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    14 views49 pages

    Teste de Fluidez para Aço Com CP Espiral

    Uploaded by

    Lucas Cunha

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 49
    7 September 1938 BRL Report Wo. M-1474 WAVY DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF ENGINEERING Progress Report IT “ The Fluidity of Cast Steel FRY NAVAL RESEAROH LABORATORY ‘ANACOSTIA STATION WASHINGTON, D.C. Muber of Pages: Text -18 ‘Tables-6 Plates - 24 Authorization: Bulng. ltr. QP/Castings (6-19-Ds) of 13 July 1928. Prepared by: . to. W, Briggs, Metallurgist F, Taylor, Contract Baployee Reviewed by: R. H. Canfield, Sr. Physicist, Superintendent, Division of Physical Metallurgy Approved by: H.W. Cooley, Captain, USN, Director. Distribution: Bulng. (5) ten FAR PUBS BuceR (5) f é ‘TABLE OF COW Subject ‘io stuneeumaeouias ape 3 DL Statenent of Problen + S> 3: Gnome Facts Bearing 02 tne Problem 2. Theoretical Consideration! 2: jethods Used in Testing a) welting Eauipeent Soa Methods. ° (a) eepereture Bauioeent ond Control ae a ee Bees riutaity Test Casting Desig, 26°5° vieaity — Texpertere Ce of 39; 178 Deeay Gave of eee SMAre at 1600? > + Constitutional Diagram Spiral Tests of Steel *ne Waitietle Gast Spire, of Gate Design Similar *2 pull's ea ee ie vem ridity Desien -° ci. aype - Pomning onarit oF VETS Carbon St Pieosrinen of DUTTA Melting St The Effect of Copper oF Fluidity + Pattern (Drag)- - * Pattern (Cope): - 1 1 7 han Wold Open = - * Com, cone: 5 a mae rm ees a ets eer a | ‘Thermocouple i1 e Stend + + g unig Results obtained Tt8h 218 carbon Steel nore BURDRES One BBERS REERBB Appendices (Continued) Plate Figure ticiy He ee | SS te Se ee ee = SB Jajusting Thermocouple Height inthe Bath. -- +++ 23 33 Tritaccomple Temperature Reoumding «2-7 +> 3 3 Pouring Operetor and Optical Temperature Recorder in ee ee pee ee ee OS waitin of Fem Dringtetet..--------- % 2 Maisity Spirals Obtained fron a Single Heat... --- 24 = 38 pe ae ABSTRACT qhe Muiaity of steel, 26 ands for steel castings, 12 studied by the use of the spiral, ty fluidity mold. Careful studitton is given to the control Of ‘experimental conditions and otsfables. Close duplication is ‘paintained on the temperature contral of the bath. te was determined that the #1uiGity of steel is not affected by the carbon content and thet, decxidetion practice spprared to Oy oe nerked changes in the fluidity ‘of steel when other norael. yeriables are constent. mena oer incresses ‘the fluidity of cast steel. AUTHORIZATION 1. The studies in steel castings were originally authorized Bureeu: of Engineering letter QP/Castings (6-19-Ds) of 13 July 1928. STATOENT OF PROBLEM 2. The object of neiples and experimental information on the 2 45 progres: report is te present taste uidicy of cast 3. Im progress Twport; Ha. N-1264 of 26 Ap=ily 1936» 20 cha using co come beaes, tae Sty wee mete Of Te entire MMistets The factors governing the fluidity of etal, und the pub- Teo peisines cn the subset pertaining to cess tr: a steel Lishet mn set forth in this report. Also = preléainary experimental Bey tan Gareias oxo pceren i the Toauipements ANT so that cintitative investigetion could be undertakene THEORETICAL CONSIDERATE de Since properting progress report Ho. H-L2Gi,, ‘hers. have sais tie amen Ge ante aecmeaty oF capt steal Chet Sere *P- teen eon the technical press. The seliont features oF these Pee tes are summarized and reviewed briefly. During 1936, the artey Report of the Steel Casting Research Committes, ‘Special Report, te. 15 of the British Iron end Steel Institute, was. published. Sec- wea G11 of this report was dovoted to a stuly of "the, Fluidity of Hon Parton and Other Iron Alloys” - J. H- Andrew, R- 7. Percival and G. T. Bottomley. 5. The authora made a fen preliminary experinents Wee the spiral sold fed by a horn gate that bas become somewhat standard in Sere omtry end eapmn 26 the Gacger-buresn of Standards fluidity this SoSince the length of run was not ufficient, the horn, gate was Replaced with a straight down gate feeding into © small reservoir. Whesign of the nold used is shown in Figure 1 (Plate 1). 6. ‘The elloys were melted in an oil-fired, crucible furmare- The ceacible held a maximum of 25 pounds of melted mote), which The ea for two castings for each conposition. The two, tests ware served fat veoperatures varying by about 50°C. (90° F-)- | te Seecetecuples of tungeten-nolybienun were used in shesths made of Tiundun coment to measure the temperature. 