Seamedu School of Pro - Expression

NAME: PARAMVEER SINGH

MAIL ID: sm2121005@seamedu.in

CH BSc SE 2021 Sem 1

MODULE: PHYSICS OF SOUND

ASSI. NAME : SOUND PROPAGATION/PHASE

SUBMITTED TO : MR.SURBHIT MANOCHA

Q 1. Give four points to differentiate between Longitudinal and transverse

waves.

A1. LONGITUDNAL WAVES TRANSVERSE WAVES

1. The displacement of the particle is The displacement of the particle

parallel to the wave propagation’s is perpendicular to the wave

direction . In other words, the propagation’s direction . In other

motion of the wave is parallel to word, the motion of the wave is

the motion of particle. perpendicular to the motion of particle.

2. This wave has compressions and This wave has crests and troughs.

rarefactions .

3. This wave can be produced in This wave can only be produced

any medium ( solid, liquid and gas). in liquid and gas medium.
4. Longitudinal waves are one dimens- The transverse waves are two

ional waves. dimensional waves.

5. ex- sound waves are longitudinal ex- light waves are transverse

waves waves.

Q 2 . Explain Phase interference with diagrams and define harmonics.

A 2. Phase interference is the phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet
while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the
medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual
waves upon the particles of the medium.

There are two types of phase interference.

1) CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE - Constructive interference is a type of

interference that happens at any location along the medium where the two
interfering waves have a displacement in the same direction.

In this case, both waves have an upward displacement(also called in phase). The
medium has an upward displacement that is greater than the displacement of the
two interfering pulses. Constructive interference is observed at any location
where the two interfering waves are displaced upward ( green wave represents
the final result) . But it is also observed when both interfering waves are displaced
downward. This is shown in the diagram below for two downward displaced
pulses.
2) DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE - Destructive interference is a type of
interference that happens at any location along the medium where the two
interfering waves have a displacement in the opposite direction. For example ,
when a sine wave with a maximum displacement of +1 unit meets a sine pulse
with a maximum displacement of -1 unit, destructive interference occurs. In this
case two waves cancels out completely and are called out of phase .

The two interfering waves do not need to have equal amplitudes in opposite
directions for destructive interference to occur. For example, a wave with a
maximum displacement of +1 unit could meet a pulse with a maximum
displacement of -2 units. The resulting displacement of the medium during
complete overlap is -1 unit.

A harmonic is a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole number)

multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave. The term can also
refer to the ratio of the frequency of such a signal or wave to the frequency of the
reference signal or wave.
Q 3. Explain ADSR and how sound propagation in a confined space.

A 3. ADSR stands for the envelope's four stages of modulation: attack, decay,
sustain, and release. These stages control the level of the sound from the
moment you press a key . Specifically, the ADS portion of the sound is what
happens when a key is pushed down , and the R is what occurs when the key is let
up.

Attack: The attack phase begins the moment a key is pressed. This phase
determines how quickly a sound reaches full volume before entering the decay
phase.

Decay: The decay phase determines the length of the drop from the peak level to
the sustain level of a sound.

Sustain: it determines the volume of a sound for the entire hold time between the
decay and release phases.

Release: The final phase determines the speed at which a sound ends from the
moment you release the key.

SOUND PROPAGATION - A confined space is a room or area bounded on every of

its sides . On encountering barriers posed by the enclosure, sound waves are
likely to behave in the following ways:

Reflection - This occurs when the wavelength of a sound wave is smaller than the
surface of an obstacle.

Absorption - When sound waves hit the surface of an obstacle, some of its energy
is reflected while some are lost through its transfer to the molecules of the
barrier. The lost sound energy is said to have been absorbed by the barrier.

Diffusion - This is the scattering of waves from a surface. It occurs as a result

of the texture and hardness of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of
the sound.
 Refraction - This is the bending of sound when it travels from one medium
into another medium.

Reverberation - This is the persistence of sound in an enclosed space as a result

of continuous reflection or scattering of sound after the source has stopped.

Echo - this occurs when the reverberation time is long enough to cause a distinct
repetition of the direct sound. This condition is an advanced form of
reverberation where the sound is heard clearly and repeatedly after some time
until it fades.