Kenneth Arrow

Kenneth Joseph Arrow (23 August 1921 – 21 February 2017)

Kenneth Arrow
was an American economist, mathematician, writer, and political
theorist. He was the joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Sciences with John Hicks in 1972.

In economics, he was a major figure in post-World War II neo-

classical economic theory. Many of his former graduate students
have gone on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize themselves. His
most significant works are his contributions to social choice theory,
notably "Arrow's impossibility theorem", and his work on general
equilibrium analysis. He has also provided foundational work in
many other areas of economics, including endogenous growth
theory and the economics of information.

Education and early career Arrow in 1996

Arrow was born on 23 August 1921, in New York City.[3] Arrow's Born Kenneth Joseph
mother, Lilian (Greenberg), was from Iași, Romania, and his Arrow
father, Harry Arrow, was from nearby Podu Iloaiei.[4][5] The 23 August 1921
Arrow family were Romanian Jews.[3][6][7] His family was very New York City, U.S.
supportive of his education.[3] Growing up during the Great Died 21 February 2017
Depression, he embraced socialism in his youth. He would later (aged 95)
move away from socialism, but his views retained a left-leaning Palo Alto,
philosophy.[8] California, U.S.
He graduated from Townsend Harris High School and then earned Academic career
a Bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1940 in
Institution Stanford University
mathematics, where he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon. He
then attended Columbia University for graduate studies, obtaining Field Microeconomics
a Master's degree in mathematics in June 1941.[9] While there, General
Arrow studied under Harold Hotelling, who influenced him to equilibrium theory
change fields to economics.[8] He served as a weather officer in
Social choice
the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1946.[10][3]
theory

Academic career School or Neoclassical

tradition economics
From 1946 to 1949 Arrow spent his time partly as a graduate Alma mater City College of
student at Columbia and partly as a research associate at the New York (BS)
Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at the University
Columbia
of Chicago. During that time he also held the rank of Assistant
University (MS,
Professor in Economics at the University of Chicago and worked
at the RAND Corporation in California. He left Chicago to take up PhD)
the post of Acting Assistant Professor of Economics and Statistics Doctoral Harold Hotelling
at Stanford University. In 1951, he earned his PhD from
Columbia.[9] He served in the government on the staff of the advisor
Council of Economic Advisers in the 1960s with Robert Doctoral David F. Bradford
Solow.[11] In 1968, he left Stanford for the position of Professor of students
Economics at Harvard University. It was during his tenure there Michael Bruno
that he received the Nobel Prize in Economics.[9] John Geanakoplos
Joshua Gans
Arrow returned to Stanford in 1979 and became the Joan Kenney
Professor of Economics and Professor of Operations Research. He Nancy Gordon
retired in 1991. As a Fulbright Distinguished Chair, in 1995 he Gillian Hadfield
taught Economics at the University of Siena. He was also a John Harsanyi
founding member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Jan Kmenta
and a member of the Science Board of Santa Fe Institute. At
various stages in his career he was a Fellow of Churchill College, Timur Kuran
Cambridge.[9] He was one of the founding editors of the Annual Jean-Jacques
Review of Economics, which was first published in 2009.[12] Laffont