7, ‘The mold was made with a core sand facing, backed with Yorkshire sand, and dried at 480° F. 8. ‘Tho authors collected data on the follow tron oibbiny, twee imepbenae, Jaca Si lisw: canteanng, ate cia ivcaimangeses compesnizay 0-5 ipenemt Of carhe TROH-CAREON 9, _‘Tealve alloge ranging from 9.02 te 5:75 Fore ‘wore uade ant tbe resulta plotted. Two ‘eete of Components Pudi Tee a ihat eace Suvorcmee cooemected. 1 O° 22" the Liquidus ce reried gs whe patnewuene poe etiny vesenses “ore fluidity, mas teltry other the solidus was used. Figure > sbons 20 exemple of wan camece, which wacy|tiien lined for comminsothng © 2 fe curve 1600 these cuthe felatiouship between fluidity end compos! tice segrecs Contsgrede (290° F.)» as may be scon, tA Tet 3. Sere oak tae axsatign of eartese to ines inorensas Os © Nout aed’ the casting tonperature is kept, consiant 71! ner ee, ree ee ee oe rere es howererd 0.71 percent of carbon. With *urthor incooss Sipend 0.71 percent, there is & noticeable cont bevontey up 2 the eutectic composition (4.3 percont ca 30. Finlatty values for each alloy vore obtained ron, the see teers ice crates 61, 20 tend 90 Segoe Cone (se F. Tsay od 90° F.) respectively, sbove the point taser s Tee see saity, Fron these figures, the fluidity-composstice corte fut ragure 4 (Plate 2) wero plotted, end it with be obsorved show” fe general form of the liquidus ani colidus ourves Of similar. Sie‘ Gasdus serics show a decresse in fluidity from Py iron to Tee, percent carbon, then an inereaso to 0-17 percents ‘then constent Cietekty between 0.17 percent and 0.71 percent canbor ‘This is eee cy 2 docrenee 10 = minteme of 1-8 perm Of after fellomeners is « stzady increase up to 1.3 percent of certon In oe ae end fros 0-17 Seeent of carbon to 0.71 percent of carbon. ti, Correlating these results with the equilibriun Gingos siempre ne ee ce nexinur, the piuidity is a minimm and, therefore, $% scene possible to te ont the cpmperatiee ciuidity of an Stloy of tron ‘and carbon from its equilibrium diagrem. ae, _ Im the iron-phosphorus alloy series, the Muitsty, accreasce, with an increase of phosphorus content, F2 ¢ minimum Seeregsrercent of phosphorus, at which point the cutectic range Oa Ge aay care shoe 2 ee ‘at the eutectic composition. 13. The ironmangenese alloys show an inorese an fluidity up to about 3 percent manganese; from > $0 24 percent the fluidity WP tearly constant and above 14 percent it rises ‘vepidly- 1s. The Aroncsilicen series show = steady increase of fiuidity with an increase of silicon content. 15. It is believed that this work is open te serious crit- cism. The exfthers have erected from their besic data consisting SF Elo points, a structure which in the final analysis should be censiered Little more thon a supposition. In general, the authors Lave used two points of experimentel data to esteblish « curve- Tats curve is then extrapolated to 1600 degrees Centigrade sliown jn Figure 3, to establish the relationship of the fiuidity of fnon-earbon alloys. The fluidity composition ourve is also con- structed with very Little date as a basis. 16. The running quality of liquid mallenble iron end steel was stulied by W. Ruff, bis investigetion being divided into four Tejon complenentery sections. The first section deals only vith venting experiments in which the nold takes the usual form of 2 Siral’ in the second section, the phenonens occurring sitnin the flowing mass are etuiied ty the determination of reductions in the Bowing flow. In the third section, attention is paid to externel Titloences determining the formation of margins! zones of certain aefitite kinds. Finally, the fourth section corre!ates cll tho preceding results in order to develop a new and oimplified form of veeting apecinen - « form equally well edapted fcr use 22 ¢ spoon test in the steel melting furnace. 27. Under the first part, Mr. Ruff made en extensive study of ‘the method of gating 2 spirel and concluded that the straight down Gate into the spiral gave the best results (Table 2, Fist 3). The also studies the effects ‘of pouring height and varietion in length of the spiral. For the purpose of determining the velocities of flows discharge method was developed by means of which it vag 2 apeote the author that the laws of flow as determined for oSter W ste obeyed. In the case of metals that solidify readily, smc of flow operate jointly with thermel laws, and the oof- t 1g. In commenting on this article, it may be said that the most serious objection to the work is insufficient emphasis on Tonpersture contrel. ‘Temperatures were taken HY the optical pyrometer ew, Ruff: The