Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

ISSN: 1346-7581 (Print) 1347-2852 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tabe20

Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Mortars Using

Crushed Waste Glass

Wan-Ki Kim & Yang-Seob Soh

To cite this article: Wan-Ki Kim & Yang-Seob Soh (2002) Properties of Unsaturated Polyester
Mortars Using Crushed Waste Glass, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering,
1:1, 7-12, DOI: 10.3130/jaabe.1.7

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.1.7

© 2018 Architectural Institute of Japan

Published online: 23 Oct 2018.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 120

View related articles

Citing articles: 3 View citing articles

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tabe20
 Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Mortars Using Crushed Waste Glass

Wan-Ki Kim1 and Yang-Seob Soh2

1
Full-Time Lecturer, Department of Architecture Design, Hyupsung University
14 Sang-Ri, Bongdam-Up, Hwasung 445-745 Korea (archi-chemi@hanmail.net)
2
Professor, Dept. of Architectural Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Korea
664-14 Duck-Jin Dong 1-Ka, Duck-Jin Ku, Chonju 561-756 Korea (soh@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr)

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the use of crushed waste glass as an aggregate in unsaturated
polyester (UP) mortar. The unsaturated polyester mortars using crushed waste glass are prepared with three
types of fillers, UP-fine aggregate ratios and crushed waste glass replacements for fine aggregate, and tested
for weight change, strengths, setting shrinkage and acid resistance. From the test results, the strengths and
acid resistance of UP mortars are improved with an increase in the waste glass replacement for fine aggregate.
The setting shrinkage of UP mortars has a minimum value of 21.25x10-4 at CWG replacement of 50% for
fine aggregate. It is reduced by a factor of two or more compared with 0%. In this study, a UP mortar with fly
ash as a filler, a UP-fine aggregate ratio of 15% and a waste glass replacement of 50% for fine aggregate is
selected as an optimal mix proportion of UP mortar using crushed waste glass. This is enough to assure the
use of the crushed waste glass as an aggregate for the production of UP mortar.

Keywords: Crushed waste glass; unsaturated polyester mortar; strengths; setting shrinkage; acid resistance

Introduction Materials
Recently, the importance of countermeasures to deal A commercially available orthophthalate-type
with waste materials has been pointed out, because such unsaturated polyester resin (UP) was used as a binder.
materials continue to increase each and every year. Waste The unsaturated polyester resin consists of unsaturated
glass is also one of the waste materials used for recycling polyester of 60 wt% and styrene of 40 wt%. Table 1 gives
in construction sites. The crushed waste glass has been the properties of the unsaturated polyester resin.
used to make a glass polymer composite that can be Table 1. Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resin.
applied for sewer, storm drain pipes and interlocking
Acid Specific Viscosity Styrene
blocks, etc.. 1) In this study the possibility of recycling
Value Gravity (20°C, Content
crushed waste glass as a substitute for fine aggregates is
(20°C) mPa•s) (%)
explored.
23.0 1.12 125 40
The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain the
properties of the UP mortars using crushed waste glass.
UP mortars using crushed waste glass are prepared with Methyl Ethyl Keton Peroxide(MEKPO) was used as a
ground calcium carbonate, blast furnace slag and fly ash catalyst. Commercially available calcium carbonate, fly
as filler, 2) the UP-fine aggregate ratios, crushed waste ash and blast furnace slag were used as fillers. The
glass replacements for fine aggregate, and tested for unit properties of fillers are given in Table 2. Crushed waste
weight, setting shrinkage, flexural and compressive glass (FM: 3.76) and Jumunjin standard sand were used
strengths, weight change and acid resistance. From the as fine aggregates. The properties of fine aggregates are
test results, improvements in the properties of the UP given in Table 3.
mortars due to the crushed waste glass replacements for Testing Procedures
fine aggregate are discussed. According to JIS A 1181 (Method of Making Polyester
Resin Concrete Specimens), polyester mortars were
mixed with the mix proportions indicated in Table 4. The
Contact Author: Soh, Yang-seob, Faculty of Architecture &
polyester mortar beams with dimensions of
Urban Eng., Chonbuk National Univ., Chonju 561-756
Korea
40x40x160mm were molded, and then subjected to a
Tel: +82-63-270-2282 Fax: +82-63-270-2285 three-day-20℃-60% R.H. dry cure. According to KS F
(Received October 10, 2001; accepted December 20, 2001) 2475 (Method of Test for Unit Weight and Air Content of

