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BT ĐSTT PHAN HUY PHÚ - NGUYỄN DOÃN TUẤN
BT ĐSTT PHAN HUY PHÚ - NGUYỄN DOÃN TUẤN
BAI TAP
DAI SO TUYEN TINH
Mon Dai s$ tuygn tinh dude dua vao giang day a hau hat
cac trUnng dai hoc va cao dang nhtt 1a mot mon hoc cd se; can
thigt d@ tigp thu nhUng mon hoc khan. Nham cung cap them
mot tai lieu tham khao phut vu cho sinh vien nganh Toan vi
cac nganh Ki thuat, chting Col Bien soan cugn "BM tap Dai so
tuygn tinh". Cugn each dude chia lam ba chudng bao g6m
nhUng van d6 Cd ban cna Dal so tuygn tinh: Dinh thfic va ma
trail - Khong gian tuygn tinh, anh xa tuygn tinh, he phticing
trinh tuygn tinh - Dang than phttdng.
Trong mOi chudng chung toi trinh bay phan torn tat lY
thuyat, cac vi du, cac hal tap W giai va cugi mOi chudng c6 phan
hudng dan (HD) hoac dap s6 (DS). Cac vi du va bai tap &roc
chon be a mac an to trung binh den kh6, c6 nhUng bai tap
mang tinh 1± thuygt va nhUng bai tap ran luyen ki nang nham
gain sinh vien higu sau them mon lice.
Chung toi xin cam on Ban bien tap nha xugt ban Dai hoc
Qugc gia Ha Nei da Lao digt, kien de cugn sach som dude ra mat
ban doe.
Mac du chting tea da sa dung 'Lai lieu nay nhigu narn cho
sinh vien Toan Dal hoc Su pham Ha NOi va da co nhieu co gang
khi bier, soon, nhUng chat than con có khigm khuygt. Cluing
toi rat mong nhan dude nhUng y kin clang gap cna dee gia.
Ha N0i, thcing 3 !Lam 2001
6
Chuang 1
DINH THUG - MA TRAN
Met song anh o tit tap 11, 2, n} len chinh no duet goi la
met phep the bac n, ki hieu la
'1 2 3
\
G
I
a2 G
3
ndeM s6 nghich thg. cim a chan, a &toe goi la phep the le n6u s6
nghich the ciaa a le.
1 neM s la phep the chan
Ki hieu sgna =
-1 net} a la phep th6 le
va sgna goi IA deu am, phep the a. Neu a vat la hai phOp the
cling bac, thi sgn(a = sgn(a) . sgn( ).
7
va a(i) = i vdi moi i x i„ i k . Vong )(felt do dttoc ki hieu IA
ik ). M9i phep th6 dau &tan tfch the thanh tfch nhung
yang xfch doe lap.
Met vOng xfch do dal 2 dude goi IA met chuygn trf. Vong
xfch ••• , ik) phan tfch chive thanh tfch 0 1 ,
§ 2. DINH THUG
I. Gia sit K IA met trueng (trong cuan sich nay to din yau
xet K la &Ong s6thvc K hoac truang s6 phitc C). Ma tran kidu
(m, n) vdi cox phan tit troll twang IC la met bang chit nhat gfim
m hang, n cet cac phan tit K, i = 1,m, j = 1,n. Tap cac ma
tran kidu (m, n) chive kf hieu M(m, n, R). Ma trail vuong cap n
IA ma tran co n dong, n cot. Tap cac ma trail vu8ng cap n vdi cac
phan tit thuoc truong K ki hiOu IA Mat(n, K).
2. Cho ma tr4n A vuong cap n, A = (ad, i, j = 1, 2, ..., n.
Dinh thitc ciia ma tran A, kf hieu det A la met flan tit dm K
dude xac dinh nhu sau:
detA = zsgn(a)a mo)
E Sn
a) Neu dgi cho hai dong (hoac hai cot) nao do cim ma tram
A, thi dinh auk cim no ddi da:u.
b) N6u them veo met dong (hoac met cot) cim ma tran A
met to hdp tuygn tinh cim nhUng thing (hoac nhung khac,
thi dinh auk khong thay ddi.
8
•
c) Ngu mot Bong (hay mot phan tfch thanh tong, thi
dinh thitc dU9c phan tfch thanh tong hai dinh thfic, cv th6:
f an ail an,
de a21 +alci a2„
‘ a n„ a,,, + ani
a ll al; ...a1,„ all
a 21 21 + de t
a21 ...a2 n
= det
Ta co detA = detA t.
9
CUT thac tit throe goi la cang thdc khai trim dinh tilde
theo (long hay theo cot.
ik
va Oh ik), 1 =11 < j2 < ••• <jk n, 1 s k< n, dat A. la
11-11,
dinh thac caa ma tran vuong cap k nam d cae &nig i„ ik va cac
cot j,... jk cim ma tran A; M.h la dinh thdc cita ma tran vuong
cap (n - k) c6 dude bang each gach the clang thu ik va cac cot
thu j 1 , , jk caa ma trail A. Ta c6 kgt qua:
ik
detA = ZED' Si k+31+ A.
do j1.-- jk la k cot cgdinh. Tgng &toe lgy theo tat ca cac bQ ik)
sao cho < i2 < < i k Cong thdc troll dude goi la c8ng
thdc khai trim dinh thae theo k cot ji, 'along tV, to có gong
thdc khai trim theo k clang. Khi k = 1, to &roc gong tilde da not
trong muc a.
§ 3. MA TRANI
10
811 a19 aln
a, 1 a99 aon
A=
Ta có:
a) Ma tran C = (cg) a do cy = a ii +
&toe goi la tong cua hai ma tran A va B va ki hien la A +B.
e ik = Zaijbjk
5=1
B- VI DTI
V i cla 1.1. Xac dinh clgu rim cac phep th6 saw
a) a 11 2 3 4 5
2 3 5 4 1
12
Lai gidi
3n - 2 tham gia vao 2(n - 1) nghich the voi the se dung sau no.
2 khong tham gia vao nghich the nao vdi the se dung sau no.
5 tham gia yen 1 nghich the voi the se dung sau n6.
S tham gia vao 2 nghich the vdi cae s6 dUng sau n6.
3n - 1 tham gia vim (n - 1) nghich the voi the s6 thing sau no.
Cae s6 3, 6, 9..., 3n khong tham gia vao nghich the nao voi
the s6 (hang sau
13
Vay co tat ca 2 + 4 + 2(n-1) + 1 + 2... + (n 1) - 3(n -1)n
2
(n-1 )n
nghich the trong hoot vi da neu va do d6 sgn S = (-1) 2
Khi n = 4k hoac n = 4k + 1 thi sgn 5 = 1
V i du 1.2
_ 1 2 3
Cho phep th'e' f - en dgu la (-1) 1
12 3 fn
a) 1-1
2
b) g = (In
fn-) • n)
Lift( gidi:
thi g = f. a
14
V ida 1.3
ChUng minh rang vier nhan mat phep th6 vdi ehuy6n trf
j) v6 ben trai Wring throng v6i viac dai cha car s6 i j , a clang
drah cna phep the.. Cling nhu vay, nhan mat phop th6 Nth ehuynn
trf (i, j) v6 been phai tunng during voi del eh?, I, j a dong tit 66a
phep th6.
Lo gidi
Gia sif a la phop th6 cho j) la phep chuy6n tri. Xet
truong hop nhan ben trai tile la f = (i, j). a.
(3 n
Gitisi2 a=
1 2
Theo d nh nghia (i, j) = (
9 2 nj
_ (1 2a n
ai )
b) Chling minh rang khOng tha giam bat s6 chuOn trf rah
trong cau a) titc la en the' chon f va g sao cho khong the dua f vd
g bang ft han n - 1 phop chuyan trf.
15
La gicii
a) Xet phep the g o f', phan tich g o e' thanh tfch cac vang
xich dOc lap T 1 , Tp .
go e' = ... T2 .Ti
± m2 + =
rang mOt vong xfch (a l , a2, am) la mOt plop the
a cac s6 tv nhien Ui 1 den n sao cho a(a) = a 1+1 (i = m-1) va.
a(a„,) = a l , con a(l) = 1 nen 1 yen moi i = 1, .,., m. Vong xfch
(a l , a2, u„) goi la ce do, dai m.
Ta da hiet rad yang xfch do, dai m deu phan tich duo
thanh m - 1 chuyen trf. Vi vay g o e' phan tfch duo. thanh 'Lich
Nhungpa. 1 n-1:115n-1
b) Cho g =
ri nj
la phep the ddng nhA
0. 2 ...
1 23
on f =
(
phan tit chinh quy ngu i. De" rang neat nhgn vao ben trai
cua h met chuygn Lri thi A:C. 1)111in tit chinh quy tang cling lAm la
met don vi. That way, ngu ngudc kg, cheng hen i, j la hai phan
tit kheng chinh quy cim h ma nob d6i dig h i voi hj ta Jai &tog
hai phign tu chinh guy (cum phep th6 m6i) th6 thi: h, < i. h, < j
nhang hj 2 i, h; j vti 1Y.
V i du 1.5
Chung minh rang vdi mei so k (0 <k < C;) t6n tai met
phep thg a e S„ co dung k nghich thg.
1231. giai
1 0 0 0
Khai trio'n the() dung Ulu n, ta ea:
-1 -2 ... -(n -1)
-1
= (-1)" +1. (-1)"-'=1
Cdch 2.
Ta tha'y A= B. ca do
1 t1
1 0
B= vi C=
1
11
cosa 1 0 0 0
1 2cosa 1
= 0 1 2cosa 0 0
2cosa 1
0 0 0 1 2cosa
21
Lai gidi:
D„ = 2cosa . - 17,1 _2
De thay D, = cosa.
cosa 1
= 2coi2a - 1 = cos2a.
2cosa,
Ta có
V i do 1.10
Hay Dull
+ a-9 1 0
0
1 e" +e 1
A„ = 1 N x0
1
0 1 eP + e -(1)
22
Khai trin theo cot tht nhEt, to c6:
An = (e P +e -P)A n _i:
e 21' - e -2(P
Nlinn xet rang 4 1 = 6 9 +Cc =
-
36 - -39
e ro e 6
A2 = ((i
e (P -
e (1+1)6 - e -(lrv1),p
Girt sit AR - , k - 1, 2, , n - 1.
e (-0 -e (P
Ta c6 An = (e c e - P)A n _ i -A n_,
-(n+1),p
e (n+1)p - e
Nhu v 6. }.: An =
e 1 -e
V i du 1.11
Tinh:
ll a1 a, an
1 a l: +h i a, an
D = dot 1 a1 a, +b., an
a1 a.9 ... a n +b n
23
Lai gidi:
LAY ciOng dAu nhan vOi -1 r6i Ong vao cac thing con
1ai to có ngay D = b, 1) 2 ...b„.
,
V i du 1.12
gidi:
RO rang det D = d
(x +n
Nhan dOng 1111 k cua ma trail D vdi dc-ix( 1) k-1 r6i
(k-1)!
Ong vao clang Hirt nhgt vgi tat ca k=2, .. n+2).
Khi do, phAn tii dung dau có clang:
poc + 0 + P(k) (x +0.(x +11.) k =
ok n).
k=1
k!
24
n; con phan tit a cot cuoi bang
(-1) 1T1 (x +n) n+i
nghia 13 clang thg nhaa c6 dang:
(n+1)!
(0, 0, , (+1)"+1(x+n)ni ).
(n+1)!
Do do
Pkx+1.) P(x+n)
(x+n)°+i
d = del D -
(n+1)! PTUx +1) . P(n)(x+n)
PT+I kx+1) PT+Ikx+n)
hai (6-1 Vi da thge P(x) = n(x + i) Ken P'" 0(x) (n+1) !, vi vay
i=0
the s6 hang a dOng cu6i &au bang (n+1) !. dgn gian ki higu
va each viek ta dirt xk= x+ k, k = 0, 1, n. d dOng thg hai tit
&leg len ciaa ( ta co:
P(x 0 ) P(x] ) P (x i) )
25
Deng this ba tit dUdi len caa ma Dan (*) co dang
(n +1)! 2 (n+1)! 2
xo +a i x o +a,,..„ 2 x n +a i x n +a.,
2
Cong vac) (long nay hai clang °Ma sau khi nhan voi cac s
a, a1
va ta nhan dude clang
(n +1)! (n+1)!
(n+1)! 2 (n+1)! 2 (n +1) 6 9
xo ,
2 2 2
Bang each bidn ct6i nhu vay vdi cac dong con lai, ta clan m
Dan ( '61) ve clang sau ma khang thay d6i clinh thfic caa no.
c = det = det
x on Xn
n-1 x n1
X0
(n+1)!
= (n+vn
k=1 IC !
X0
n(n+1)
(-1) 2 .((n +1)!6'1
.D n .
J k!
k=1
26
6 do D„ la dinh thiic Vandermonde cua clic so" x„, x„
n-1
D6' thay D„= n(x k - x i )= n (c_i) = 11(n-o!= 1.
k>i>0 k>1 1=0 k=1
Vay
V i du 1.13
Lbi gidi:
Nhan xet rang neh to them vim mit phan to a jj nao do cha
ma tran vuemg A mot s6 than, thi dinh thfic cha ma tran nhan
dticic se sai khac vat dinh thiic cha ma tran A mot s6 than. Vi
the ne'u to hat di 2000 don vi a nhUng phan t,i bang 2001 cha A,
thi tinh than le cha dinh thfic cila A khong thay d6i, nghia la:
detA = detB (mod 2) a do B = (14
Ta có:
01
10
det B =
11 0
nhan Bong ddu veli -1 fee cling vao cac dOng con lei ta dttuc:
detB =
10 0 -1
Deng vao cot thu nhat ca car cot con lai ta cO:
detB = . (n-1).