Five of his former students have gone on to become Nobel Prize Eric Maskin
winners, namely John Harsanyi, Eric Maskin, Roger Myerson, Roger Myerson
Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz.[13] A collection of Arrow's Sebastian Piñera
papers is housed at the Rubenstein Library at Duke University.[14]
Andrea Prat
Karl Shell
Arrow's impossibility theorem Michael Spence
Nancy Stokey[1]
Arrow's monograph Social Choice and Individual Values derives
from his 1951 PhD thesis. Menahem Yaari
Influences Alfred Tarski[2]
If we exclude the possibility of interpersonal Contributions General
comparisons of utility, then the only methods of equilibrium
passing from individual tastes to social preferences
theory
which will be satisfactory and which will be defined
for a wide range of sets of individual orderings are Fundamental
either imposed or dictatorial.[15] theorems of
welfare
economics
In what he named the General Impossibility Theorem, he theorized
that, unless we accept to compare the levels of utility reached by Arrow's
different individuals, it is impossible to formulate a social impossibility
preference ordering that satisfies all of the following conditions:[16] theorem
Endogenous
1. Nondictatorship: The preferences of an individual
growth theory
should not become the group ranking without
considering the preferences of others. Awards John Bates Clark
2. Individual Sovereignty: each individual should be able Medal (1957)
to order the choices in any way and indicate ties Nobel Prize in
3. Unanimity: If every individual prefers one choice to Economics
another, then the group ranking should do the same
(1972)
4. Freedom From Irrelevant Alternatives: If a choice is
removed, then the others' order should not change von Neumann
5. Uniqueness of Group Rank: The method should yield Theory Prize
the same result whenever applied to a set of (1986)
 preferences. The group ranking should be transitive. National Medal of
Science (2004)
The theorem has implications for welfare economics and theories
of justice, and for voting theory (it extends the Condorcet ForMemRS (2006)
paradox). Following Arrow's logical framework, Amartya Sen Information (https://ideas.repec.org/
formulated the liberal paradox which argued that given a status of e/par7.html) at IDEAS / RePEc
"Minimal Liberty" there was no way to obtain Pareto optimality,
Website healthpolicy.fsi
nor to avoid the problem of social choice of neutral but unequal
.stanford.edu
results.[16]
/people/kenneth_j
_arrow (http://healt
General equilibrium theory hpolicy.fsi.stanford.
edu/people/kennet
Work by Arrow and Gérard Debreu and simultaneous work by h_j_arrow)
Lionel McKenzie offered the first rigorous proofs of the existence
of a market clearing equilibrium.[17] For this work and his other contributions, Debreu won the 1983 Nobel
Prize in Economics.[18] Arrow went on to extend the model and its analysis to include uncertainty, the
stability. His contributions to the general equilibrium theory were influenced by Adam Smith's Wealth of
Nations.[3] Written in 1776, The Wealth of Nations is an examination of economic growth brought forward
by the division of labor, by ensuring interdependence of individuals within society.[19]

In 1974, The American Economic Association published the paper written by Kenneth Arrow, General
Economic Equilibrium: Purpose, Analytic Techniques, Collective Choice, where he states:

From the time of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations in 1776, one recurrent theme of economic
analysis has been the remarkable degree of coherence among the vast numbers of individual
and seemingly separate decisions about the buying and selling of commodities. In everyday,
normal experience, there is something of a balance between the amounts of goods and services
that some individuals want to supply and the amounts that other, different individuals want to
sell. Would-be buyers ordinarily count correctly on being able to carry out their intentions, and
would-be sellers do not ordinarily find themselves producing great amounts of goods that they
cannot sell. This experience of balance is indeed so widespread that it raises no intellectual
disquiet among laymen; they take it so much for granted that they are not disposed to
understand the mechanism by which it occurs.[20]

Fundamental theorems of welfare economics

In 1951, Arrow presented the first and second fundamental theorems of welfare economics and their proofs
without requiring differentiability of utility, consumption, or technology, and including corner solutions.[21]

Endogenous-growth theory

Arrow was one of the precursors of endogenous growth theory, which seeks to explain the source of
technical change, which is a key driver of economic growth. Until this theory came to prominence,
technical change was assumed to occur exogenously — that is, it was assumed to occur outside economic
activities, and was outside (exogenous) to common economic models. At the same time there was no
economic explanation for why it occurred. Endogenous-growth theory provided standard economic reasons
for why firms innovate, leading economists to think of innovation and technical change as determined by
economic actors, that is endogenously to economic activities, and thus belong inside the model.
Endogenous growth theory started with Paul Romer's 1986 paper,[22] borrowing from Arrow's 1962
"learning-by-doing" model which introduced a mechanism to eliminate diminishing returns in aggregate
output.[3][23] A literature on this theory has developed subsequently to Arrow's work.[24]

Information economics

In other pioneering research, Arrow investigated the problems caused by asymmetric information in
markets. In many transactions, one party (usually the seller) has more information about the product being
sold than the other party. Asymmetric information creates incentives for the party with more information to
cheat the party with less information; as a result, a number of market structures have developed, including
warranties and third party authentication, which enable markets with asymmetric information to function.
Arrow analysed this issue for medical care (a 1963 paper entitled "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics
of Medical Care", in the American Economic Review);[25] later researchers investigated many other
markets, particularly second-hand assets, online auctions and insurance.

