2.22 WorD Form 2.22 Checking Word Form Q Focus ‘What is wrong with this sentence? ‘The question of whether computers can have minds is rapid becoming «a significant issue, ‘This sentence has a word with the incorrect form. Rapid is an adjective, which is incorrect in this context because an adjective cannot modify a verb. An adverb is needed to modify is becoming. You ‘must change rapid to its adverb form, rapidly. The sentence should read: The question of whether computers can have minds is rapidly becoming a significant issue. What is wrong with this sentence? The skin of mammals is a complexity organ that serves vital protective and metabolic fimetions. ‘The word form of complexity is incorrect, In this sentence, complexity modifies the noun organ, which ‘means it should be an adjective. Complexity is a noun form. You must change it to its adjective form, complex. The sentence should read: The skin of mammals is a complex organ that serves vital protective and ‘metabolic functions, ‘There are throe other adjectives in the above sentence. Can you identify them? ‘The form of a word must agree with its function in a sentence, 300 Deuta’s Key 10 tHe TOEFL® Test2.22 WorpD Form vi DO YOU KNOW...? ‘At least two items on the TOEEL. will test your ability to recognize correct and incorrect word forms in sentences. 2. Aword may have several related forms, The form of a word depends on how it is used in a sentence. Sometimes a word’s function is called its part of speech. Different parts of speech— nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs—take different word forms. Look at how the form of success changes in the following sentences: Paul Newman has known much success throughout his long acting career. Paul Newman succeeded in making numerous award-winning films. Paul Newman is a successfull American film actor, director, and producer. Paul Newman successfully directed The Glass Menagerie in 1987. ‘Can you identify the function of each underlined word in the above sentences? (Answers: success, noun; succeeded, verb; successful, adjective; successfully, adverb) 3. Different word forms are made by adding different endings to a word. These word endings are called suffixes. A suflix can help you identify a word’s form and function. ‘A noun names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea. Detta’s Key To THe TOEFL® Test Bot FANLIMALS2.22 WoRD FoRM 302 An adjective modifies « noun or other noun structure. Adjectives describe or define nouns by answering the question what kind of? Note: Adjectives made from numbers (except first, second, and third) take the suflix -1h; for example: fh, nineteenth, An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, a main clause, or another adver’. Adverbs express how, ‘when, where, or how often. Note: The suffix —Iy is used with both adverbs and adjectives. Adjectives with —Iy usually come from nouns; for example: friendly, yearly. Adverbs with ~Jy usually come from adje for example: commonly, clearly. ‘Some adjectives and adverbs have the samme form: To check word form on the TOEEL, look at how words function in sentences. Check suffixes to see if word form agrees with word function. In the following sentence, identify the function of each underlined word: Jewish American history, from Biblical times to the settlement ofthe first Jews in America, is a vast story, woven into nearly four thousand years of civilization, Answers: Jewish, adjective; Biblical, adjective; settlement, noun; woven, adjective (from past participle of verb; see 2.10); nearly, adverb; civilization, noun) Dewta’s Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test2.22 WorD Form 4, ATOEFL item may try to trick you by using an incorrect form of a word. Look at this example: Possibly the easiest and most enjoyably way to become a weather watcher simply to observe the clouds. Which underlined word or phrase must be changed for the sentence to be correct? If you chose enjoyably, you were correct. It is an adverb, but an adjective is needed to modify the noun way. Correction: enjoyable. We PRACTICE Exercise 2.22.4 Choose the one word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. 1. Today Thomas Jefferson's elegance home is a national shrine, visited yearly by thousands of people. A B c D 2. Business and labor leaders sometimes join in a cooperatively effort to improve job training. A B c D 3. The modern skyscraper original in the United States, and many nineteenth-century technological A B improvements contributed to its development. c D 4, Edison’s workshop at Menlo Park was a forerunner of the modern industrial research laboratory, A B in which teams of workers systematic investigate a problem. ic D 5. An autistic child usually appearance to go through his early development normally, but a break in A B development usually occurs by the age of three. c D 6. The laygest technically occupation in the United States, engineering, has twenty-five professional societie AB c D 7. By the end of the 1970s, Patti Smith had proved remarkable influential, releasing what may be the B c first punk-rock record. D 8, The radiator removes heat from the cooling water that circulation through the engine of a car, A B c D Devra’s Key 1 tHe TOEFL® Test 8 303 E> lathelap kes2.22 WorD For 9. In 1877 Romania proclaimed independent from Turkey and became an independent state by the A B c D Treaty of Berlin in 1878. 10. The forget-me-not, the state flower of Alaska, has a long traditional in the cast, west, and south A B c as well as the cold north, D Exercise 2.22.B Choose the one word or phase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. 1, Raoul Dufy is an artist whose paintings are easily recognized: a few pure colors skillful epplied, | combined with free, evocative drawing, i . D 2. The soles of the polar bear's feet are covered with fur, which provides stability on slippery, freeze ground. ACeeeD c D 3. The development of new building materials and mass-produce techniques brought significant changes A B to architecture in the first quarter of the twentieth century. c D 4, When flares are used as distress signals, they contain chemicals that produce intensely colors, A B D 5. In the late 1990s, the U. S, birth rate had fallen to a historically low, matching a record set in the A B c D mid1970s, 6. The six-thousand-year-old Nubian civilization disappeared beneath Lake Nasser, ereated in the 1960s B c A by the built of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. D 7. A group of historians judged the computer to be the most influence invention of the twentieth century. A B c D 8. There is different between income and wealth: people can have a large income and no wealth A B c D 9. The Hyksos warriors rode across the desert in highly maneuver war chariots from which they could A Bite-e send deadly flights of arrows. D 10. The primary vertically clement in the Gothic cathedral was the pier, a cluster of slender pillars. A B c D Answers to Exercise 2.22.A through 2.22.B are on page 651 304 Deuta’s Key 10 THE TOEFL® Test