ater Science & Engineering & 651 (2016) 160-164 ELSEVIER journal homepage: www.clso. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Science & Engineering A om/locate/msoa = Short communication The effect of martensite banding on the mechanical properties and formability of TRIP steels A. Ramazani**, H. Quade”, M. Abbasi®, U. Prahl” carmen of Chemica Ensinering, Universi of Michigan, 2300 Haya St. An Arbor MI 48108, USA © Departmen of Feros Metal, RIVT- Ac Univers Ines 052072 Aachen, Commo “Facto Egicering, Unies of Kaan, evan Kato, 27 Octobe 2015 ‘Accepted 28 October 2015, uiabe online 30 October 2015 Keywors: Transformation induced Pasty Hole expansion rest, Becton probe microanalysis ‘Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP stels possess high strength and great formabiiy. Inthe current research work, the effect of banded martensite microstructure onto the mechanical properties and formabilty behaviour of low-alloyed TRIP steels was investigated. The results showed that the TRIP stel accumated a larger strain prior to fracture when martensite appeared in form of bands. "© 2015 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ‘The reduction of car body weight in combination with good crash behaviour are major aims of the automotive industry |!~3) Multiphase steels, especially TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels, combine high strength and high formability, which is, 2 condition for deep drawing parts in the automotive industry [45]. TRIP steel has a microstructure consisting of retained aus- tenite ina fervitic matrix, Additionally, i also contains hard seconel phase particles of bainite and martensite in matrix. During plastic ‘deformation and straining, the retained austenite phase tans- forms into martensite and correspondingly the strength increases by the phenomenon of strain hardening, This transformation al- lows for enhanced strength, ductility and excellent energy ab- sorption capacity (6,7 “Mechanical properties of these steels have been the point of focus of different researchers [8-11]. Most of the researches were carried out on TRIP steels with random distribution of hard mar- tensite and bainite particles [12-14]. Yet, TRIP steels may show a microstructure with banded martensite which results from segre- gation process during continuous casting [15,16]. Ths study aims at ‘analysing the effect of anded-martensite microstructure onto the formability and failure behaviour of TRIP steels, by a combination of traditional macroscopic and advanced microscale investigations Corresponding autor Fax: 174 763 0859. ‘Email addres raaranioumicheds (A. Ramazai) psec og/104016 sea. 20151011 (0921 5093/0 205 Elsevier BN Al igh reserved 2. Materials and method In this study, two commercial TRIP qualities steels, named TRIP ‘A and B with 12 mm thickness, were investigated. The chemical ‘compositions of the studied steels, from ThyssenKrupp steel ‘company, are given in Table 1. It comes from Table 1 that both steels have nearly the same composition but different Si and Al contents. Silicon and aluminium, in particular, are used to avoid a harmful phenomenon in TRIP steels, ie. carbide precipitation ‘during bainitic transformation [17] In Fig. 1 the microstructures of the investigated TRIP steels are sgiven Fi. 1a shows the banded microstructure of the TRIP A steel. Kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis was used to identity the phase partitioning and distribution. This analysis for the TRIPA steel are presented in Fig. 2. For the studied TRIP steels, quasi-static uniaxial tensile tests were performed according to DIN EN 10002 {18}. The tensile tests were performed parallel to the cold-rlling direction at a velocity ‘of 4 mm/min by a Zwick 100 testing machine. For every condition, three tests were carried out. Hole expansion test was applied to study the effect of mar- tensite banding on the formabilty. This test uses a flat sheet specimen with a circular hole in the centre, clamped between annular die plates and deformed by a punch, The testis finished ‘when a visible edge crack or a fractured hole is observed [19]. The ‘dimensions of the tools and specimens used for hole expansion test can be found in Ref. [20]. Five samples were tested for each‘Ramazan al / Maer Sience& Engineering A 851 (2016) 160-168 v6 ‘tablet Chemical eomposion ofthe investigated TRIP seen We) ‘material, according to the standards [21], The edge samples were fully de-burred before testing by milling process to delete burrs effect on cracking. The local chemical composition of the investigated materials, ‘was measured using emission electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) method, Measurements were conducted on a JEOL JXA- '8530F field emission electron probe micro-analyser, witich allows achieving a detailed mapping of the alloying elements within the microstructure due to a step size of 0.1 jim. The investigations ‘were conducted in regions with homogeneous phase distribution, ‘Synchrotron experiments were performed in order to study the transformation kinetics in situ as a function of applied stress. In situ investigations were carried out using a tensile testing ma- chine at the synchrotron source DELTA of the TU Dortmund. The X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out at beam line BLS. The samples were measured in transmission geometty. For the measurements, monochromatic X-rays with a wavelength of 45919 A (27 keV) were used. For the detection of the 2D dif fraction pattern an image plate detector (MAR345) was applied. The corresponding diffactogram could be estimated by integrat- ing over the whole angle of the rings. For further quantitative analysis the volume fractions of austenite and martensite phases ‘were also calculated. For the determination of the strength of the ferrite phase, na- nohardness test was conducted on a Nano Indenter G 200 with a pyramidal diamond Berkovich indenter tip. The tests were carried ‘out according to the standards (22), under a maximum force of 5 mN. In order to minimize the measurement error and to achieve representativeness, 50 indentations were performed and for the determination of the hardness modulus a Poisson's ratio of 0.3 was assumed 23,24] 3, Results and discussion Microstructural banding is due to the segregation of substitu- tional alloying elements during dendritic solidification. Several in- vestigations have shown that manganese segregation is responsible {or the development of microstructural banding in low alloy steels [25.26], EPMA results for the TRIP A and B steels, denoting ‘toni sie sed DP tec A Eg. Mater (014 170-180 {321K Davis Tens Testing. ASM eration USA 2008