Awards and honors

Arrow was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal in 1957[26] and was elected a Fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959.[27] In 1968, he was elected to both the United States National
Academy of Sciences[28] and the American Philosophical Society.[29] He was the joint winner of the Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972 and the 1986 recipient of the von Neumann Theory
Prize.[9] He was one of the recipients of the 2004 National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific
honor, presented by President George W. Bush for his contributions to research on the problem of making
decisions using imperfect information and his research on bearing risk.[4][30]

He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Chicago (1967), the University of Vienna
(1971) the City University of New York (1972).[9] On 2 June 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from
the Faculty of Social Sciences at Uppsala University, Sweden.[31] He was elected a Foreign Member of the
Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2006.[32] He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for
Operations Research and the Management Sciences.[33]

Personal life and death

Arrow was a brother to the economist Anita Summers, uncle to economist and former Treasury Secretary
and Harvard President Larry Summers, and brother-in-law of the late economists Robert Summers and Paul
Samuelson.[34] In 1947, he married Selma Schweitzer, graduate in economics at the University of
Chicago[35] and psychotherapist, who died in 2015; they had two children, David Michael (b. 1962), an
actor,[36] and Andrew Seth (b. 1965), an actor/singer.[9]

Arrow was well known for being a polymath, possessing prodigious knowledge of subjects far removed
from economics. On one occasion (recounted by Eric Maskin), in an attempt to artificially test Arrow's
knowledge, the junior faculty agreed to closely study the breeding habits of gray whales  — a suitably
obscure topic — and discuss it in his presence. To their surprise, Arrow already was familiar with the work
they had studied and, in addition, thought it had been refuted by other research.[34]

Arrow died in his Palo Alto, California home on 21 February 2017 at the age of 95.[34]

Publications
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951a). "Alternative approaches to the theory of choice in risk-taking
situations". Econometrica. The Econometric Society. 19 (4): 404–37. doi:10.2307/1907465
(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907465). JSTOR 1907465 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/190746
5).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1951b). Social Choice and Individual Values (1st ed.). New Haven, New
York / London: J. Wiley / Chapman & Hall. OCLC 892549124 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/
892549124).
Reprinted as: Arrow, Kenneth J. (1963). Social Choice and Individual Values
(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300013641.

Arrow, Kenneth J.; Harris, Theodore; Marschak, Jacob (July 1951). "Optimal inventory
policy" (https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fc3fb81939a84c00026a1b009b422f68f6b534c2).
Econometrica. The Econometric Society. 19 (3): 250–72. doi:10.2307/1906813 (https://doi.or
g/10.2307%2F1906813). JSTOR 1906813 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906813).
S2CID 51766626 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51766626).
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Hurwicz, Leonid (1953). Hurwicz's optimality criterion for decision making
under ignorance. Technical Report 6. Stanford University.
Also available as: Arrow, Kenneth J.; Hurwicz, Leonid (1977). Appendix: An
optimality criterion for decision-making under ignorance. Cambridge Books Online.
pp. 461–72. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511752940.015 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO
9780511752940.015). ISBN 9780511752940.
and as: Arrow, Kenneth J.; Hurwicz, Leonid (1977), "Appendix: An optimality criterion
for decision-making under ignorance", in Arrow, Kenneth J.; Hurwicz, Leonid (eds.),
Studies in resource allocation processes, Cambridge New York: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 461–72, ISBN 9780521215220.