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/March 2002/12 7

Table 2. Properties of Fillers. respectively, and their relative compressive strength
Type of Specific Specific SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K20
calculated as follows:
Filler Gravity surface
(20℃) area
Relative flexural strength (%) = (σf1/σf0) × 100 (2)
(㎠/g)
Blast 2.90 4,647 33.1 13.8 - 42.4 6.1 - 0.2 0.3
Relative compressive strength (%) = (σc1/σc0) × 100 (3)
Furnace
Slag
where σf0 and σf1 are the flexural strength (MPa) of the
Fly Ash 2.22 3,613 52.6 33.4 4.6 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 4.5
beam specimens before and after immersion, respectively.
And σc0 and σc1 are the compressive strength (MPa) of
Calcium 2.70 2,500 CaCO3 = 99% the beam specimens before and after immersion,
Carbonate respectively.

Table 3. Properties of Fine Aggregates. Table 4. Mix Proportions of Unsaturated Polyester Mortars
Using Crushed Waste Glass.
Type of Size (mm) Specific Water Organic
Aggregate Gravity Content Impurities UP-Fine Crushed Waste Glass Filler/Binder, MEKPO/UP
(20°C) (%) Aggregate Ratio, Replacement for Fine F/B (%)
Jumunjin 0.3-0.6 2.63 0.1 Nil UP/FA (%) Aggregate,
Standard CWG/FA(%)
Sand 0
Crushed <5 3.38 0.1 Nil 10
Waste 12 20
Glass 50
100
Fresh Polymer-Modified Mortar), the unit weight of 0
polymer mortars was measured. According to KS F 2482 10
(Method of Test for Flexural Strength of Polyester Resin 13 20
Concrete) and KS F 2483 (Method of Test for 50
Compressive Strength of Polyester Resin Concrete Using 100
Portions of Beams Broken in Flexure), strengths of 0 1.0 1.0
polymer mortars were measured. Setting shrinkage was 10
measured by use of 8cmx10cmx40cm mold equipped dial 14 20
gauges at the center of both ends. According to the 50
drafted JCI [Japan Concrete Institute] (Method of Test for 100
Chemical Resistance of Polymer-Modified Mortar), the
0
cured beam specimens were immersed in test solutions at
10
20℃ for 28 and 91 days for acid attack. The test solution
15 20
used is 10% sulfuric acid (H2SO4). After 28-day and 91-
50
day immersion, the attacked portions of the beam
100
specimens were cleaned. Their weight was then
determined, and its change calculated as follows:

Weight change (%) = [(W1-W0)/W0] × 100 (1) Results and Discussion

where W0 and W1 are the weights (g) of the beam
specimens before and after immersion, respectively.
After that, the beam specimens were tested for
compressive and flexural strengths in accordance with
KS F 2481 (Method of Test for Compressive Strength of
Polyester Resin Concrete) and KS F 2482 (Method of
Test for Flexural Strength of Polyester Resin Concrete)
Fig. 1 shows the unit weight of UP mortars using
crushed waste glass with CaCO3 as a filler. With
increasing CWG replacement, the unit weight of the UP
mortars increases sharply at CWG replacement for
standard sand up to 100% owing to the difference of
specific gravity by fine aggregates. Also, the unit weight
of the UP mortars increases with an increase in the
UP/FA ratios.