V i du 1.14
' 1 1 1 1
02 C3 CI C in+1
D = det q C., C 2412 Cn+2
...
c n-1 c n-1 C.!;1-11- .) C2-11
n n+1 2n-1 >
LtlL gill
Vi CI, +Clr = C74, nen hieu cUa moi phan tit vol phfin I
dUng b8n trai no thi bang phen td thing ngay tren n6. De tir
D, ta ldy cot thit n tr3 di del n-1, r6i ldy cot n-1 tie( di cot
2,..., ldy cot the] 2 trU di cot thU nhat, ta co:
28
1 0 0 0 0
C12 1 1 1 1
D = det Cy c?c, C1 C 1„ 1
"•
cn-2
011 C 1,1, 12 C 112 2n-2
1 0 0 0
C 2l- 1 0 0
D = det C3 C13 1 1
n-3
c^-3 2n-4
1 1 0 0 0'
1 0 0
D = det CI3 1 0 = 1.
VEty D = 1.
1.71 du 1.15
cos9 - sin9
Cho A= fray tinh A n .
sin9 cow ,
Lai gidi:
cosy -saw cos9 -sine cos2p -sin29
Ta co A 2
sine cost° sing cosy, sin2c cos29
29
= cosky -sinkp vOi k = 1,
Gia Ak n-1.
sink cosk(p
Ta ttnh
cos(n - lap - sin(n cosy - situp
A" = A n-1 .A =
sin(n -1)9 cos(n -1)9 2 \ sing cosy ,
cos (n -1)9 cosy - sin(n -1)9 since -cos(n - lap since- sin(n -1 9 cosy
sin(n - lap cosy + cos(n - lap situp cos(n - lap cosy - sin(n -1)9 sirup
cosmp - sinmp
sinmp cosny
= cosny - sinny
Vay vdi 11191. n E N.
sinny cosny ,
Vi (11..t 1.16
0 1
Cho A = hay tinh A 200"
0
Lbi gidi:
-1 0 0 -1 (1 0
Ta c6 A 2 =
0 -1 1 0 0 1
ma 2000 chia het cho 4
\ray A200° =(A) 500 =I, (I, la ma tran thin vi cep hai).
V i du 1.17
Ma Iran vuong A e Mat(n, K), A = (ad throe goi la Ina tran
phan del xang netu aii + = 0 vdi moi i, j = 1, n.
30
Hay chang minh: 'rich caa hai ma tran phan doi xang A va
la mat ma tran phan doi 'ding khi va chi khi AB = -BA.
Lai gidi:
Gia sid A = (ad, B = (b id d do ait + ai, = 0, b y =0
di mm L j = 1, ..., n.
Dat C = A. B = (c,); =
=1
D = B. A = (c1,0 = Ib ija jk
id]
Ta ca.: c,k = Za ji b ik - Eb kia ji - d ki
a91 a22 a 2n 0 0
ant a n11 0
C=
- 1 0 .. bth
0 b21 b2n
0 0
31
Khai tri6n theo n clang dal) (thee dinh 12) Laplace), ta co
detC = detA. detB. (1)
Mat khac, bi6n &it ma Iran C bai phep bi6n ct6i sd ca) sau:
Nhan cot thu nhal vat b 1 , cot thil hat Null cot thin n vet btl;
r6i Ong vac) Ot thu n + j (j = 1, 2, n), ta dude ma tran D
Bang sau ma dinh thiic cua D va cua C bang nhau:
al a a d ta d
a 21
a m a m ... a nn d m d , ... d nn
,
D=
-1 0 0
0 -1 0
a do = ia
r ik b ki , nghia la (dij) = A. B.
k=1
Vi rtu 1.19
32
Lari gidi:
Ni111u X = 1 thi re rang X giao ho an vdi moi ma Han
\along cling cap.
Ngnoc lai, gia sit X = (X„) giao haul vdi moi ma tran
yang cdp n.
VOi i„ # j 0, to chiing minh x inio = 0. Mudn stay chon A = (ad
trong do a joio =1 con one phan tit khac ddu bAng Thong. Phan to
ding io cot j„ cim ma tran XA Wing x. •' can phan tit a thing io
cotj,imAXla0.Trd6uken=XAsyraO.Nhu
y X co dang:
kr 0
X= „
0 k„
Cho ma tran A = (a) a do a] , = 1 vii moi i, j. Khi do phan tit
o dung i cat j cim ma Han XA la X , con phan to 0 ding i cot j
dia ma tran AX la 2. nen k = ,
Vi vay:
X= 7. I,,.
V i du 1.20
Cho ma Iran cap n:
a b
ba
A=
b b ... a
Lay dOng chin aria (Anil th.fie tit nhan voi -b r6i Ong vao
the dong sau, ta eó:
1 0 ... 0
0 a - b ... 0
detA = (a + (n-1)b) x
0 0 ... a - b
detA = (a + (n-1)b) . (a-b)" -i .
1
Ta Wet rang b i d = detA . A„ a do A.; la phAn Phu dai so
etia phan trong ma tran A.
ab b
a
Vol mdi i thi = la nh thiic cap (n-1).
bb a
34
A a+(n-2)1(
Vay b„ -
det A (a 1- (n -1)1).(a - b)
m= = (-1)'34 b.(a-b)" -2 .
-b
Nha v(6y b
dot A (a +(n -1)b)(a - b)
Do do
a +(n -2)b -b
1
(a +(n -1)b)(a -b)
-11 a +(n -2)b
C BAI TAP
1.2. Hay phan Lich eau pile') the! sau thanh tieh ene phep
chuy6n tri
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 '
a)
8 1 3 6 7 5 4 2)
(1 2 3 4 5 6
b)
6 5 1 2 4 3
1.3 Tim s6 tat ca the phep the a e S„ sao oho a(i) x i vol
mm i = 1, 2, ...n. Cluing t8 rang khi n chan, so" one phep th6
clang tren la m54 3616.
1.4. Ki hi8u (n, k) la secac hoan vj rim 1, 2 n ce dung k
nghich the. . Chiing minh cong thile truy 146i sau:
(n+1, k) = (n, k) + (n. k-1) + + (n, k-n).
9
vdi guy vac (n, j) = 0 nevu j < 0 hoac j >
1.5. Ta goi 45 giam ena phdp the f Ia hi5u cna s6 the phan
tic khting bat dog (nghia la s6 the pilau tit i ma f(i) i) va s6
clic Yong xich <IQ dai ion him 1 trong phan tich cua f thanh tich
car yang xich 458 lap.
a) Chung minh f cotang tinh chat chan la vOi do giam cua no.
h) Chling minh rang s6 161 thidu one nhan tic trong phan
tich cna f thanh tich the chuydri tri bgng 45 giAm cua f.
1.7. Cluing minh rang moi phep th6 cap k > 1, dou phan
tich dupe thanh tich nhiing chuydn tri dang (1, i) vdi i = 1, k.
36
1.8. Xac dinh davu cua cac phop the' sau:
2 n n +1 n + 2 ... 2n 2n +1 3n
a) I 1
43 6 ... 3n 2 5 1 3n-2
1 2 n+1 n+2 2n
b)
2 1 ... 2n 1 2n-1,
a n -b 1 a n -b.,-b
n n
5 11 1 14
AB= I, B. A -
J1 25 ) 4y
Hay tam x, y va A, B.
1 1
2 c+- b+-
c b
1 1
a) c+- 2 (abc -1)
c a+—
a
b + 1 a+ 1 2
b a
(a+b)2 b2 a2
b) b2 (b+c) 29 c- = 2(ab be + ca) 2 .
a= c= (a + c) 2
1
1 1 0 1 1 1
-1 0 1 -1 0 1
a) Dn = -1 -1 0 b) = -1 -1 0
-1 -1 -1
38
1.16. Hay tinh dinh thdc sau:
1+x'2 x 0 0
x 1+x 2 x 0
a) D„= 0 x 1+x 2
0 0 1+x 2
nghla Dn la dinh thiic cap n ma cac phan tit tran during cheo
chinh bang 1 + x2 , the plidn tit thuOc hai [Wang chat) grin during
cheo chinh bang x, the phOn tit con lai bang 0.
2 1 0 .. 0
12 1 .. 0
0 1 2 0
b)
1
0 0 0 1 2
a n-2 an -2
an-2
A= c a b va J= 1 j
b c a, v 1 j-
2n . 2n 1
dO j = e = cos— +. sm- = .
3 3 2 2
39
Way chang minh det J # 0. Hay tinh ma tr'nn AJ. tit do suv
ra gin tri detA. Hay nen hal Loan Wong to kin A ya J cite ma
1.rn cap n.
a+13 (A.13 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 a+ 0
1)) Chung to rang dinh tithe sal' khong plat thuhe vao y,, )
••• Ynt
1 1
g1+ Yl x 2 + y1 (x n +y 1 )
n-1 n-I
11 (X1 + Yi ) Fl(x.) +y i ) n(xn +)'i)
1=1 i=1
( 1 -2 1 \
A= -1 1 0
-2 0 1
40
1.21. (ha si:t ma trgn A e Mat(m, n, va rang A = 1.
Jhisng minh rang cac ma trgn B e M(m, 1, K) va C e Mat(1,
1g A= B. C.
( a bd)thOa man
1.22. Chung minh rang ma trap A =
pIntong trinh:
X2 - (a + d)X + (ad - bc) = 0,
0 do 1 2 la ma Iran don vi cap hai.
vOi i = j
0 vai i>j
91
1.26. Gth sa X = ())) e Mat(n, R),
1-1
a do x ii 4- (-1)")! Chitng minh X' = I.
01- 4,
Chit Se voi aeR k e N, ki hiqu
a(a - 1)... (a - k +1) ())) ) 0
; - )- 1
)a, k! a 0
Bay gin /cot m6i quan hq gilla n 2 ham vii va n 2 bien xii dune
cho Isdi ding thiic:
Y= A.X.B, a do Y= (yi ) , X = (xi),
A . B e Mat(n, R) la hai ma tran the trn6c.
Chung minh rAng det(J(Y, X)) = (detA)" . (detB)".
42
1.30. GM sit trong ma tran A = (a u) c Mat(n, R) da cho
r u de tat ea the phan ti a d (i # j). Chang minh rang có thk dien
Mo &rang char) chinh the s60 hoc 1 de ma tran A kheng suy Bien.
1.31. Tim tat ca cac ma tran A e Mat(n, K), A= (d j), 0
na tan toi ma tran nghich dao A - ' cling có the phiin t5 khOng am.
1.32. Cho ma tran vuong A co the phan to la s6 nguyen.
rim diet' kien can va du de ma train nghich dao cung c6 the
Men to la s6 nguyen.
-
43
Xet Anki = {a = (a p a 2 ,..., an+1)1 = n +1}
NMI 0y so cac nghich the cna a bAng se cac nghich the cue
1 9
nghia la bling 1+ Dieu do cheng to so ea(
U Ch 2
1.5. a) Xet phan tich f = a l o a, o ... a,„ thanh tich cac veng
xich dec lap di) dai > 1. Gia sa do dai a l, la d k; ta they f(i) # i khi
va chi khi i thuoc met trong cac yang xich do. Vay do giam coal
IA d,+€1.2 M6i vOng xich dai d k phan tich dude thanh
dk -1 chuydn trf. Do vay f phan tick deck thhnh d 1 +... + (.16-1n
chuyen trf. Do do kha'ng dinh a) driec chting mink.
Do D2 = -13.2 nen D 2n = (a 2
Trong moi tich a ko(k) a ngfrik , tong E(k +cr(k) )= n(n +1)
k=1
la sir than; nen re met se cliSn the thfia so ak.,0.;) ma tong k+G(k)
le. VI Vey khi thay ha; nen i + j 1e, thi cfic tich
a nc(k) khong dei, do do detA khOng del
45
1.12. a) COng dOng thu nhat vdi (long the./ ba, ta dude don
tY le vdi (long thu hai.
b) Nhan dong thd nhat vdi (-1), rdi cUng vao die (long th
hai va Ulf( ba, ta dupe hai dOng CY 15.
1.13. Ma tran A, B e Mat(2, K). Ta có hai bat bian detAB
20 14 \
a) x = 20 va y = 10 o BA=
14 10
20 14' 5 11
Ta co ABA = A A.
14 10 , 11 25 2
5k -14X
Tit do ta tinh dude A = , AE R
-11k 0
5 11
va B = A -
11 25,
10 14
b) x = 10 va y = 20 BA=
:14 20,
10 14 5 11 -3 5 l
ABA = A X A= P.
14 20 4 11 25, X 55 32
1.15. a) D i, = 1.
b) A n = -A„. 1 + 4,1 = 1.
Tit do suy ra A 2p = 1, A 2p+, = 0
46
1.16. a) Khai tri4n D„ theo cot thu nhat, to cee
D T, = (1+ x 2 )D n_i -,4 211)„,, , D, = 1 + x 2,
D2 = (1 + x') 2 - x' = 1 + x 1 + x4 .
Tct do Dn = Dn _1 + x 2”
47
1.18. J In ma tran Vandormonde vat (Me s6
biet nen dot J * 0.
Ta
a+b+c a+ bj+ cj 2 a + bj 2 + ej
A . J = a+b+c c+aj+bj 2 c+aj 2 +bj
•
a+b+c b+cj+aj 2 b+cj 2 +ttj
dotAJ = (a + b + c) (a + bj + cj 2 ) (a + bj 2+ cj)det
D„ = (a + a0D«-s.
n-1
Ta co = (a +p) -1-i
a ir - an Ia'0 2-2-I
i=o i=o
n-1 n-1
= r3 n ct i v _i
-
i=1 ]=1
=E
=o
48
b) Cheng minh qui nap thee n.