Arrow, Kenneth J.; Debreu, Gérard (July 1954). "Existence of an equilibrium for a
competitive economy". Econometrica. The Econometric Society. 22 (3): 265–90.
doi:10.2307/1907353 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907353). JSTOR 1907353 (https://www.j
stor.org/stable/1907353).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (February 1959a). "Functions of a theory of behaviour under uncertainty".
Metroeconomica. Wiley. 11 (1–2): 12–20. doi:10.1111/j.1467-999X.1959.tb00258.x (https://d
oi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-999X.1959.tb00258.x).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1959b), "Toward a theory of price adjustment", in Abramovitz, Moses;
et al. (eds.), The allocation of economic resources: essays in honor of Bernard Francis
Haley, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, OCLC 490147128 (https://www.world
cat.org/oclc/490147128).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1960), "Price-quantity adjustments in multiple markets with rising
demands", in Arrow, Kenneth J.; Karlin, Samuel; Suppes, Patrick (eds.), Mathematical
models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium, Stanford
mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV, Stanford, California: Stanford University
Press, pp. 3–15, ISBN 9780804700214.
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Suppes, Patrick; Karlin, Samuel (1960). Mathematical models in the
social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium. Stanford, California:
Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804700214.
Including: Arrow, Kenneth J. Price-quantity adjustments in multiple markets with
rising demands, pp. 3–15.

Arrow, Kenneth J. (June 1962). "The economic implications of learning by doing" (https://se
manticscholar.org/paper/7c1913c5ba5e7e953d1e9b6056669c690b63cdeb). The Review of
Economic Studies. Oxford Journals. 29 (3): 155–73. doi:10.2307/2295952 (https://doi.org/10.
2307%2F2295952). JSTOR 2295952 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2295952).
S2CID 155029478 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155029478).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (December 1963). "Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical
care" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142954/http://sws1.bu.edu/ellisrp/EC387/Paper
s/1963Arrow_AER.pdf) (PDF). American Economic Review. American Economic
Association. 53 (5): 941–73. JSTOR 1812044 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812044).
Archived from the original (http://sws1.bu.edu/ellisrp/EC387/Papers/1963Arrow_AER.pdf)
(PDF) on 11 May 2011.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1968), "Economic equilibrium", in Merton, Robert K.; Sills, David L.
(eds.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (vol. 4), London and New York:
Macmillan and the Free Press, pp. 376–88, OCLC 310091393 (https://www.worldcat.org/ocl
c/310091393).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1969), "The organization of economic activity: issues pertinent to the
choice of market versus non-market allocations", in {Papers} (ed.), The analysis and
evaluation of public expenditures: the PPB system; a compendium of papers submitted to
the Subcommittee on Economy in Government of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress
of the United States, vol. 1, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, pp. 47–64,
OCLC 26897 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26897).
Reprinted as: Arrow, Kenneth J. (1983b), "The organization of economic activity:
issues pertinent to the choice of market versus non-market allocations", in Arrow,
Kenneth J. (ed.), Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 2: general
equilibrium, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, pp. 133–55,
ISBN 9780674137615.
Also reprinted as a pdf. (http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/Courses/UCSBpf/readings/
ArrowNonMktActivity1969.pdf)

Arrow, Kenneth J. (1970). Essays in the theory of risk-bearing (https://archive.org/details/ess

aysintheoryof0000arro). Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co. ISBN 9780720430479.
Arrow, Kenneth; Hahn, Frank (1971). General competitive analysis (https://archive.org/detail
s/generalcompetiti0000arro). San Francisco: Holden-Day. ISBN 9780816202751.
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Hurwicz, Leonid (1972), "Decision making under ignorance", in Carter, C.
F.; Ford, J. L. (eds.), Uncertainty and expectations in economics: essays in honour of G.L.S.
Shackle, Oxford / New York: Basil Blackwell / Augustus M. Kelley, ISBN 9780631141709.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1974). The limits of organization (https://archive.org/details/limitsoforgani
za00kenn). New York: Norton. ISBN 9780393093230.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (February 1977). "Extended sympathy and the possibility of social
choice". American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 67 (1): 219–25.
JSTOR 1815907 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815907).
Reprinted as: Arrow, Kenneth J. (1983a), "Extended sympathy and the possibility of
social choice", in Arrow, Kenneth J. (ed.), Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow,
volume 1: social Choice and justice, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press,
ISBN 9780674137608.

Arrow, Kenneth J.; Intriligator, Michael D. (1981). Handbook of mathematical economics.

