not able to consume enough to meet their vitamin B1 needs.

36. There are four heat loss mechanisms that make Antarctic work challenging for humans.
Which of the following can speed up heat loss under most conditions?
1. snow levels
2. dehydration
3. wind speed
4. amount of sunshine

37. Why would conduction be a problem when working in Antarctica?

1. We breathe more heavily in Antarctica because we are often working at altitude.
2. Because we are often sitting on the ground or handling equipment for long periods of
time.
3. Because the air flowing over our skin when we are outside working carries heat away.
4. We do not sweat enough because it's cold.

38. After a day collecting blood samples from penguins, you notice that your outer skin has
turned grey and is slightly hardened, with blisters forming soon afterwards. You have which
of the following problems?
1. superficial frostbite
2. severe hypothermia
3. frostnip
4. sunburn

39. How would you know if someone was severely hypothermic?

1. They would have blue skin, waves of violent shivering, a weak pulse and have
difficulty speaking.
2. They would have slurred speech, loss of fine motor control and violent, uncontrolable
shivering.
3. They would be clumsy and shivering a lot.
4. They would be unconscious and their organs would start to fail.

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40. Why are you more likely to suffer from dehydration at the Dry Valleys in Antarctica than in
Auckland?
1. The humidity levels are close to zero in the Dry Valleys.
2. You sweat more in the Dry Valleys because you need to wear a lot of protective
clothing.
3. You have drinking water in Auckland.
4. The humidity levels are almost 100% in the Dry Valleys.

41. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when:

1. two oxygen molecules combine.
2. atomic and molecular oxygen combine.
3. X-rays strike molecular oxygen.
4. three oxygen molecules combine.

42. In mid-latitudes the typical ozone concentration is around:

1. 100 DU.
2. 400 DU.
3. 200 DU.
4. 300 DU.

Light Wavelength

i Less than 280 nm

ii 280 – 320 nm

iii 320 – 400 nm

iv 400 – 760 nm

v 760 – 1,000 nm

43. Complete the table above by assigning the correct category of light to each wavelength.
1. (i) Ultraviolet A, (ii) Ultraviolet B, (iii) Ultraviolet C, (iv) Visible light and (v) Infrared
light.
2. (i) Ultraviolet C, (ii) Ultraviolet B, (iii) Ultraviolet A, (iv) Infrared light and (v) Visible
light.
3. (i) Ultraviolet A, (ii) Ultraviolet B, (iii) Ultraviolet C, (iv) Infrared light and (v) Visible
light.
4. (i) Ultraviolet C, (ii) Ultraviolet B, (iii) Ultraviolet A, (iv) Visible light and (v) Infrared
light.

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44. Ozone is:

1. a pollutant caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
2. more healthy to breathe than oxygen.
3. a form of carbon dioxide.
4. three atoms of oxygen.

45. How many oxygen atoms are produced when a single oxygen molecule is split?
1. 3
2. 1
3. 4
4. 2

46. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

(i) The largest marine oil spill in Antarctica was from the Exxon Valdez.
(ii) Pollution "hot spots" can be found around some research stations.
(iii) Most petroleum related pollution results from improper waste disposal
practices.
(iv) Despite being next to McMurdo Station, Winter Quarters Bay (Ross Island) shows
little evidence of hydrocarbon pollution.

1. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct.

2. Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
3. Only (iii) and (iv) are correct.
4. Only (i) and (ii) are correct.

47. The most severe oil spillage in Antarctica resulted in:

(i) profound loss of fish.

(ii) major impacts on seals.
(iii) profound effects on whales.
(iv) destruction of the marine benthic habitat with significant loss of the benthic fauna.

1. Only (iii) is correct.

2. None of these options are correct.
3. Only (iv) is correct.
4. Only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.

48. Climate describes a region's _______________ atmospheric conditions, while weather

specifies conditions at a localised site over _______________.
1. short-term; years or millennia
2. short-term; hours or days
3. long-term; years or millennia
4. long-term; hours or days

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49. The evidence for global climate change has come from a number of different sources.
Which of the following has NOT been used as an indicator of global climate change?
1. dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis)
2. changing patterns of volcanism
3. changes in sea levels
4. ice-core analysis

50. The diagram above represents the Greenhouse effect.

The arrow labelled B represents:
1. ultraviolet C light.
2. reflected infrared emission.
3. solar radiation.
4. nuclear radiation.

51. There are approximately 40 permanent scientific bases in the Antarctic. These bases support
a population of about:
1. 100 people in winter and 400 in summer.
2. 1000 people in winter and 4,000 in summer.
3. 100 people in winter and 40,000 in summer.
4. 1000 people in winter and 40,000 in summer.

52. The largest scientific base in Antarctica is:

1. Palmer Station.
2. McMurdo Station.
3. Vostok.
4. Scott Base.

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53. The graph above represents the estimated number of tourists visiting Antarctica between
1965 and 2015.
The line shown most likely represents the number of tourists:
1. who overfly in commercial aircraft that land.
2. visiting on cruise ships that do not make landings.
3. who overfly in commercial aircraft that do not land.
4. visiting on cruise ships that make landings (e.g., visiting wildlife areas).

54. Antarctica has become more accessible and cheaper to visit than in the past as a result of the
availability of:
1. former military planes from the USA.
2. ice-strengthened ships from the USA.
3. ice-strengthened ships from the Soviet Union.
4. former military planes from the Soviet Union.

55. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

(i) Antarctica is unique as a tourist destination, it has no hotels and shopping is
restricted to research station gift shops.
(ii) Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in the Antarctic, but it operates on a
relatively small scale.
(iii) Generally, impacts associated with Antarctic tourism are small, but can have some
significant local environmental effects.
(iv) Travelling to Antarctica is expensive and therefore it is a relatively limited tourist
destination.

1. All options are correct.

2. Only (ii) and (iv) are correct.
3. Only (i) and (ii) are correct.
4. Only (iii) and (iv) are correct.

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56. The Austrian, Karl Weyprecht, is best known for:

1. his participation in the International Geophysical Year.
2. leading Operation Tabarin.
3. his support of the first international polar research.
4. leading the Schwabenland Expedition.

57. As part of the second International Polar Year, Richard Byrd rebuilt his 1929/30 Antarctic
base. This base was called:
1. Little France.
2. Little England.
3. Little Italy.
4. Little America.

58. Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

(i) There have been four International Polar Years.

(ii) The International Polar Years were a collaborative effort to conduct science in the
polar regions.
(iii) The fourth International Polar Year led to the drafting of the Antarctic Treaty.
(iv) The third International Polar Year was also known as the International Geophysical
Year.

1. Only (i) and (ii) are correct.

2. Only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
3. All the options are correct.
4. Only (i) is correct.

59. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The Antarctic Treaty:

1. holds territorial claims in abeyance.
2. promotes scientific research and the exchange of data.
3. allows limited military exercises in the region.
4. was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959.

60. The Antarctic Treaty applies to the area south of:

1. the Antarctic Convergence (Polar Front), including all the ice shelves and islands.
2. the Antarctic Convergence (Polar Front), including all the islands but excluding the ice
shelves.
3. 60° S, including all the islands but excluding the ice shelves.
4. 60° S, including all the ice shelves and islands.

QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET FOLLOWS

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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

Short Answer Questions Section

NOTE: • Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.
• Answer ALL questions. 30 marks

Surname: First Name:

University of Auckland ID Number: Username:

Marine Antarctic Birds Human Political Human

Mammals Fish Survival Impact
FOR OFFICIAL USE

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(30 marks)
(Recommended time: 45 minutes)

MARINE MAMMALS (5 marks total)

61. Humpback whales migrate from their tropical winter breeding grounds to Southern Ocean
summer feeding grounds. Answer the following questions below about what the research
using satellite tagged whales has revealed about their migration paths and use of these
feeding grounds.
In general, mother-calf pairs migrated to a different feeding ground region than whales
without calves.

(a) Name the region with mother-calf pairs: __________________________________

(b) Name the region with other whales: ______________________________________

(2 marks)

(c) Briefly describe some of the challenges for whales undertaking these different
migration paths to their feeding grounds. You may use a diagram to help illustrate
your answer. (3 marks)

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _________________________

ANTARCTIC FISH (5 marks total)

62. In the spaces below name TWO (2) things fossil evidence tell us about Antarctic fish in
the early Eocene epoch about (a) fish diversity and (b) the environment in Antarctica at the
time. (1 mark)

(a) fish diversity:

____________________________________________________________________

(b) the environment in Antarctica:

____________________________________________________________________

63. Krill harvested in Antarctica are primarily used for:

___________________________________________________ (1 mark)

64. Name THREE (3) adaptations specific to icefish and briefly describe how each of these
help the icefish survive in the cold stable waters of Antarctica. (3 marks)

Adaptation Description
1

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

BIRDS (5 marks total)

65. Adélie penguins have a well characterised breeding cycle, typical of many penguins.
Complete the table below by indicating what behaviour / activity occurs at each time of the
year. (3 marks)
Month of the Behaviour / Activity
year

November Settlement / nest building

December

January
February Créching of chicks

Early March
Late March

April to October

Overwintering

66. Penguins can regulate their temperature by a process of selective vasoconstriction. The
diagram below illustrates a situation where a penguin is in a hot environment. Using the
FOUR boxes provided, correctly label the diagram. (2 marks)

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

HUMAN SURVIVAL (5 marks total)

67. (a) Use a line to match the mechanism of heat loss with the description. (2 marks)

Radiation Heat from within the body is given off to the surrounding air.

Evaporation The loss of liquid from the body or clothing to ensure heat loss.

Convection Air flowing over the skin carries away body heat.

Conduction The transfer of heat to whatever the skin is touching.

(b) You are in the field collecting samples, it’s been a great day, but the wind increases
suddenly and you find yourself in a -50°C blizzard. Your tent pole is broken, but you
have all of your emergency supplies. What do you do next? (3 marks)

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

POLITICAL (5 marks total)

68. The Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition (CTAE) was the first overland crossing of
the Antarctic Continent. On the map below label the following:
(a) the Weddell Sea
(b) the Ross Sea
(c) West Antarctica
(d) Scott Base
(e) Shackleton Base
(f) the route taken by Vivian Fuchs (3 marks)

69. In the space provided below complete the following statement. (2 marks)
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 was a landmark agreement because it was the first treaty to
control:
1.

2.

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

HUMAN IMPACT (5 marks total)

70. The timing and processes that create the ozone hole over Antarctica are now well
understood. In the space provided below list the THREE (3) major events/processes that
occur during winter. (3 marks)

1.

2.

3.

71. Complete the table by entering the correct scale of impact (local, regional or global) for
each type of human activity. (2 marks)

Human activity Scale of impact

Ocean acidification

Pollution from research stations

Oil spills from shipping accidents

Depletion of the ozone

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