1 1 I,
n = 2 o D2 = = x2 - x, kheng phi thuec y,.
+ y i x, +y i
Khai triL 1) 1, theo clang flu./ nhal, r6i rut cac thira soi chung
6 die cot ye sit (King gia thiel qui nap, La cc):
D i, = ( - 1) "
k=1
n(
/=k
Yi) n(X j -
151<“n
X1) (1);
i,j #1:
P(y,) 13 da thvc bUc < n - 1 doi vdi y,. Vbi y, = -x ; win moi
i = 1, 2, Ta co P(-x,) = 1, do de P(y,) = 1. Tiido ding thirc
quy nap three chiing minh .
49
1.20. agA=B+I 3 L la ma tran don vi,
0 - 2 1' 0 0 0\
B= -1 0 0 , t3do B2 = 0 2 -1 ; W = 0
-2 0 0 \ 0 4 -2
Ding khai trie'n nhi thric Niu-ton to co:
A100 = (0 , 13 ).100 100;99
u 1-
13 +100.B+
2
1 -200 100
Suy ra A 100 = -100 9901 -4950
-200 19800 -9899
1.23.
A -1 =
50
+ VOi i <j bli = Za ik a ki =
_ z ( 1) )+1;
. •
(J -1 )• 0-0!
k=i (i -1)!(j - i)! (k - i)!(j- k)!
(- 01 ,c = 0 - =- 0 .
1 -0
+ Vert = j, ta co b ii = Ea ik ki =1 •
k=i
NhLt vi,ty A7 = I„.
1.26. Triloc h6t to có nhan xet sau: Cho a, b, C e N, c 2 b
Khi do:
b 7(2.-1,'
E(-1) k
kzo - ‘a., - a,
Cong thtic tam co the thong minh guy nal theo a = 0, 1, 2, ...
51
Gia sit = (20, to ed z a = Zy ik x kj
kst
kbl
in-i‘ -
Ora
k=1 Tr -1, „n - j,
„ iEnn+1+1+k n- i k
ki=1 „k -1 n
Neui<j zu =0
Neu i= j =1
b! x
( _ i ) 1)-0 b
a 1)+1 t-a
Cb 1) C b_ik
a<t<b (b - t)! (t -a)! t=a
Ixa
= (-1) am
s=0
52
a ik n6u / = j
Tif do (1)
0 nau / j •
Ta coi ma tran J(Z, X) E Mat(n 2 . 1K) vdi can dOng va can cot
duct danh s6bai can cap c6 thit Lu (i, j) , 1 < i , j n. Thii ti cac
thing clang nhu cac ctit la (1, 1), (2, 1)... , (n, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2),...
azi
(n, 2), (1, 3)... (n, n). Phgn t& a clang (i, j), cot (k, /) la 3 . Tn
ax k/
do, do (1) ta en:
A
A
J(Z, X) =
0
va nhn vay det(J(Z, X)) = (detA)".
= (detB)n . (det(A)) n .
Y;i = x i (x k Exik jk
k=1
53
x is ngu i=j,r=j
ay
'J ngu r = = j, j
Ta có (*)
2/c i„, neat r = i = j
4
darth s6 nhu trong bai 1.27. Phan tn a hang (i, j), cot (r, s) Pt 13
o rs
Ta nhan tha'y vdi (i, j) < (r, s) (nghia Itt i < r ngu j = s hotic
dy
j < s) thi - 0.
Mt n;
=1l fl - n(2xn)=-
JJ j1
J
54
k = Idet S. Idat = 0'0 vi 0 < r i; < k, nguyen nen so' dile ma
tran dang Rp la huu hen. VI Oy t&n Lai p, q c N*, p > q sao cho
the ph&n tii taring ung cad AP va A P bang nhau thee modk.
n = 1 : hien nhion,
a ll a l p
n=2, A= =a n a 22 -a 21 a t2 .
a21 22
Chi sit bai toan dung laid moi dinh tithc cap < n - 1.
Gia silt A = (ap) e Mat(n Xet A„ la phan phu dai so' caa
ph d. n tit an . Theo gia thi6t quy nap, to da Hein dude a22, a„„ de?
A, 1 0.
55
DAt a ll = x, khai trien theo clang thu nhAt ta co:
detA = x. A, 1 + Za li A li
NMI vAy m61 cot cim ma tram A co dung met s6 clueing (con
lai dgu bang 0). Dicing te, m6i deng cila ma tran A clang có
dung met s6 throng. Giao hoan cac demg (hoac cac get) ta duoc
ma tran chg. °.
1.32. DS det(A) = ± 1.
56
Chuang 2
57
Mot kh8ng gian vec CO tren throng 1K con &foe goi K -
kKong gian \ecto.
Khi 1K = R, kh8ng gian vac to &loc goi la kh8ng gian vec to
thee. Khi K = C, kh8ng gian vac to dude goi la kh8ng gian vecto
phiie.
2 - Sit crOc 15p tuygn tinh vit phu thqe tuye'n tinh
k, = = km = 0.
Cho he 14„ aid cac vec to doe lap tuygn tinh caa kh8ng
gian vec to V ma m6i vec to caa no la t6 hop tuyeIn tinh caa ca(
vec td cim he ([3„ thi k < 1.
58
lap tuyen tinh t6i dai cim he da cho neu n6 la he dec lap tuyen
tinh, va nen them bet kST vec td a k nao (k E I \J) thi ta dude met
he phu thuec tuyen tinh.
Cho he hau han vec td {a, , , am} trong khong gian vec td
V, thi s6 phain tit cim moi he con dee lap tuyen tinh t6i dal ciia
he tren deal bang nhau, so/ do duoc goi la hang cim he vec td
{ao ...,
3- Cd sd va so clueu cua khong gian vec td
Met he {e„ , en} the vec td doe lap tuyen tinh am killing
gian vec td V duos goi la met co sa oda V nen mm vec to cim V
deli la t8 hop tuygn tinh cim vec to {c„ , e n}. Khi V c6 ed sa
g6m n vec td thi moi co sa cim V deu c6 dung n vac td. S6 n goi
la so" chigu cim V, Id hieu dimV. Neu kleing tan tai mat cd sa
Om him han vec to, thi V goi la khong gian vec td v8 han
chieu.
Cho co sa e = le i , , ej, yen vec tO bet kS7 a e V, ta co
a , , x„) dupe goi la cac toa doo cim vec td a del vOi
59
4 - Klaang gian vec tei con va klaing gian vec td thacing
Tap con khong r6ng W ciaa khong gian vec to V duoc goi IA
khong gian vec to con ciaa V nen W la khOng gian vec to, voi cac
phep toan ciaa V han dig tren W.
Tap con khong rang W dia. V la khong gian vec to con ciaa V
khi va chi khi W on climb dna vdi hai phep toan dm V, nghia la
vdi a, 13 E W va k E K, thi +p E W va k a E W.
Cho W,.... W EI la cac khong gian vec to con cria khong gian
11
vec to V, khi do nW, IA mOt, khong gian vec td con Gem V, IA
khong gian con ldn nhat nam trong moi W i , i = 1, 2, ... , n,,.
Cho tap hop X c V, khong gian vec la con be nhat cna V
chga X duck goi 1a bao tuygn tinh cila tap hop X, ki MO <X>
hay Vect(X). Neu X = , bao tuygn tinh ciaa X thick
ki hieu la <a t , , a„,>.
Cho W„ , ho nhUng khong gian con ciaa V. Khi de
bao tuygn tinh ciao, tap hop W,U... UW E, dude goi la tang cim cac
60
Gia sit V la klafing gian hitu han chikt,W, va W2 la hai
khfing gian vec to con dm V, khi do:
dim(W,+ W2) = dimW, + dimW2 - dim(W, fl W7).
durie got la kitting gian vec to thtfong (ciia V chia cho W):
P) = f(a) f(P)
f(k a) = k . f(a).
Anh xa tuy6n tinh dude goi la don din nett ne la don anh,
:oan can n6u n6 la than anh, va dang 6.'11 n6u n6 la song anh.
61
Hai khong gian vac td V va W chive goi la clang cdu vol nhau
nAu ce met ding cau f tla V len W.
2 - Cac phep than tren cac anh xa tuy6n tinh
Ta ki hieu tap cac anh xa tuy6n tinh tit khong gian vac to V
dAn khong gian vac to W la Hom(V, W) hay Hom K(V,W) de chi
rd K la tniang co sir.
HomK (V,W) la met khong gian vec to tit truong K vbi hai
phep town nhtt sau:
62
tan dm anh xa tuy6n tinh f dOi vOi co sa {e,) va {EJ. Nhg vay
16u cho cd sa E cua W va co sa e cua V, thi dinh 19 tren chring to
:Ang co mOt song anh girla tap Hom K(V, W) va tap 1),E#t(m, n, K).
FlOp thanh cua hai anh xa tuy6n tinh la mot anh xa tuy6n
rhh, nghia la nOu f: V —> W va g: W —> Z la the anh 'ea tuygn
thi g f: V --> Z cling la mot anh xa tuygn tinh.
la don eau khi va chi khi Kerf = {0}. Nth dimV Fa hfiu han thi
IimV = dim Kerf + dim Imf.
Cho ma Wan A e Mat(m. n, 1K), xem A nInt ma tran cua
inh xa tuy6n Unh f: K n —> Km trong thc od sei chinh tdc. Khi do
tang cua ma trail A (da dude dinh nghia trong chudng I) hang
rang cua f va chinh la hang cua he vec td cot cua ma tran A.
63
Gie sii & = ( 6 o••ogs) le mot cd sa &bac, ma E, = /Cijej , t ron€
i=1
1 - He pinking trinh
He Ea ki xi = b k (k = 1: 2, ... ,
i=1
dO aki , b k E K cho trUoc, k = 1, , m; it= 1, , n.
xi la cac en, dude goi la h0 phudng trinh tuyen tinh (hay 14(
phudng trinh dai s6 tuygn tinh) g6m m phudng trinh, n an so
Khi K la truang s6 (nhu R hoac C), thi cac a to goi la the he 66,
hQ se" to do.
Ma tram A = (ak;) goi la ma tram cac he sg.
64
a ll a 12 a ln b
a 21 a 22 a 2n b2
Ma trail Abs = goi la ma tran
b6 sung, no có ducic tii ma tran A bang each them cot cac he so'
tti do vac, cat thu (n + 1).
b
Neu ki hieu X = va B = la ma tran cot,
xni
bini
thi he phtiOng trinh (1) co the vieit duoi clung:
AX =B.
2 - HQ Cramer
He n phudng trinh tuyein tfnh n an s6, ma ma Iran cac he
s6khong suy bi6n goi la he Cramer.
HO Cramer c6 nghiem duy nhdt. each tam nghiem nhu sau:
X=B
dude bang each thay cat thit i cda ma trdn A bat cot cac he si6 tp
65
3 - He phtiong trinh tuygn tinh thuAn nhiIt
AX = 0 (2)
Cho he pinking trinh (1), n6u dung cac pilau Men dpi sau
day thi La van nhan dude met he phudng trinh thong doing \TM.
he (1), nghla la he cO ding tap hop nghiem nhit he (1).
+ :Than hai ye cUa met phudng trinh nao do cem hee, vat s6 k #0.
+ Geng vao met phudng trinh cua he sau khi da nhan met
s6 bat ky vao hai ye cem phudng trinh khac. -
66
Cap Oen bi6n ling during cl6i vOi he phuong trinh
chinh la cac Olen bin d6i so cap thy(' hien Den cac clang dm
ma trail 1)6 sung Abs cUa he.
Dung phuong phap khil Gauss la Dille hien cac phen bign
ckii Liking during de chia he phuong trinh (1) v6 he phuong trinh
ma ma trail 06 dung:
I 131
P
0 1 h ip
p+i
m-p
0 0 b'm
p n-13
Cho V la khong gian vec to tren truong K (1K bang K hoac C).
Wit anh xa tuy6n tfnh to V d6n chinh no dude goi la mat to
dOng calu tuy6n tinh. Tap ode tv ding cOu tuyeyn tinh eau V kY
hieu la Hom K(V, V) hay End K(V). Gia f e End K(V), W la
khOng gian con ena V; W chick goi la khOng gian con bkt bi6n
elia V n6u f(W) c W.
67
Vec to a # 0 thuec V dude goi la vec to rieng cim f e EndK(V)
ling vat gia tri rieng X ngu f(a) = Ira, A e K. Khi do khong gian
met chigu sinh bai vec to a Et met kh8ng gian vec con bgt bign
cim f.
Val A E 1K, tap ker(f - AId) khi no khac {(5} la khong gian
con cim V, gam vec to khong va tat ca cac vec to rieng caa f ling
vdi gia tri rieng X. Kitting gian nay goi la khong gian rieng cim f
v6i gia tri rieng A, ki hieu
GM sit , Ak la cac gia tri rieng cigi met phan biet caa I
Px Pik la cac khong gian rieng Wang ling via ale gia tri
rieng do, thi t6ng Pr + Px 2 Pxk la tong true tigp.
rieng cim f va Y , c R s .
+ V6i X IA gia tri rieng cua f, dim2h x bAng bei cern nghiem 7.
cua da thitc dac trung /. f(X).
+ Mot g?",, la met khring gian con cila V bait bi6n qua anh xa f.