Fumning Quality of Liquid Wallesble Iron and Stee}. Pren and Steel Institute; Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs, 1936, Vol. 25, pp- 1-39- - ‘and not checked. Also, the author theorizes st length and ettaches rather complex explanations to features exhibited by the dats that can be explained in a much more simple fashion, Tae information presented is, however, very worthehile, and the careful study that the author has given to the subject makes it an excellent reference. METHODS USED IN TESTING 20. Tt was recommended in the first progress report (No. 44-1264) ‘that an induction furnace be provided for the further study of fluidity of steel. The recommendation was approved and to induction furnaces were installed in June, 1937, preliminary fluidity tests being initiated on November 1, 1937. 21. ‘Tho equipment and the methods used in thia exp-rinental work are presented in four major sections: (1) melting equipment and methods, (2) temperature equipment and control, (3) pouring operations, and (4) pattorn and mold equipment, technique and handling methods. ‘These subjects will be thoroughly discussed in the order given. Melting Bouinment and Methods 22. The molting furnace used in this work is of the high induction type and operates on 960 cycles at a naximum safe power input of 100 kilowatts, the power being furnished by 4 notorcgenerater set rated to 1750'r.p.n., 800 volts, and 139 amperes, at 100% power factor. The power factor is controlled by a set of water colled capacitors operated from the main control panel. 23. A 300 pound cepecity silica crucible hes been found to be best suited to the work and was purchased from the Joseph Dixon Company. The average life of this type of crucible is 12 aelts. Previously, a basic Ajex magnesia crucible wes tried, but tho basic slag reacted rapidly with the quarts of the thermocouple sheath and hhad'to be abendoned in favor of the acid process. The Lining used round this crucible consists of gannister rammed solidly against {he noreast shell, which forms the sheath into which the coils are permanently cast. 24. Armco iron was used for several fluidity heats, but st present the mterial being used consists of sheared SAE 1015 stecl, wea ber stock refined and cast from the half-ton, three phase arc extended use. The sand also serves to function as a protective layer for the molten stecl against oidation and loss of carbon. 25. In an effort to cut oxidation to a minimum and to ob- tain a dead melt, a reducing atmosphere was maintained over the netel by burning Pyrofax illuminating ges slightly on the car~ puriging side of neutral. An air ges burner of rather lerge volume was secured in place through a hole in the center of a refractory brick cover. This procedure was tricd on severel tests of Armco iron with varying carbon additions and nas found to be of little practical value. It is possible that the moisture formed fron burning the high hydrocarbon gas may have counteracted the deneficial results of the noutral, or slightly carburizing flene. Other atmospheres may possibly be tried later on, but for the present, this type of control has been abandoned. Teuperature Equipment and Control 26. As mentioned previously, thermocouples are employod as a means for moasuring the temperature of the molten steel. An optical pyrometer is alco used as a check metiod. A peir of couples, one of platinum - platinum 10% rhodium end the other of tungsten- molybdenum, are insulated from each other and placed together in a smell fused quartz tube. This tube is then pleced in = large fused quarts tube, 1-1/8 inch outside diameter with not less than 4 fillineter wall thickness. The essenbly ie then mounted in « thermo- ecuple holder as shown in Plete 21, Figure 27, and the lerge quartz tube placed in a small electric muffle furnece for preheating to approximately 900° C. (Figure 28). This precaution is necessary Since plunging « cold quart2 tube into 2 bath of molten metal would Pest in cracking the tube end rendering the thermocouples unfit for further use. When the metal is all melted, alloys added, and sampling completed, the thermocouple and control assenbly is quickly removed from the preheating furnace end mounted in position over the | pot. The thermocouple hot junction is maintained about 2 inches jelow the surface of the metal at all times. If the tubes are ploced too deeply in the metal, it has been found that in the lest 5 or 10 minutes of testing, thoy often will bend at the surface of the motal tnd float to the top, thus invalidating the results. Tho cold junc- tions of the thermocouples ere kept at a safe distance of 10 feet from the heat of the furnace. 