Handbook of Economics Series. Amsterdam New York, New York: Elsevier North-Holland.
ISBN 9780444861269.
Arrow, Kenneth J. Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press.:
 Arrow, Kenneth J. (1983a). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 1: social
Choice and justice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
ISBN 9780674137608.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1983b). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 2: general
equilibrium. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674137615.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1984a). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 3:
individual choice under certainty and uncertainty. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674137622.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1984b). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 4: the
economics of information. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
ISBN 9780674137639.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1985a). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 5:
production and capital. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
ISBN 9780674137776.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1985b). Collected papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, volume 6: applied
economics (https://bookforest.in/products/applied-economics-volume-6-collected-pa
pers-of-kenneth-j-arrow). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
ISBN 9780674137783.

Arrow, Kenneth J. (1987), "Rationality of self and others in an economic system", in Hogarth,
Robin M.; Reder, Melvin W. (eds.), Rational choice: the contrast between economics and
psychology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 201–16, ISBN 9780226348575.
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Anderson, Philip W.; Pines, David, eds. (1988). The economy as an
evolving complex system: the proceedings of the Evolutionary Paths of the Global Economy
Workshop, held September, 1987 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Redwood City, California:
Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 9780201156850. Book details. (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=F7FuCV5-B8gC)
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Intriligator, Michael D.; Harberger, Arnold C.; Wolf, Jr., Charles; Tullock,
Gordon (April 1993). "Economic integration and the future of the nation-state". Contemporary
Economic Policy. Wiley. 11 (2): 1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1993.tb00376.x (https://doi.or
g/10.1111%2Fj.1465-7287.1993.tb00376.x).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (May 1994). "Methodological individualism and social knowledge
(Richard T. Ely Lecture)" (http://socsci2.ucsd.edu/~aronatas/project/academic/Arrow%20o
n%20meth.%20indiv.pdf) (PDF). American Economic Review. American Economic
Association. 84 (2): 1–9. JSTOR 2117792 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117792).
Arrow, Kenneth J. (2008), "Arrow's theorem", in Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E.
(eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) (2nd ed.), Basingstoke,
Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780333786765.
Also available online as: Arrow, Kenneth J. (2008). "Arrow's theorem". The New
Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 241–245.
doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0061 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.006
1). ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.

Arrow, Kenneth J. (2008), "Hotelling, Harold (1895–1973)", in Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume,
Lawrence E. (eds.), The new Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set) (2nd ed.),
Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780333786765.
Also available online as: Arrow, Kenneth J. (2008). "Hotelling, Harold (1895–1973)".
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 73–
75. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0747 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.
0747). ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.

Arrow, Kenneth J.; Debreu, Gérard (2001). Landmark papers in general equilibrium theory,
social choice and welfare. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, Massachusetts, USA: Edward
Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781840645699.
 Arrow, Kenneth J. (June 2009). "Some developments in economic theory since 1940: an
eyewitness account". Annual Review of Economics. Wiley. 1: 1–16.
doi:10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143405 (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.econo
mics.050708.143405).
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Anderson, Philip W.; Pines, David (1988). The economy as an evolving
complex system: the proceedings of the evolutionary paths of the global economy workshop,
held September, 1987 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Redwood City, California: Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co. ISBN 9780201156850.
Arrow, Kenneth J.; Bensoussan, Alain; Feng, Qi; Sethi, Suresh P. (2007). "Optimal Savings
and the value of population" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141792).
PNAS. 104 (47): 18421–18426. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418421A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/2007PNAS..10418421A). doi:10.1073/pnas.0708030104 (https://doi.org/10.1073%
2Fpnas.0708030104). PMC 2141792 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21417
92). PMID 17984059 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984059).

See also
Arrow information paradox
List of economists
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
List of think tanks

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External links
Kenneth J. Arrow papers, 1921-2017 (https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/arrow), Duke
University
Biography of Kenneth J. Arrow (https://www.informs.org/About-INFORMS/History-and-Traditi
ons/Biographical-Profiles/Arrow-Kenneth-J) from the Institute for Operations Research and
the Management Sciences
Kenneth Arrow (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/682) on Nobelprize.org
Kenneth Arrow: An Oral History (https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/vy756pc53
17), Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 2011
Kenneth J. Arrow: An Oral History (https://exhibits.stanford.edu/oral-history/catalog/nm863fs0
640), Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program, 2016
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Arrow&oldid=1163034911"