8 JAABE vol.1 no.1 March 2002 Wan-Ki Kim


Fig. 1. Weight of Unit Volume of UP Mortars
with Crushed Waste Glass.
Fig. 2 shows the setting shrinkage of UP mortars using
crushed waste glass with CaCO3 as a filler and UP/FA
ratio of 15%. On the whole, the setting shrinkage of the
UP mortars increases with additional curing time, and
tends to become nearly constant within eight hours,
irrespective of CWG replacements for standard sand. In
general, the setting shrinkage of the UP mortars decreases
with an increase in the crushed waste glass replacements
for fine aggregate. This is attributed to the fact that more
crushed waste glass (<5mm) used in this study has
continuous grading than standard sand. The setting
shrinkage of the UP mortars has a minimum value of
21.25x10-4 at CWG replacement of 50% for fine
aggregate. It is reduced by a factor of two or more
compared with 0%.
Figs. 3 and 4 represent the flexural and compressive
strengths of UP mortars using crushed waste glass with
CaCO3 as a filler. In the case of the ordinary cement
mortar, the strength decreases with CWG replacements
for fine aggregate.3) While on the contrary, the flexural
and compressive strengths of the UP mortars increase
with an increase in the crushed waste glass replacements
for fine aggregate. The strengths increase sharply at
CWG replacement for standard sand up to 50% and
become nearly constant or increase slowly over 50%. At
JAABE vol.1 no.1 March 2002
a CWG replacement of 100% for standard sand, the
strengths of flexure and compression are 2.5-3.0 times
and 2.6-2.8 times compared with 0%, respectively. It is
thought that the extent of the strength improvement is
influenced by the physical union rather than chemical
union. This is because crushed waste glass with abundant
acute angles has more adhesion on the surface than sand.
Also, like normal polymer mortars and concretes, 4) the
strength of UP mortars using crushed waste glass
increases with an increase in the UP content.
Fig. 5 gives the weight change of UP mortars using
crushed waste glass after being immersed in H2SO4 10%
solution. In general, the weight change of the UP mortars
increases with increased immersion period, however, it
decreases remarkably with an increase in the UP content
and CWG replacements for sand. Particularly, the weight
change of the UP mortars with a UP/FA ratio of 15% and
a CWG replacement of 100% for sand is less than 0.1%.
Accordingly, the weight change is almost unrecognizable.
This can be induced by the fact that watertightness was
obtained by reduced internal void when the UP content
and CWG replacement increased.
Figs. 6 and 7 exhibit the flexural and compressive
strengths of UP mortars using crushed waste glass
immersed in 10% H2SO4 for 0, 28, and 91 days. At an
immersion period of 28 days, each strength of flexure and
Wan-Ki Kim 9
compression decreases to 4-65% and 5-42%. Thus, it is
considered that the effect of strength reduction is marked
by calcium carbonate rather than UP resin, sand and
crushed waste glass. Therefore it is revealed that the
bigger CWG replacements for sand; the smaller the
relative strength, and the bigger the UP/FA ratio, the
bigger the reduction of relative strength, due to the
increased quantity of filler. This is, just like the inferred
result in weight changes, because denser structure in UP
mortars is formed with an increase in the CWG
replacements for sand and UP/FA ratio. Also, at an
immersion period of 91 days, 8-67% in flexural strength
and 6-55% in compressive strength decline and
subsequently show a similar trend in an immersion of
period of 28 days.
10 JAABE vol.1 no.1 March 2002
Figs. 8 and 9 show the flexural and compressive
strengths of UP mortars using crushed waste glass with
three types of fillers such as CaCO3, blast furnace slag
and fly ash. The flexural and compressive strengths of the
UP mortars increase sharply with an increase in the
UP/FA ratio and CWG replacements for standard sand.
While the strengths of UP mortars with fly ash as filler
are larger than those of the UP mortar using other types
of fillers.
Fig. 10 represents the weight change of UP mortars
using crushed waste glass with three types of filler. The
weights of the UP mortars are inclined to increase with
the lapse of the immersion period. In general, this trend is
similar to the water absorption of unmodified mortar or
polymer-modified mortars. Regardless of the UP/FA ratio,
Wan-Ki Kim
the weight change of the UP mortars using fly ash as a
filler is smaller than that of the UP mortars using CaCO3
and blast furnace slag as fillers. In other words, this
means that the CaCO3 and blast furnace slag show large
absorption of H2SO4 solution compared to fly ash in the