+ Gia sf1 , IA cac gia tri rieng phan biet tiing cap
"f.k
a) Ta not ring f e EndK (V) IA tu ding caiu luy linh nau tan
tai s6nguy'en k > 0 de'f = f o .. of= 0, hdn nua, nau # 0 va
k hin
0 0 0'
1 0
0 1 0
1
0 0
.. 1 0
69
b) f e EndK (V). U la khong gian the to eon cem V, U chide gui
IA khong gian vec to con xyclic chid vdi f nEu U IA f- bas biEn va
trong co mot ca so xyclic dee vdi f/U: U -> U.
c) NEu f e End K (V), dimV = n, thi V phAn tich dude thanh
tang trip tiEp cua cac khong gian vec to con xyclic doi vdi f. Vdi
mdi so nguyen s 2 1, sE cac khong gian vac to con s chiEu xyclic
doi vdi f trong moi each phan tich dEu bdng nhau va bAng:
ran g(f 8 ') - 2rang(f s) rang(f
d) N'Eu 9 ) IA khong gian rung suy rang cua f dng vdi A, thi
(f - A.Ick) la td d6ng eau Iuy linh cern V.
GiA sei V IA khong gian vec td hisiu han chigu tren truang K,
f e Endx (V) ma da that ddc trung 94(X) cd dang:
(cac &Ai mat phAn biet, i = 1, 2, ..., k), khi do V la King true tiEp
tha cac khong gian riAng suy rang V = x G3.? X2 e Xk
va trong V co mot co sa (ei ) = 1, n; (n = dimV) dA trong co ad
do ma trdn din f tao bdi the khung Jordan
70
nam doe (Wang cheo chfnh so khung jordan cAp s vai phan
eh& X, bang:
Ma tram clang tren cua f xac dinh duy nhAt sai khae each
sap xap cac khung Jordan. Ma tran do dude goi la ma trail dang
chuan tac Jordan cila tp (tang eau f.
B- VI DV
V i d4 2.1: Xet R", R!" la the khOng gian vec td tren R. Cho
x„ x2 , , x„, la m vec td thuee R". ]E la met khong gian vac td
con eila ChUng minh rang tap IF the vec td ena K" dang
Lai gidi :
71
V i du 2.2. Cho x i , , xi, la nhUng vec to khac khong trong
khong gian tuy6n tinh V. Gia sit c6 Oleg bi6n d6i f e End V sao
cho f(x1) = x1 , f(xk) = xk + vdi moi k = 2, ... , n.
Lb gidi:
Ta chiing minh quy nap theo n.
Via n = 1, thi {x 1 } dee lap tuy6n tinh do gia thiat x 1 # 0.
= ZeiXi . (2)
i=1 i=2
n-1
Tit (1) va (2) to suy ra: Ec ix,„ = = 0.
i=2 i=1
Do gin thik quy nap hee, fx,, , doe lap tuyen tinh nen
C2 =e2 = = cn = 0.
Tit do suy ra c,x, = 0 c i = = = c„ = 0 Nhu vSy he
{x1 , , xj doe lap tuy6n tinh.
72
V i du 2.3. Trong khong gian vec to V cho he ak} cac
vec to doe lap tuygn tinh ma m8i vec to dm no la t6 hop tuyen
tinh cua cac vec to cim he 113„ , Hay ehung minh k < 1.
a; ; 0 =1 k) (1)
I (k
pi =o
j=1 .i=1
73
ton tai nghigm (x„..., x k) khac khong. Tn d6 suy ra he la,, ...,a k
phu thuOc tuydn tinh. Dieu nay trai vai gia thi6t. Do do k < /.
L of Rich:
E, + Kern = E + Ker n = E
b) Ta en Kerh = E, r1 Kern = E, n E2
2) GiA. se F = E, + E2;
74
V i du 2.5. GM. sit V la khong gian vec td tren truing K. Ty
Bong can p: V -+ V ducic goi la met phep chien ngu p 2 = p.
1) Chung to rang ngu p, q la hai phep chigu, thi p + q la
phep chigu khi va chi khi pq + qp = 0.
2) Chiang t6 rang p.q IA phep chi gu khi va chi khi [p,qI = qp
- pq la anh xa tuyern tinh chuye'n Imq van Kerp.
3) Vol p,q Fa hai phep chigu sao cho p+q la phep chigu, hay
cluing to Im (p+q) = Imp + Imq va Ker(p+q) = Kerp n Kerq.
Lei gied:
va vet cim tong hai anh xa tuygn tinh bang tong cac vet cim no,
cho nen ngu p + q la Agri chigu thi:
trace (p + q) = trace p + trace q.
va rang (p + q) = rang p + rang q.
Tit do dim Im (p + q) = dim Imp + dim Imq, suy ra
Im (p + q) = Imp ED Imq.
D6 °hang minh Ker (p+q) = Kerp n Kerq
to nhan thay kerp nKerq c Ker(p+q).
75
Nguuc lai vdi x e Ker (p + q) thi p(x) + q(x) = 0.
Do Im (p.+ q) = Imp $ Imq nen MI p(x) + q(x) = 0
suy ra p(x) = q(x) = 0, hay x E Kerp n Kerq.
ciaa khong gian F. Vbi mdi F, xet 2, = if E Horn (E, F) I Imf c Fd.
WL gia'i:
76
Va vdi moi x e E, thi h(x) = Eh; (x)
i=1
Do 05 h= , e
K. f) (a) = k. f (a).
77
Goi W la khong gian con cea V sinh bed f„), khi do
m81 g E V 11611 viet dude met each duy nhat dudi clang: g = h, +112,
a do h, e W, h 2 E V va. h = 2(x)= 0 yea mai i = 1,n.
2) Chung CO rang hai tinh chat eau day la Wong clueing:
a) dim V n
Lai gidi:
Dat ha =g - h, eV
thi h2(xj) = g(xj)-112(xj) = 0 vdi moi j = 1 n.
78
2) Theo phan 1) neu b) clime th6a man, thi he (g„ g„) doe lap
tuyen tinh, do \ay dim V 2 n; nglila la menh de b) a) thing.
h2
- hi bin+, vdi MOt i = 1,2, ...,
)t
n+1. Bay gia =g- = 1, ..., n),
Nhu Nty co n4-1 ham {g-i } th6a man digu kien bai town.
79
Lo gidi:
Do hop &dm Mtge eac tap bop hfiu han phan to 1a mat to
hap kh8ng qua deM dude, nen sod cle vee to d x e ma g(d x
e g3(a x ) le killing qua d6m dude. Digo nay trai vdi gia thie
80
(rich 2. (Mtn} , cho doe der hied mot sa sri kien cilia khong
gnin metric).
Theo gia thiet vdi moi a e der f e de" f(a) = g(a). nhu
vay — g) rad= 0 => a e Ker (rig).
f(p) = 12(a) = f(a) = p = 0, vay Imf n Kerf = {0). Nhu vay R"
Imf O Kern dim Imf = r va f I Imf = id, Chon ed sa s Rua R" sac)
cho {E,, £,.} c Imf, {E„,„ E„) e Kerf, thi trace f= trace al= r.
Cho Nhaat lai rang n6u f la anh toa tuyeat tinh cie'n
ianh xa f lh sac dinh, khong phu thuR vao dai dien. That way,
vdi [al = thi a - a' e Kerf, W do f(a) = f(a") hay II- al = f
thd thay f la Maya tinh va Imf =Imf.Ta chung to f la ddn cau.
That Ray RR [a] # [a'] thi a - a Kerf f(a - = f(a) - f(a) # 0
do do f(a) # f(a) suy ra f [a] # f Nhu way f don cau va do
do f la clang cau tit cliKerf len Imf.
82
Chu" y: neat so chieu Irau hen, thi tfx vi du Hen to
dim tillierf = dim Imf say ra dim "P= dim Kerf + dim Imf.
gthi:
1 2 3 4
-1 2 - 3 4
D= = -4
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
80 2 3 4 1 30 3 4
10 2 - 3 4 -1 10 -3 4
1), = D,= = -8
3 1 -1 1 0 3 -1 1
10 1 1 I 1 10 1 1
1 2 30 4 1 2 3 30
- -1 2 10 4 -1 2 -3 10
Da = -12 D'= = -16
0 1 3 1 0 1 - 1 3
1 1 10 1 1 1 1 10
NMI vey , = 1, x 2 = 2, x 3 = 3, x 4 = 4.
83
V i dii 2.12. Gihi va bran luhn theo thaw s6
A.X1 x, + x• 1
Xx, + x. 2,
+ 4x 3
I) =
it +1 1
va ta ce, - , x -
X +2 2, + 2 +2
do x i , x, lay trtyl,
-2x 1 + x., + x. =1
xi 2x, + x 3 g - 2
xi + x, - 2x 3 1
84
Vi du 2.13. Dung phitong phap khn. hay giai he phuang trinh:
xt + 3x, + x 3 + 2x 1 )(5 =2
3x 1 + 10x 9 + 5x 3 + 7)( 4 + 5)( 5 = 6
2x 1 + 8x, + 6x 3 + 8x 1 + 10x5 = 6 (I)
2x 1 + 9x„ + Sx 3 + 8)41 + 10)( 5 = 2
2x 1 + 8x, + 6x 3 + 9x + 12x 5 = 1
Lm giai:
Nhan hai ye aim phtiong trinh (tau vdi Inning so/ thich hop,
I.()) acing vac) eac phtaing trinh khae, ta clia; he pinning trinh
()rang throng vdi he (I):
x + :3x 2 + x,, + 2x + X5 - 2
X9 + 2X3 x4 + 2x5 = 0
2x, + 4x 3 + 4x 4 + 8x 5 = -2 (II)
3x, + 6x3 + 4)( 1 + 8x 5 = -1
2x, + 4x 3 + 5x 1 + 10x5 = -3
Nhan pIntong trinh thit hai cna he (II) vdi gag s6 thich hop
roi tong viva du; phuong trinh kink cita he, ta &toe he Wong
dyeing-
x 1 + 3x 2 + x 3 + 2x 1 + x5 = 2 (I)
x, + 2x 1 + x, + 2x5 = 0 (2)
2x 4 + 4x5 =-2 (3) (Iii)
(
x 1 + 2x5 = -1 (4)
3x 1 + 6x 4 -3 (5)
85
Car phtfting trinh thit (3), (4). (5) trong he (III) la tudng
during. Vi 04 he (III) tudng during vol. he
xi + 3x 2 + 2x 4 2
y2 + 2x 3 + x- I + 2x 5 = 0 (IV)
x4 + 2x 3 = -1
xn = —1 — 2x 5
A = (ad, B = 09.
86
Tit de suy ra:
rang(A + B) < rang A + rangB.
Mat khdc:
rangA = rang(A+B-B) < rang(A+B) + rang(-B)
suy ra: rangA < rang(A + B) + rangB
Tit do:
ningA - rangB < rang (A +
ta: rangB - rangA < rang(A + B). VI yay
rangA - rangB 15 rang (A + B)
87
Nhu vay:
rang(AB) -e rangB+rangA- n.
(A - E) (A + = 0
V ( du 2.15
chinh bang 0, con cac phan to khac hang 1 hoac bang p, d (16 p
la mot eel nguyen lan hdn 2. Chung to rang A e n-1.
142i
)(et ma tran II = (h ij ) e Mat(n, 1R),
va A + B = (CO, vdi C,, = -1, con thc phfin to khOng thuOc during
cheo chinh bang 0 hofic bang p - 1.
88
Do p-1 > 1 nen det(A +B) # 0 hay rang(A+13)= n.
V i du 2.16
Gui sit (p la 1-1101, L1.1 long cau run khang gian vac td phis n
chieh V. Ching (Dinh rang tan tai (ig khong gian vec td con 9 -
hat bin k chieu Vk:
0= V„ V, c c V„ = V.
gidi:
Gia sv (ili xily dung duo() car khong gian con (4) - bat Heal V,.
V2, ... Vk ma V, = Vect <e l >,
89
cam sinh bai clang cau p. Do tir k IA ta clang can caa khong gian
vac to V/Vk tren truang se" phtic C, nen Co vac td rieng rea +i
ling vdi gil tri rieng can chfing minh:
Ta chUng minh Vkk i lap - bat Bien. Chi can chang minh:
{14 )e Vik*I-
90
V i du 2.17. (Dinh It Hamilton - Cayley)
Lai gidi:
91
B„-,A - 13,12, = a, 1„.
-B„., = a,,T„.
NhAn vg voi vacua the clang their trcn Bin Met vdi I n , A. X-
A" rOi enng Jai, to (kith
det(A + B) detA.
Leh gidi:
det(A + B) = 0 = detA.
92
Theo gii thiat B lay linh, nghla Isl co se n de 13" = O. tit do
-1 B)" = 0 vi vay A -1 B lay linh. NM( vay tan tai ma tran kheng
Nhu vay det(A+ B) = det[A(I + A -1 13)I= detA. (-Iot(I +2.1 11 B)= detA.
W c ho 1(W) + fo
Cuh(W) vdi mei W c V.
Gia si7 Imf = Kerf = V,. Goi V2 la phein bet tuygn tinh ego
V, trong V nghia la V = V, $ V2; p l : V V I la phep chi&
chinh tac, nghia la ven x e V, x = x, + x 1 , x, e Vi thi p,(x) = x l .
Xot anh xa ?: V2 -)
Do do foh+hoN Id o .
94
1) Gia sia V I la kh8ng gian con oda V bar bin do=i vdi f va
f, = f I V, la clYng au cam sinh. Chung to rang da thfic to) tiaai
P, ena f, la Pdc cua da thfic to) tiPu P r.
2) Gia sfi rang V phfin tfch throe thanh tong cac kheng gian
con baat bign del vdi f: V = la dying (Au cam sinh trim
=1
V, va P, la da thuc tot tiPu cPa f,. Chung LO rang P, la boi chung
nhO nhavt cua cic da thfic P.
Liii gidi:
1) Vi f = f1 nen vdi moi Q E K[X], La co Q(f) = WO fit VI.
95
C - BAT TAP
7 0,
6
)1 9H-
X = (a,), A 1 = la cot tha j ca» ma tran X, =1,2, 1)
a )
3) Kr , y s} la ed so ciia E.