27. A Glip fit of the holder on to the bed frame permits the tube to be moved freely in clevation. A second sliding fit at the ase of the bed frane allows complete adjustment in azimuth, and a ratchet attachment enables the tube to be fed devper and deeper into the crucible as the volume of metal decreases ‘when successive gpirals are poured (Figure 29). The tubular part of the holder near the surface of the bath is constructed of hoat resistant metal. Liberal clearances ere allowed for all sliding fits and movable parts operating near the bath, in order to permit freedom of adjustment. ee 28, ‘The thermocouples, as assembled, are used only once, 2g the high temperature, often ranging from 1500 to 1700 degrees Centigrade over = period of 20 minutes, changes their original crystal structure, naking them brittle and unfit for repeated use. ‘Mgo, the quartz of the protecting tubes becomes embrittlec upon heating and prohibits use a second time. The tubes also fuse solidly around the wires at the hot junction end have to be broken aay before the thermocouples can be renewed. The officicncy of the thermocouple wire for repeated use is destroyed, not only at the bead, but for all portions in the region immediately udjacent to the bead. It has been found necessary after each test to dis- card at least one inch of the platinum couple end three inches of the tungsten-molybdenum couple. At frequent intervals. the thermo~ couples are calibrated ageinst a standard platinun-platinun, 10% rhodium couple in e small induction furnace and the optice! pyroneter is also checked from time to time. The tungsten and molybdenum wire is purchased in lengths of 30 fest so that the cold junction my be brought directly to the instrument. The platinua couple is maintained et a length of about 5 fect with compensating leads continuing to the instrument. Both thermocouples are made from 18 gauge wire. Pour: rations 29. In order to facilitate complete cuntrol of pouring, 500 pound electric hoist 4s used. This hoist is equipped with s Five speed, push button control. Speedy response, accurate control of hoist, smoothness of running, dependency, and ease of operation are extremely important features in a hoist to be used in quanti- tative fluidity studies. 30. Tt was soon noticed that the first fluidity spiral poured from the furnace in each test rm meent very little in the final analysis, as it was found the cold spout chilled the metal cxcessively. As 2 result, it is necessary to keep the furnace tilted at all times during pouring in order to maintain the metal at the highest possible level on the spout. This precaution also serves to eid in getting the metal into the mold with a minimm loss of time. Before the first mold is poured, a large ladle of metal is dram to warm up the spout and eliminate the necessity of secrificing the first mold for this purpose. 31. ‘The pouring height has been standardized et @ inches above the pouring basin of the fluidity mold, and this factor kept constant at all times, This eliminates 2 very inportent varicble. 32. To facilitate the program, a flet~top, steel truck of the railway type is employed to hold the nolds for pouring. This unit can be seen in Plato 22, Figure 30, and holds four molds at one time. It operstes on = small track which runs directly across the front of the induction furnace. The molds ere placed in their proper position for pouring and numbereé in the onder 92 succession. fs scon as one mold is poured, Figure 32, the car is mamclly pushed aiong the track until the next mold is in position. Tuen the metal hus sufficiently solidified for safe handling, the spent mold, Pigure 36, is removed and another put in its place, thie procedure being ¥ept up until cach of the serics of approximately 20 molds is pour: Fiyidity Mold 33. ‘Tho spiral fluidity mold was chosen fer this work as it gives the moz+ consistent results and is tolleved to te the best Criterion of fluidity available today. The detailed form and Gimensions of tho Dluidity mold are given in Plates 4, 5, and 6. The spire) pattern and the dom, gute ere made out of brass and the pouring basin pattern end run-off reservoir sre aluminun (Figures 33 and 24, Plate 20). 3h. ‘Tae flasks usod use constructed of steel snd have an inside dimension of 10 by 16 anchos. ‘Tho cop. is 3 inches deep and the drag 4 inches deep. 35. The dead end of tae spiral is vented to

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