UP mortars. On the other hand, the weight change of the
UP mortars decreases sharply with an increase in the
UP/FA ratio and CWG replacements for fine aggregate.
The weight loss of the UP mortar in H2SO4 10% solution
is not recognized when CWG replacement for standard
sand is 50%.
Fig. 11 exhibits the relative flexural strength of UP
mortars using crushed waste glass immersed in 10%
H2SO4 for 28 days. The relative flexural strength of the
UP mortars with fly ash as a filler is somewhat larger
than that of the UP mortars using CaCO3 and blast
furnace slag at the respective waste glass replacement for
fine aggregate. Therefore, the relative flexural strength of
the UP mortars with CaCO3 and blast furnace slag is
found to be somewhat inferior to that of the UP mortars
using fly ash. In general, the relative flexural strength of
the UP mortars using fly ash as a filler is more than 60%.
JAABE vol.1 no.1 March 2002
UP mortars with a waste glass replacement of 50% for
fine aggregate especially have a high relative flexural
strength of more than 90% at UP-fine aggregate ratios of
14 and 15%.
Fig. 12 shows the relative compressive strength of UP
mortars using crushed waste glass immersed in 10%
H2SO4 for 28 days. Like the relative flexural strength of
the UP mortars, the relative compressive strength of the
UP mortars increases with an increase in the waste glass
replacements for fine aggregate. Regardless of the type of
filler and UP/FA ratio, the relative compressive strength
of the UP mortars has a good acid resistance at a CWG
replacement of 50% for fine aggregate. The relative
compressive strength of the UP mortars with fly ash as a
Wan-Ki Kim 11
 filler is almost equal to that of the UP mortars using
CaCO3. Especially, it has a high relative strength of more
than 90% at a waste-aggregate ratio of 50% and UP
contents of 14 or 15%. Also, UP mortar with a waste
glass replacement of 50% for fine aggregate at an
immersion period of 91 days sustains relative flexural
and compressive strengths of more than 60% at UP/FA
ratios of 14 and 15%. In conclusion, the UP mortar with
fly ash as a filler, a UP/FA ratio of 15% and a CWG
replacement of 50% for standard sand is recommended as
an optimal mix proportion.
Conclusions
The conclusions obtained from the test results are
summarized as follows:
(1) In general, the setting shrinkage of UP mortars using
crushed waste glass decreases with an increase in the
crushed waste glass replacements for fine aggregate. The
setting shrinkage of the UP mortars has minimum value
of 21.25x10-4 at CWG replacement of 50% for fine
aggregate. It is reduced by a factor of two or more
compared with 0%.
(2) The flexural and compressive strengths of UP mortars
increase sharply at CWG replacement for standard sand
up to 50% and become nearly constant or increase slowly
over 50%. At a CWG replacement of 100% for standard
sand, the strengths of flexure and compression are 2.5-3
times and 2.6-2.8 times compared with 0%, respectively.
(3) Weight loss of UP mortar in H2SO4 10% solution is
not recognized. In general, the weight change of the UP
mortars using fly ash as a filler is smaller than that of
the UP mortars using CaCO3 and blast furnace slag as
fillers.
12 JAABE vol.1 no.1 March 2002
(4) The relative flexural strength of UP mortars using
CaCO3 and blast furnace slag as fillers is found to be
somewhat inferior to that of the UP mortars using fly ash
as a filler.
(5) Regardless of the type of filler and UP-fine aggregate
ratio, the relative flexural and compressive strengths of
the UP mortars have good acid resistance at a waste glass
replacement of 50% for fine aggregate.
(6) In this study, a UP mortar with fly ash as a filler, a
UP-fine aggregate ratio of 15% and a waste glass
replacement of 50% for fine aggregate is recommended
as an optimal mix proportion of UP mortar using crushed
waste glass. From this study, it is enough to assure the
use of the crushed waste glass as an aggregate for the
production of UP mortar.
References
1) Fontana, Jack J. (1991) Waste Encapsulation and/or Solidification
in Polymer Concretes, ICPIC Working Papers, International
Congress on Polymers in Concrete, San Francisco, 1-10.
2) Soh et al (1997) Effect of Filler on the Mechanical Properties of
Unsaturated Polyester Resin Mortar, Proceeding of the Second
East Asia Symposium on Polymers in Concrete, E&FN Spon,
London, 67-74.
3) Bae et al (1998) An Experimental Study on the Properties of
Mortar Containing Recycled Glass, Proceedings of the Korea
Concrete Institute, 10 (2), 36-41.
4) Ohama et al (1980) Effects of Styrene-Unsaturated Polyester
Ratio on Properties of Polyester Resin Concrete, Japan Society of
Materials Science, 29 (318), 60-65.
Wan-Ki Kim