96
2.4. a) GM sit E va Fla hai kheng gian vec to him han
chieu tren truring IK, dimE = dimF = n. u e Hom K(E, F). Chung
minh rang u don cgu khi va chi khi u town
b) Neu vi du chUng to rang neeu E va F có so" chie"u vo han,
menh da tren kfrong dung MM.
2.5. Cho a la mat ph6p thgbac n va u E End(C) xac dinh bar
It) Tim tat ca the ma trait B e Mat(n, giao hoan duple vdi A.
2.6. X6t kh8ng gian vec td E him han chigu tren truang K.
a) GM s>i fe„ , e„) la mot co so cim E, a„ , a,, la nhiing
vo hudng doi mat klMc nhau, u e End(E) the dinh bai
u(e i) = ° ; e; = 1, , n). Chung minh rang nth v e End(E) ye
u.v = v. d thi ton tai nhUng vo hudng p„...,j3„ sao cho v(ei) = [3;e;.
giao hoan vat nhau, thi cac u3 cling giao hoan vdi nhau.
97
2.8. Gia sil A e Mat(n, R), detA # 0 va trong moi (long efn
A co dung mot s6 khac khong, bang ± 1. Chung minh rang:
a) Al = A-1
b) Co seta nhien m de Arl = A'.
'Ir 0 I, 0
X=Q. .P a do la ma tran vuong cap n
00 00 ,
98
(^ri±ng 11111111 rang vo. mai hi ci6ng eau u e End(V) deu
Ong cdu V e End(V) sao cho u 0 v = 0 va
hang(u)+ hang(v) = n.
F--> 0)01.1.
Chdng minh rang en sdN nguyen ding sao cho rang (fk) =
rang (F`') vol moi k 2 N.
99
2.18. Cho hai ma tram A, B E Mat (n, K).
2.19. Chung minh rang m8i ma trail vuong cep hai tren
truring K &et' d6ng clang vdi ma tran chuydn vi eila no.
100
tuyen Utah tren V. Vdi moi = 1, 2, n xec dinh clang Wyk
tinh e V* bait
j
Qej) = Sij =
1i=j
2.24. Cho V* Fa khong gian lien hdp cna khong gian vec td
V; u e End(V). Xet u*: V* —> V* the dinh bat u* (y) = you.
a) Chling minh rang u la phep Men dot tuyen tinh cua V*,
u* chive goi la phep Bien d6i tuyen tinh lien hop vdi u.
b) co sa{e..., en} (1) cila V va cd sa{f i , •••, in} (2) cua V*
lien hdp vdi ed sa (1). Chung minh rang ma tran (l u), cua u*
trong cd sa (2) la ma trait chuye'n vi cua (ct ii)„ cua u trong Cd sa
(1), nghia la Po = a3; vdi moi 1 5 i, j n.
2.25. Cho V* la khong gian lien hop vdi khong gian vac td
V, S la be phan dm V. RI hie, u 8° la tap tal ca the phan to f E
101
2.26. GiA s& V* IA khong gian lien hop vdi V, T la met be
phan ciia V. Ki hieu T ° IA tap tat ca cat x e V sao cho f(x) =
vdi moi f E T.
2.27. Cho V* la khong gian lien hop ciia khong gian vet td
V. IV,I, €1 la ho nhfing khong gian con oda V. Chiang minh:
a)
n VID =
ier Biel
.0
1, ( fl y; = I Vi° neat V Mitt han chi6u.
IET / ki
2.28. Cho (1',), e i IA ho the khong gian con ciaa khong gian
V* lien hop vdi khong gian vec to V.
102
Chung minh:
a) ETi I = nrE
\ iel iE=.1
b) n
ieL
= n6u V heti hen chiau.
103
a) Cluing minh rang co hai co sa {e„ e„) va {E D ..., en} cna
V via soi nguyen s (0 s n) sao cho u(e,) = 6, vdi i i< s va u(e) = 0
vii s < i <
b) Tit do suy ra bin tai to clang caiu tuygn tinh v mart V sao
cho you la phep chigu.
2.33. a) Cho p la met phep chigu caa kheng gian huu han
chigu V. Chung minh rang trong V co cd sa trong do ma Wm A
= (a3 ) ena p co clang dac biet: a, 4 = 0 ngu i # j;
b) Tu (Icing Pau tuygn tinh u duos got la del hop ngu u 2 = id.
ChUng minh rang clang thuc u = 2p - id thigt lap mat song finh
tit tap tail ca cac phep chigu p trong V len tap Cal ca cac doi hop
u. 6 day V la khong gian vec to tren truing K voi dac s6 khac
hai.
c) Tit a) va b) co thd not gi lid ma tran cua phdp del hop teen
mat khang gian huu han chidu.
x1 - 7x 2 + 4x3 + 2x 4 -0
2x 1 -5x.2 +3x3 +2x 4 + X 5 =0
5x 1 -8x. 2 + 5x 3 + 4x 4 +3x5 = 0 •
4x 1 -x 2 + X 3 + 2x 4 + 3X 5 = 0.
^^ -
2x 1 5x, + x 3 + 2x4 = 0
5x 1 - 9x 2 2x3 7x4 = 0
-3x1 7X9 X3 + 4x 4 = 0
1
a(b -c)x + b(c -4 + c(a. -13) z = 0
(b-c)x 2 + (c -4 2 + (a. -b)z 2 = 0
2x + y z = a
X + my z
3x + y mz = c
105
2.39. Tim digu kien din va du a 4 dim A,(x l , VI), Ai(xi,
312), A3(x3, 310, Ai(xi. y1 ) khong ce 3 digm nao thang hang ngm
tren met &tang trOn.
2.40. Tim da the bac 3 vdi he so thoc f(x) sao cho £(-1) = 0,
f(1) = 4. f(2) = 3 va f(3) = 16.
2.41, Ch9 A = (a i g e Mat (n. K) sao cho dot A = 0. Goi la
phan phu dal ce cUa phgn to a,,, gia thigt A 11 # 0.
L Auxi
1=1
2.42. Ching minh rang m6i gig tri rieng ciga phep chiegi
dgu bang 0 hoar 1 va m6i gia tri rieng oda phep dM hop dgu
bang 1 hogc bang —1. (xem bai 2.29 va 2.33).
2.44. Gia sit ip la met to d6ng ca/u cua khong gian vec to
thkic n chigu V, trong mot ca sa nao do co ma Han A. Chung
minh rang da tilde dac trong oua pee dang:
106
PTO,) = (-2,)" + c,(-2,)"1 + + + 'Prong do ck
Yang cua tat ca the dinh thew con chin)) cap k cua ma Han A,
)inh thew eon chinh la dinh thfic con lap nen tit the (long va
re c.0t vdi chi s6giang nhau).
Y.46. Havain) nghiem dac trung cua ma tran AeMat (n, C).
0 -1 0
1 0 -1
1
0 1
0 1
A= 0
a va a an
Tit do suy ra m6; da thin; bac n yea he t>i cao nhat (-1)" den
a da their dac Hung cua met ma trdn valuing cap n nao do.
107
2.48. GM V lk khong gian vec W n chieu troll trUang K,
cp E End (V), X° la mOt gia tri rieng ena gyp,700 la khong gian
con rieng cna V, ling vdi gia tri rieng A 0 . ChUng minh rang so
chigu cim g1 /.0 khOng vuyt qua sei bOi p cem nghiem 700 cua da
thdc (lac trung dm. T. Hay chi ra VI du trong do dim "91 A, < p.
Hay tim da thfic dac trung va the gia tri rieng ctia tu clemg
tau u.
108
dual. dang A = A, + A2, a do A, giao haw vdi S va A2 phan giao
hoan vdi S, nghia la A,S = SA„ A 2S = -SA2 .
b) Chung minh E = V„, W„, vdi m tim chide trong can a).
109
Chung minh rang ton tai met co so dm V de trong do r
tran cern f c6 dang:
'a 0 . 0 ' to p 0
0 0 . 00 0
hoac
00 0 \ 0 0 ... 0
Tit d6 suy ra rang khong the t6n tai the tp dgng cit'u tiv
man he theic (1).
2.60. Chung minh rang, d6i yeti ho bat kY CAC torn to tuy
tinh giao hoan vdi nhau Ding doi mgt trong khong gian vac
hem han chigu- tren trang so" Ode, tan tai yen to rieng chui
cho tat cA the Loan to tuyen tinh cria ho do.
110
t„). (X . Xt) = (0, 0, .., 0).
Neat Y = (t,, t) E H Y. XX' = 0
X.)4' . = 0o Y . X. X' . = (Y.X) . (Y.X)' = 0
f(x) --) x .
116 rang u la chin caM, nhting khong than eau, vi Imu khong
chiia nhiing da theic bac khOng.
111
{1 i (j)
auo =
0 voi # a (j)
n n n
E bije cr o) = Ebi,wei =
i=1
<=> b ;,= bc,(;) „„, voi mci i j
,
2.6. a) De dang.
11) Gia stl u e End s (E) giao hoan voi d6ng eau v
End K (E). Theo a) u (e) = p ie, voi {e„ cd so nao do dm I
Gia sV i # j, 1 g 3 , j < n to hay chfing minh 13, = pi . Clam v
EndK (E) sao cho v(e k) = Vk 1, 2, ..., n. Tit vou = uov say
112
VI ma Han A = (a n ) khong suy men, nen co ma tran nghich
dge 11 = A- ' = (bd.
..
0 ul 1 bin
0 u2 = 6 21 b2n v2
Tie do to co: 01
••-
l 0 1 Lon) bn bnn v
ni
Hay u ; = ybi,v;
Theo gig thigt, eac vi giao &ban voi nhau, nen suy ra the u,
thing giao honn voi nhau.
b ii = L a ik -a ki = L a ikaik=sij
k=1
113
b) Cacti 1: Goi G la tap cac ma tran clang troll
2.10. GM sit f.g — Id khong la clang cdu claa V, khi do t6n tai
x E V, x # 0 a (fog — id) (x) = 0. Hay fog (x) = x. Dant g(x) = y e V,
to co f(y) = xz 0= yx 0.
114
2.12. a) De dang do Tiny c Keru va dim Imu + dim keru =
dim V.
b) rang ty = dim FI x r.
2.14. WE( u, = u — Id E , v, = v —
Tit do u.v —Id E = + IdE) (v, + IdE) — Id E =
115
2.17. HD: Chon B la ma Dan cheo vdi cac phan to tren
during cheo chinh khac nhau doi mgt: b,, Chon C = (au)
a
vdsaoChoC itt va Cli tuy y, tin A = BC - CB.
b i - bi
a b'
2.19. GM X = E Mat (2, K). Hay chUng to c6 P =
d1
xy
e Mat (2, K), det P t 0 de XP = P.Xt.
z t
bz = by
(a-d)y= cx - bt
= (1)
-d)z = cx - bt
cy= cz , xt zy
+) b = c = 0, chon y = z = 0, x t = 1
+) a = d, chon y = z = 1 x = t = 0
a -d
Nhtt gay trong moi trUdng hop, hP (1) dgu c6 nghigm
W vgy uz = u.
116
b) Vi du V = K3 , u (xi , x2, x3) = (x„ x 3, 0)
Ta có v 2 * v nhting v (Id - v) 2 = 0.
Chu Y: Co the neu nhieu vi du khac nfia.
2.21. a) Ngu g(x) = 0 voi moi x c V thi f(x) = 0 \raj moi x e V
va f = a . g voi a e K Neu có x o e V ma g(x0)* 0.
f(x)
Data- .
g(x{,)
f= ifJ=Eaifi (ai = 0)
i=1
117
Truang kip 2: Vol mdi i, n Ker fi ¢ Ker
j#i
Khi do vdi mdi i (i = 1, 2, ..., n) co x i e V de? f(xi) # Ova fi(x,)
f(x )
= 0 ( # i). D'.1t a, -
b) Theo bai 2.25, S° IA khOng gian con cent V*, (S°)° la khong
gian con dm V. Vdi x e S, fin, F e S ° , to co f(x) = 0 x e
De cluing minh sinh hal S. Ta gia su W la khong gian con
cna V, S c W. Ta ehling to (S ° )° c W. Vdi x EW3f c V* de
f(w) = 0 va f(x) x 0; Khi do vi S c W nen f(S) = 0 f c S°.
118
x (S°)° tit
Nhung f(x) ± 0 nen x e (5 °)° . Nhit vay vdi x e W
do (S°) ° c W va nbut vay (S°) ° la khong gian sinh bai S.
c) Ta cd (TY la khOng gian con cim V* va T c (T°)°.
119
f(x) = 0 vol mot x E v, n V2 . Ta cluing minh f
e VI ° +
V20 . )(et WI la khong gian con bit maa V, id V2 trong V, o V, =
WI ED (VI n V2 ); Wong ta vet W2 sao cho: V2
= W2 $ (V, n V2)
via V = (V, n V2 ) e W. Khi do V la teng trip tip gun. V, n V2,
WI, W2, W.
Chon g, h e V* the dinh bat:
g(x).
lb nab x E Vt n V2 hoitc X E WI
.if(x)ngu x e W2 boas x e W
h(x)c
t 0 ngu x e VI I)V., hoac x e W 2 boas x e W.
f(x)ngu x e WI
WOrangeV ° va f = h + g.
1 0 , he V2
Nhu vgy (VI n V2)" t-_- W 1° + V2 °. Tit dO (V, n V2)
(' = Vi ± 1.72°-
d) Vi du cluing to khAng dinh b) khong con dung ngu I v6
han va V co chigu ve han.
Gia sa (e) i e I la co so v6 han phis to caa V, mOt phAln
to
caa V co dang Ecc,e, trong do a i hau hgt bang khOng, tit mot
jel
so hilt! han.
Taco n
ieI
o n vir = v*.
120
Do do Vic' la khong gian con sinh bai f, (NhAc lai f, (e) = 6,j —
'hi 2.26) ma EV? x V* (bai 2.26).
idl
<=> Id — p — p + p' = Id — 2P + p 2 = Id — p
p(y) = y= y e Imp.
Nhti very, neM p la phep chi6u thi Imp = Ker (Id — p).
121
GiO sit {e l , ..., es} la cd sd cim Imu. Khi do en e, (i = 1, s)
sao cho u (e,)= c i . Ta có dim (Keru) = n — s. LO {e sti , e„} la co
sa dm V (xem bai tap 2.3). Chi can LIS sung de" co co sä ..., E s ,
£ 0 } Oil to dude hai cd sa can tim.
1 -7 4 2 0'
2 -5 3 2 1
2.34. A= , rang A = 2.
5 -8 5 4 3
4 -1 1 2 3,
7x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x4 =
2x 1 5x2 + 3x 3 + 2x 4 + x 5 = 0
1 4
xi — X4 97 x5.
9 9
5 2 1
X2 = — X5 + — X4 — — Xr .
9 ' 9 9 '
Et i =(4, 2, 3, 3, 3)
a2 = (-7 , - 1, 0, 0, 9)
a3 = (1, 5, 9, 0, 0)
122
2.35. HD. He c6 nghiem khong tam thang khi va chi khi
ih thiic cua he Wang khong a X = 35. Khi d6 hang Mitt ma
.n cite he s6 Wang 3 a khong gian nghiem 1 thigh.
1,
2.37. = a +b+c+
4
1
x2 =- (a-b+c+d)
4
1
x4 = —
4 + b + c -d)
2 1 -1
2.38. A= 1 m 1 , det A = 2m (2-m).
3 I -m
a) v6i m* 0 va m # 2 a He la he Cramer.
b) m = 0 rang A = 2 vi 2 1 # 0 .
10
123
2 1 a
Digu kien có nghi5m la 1 0 b =a+ b - c = 0 .
3 1 c
x=b-z
Khi do
{,y ,=a-2b+3z, z my
c) m = 2 =4 rang A = 0.
Digu kien có nghiem: -5a + b + 3c = 0
2a -b
x -z +
3
Khi do
2b
y- z+
3
Yt 1
x 22
2 +y 2 x2 y2 1
2.39. PS: 2 2 =0.
X 3 + Y3 x3 323 1
2 2
x4 +Y4 x4 Y4 1
Tito: a = 2 b = -5, c = 0 , d = 7
f(x) 2x3 - 5x2 + 7
124
Do A„ # 0, nen rang A = n-1 va khong gian nghiOni cna (1)
co so. chigu 1. Hay rang (A11) = 1.
n2= 0. An, 0)
125
Dao cua b) cling khong dung. Vi du: Chan Ala ma trar
(cap n > 1) va B e Mat (n, It); B= (b id ma b 11 = 1, cent; = 0
mm (I, j) # (1, 1).
rieng suy Ong ling vdi gia tri rieng Xo, thi dim E xci = p (130i cl
126
Cdch 2. Dat B = A - kJ. Khi d6 = I A - (p+X, D)I I =
A - XI I , voi A = µ + X. Nhd vay A = Xo la nghiem bet p cua
IA - XI I = 0 thi µ= 0 la nghiem bei p cna. IB-µII = 0. Theo
bid 2.44, I B -µII = (-0" + C1( - 0" 1 + + C k (- 11) "a C, a
do Ck 11 tong cga cac Binh tilde con chinh cap k dia. B. Do rang
B = r nen cac dinh there con chinh cap k > r dgu triet lieu Ck
= 0 voi moi k> r.
Doclop=n-s?.n-r.
k
2 i cos
2.46. DS. Ak = 21
n +1
an-1 an-2
thing coot to cg:
( 1 o' 0'
127
Nhu v0y:
2.49. HD: Phan Hell a thanh tich cac yang xfch doe 10
a = ... T2 . T I ; gia {e1 , ..., en } la cd s6; tn nhien cua Ca, tt
u(e) =e a . Sap x6p lai co sa fe; } theo thft ty thich hdp ta dude c
sa mdi cua C". sap thanh P nhom, m6i nh6m g6m m a vet t
(mk bang de dai T k), k = 1, p. Chang han nhom thit nhat gen
fe' l , e',„ 1} thl u (e';) = e't+1, u(e'nil) = e' I . Tuong t>i cho ca
nho khac. v0y. Da flak cl0c trung cua u co clang
0 0 0 1-1.
128
VOi it = a + (n-1) b, co 1 vec to rieng: t i = t2 = ... = t„ = 1.
VS'.y c6 the than Cd sox, = (1, -1, 0 ... 0), ..., x2. 1 (1, 0, 0,..., -1)
va xn (1, 1, ..., 1) gem cac vec to rieng cita 1
2.51. HD. Xet dang aide ma tran:-
'0 0'
(Xki n r r_- ika
EN cN x nNk i , a do J nk = 1 0
i=0 1
‘0 1
129
Nein nk > 1, thi c6 cac phAn tit Oleo Wang 0 vdi moi i, vi
digu kien bai town, trai vdi gra thiet va tinh duy nh6t.
A l =j-k+S -1 .AS)
2S.A 1 = S.A + A.S
{
2S.A2 =SA -A.S A2 = (A -51 AS)
2
130
VOi mm A e Mat (n, 111) S' in (xem vi du 1.19); A # 0
S khOng any bien.
DM M = + ad1 1-1 + , I„ # 0, to co SM = MS = 0.
2.54. a) DO (ang
Nhu vay dim (V, 1V„) = dim V„, + dim W n, = dim E 'E_
V„, W.
131
2.56.
132
Do gia thiCi guy nap: gk-' — = (k-1) g k•2 nen: fel
g k+1 , fkti (k-i) g k = 2k.gk
Chi) y: CO the nhan xet rang khong the ton tai cac tq d8ng
ceu f, g thea man fog-g0f= id vi trace (f ug-go I) = 0, trong
khi trace(Id) = n = dimV # 0.
133
Ch uang III
DANG TOAN PHUONG - KHONG GIAN VEC TO
OCLIT VA KHONG GIAN VEC TO UNITA
0:VxV—>R
(x, y) H) 0 (x, y)
sao cho vdi 662 kjc x, y, z e V va 7. e 7f& ta ca:
0 (x + z, y) = O (x. y) + 0 (z, y)
0 (x, y + z) = 0 (x, y) + 0 (x. z)
0 (X x. y) 0 (x, y)
0 ( x, y) = 0 (x. y)
0 (x, y) = 0 (y, x)
134
2. Bieu thik toa do cita clang song tuyen tinh
135
Gia sai trong co sd e = (a), 0 (x, y)= Za ii x i yi , thi
Dinh 13i: Neu H IA mot dang than phuong bat kjI tren
khang gian vec to thuc n chigu V thi trong V luon ton tai mot ea
sa a = (0 a
trong co stl do, H co dang chinh tac.
Chu $': TR. cling có dinh nghia dang toan phudng tren killing
gian vec td V tren tthang K tuy s', gan viii dang song tuy6n Huh
d6i /ding the chi -1h tren V.
136
N6u V = V, S V2 ma O (x, y) = 0 vdi moi x E V, va y E V2 thi
a n6i V la t6ng trttc ti6p trtIc giao cern V, va V2 (d6i vei 0) va ki
Dinh 19
Cho V la R. - khong gian vec to n chi6u. H la dung town
hiving tren V thi V la tong true 061) true giao (doi v6i H) clia
a khong gian Vo, V,, Vs
V = V. CS V. ff) Vo ma HIV, la xac (huh during, HI V_ la xac
inh am, H I V0 = 0. Cach phan tich tren khong duy nhal nhvng
o luon ]a hod) cem H, dim V. = p, dim V. = q khong (16i; p, q
leo OM to goi la chi s6 dtiong van 'al-1h, chi s6 am (man tinh
Oa H (hay ens clang eve 0 cim no).
Dinh 19 tren dude goi IA dinh 19 chi s6 quan tinh.
137
Dinh ly Sylvester
1. Dinh nghia
Khong gian vec td E cling vdi mot tich va hung xac dii
tren E dnpc goi la nEat khong gian vec Ed (Mit.
138
Ta có halt clang theic sau, goi la bat clang these Cos Bunhiacopski:
b) Hai vec td x, y &tee goi IA true giao vol nhau n6u <x, y> = 0.
Khi do to co:
)1 2 = D1M 2 M2 •
Gia sit E IA khong gian vec to delft n chigu. it vec td e l , e2, ...,e„
1i=j
dupe goi la co so true chuitn cUa lE neu <e i e j > =
0i#j
Dinh 19: 'Prong bluing gian vec td Gclit n chieu holt kY. loon
ton tat mgt co sa true chuan.
co
co = a do = et, - <cti , i.
ME2M
139
n-1
= ,d
a do a n =a n -I< a n ,e k >e k .
en ka k=1
Thutit Loan chi ra a day &talc goi la qua trinh Hate chuA'
hoa Gram - Schmidt co so {a„ a„}. 1-56 thky khong gian sin
bai {e l , , ek} trimg vat khong gian sinh bai vat (a l , ak} vi
moi k = 1, ..., n.
va E = F F1 .
Anh xa tuyeM tinh true giao tit E den E chicle goi la to don,
caM trip giao cua IE.
140
b) Tinh chat cna tg thing au trite giao
+) Ty &Ong eau f: E -, E la true giao khi va chi khi no bign
1Cit ed ad true chud'n thanh ed so true chudn.
+) f I 'a td &Ong eau true giao khi va chi khi ma tr8n A cim f
rong ed sa true chudn la met ma trail true giao, nghia la =
+) f la td citing eau true giao thi moi gia tri rieng mid f ddu
dng 1 hoac -1.
e) Dinh nghia 2
141
+) N6u f la to d6ng ciu del xeing cua khong gian vac to gclii
luau han chiOu E thi trong E co nail co sa true chufin goer
nhilng vec td rieng eim f.
+) Cac Mating gian con rieng ung via cae gia tri rieng phar,
biet ena mot to d6ng c5u dal 'ding la true giao vdi nhau.
Trong rule nay to xet cac kliling gian vec td tren twang se
ph& C.
I Dinh nghia
142
Cd sa {e,, e 9, e„} dude goi la ed sa trip chuan ngu
1 i= j
c,,e, >=8-• =
1} 0i j
Ta có kgt qua: Vdi moi kheng gian vec td Unita dgu ton tai
ed so true chufin.
<Xx - y, Xx - y> = X.?, <x, x> - 1<x, y> - <y, x> + <y, y>
143
(2) xay ra vdi moi t 0. N6u to 1Ny X = t (-cos p + isinp) raj t 2(
thi I X I = t, X <x, y> = 7r < x,y > = -t 1<x, y> I ya bat dang thif
(1) co clang:
il x+ Yll = 11x11+11.
3. Toan ter tuy6n firth tit lien hdp
a) Khdi niem Loin to (tit &Mg eau) lien hop
Cho f la to deng cau cem kheng gian vac td Unita U. Tt
dOng eau g cem U dtioc goi la lien hop vdi 1, n6u yea moi x, y e U,
to có <f(x), y> = <x, g(y)>.
b) Dinh 5i: MOi mot tv deng cau cUa khong gian vec tc
Unita co duy nhlt met tit deng cau lien hop.
c) Tinh chat cua tit deng cau lien hop. KY hieu la to tieing
call lien hop dm 1. Ta co
1°) Id* = Id.
2°) (f + f* + g*
3) (kg)* n. g*
4) (f*)* = f
5) (g•f)* = r . g*
144
d) Ti doting can f dna khong gian vec to Unita U die goi la
td lien hop, nett f = f*.
e) Dinh lj: Gin sii f la t-L7 d6ng cdu cua khong gian vec to
Unita U. Khi do to có f = f, + i fa, ado f, va fa la cac tg d6ng cdu
WI lien hop, &too goi tticing nag la (than thnc va ph'Un a() cda td
d6ng cdu I
Chiing minh:
145
Tit do: - X) <x, x> = 0. Do <x, x> > 0 nen I = X hay X thee.
i) Dinh 0: Cae vec td rieng Ung vat ode gia tri rieng phan
biet caa met to deng au tai lien hdp la true giao vdi nhau.
°ding minh:
Gia sit f la met tp deng au W lien hdp caa 'cluing gian
Unita U; x, y la hai vec to rieng Ung voi hai gia tri rieng phan
biet X 1, X2 .
Ta co f(x) = f(y) = X2y
<f(x), y> = <X ix, y> = X i<x, y> =
= <x, f(y)> = <x, X2y) = X2<x, y>
B. VI DV
2) Ki hieu (E, It) la khong gian cac dang song tuyin tinh
146
Li gidi
1
s(x, y) = - (y(x, y(y, x))
2
a(x, = 2 y) - 9(Y, 9)
2) Ta bigt rang .2'2 (E, R) clang cku vdi khong gian cac ma
trAn vuong cap n tren K, (n = dim E). Do do dim 9z(E, K) = n2 .
Vi S (ttiong ung A) dAng caIu vdi khong gian cox ma tram doi
xiing (phan xiing) cap n. Do do
n(n +1) . n(n -1)
dim S - , dim A =
2 2
V i du 3.2: Gia sit E va F la hai khong gian vec to tren
trueing se" that K. Dang song tuy6n tinh f tren E x IF (Woe g9i la
suy bi6n trai (phai) netu có x e E, x # 0 (Wong ung y e ]F, y x 0)
sao cho f(x, y) = 0 van moi y e ]F (Wong ung f(x, y) = 0 vdi moi
147
x e E). f &roc g9i la kheng suy bign ngu n6 khong suy bin trai
va khong suy bign phai.
Oiling minh rang:
Lo gidi:
1) Ta chang minh Wang phan chetng. Gia sit f kheng suy bign
trai, (yo yz, yo} la met cd set cua F va dim E > n. Khi do trong
E et) he doe lap tuy6n anh gem n + 1 vac to {x„ x o , xo, xozz}.
Dat ao = yeti 1 < i < n+1, 1 < j < n.
He thuan nhal:
n+1
=0
148
2) Chiang minh Wong tv nhtt phan 1.
V i du 3.3. Gia sit E la kh8ng gian vee to tren trthang sen thvc
g la (tang song tuy6n tinh tren 1E va g (y, x) = 0 mot khi
g (x, y) = 0. Chang minh rang g hoac del Ming, hoac phan d6i
xting.
Ldi
Gia sii g khOng phan dal xang, khi do co x 0 e E [le g(xo, x0) # 0.
Ta hay °hung minh g doi x3ng. Vin m6i x E E. do g (xo, xo) # 0
nen co a e Yb de g (x, xo ) = a. g (xo, xo) . Khi do g (x - a x o, xo) = 0.
TIT gia thi6t suy ra g (xo, x - axo ) = 0, do do g(xo , x) = g(xo, axo) =
a g(xo , xo) = g(x, x„).
Bay girt lay x, y e E. N6u g(x, x o ) # 0 thi ce aeRa g(x, y)
= a g (x, xo)
hay g (x, y - a xo) = 0 = g (y - a xo , x).
g(y, x) = a g(x o , x) = a g(x, xo ) = g(x, y).
Suy ra g (x - a xo, y + xo ) = 0
g(y + xo , x - a xo) = 0
149
g (y + x0, x) = a g (y + xo, x0)
= a g(x„, x0) = g(x,y).
NMI va. 37, trong moi &Jiang hop to clgu co g(x, y) = g(y, x).
nghia la g dOl xQng.
Bang song toyan tinh dal xung xac dinh throng teen E. Gra sit
x,, x2, xk la nhung vec td mia 1E. Dal a id = xi), 1 j s k.
Ta goi dinh Ulric det (a 1 ) la dinh thuc Cram (Ma cac vac td x,,
xk va ki hiOu la Gr xk).
cc„,
150
during nen theo Binh lY Sylvester, to co det (a, i)k > 0 nghia la
Gr{x l , > 0.
Lai gicii:
1) Gia sit X, Y la hat vec to rieng cua u Ung voi hai gia tri
rieng X, n; n. Ta co AX = XX, AY = HY. Tii de
Yt.AX = VAX = X.Y.X;
Xt.AY = Xt.p.Y = g.Xt.Y;
NhUng Yt.A.X = (r.A.Y) t do At = A,
nen X Yt. X = (µXt . Y)` =N. Y` . X.
to do (X - . YtX = 0 YL . X = 0
2) Gia sit X + in la nghtem dac trung cim A. The thi ten tai
vee td cot (phitc) X + iY trong do X. Y la nhUng vac to cot that
khong dong that bang khong
151
A. (X + Y) = (7. + ip) (X + iY).
6 day i la don vi ao.
VA X = Y`X - p Y'.Y
X`AY=i.- p
Nhung Yt. A . X= (XL. A Y)L nen ta có:
AY`.X-pYt .Y=XYLX+gr.X
Khi
0 = (Ak + bk., Ak - ' + + bo I) X = (A - ... (A - ukI) X
hay (A - = 0 vol Y = (A -1.1 2I)... (A - tikI)X x0.
153
Ta cheing to rang có vec td rieng X„, trip giao vet cac
i = 1, 2, s. That tray, gia sat X x 0 la mOt vec td true giao
Xi (i = 1, s). Vei mai i= 1, s va r > 0, ta co:
X` . A' . X, = . . = (WIC) = 0.
1
Dat - X• thi he Y1 , Ya la he cac vec to rie
.X,
sao choY,` . Y, = 8,, ki hiOu Kronecker). Vi tray ngu dal
IA ma tran ma cam cot la Y„ thi P IA ma trait trvc giao.
Mat khac, AX ; = 3,X ; nen AY, = X ; lc ti/ do . A. Y;
V, = X, va vie j thi Y,' A Y, = X; Yit Y; = O.
154
V i du 3.8: Cho A, B la hai ma tran that d6i xiing cap n, hen
nem B the dinh during. Chung mink rang ten 41 ma teen khong
suy Bien C Ct. A. C=A va C'. B. C= In, 6 de A la ma trait
chef), va In la ma trail den vi cap n.
Lai gicii:
Do B xac (huh &king nen t6n tai ma lit' khong suy bin T
de 'FL . B . T = In. Ma tren Tt A. T doi thing nen theo kgt qua
trong vi du 3.7, c6 ma trail tnic giao P de 13` (Tt A T). P = A la
ma trail cheo. Dat C = T.P, to chide Ct AC = A va Ct BC = In.
Lel gidi:
a) GM sei X la nghiem dac trting &la A, khi do c6 ma tran
eet X # 0 AX = XX, tit de (AX)* = X*.A* = 7r X*. Nhan vg vat
v6 hai clang thtic tren, to co X*A* A X = X* X. Vi X x 0,
nen X* X x 0, vi A* A = In nen:
X*X = h.. X*X (i. . - 1) X*X = 0
.1.=1,dovay 114=1.
155
b) Gia sit X la mat nghiem dac trong cga A. det (A-X I) =
det A* det (A - XI) = det (A*A - ) = det (I-A =0
1
det (- 1 - A*) = 0 det (-1 I - A*) = 0
Ldi gidi:
156
De thdy he {vi ), 1 < i < n gem nhiing vec to clang hung cua
1. Ta chfing minh he NJ la cd se cita E. Xet EX,v, = 0, to
r+s r
( )'.1 + EX j, ei + EX ,e, yi X r+1 er+1
j=r+1 r 1=2 =1
r+s
E Aiei Excet = 0
j=r+1 t>r+s
Do he ted, 1 <i < n doe lap tuydn tinh nen = 0 vdi moi i =
1,64 gidi:
157
dang hudng. Digu do mau thuan vat anti Witi clAu cita E Do vay
khong dau vi digu kiln can chn}c cluing minh.
Dieu kik
gia si f kitting de). dAu, eking han f(x) 0 voi
moi x e E. Xet co sä {n) chudn tic cart f, to ed
2
Ici,e,)= 4 +. Nlw tray, non clang hudng la tap cac
f( i=1
Ta goi hop thanh cua hai dang toan Oath:Mg f, g la clang toan
phudng (h g) = b ij x i x i .
a) Neu cac dang f, g khong am, thi dang (f, g) cling khong am.
b) Neu cac dang f, g xac dinh during, thi dang (f, g) cling xac
dinh chidng.
Ld gidi:
a) Hign nhien la (f, + f2, g) = (f„ g) + (f2, g).
Dua cac dang Wan phuang f, g ye dang clutAn tic:
158
EyF , g = , a do 371 , z3 la cite ham tuyen tinh dei vdi
i=1
• Bien x 1 . Do la bieu tbiic toa do, cim NT* chuyen cd so. Ta co
g) EZ(37?' 4) •
= X g ? • E lf = i=lj=1
i
(2 z 2) =
• do y2 = Ea k a / xk x is z2 Ebk b i xk xi , va
k,1=1
g )=E (f,i=1
\
2
Nhung = Ecniq ik x 3x k , nen (f,y3 )= Ea ik kq u x i lkk xk ),
159
V i du 3.13: Chung to rang trong kh6ng gian vec to Odclit
chieu, c6 the tim dudc ho n vec to don vi u l , u2 , sao cho di
vai tat ca cap s6nguyen phan biet i, j, yen to - 11j cling la of
to don vi. Ta {tat x= n 1+1 "In, . Hay tim goe giva vec to x - 1
1
va x - U2 .
Ldi
Tit do co —21 = X, +=
X? 1 Xi 1
2 ' 2 2 + A2 A1 X2 - —3 .
Va vi Al + x.22 + 4 + Xi X2 = 1 X 3 = + IF
—2
3
Bulk xay dung vec to UM n to (n-1) vec to ducte xi{ Wong
ty. Gia su to co (u1, u2,—,u.,-,) la he n-1 vec to nam trong klning
gian con sinh bai {e„ ...e„. 1 { va th6a man (lieu kien bai than. Ta
tim vec to
U.,= X, + + .;.
Sir dung dieu kiOn u n u; = — vdt j = 1, n-1 va u,12 = 1, to
2
tim duac = 1 2 = = An _ = —1 va I n — n +1N hit vay to da
2n
160
xdy dung dude hee {m, u„} cac vec to don vi trong kitting gian
dent E" they. man (lieu kiOn: goo gliva hai vec to bet kyt cim he
bting 60°, tit do I tt, -uli = 1 (i j).
1
Bat x -n + u2 +...+ ti n ), goi 01a gee gala x-u, va x-u 2 .
+1
Ta ce 1 = (u 9 - 1102 = [(x-u 1) - (x-u 2)] 2 = (x-u 1 )2 + (x-u2)2
2) (x-u 2); -2(xu
1
va (x-1.1 1 )2 = (x-u2)• = tux + -
M +1r - 2M +1)
Tit do cost/ =
Vi du. 3.14: Gia sii V la met kh8ng gian vec to Unita, B: VxV->C
IA dang tuyen tinh rued tren V, nghia la B tuyen tinh dot vdi
Men thil nhet, Ong tinh dei vdi Mon th>Y hai va B (x, ky) =
(x, y) vdi moi x, y e V va e C. Khi do tan tai duy nhet met
phop del tuy6n tinh A cim V sao cho B(x, y) = <x, Ay> yin
moi x, ye V.
gidi:
Truisc ta xet bit sau:
BS de: Gia sit f la dang tuygn tinh tren khong gian vec to
Unita V, khi do tan tai duy nhet met phdn tit h E V, sao cho vdi
moi x e V, ta co f(x) = < x, h>.
Ghiing minh de: Net cd sa true chua'n te,, e 2, ..., ea } trong
V. ret phdn tit h e V, h = Ehk e k , a do hk = fk). Gia sii
k=1
trot), to of):
Det (A + B) Y. (det D) 2 (1 + det D- ' B . D -') =
= det D1 + det B = det A + det B.
NMI vay, bai town dude chting minh.
V i du 3.16. Ta ky hieu M la khang gian cac ma Iran yang
cap hai tren truong C.
a) Gia sit f: M C
X f(X) = det X.
Chung t6 rang f la met clang toan phudng. hay tim ma dean
ciaa f trong cd so chinh tac caa M. Hang cna f bang bao nhieu?
163
b) Ta nhac lai rang f(X Y) = f(X) . f(Y).
Gia su p la clang toan ph/dna tny y khac kh8ng tren 1M
thOa man di6u ki6n p (X Y) = cp (X) . p (Y). Hay chfing t6 rang
= 1 va n6u X khong suy bieh, thi p (X) x 0. Hay tinh gin
tri cim p tren cac ma tran lily tinh va cac ma Han suy bi6n not
Chung.
c) Chung to rang p = f.
Lai
al as j
a) Gial sit X = = a, X, + a2 X2 + a3 X3 + ai X4.
as •4
V i du 3.17. Khong tinh dinh thilc, hay giai thfch tai sao ma
tran A sau day kha nghich:
'1-i 2 3 4
2 3-i -2 0
A= 1
3 -2 - i
4 0 1 2 - i
165
Zd gidi:
2 3 4 '
Ta co A = A, - 1 12 3 -2 0
a do Al =
3 -2 0 1
4 0 1 2
Chang to (tang town phvong Q xac dinh mot can trtic delft
fret) Re Hay tim moot cc( sa trvc chua'n cim R. 3 dot voi Q.
A= 0 2 0
1 -1 3
Hay kie7 m tra rang A la den xiing doi yea c‘u trot delft
trong phan a) (nghia la f la tv dang ca2u del xi:Mg)
Ldi gidi:
166
Taco H, = 1, H
1
det H = — > 0. Vi H la ma trail xac dinh during nen Q
2
la dang town phudng xac dinh during. Mut vay Q xac dinh mot
Lich vo hudng tren Ra (do chinh la clang cip tudng ting vdi Q).
Bay gia to tim mot cd so tn.tc chuAn del vo . Q. Neu x = (x,,
1 2
12, x3) thi Q(x)=(x, -- x2 ) + (1 x3 - X 3 ) 2 +
2
1
xl = ' 1- 2 2
2
Hat 1
x2 = x3
1
x3 = --)r2
X = + x3
2
KM do x2
+ —x 3
2
167
e el
ez = e3
e3 —e + .ne 2 +
2 ' '
thi trong eel sd fe'„ e' 2, thdc cua clang town phdong Q eó
Bang Q x,, x 3 )- x 12 + x'; +
168
a) Chung to rang ngu H , la xac dinh (Wong, thi ten tai met
cd so de trong co so do ca H, ve. H 2 dgu co clang chinh tilt.
n 0
<x, x> = Exr Nhti \Tay, trong cd so {v 1 , Vi co ca hai
i=1
clang toan phudng da cho dgu co clang chinh tilt.
b) Kid ca hai dang dgu khong xac dinh &king, thi co th6
khong ton tai mot cd so de? ca hai dang toan phudng dgu co
dang chinh the. Chang han xOt trong vdi cat toa clO (x, y)
= e ll e l +C 21 e 2
GM ad: Goi (x', y') lk toa dO trong co sä
62 rc + C22 62
IX --c'Cii11+ Cl2
). Khi do
(y= C21x'+ C22 r'
Ta nhan thdy H, c6 dang chinh the trong ca sa {6,, E 2} thi C„
. C 1 2 = 0; H2 c6 clang chinh tac trong co so fe„ E2 ) thi CI, C22 +
Cu Ti12
C.2 1 C 1 2 = 0. Tit do suy ra ma tran C = suy hign.
C 21 C 22
Didu nay mall than vi C la ma trail chuygn cd so.
c) Ta nhan thdy H 1 la clang tan phudng xac Binh throng.
H, (x) = (x 1 + x2 + x%)2 + 4 (x2 + x2)2 + 9x32 .
1
xl = Y1 2 Y2
{YI = X I + x 2 + x 3
Pat bign mai y 2 = 2x2 + 2x3 hay x2 1 1
= Y3
Y3 = 3x 3 1
X3 =
3 y3
2 2
H1 = + Y2 + y3 (2)
Trong ho toa do, do, I-I 2 co bia thfic:
H2 = 17 22 + 213373 (3)
170
'o 0 1'
Ma tran maa H2 CO dang A = 0 1 0 (4)
,1 0 0
Bay gia ta (Ilia ma tran (A) vg dang the() bai ma tran tryc
;iao. B&ng phnang pho.p quen thu0c, ta tim &No
1 1
0 -1 0'
n&
T= 0 0 1 116 . A. T = 1 (5)
1 1
0 0 1.
1 1
yl =- r zi + z2
V2 a/2
Dung phep toa (.10 Y2 = 3 (6)
1 1
Y3="' + 22
171
1 1 + 1
el 3 "2- e2 ea
1$ 1 ,a 1 i)
3-,N -2 + 3I_ -3
1 1
= +,7, 02
Chu if: Da dila dang thai hai clang town phydng H„ H2 trong
d6 H, xac dinh diking v6 dang chinh tal c, ta lam cac btafic eau:
Lo gidi:
f(e,) = 1, laiap
172
f(e,) = -1, p+1 < j 5 p+q
f(e/) = 0 1> p+q.
Bat F, la khong gian con sinh bai cle vac to {e„,, epop .
•.., e n), thi f/ F, o 0. Nhung dim F n F, = dim F + dim Ft -
dim (F + F1 ) nen dim Fri F l >p+ (n-p) - n = 0, matt thuan vdi
gia thiat f/F > 0, f/F, o 0.
Gia se dim E l = n - 1 va p', q' la cac chi s6 dicing quart tinh
va chi s6 am quail tinh maa f han the troll E l . Ki hieu F2 la
khOng gian sinh bai le l , ..., e p) tren d6 f xac Binh ducing.
Ta co dim F2 (1 E, z p - 1, nhung dim (F 2 n El) o Tit de
p - 1 5 p', nhu vay = p-1 hoac p'=q.
Tuong to q' = q-1 hoac q' = q.
P‘= P IP P = 1 I P r = P -1
q -1 k r = '11 kir= q -1
den co the xay ra. Ta xet cac vi du sau:
a) n'au p + q < n va E, la kh8ng gian vac to sinh bai le„
e„41, thi p' = p, q = q.
b) neu q > 1, thi vdi E l sinh bai he fe l , ep, e p+ 2, to co
le1 = P
q = q-1
c) neat p > 1, chon E, sinh bai e„) to &lac p' = p-1,
q'=q.
173
d) n6u co p z 1, q 1, chnn E, sinh bai le, + e2 , e,,
en+2, ... en} thi p' = p-1, q' = q-1.
C - BAI TAP
3.1. Gia sii H la clang than phuong tren khong gian vec tc
R3 . Dang chuan titc cua dang toan phtiong H la dang chinh rac
trong do cac hG s6 deu bang ±1 hoac bang 0. Hay tim dang
chuan tac cua H trong cac trtiang hop sau:
a) H (x„ x2, x3) = 4 -24 -Fx.g +2x,x 9 +4x1 x3 +2x 2 x3
b) H (x 1 , x2, x3) = x,x2 + x,x3 + x2x3.
c) H (x„ x2 , x3) = 44+,,..3+4-4x1 x2 +4„„( 3 -3x 2. 3 .
3.2. Xac dinh X de dang toan phtiong sau xec Binh cling.
a) 4 + 44 +4 + 2Xx, x 2 +10x,,x 3 + 6x.,x3
3.7. Gia sit K,, K„ la nhring hinh troll trong mat phang.
KI hieu b„ la then Lich cue giao 1{, fl 1 j Got ma trim
B= e Mat (n, R.). Hay chiing minh det 0.
3.8. Chiang minh rang moi ma tran Unita dgu eheo hoa
duoc, va moi gia tri rieng ena no co modun bang 1.
3.11. ChUng minh rAng cac nghiem Jac trong mia ma trait
del 'tang thvc A nhm trail doan [a, b] khi va chi khi clang Wan
175
phudng e6 ma trAn A - Xth the dinh &tong vdi moi Xo < a va xac
dinh am vdi moi Xo > b.
A= .
3.14. Cho ma tran A E Mat (n, R), A phan dol xOng. Chiim
minh rAng del A a 0.
176
c) (Xt)*= ti f* yak mai A e C.
d) (CI)* = f
or =
e) ( f*og*.
3.17. Cho U la khang gian vec td Unita va f e End (U).
Chung minh rang f la to citing ca.0 tg lien hop khi va ehi khi
<1(x), x> thgc \Tdi moi x c U.
3.18. Chang to rang gin tri rieng haft kg X aim tp (long tau
to lien hop f caa khang gian vec td Unita U bang <f(x), x>, a do
x la vec to nal] do oda U thOa man Pc11 = 1.
a) Pk =1)k
b) PioPk = 0 nen k # j
c)f - XkPk
k=1
Pat Q(f) = iC
r i r e End (U); f' = Id
]=4
177
3.20. Hay cluing minh dinh lY Hamilton - Kelli cho &Jiang
hop ma Whit A la Hecmit: Cho A la ma tran Hecmit va
P(k) = det (A - XI) = (-X)" + C 1 (4.)"-. + + C k(-X)" + + C. la
da thuc dac thing cim ma tran A. Hay chitng minh P(A) = (-A)"
C 1 (-A)°4 + + C„ . I n = O.
3.21. Gia sit A = (ay) e Mat (n, R), a do n > 3, va t&t ca can
ph&n tit an # 0. Chung minh Ang oh ma tran Be Mat (n, > 0
Nth mci i j ma C = (a 1 . bd la ma tran suy bign.
,
3.23. Hay dua ma trail dot xiing sau vg clang cheo nha ma
tran trhe giao
'00
B= 010
10 0
3.24. Trong khong gian vec to R3, cho hai clang town
phttong:
178
a) Chung to o la clang tnan phuong xac Binh during
b) Bang Olen biOn deit toa do thfch hip, hay dua ca hai
dang toan phudng tren vg dang chinh tat.
3.25. Gra. sit' E la khong gian vet to aclit vdi tich hitting
< , >. Tv ddng eau f E End (E) duoc goi la phan doei 'ding nefu
vdi moi e, y E E, to co <x, y (y)> = - <1(x), y>.
a) Chung to rang f phan asi 'ding khi va chi khi <f(x), x> = 0
vdi moi x e E.
b) Trong Wit co so true chua'n bat Icy, ma trait cait to ddng
eau phan d61 ming la ma trail phan 'ding. Tit do suy ra moi to
ddng ca."u phan d8I xiing caa khang gian delft s6 chigu to de).1
khang kha nghich.
c) Gia f la tti ddng c'au phan ddi xang. ChUng to rang Imf
va Kerf la hai khOng gian con ba trip giao vdi nhau. Chung to
rang hang caa f la mot s6 than.
1- 1 x 3 ) -(a33
3.1. a) H = (3, + x2 + 2302 - [ 3-x2 + 73
y i = +x 2 +2x3
fat 2 =- 2 + I 3
Y3 3x3
179
Taco H= 32
b) H -37F2 -3 1
_2 2
c) H = 32 Y3
3.2.
a) Khong co 1. nao th6a man
b) Kh6ng nao th6a man
c) A> 13.
3.3.
2
-3-x,x ) ;2
f
= +71 1374) + - Ex; +—xi x ; 3 <1
6 ;>3 4 .i<j
Gia si c1641 blidc thtt p:
Q = 671) +
p+1(_ , )2 +
p+2
E xVE P ±2 2Ex i xj j ,
VP! 2p + 22p i=p+1 i<j
adO(p.4i<j)
180
1
Da, t = x,,, , + (xl,„2 + + x„) ta dude tong thiic tren,
p+2
dng voi p+ I_ Do do sau (hsj) buoc ta co ket qua. Ta ce the' viet
gon quy tacd6i bie'n nhu sau:
1 / 9
YI 1 --1 1 x1
2 2 2
y2 1 1 X9
01
3 3
(Yu, 0 0 0
b) Dua ve a) nhu sau
= (x, + x s + + xs ) ( xs + x, + + x s ) -
1
Q =-
4
+ x s + 2Z
>3
x,1 1
4
t
1 s
V = —kx, + x 2 ),- Lx,
2 =3
181
1
Y2=2 1 + x9)
1
Y3 = x3 + --kx 1 + xi
' 2
1/
Y4 = X4 + — +
. xn
2
yfi =
182
NMI T,i e C [(Lb], (tat = cf(t)g(t)dt la tich vo httdng
1 1
NMI vay A- ' có cac gia tr rieng —,..., —
ki
n
Va trace A = Ek ; trace A-' E-
i=1
E-
n 1 2
Ta có (tr A) (tr 21/2- ') =
LI Xi)
183
3.11. I-ID. Ta thky rang: rigu I la nghiem dac trong cda ma
tran A thi - X (,) la nghiem dac trong ciia A - X0I. (xem giai
bei 2.45, each 2). Nhu vay A Ia nghiem dac tning cim A, X e [a, b],
thi k - ?to IA nghiem dac cna A - - X 0 e [a - k, b - X].
Neu moi nghiem dac trong cda A deli thuec [a, b] va I, < a thi
do a - 10 > 0 nen moi nghiem dac trong caa A - X0I, deo duong,
vay A - Xid xic dinh duong vdi X < a (xem vi du 3.7). N6u b <10
thib-<0,nuvaymoghie(lctnaA-7.01dgu
am. Do vay A - XeI xac dinh am. Phan ngvdc Iai chting minh
Wong tv.
184
3.13. Gia sit co xx 0, yx 0 ma f(x, y) = 0 va f(y, y) >0 nhung
(x, x) 0. Ta thky x, y dec lap tuy6n tinh va vat z thuec khong
;tan vec to sinh bat x, y thi fez, z) = f(ax I by, ax + by) = a2 f(x, x) +
f(y, y) + 2ab f(x,y) ?0, (").
Theo gia thiet n6u f(x, a) =0 thi x cling phitong n6u f(y,a) = 0
hi y cane phtiong voi a. Nhung x, y khong tang phuong, nen
(x, a) va f(y, khong deng that bang khong (**). Do do co hai
6 thvc k, I cK sao cho k' +1' > 0 va k f(x, + I f(y,a) = 0.
3.14. Xet A e M:11. (n, c Mat (n, C). Vi A phan di51. ximg .
len ma Iran iA Hemnit - Min vt ao). Ta co det (A - kin) = 0 <=>
let (iA - ixIn) = 0. Nhung mot nghiem da' c trung caa ma tran
iecmit den thuc. Tif do suy ra mkti agh*n dac trung cila ma trail A
a thuAn ao hac bang khong. Gia this cat nghiem khac khong
as da thud dee trung PA la: jai , ..., tat , -iak, (cti E K, ai x 0).
Chi do PA N=
+ a ?)
PA W )
{0 vain >2k
Do do det A = PA (0) = k 2
II ot i nefun=2k
jo t '
185
Do do det A a 0. TU day, de thAy detA = 0 ngu n le. Di&
nay cling có the suy ra ngay bang cluing mirth trkic tigp.
3.15. Bo dg: Cho V la khong gian vec to tren truang C, U li
anh xa nem tuygn tinh: V —> V, nghia la u (ax + py) =
u (x)+ 5 u (y) vol mgi x, y e V, a, p E C. Khi do u2 IA huh 3u.
tuygn tinh. Gia sit X la mgt gia tri rieng thkic, am cua u 2 , khi do
X la nghiem bOi than cim da thfic dac trung Put .
186
na. (t - A) trong phan b.& Put la s6 than. B6 de' dude cluing
ainh.
Chung mink bai Man:
3.17. Vol f e End (U). Neu f la t0 Tang caM tor lien h0p thi
vdi moi x e U; ta co:
187
Nhu vay <x, f(x)> thole hay <f(x), x> thitc \TM moi x e U.
Node lai n6u moi x e U, to có <f(x), x> thoc, to cheini
minh f to lien hOp. Than Lich f thanh tting can hai to deing cM
to lien hop:
f = ft + i . ft,, khi do
<f(x), x> = <f,(x), x> + i <ft,(x), x>.
Nhung ft, 1, la nhang to thing chin to lien hop nen <Ii(x), xi
va <f,(x), x> thoc. Vi vay <fa (x), x> = Im <f(x), x>. N'eal <1(x), xi
thitc thi <fa (x), x> = 0 yen moi x, ta do If„ = 0 va f, = 0. Do vay
= f1 nghia la f la to lien hqp.
3.18. Gia sa y la gia tri rieng c>ia f e End (U), ado f la tit
long din to lien hop caa khong gian vec in Unita U. Khi do co
e U, z # 0 d' f(z) = Az.
=GI4=X.
\ray f = Ek kPk .
k=1
188
d) Theo con trot) to co f = Xi, Pk, do vgy f 2 = 14 pk va
k=1 t=1
Is = E
n Ask Pk
k=1
3.20. Gia sit f e End (C") la titan tit tit lien hdp trong kh8ng
;Mit vec to Unita C" vdi tfch vo hthing Hecmit tti nhien, f c6 ma
rdn A trong c6 so chinh tag cria C. Gia sit X„ la cac gid
ri Hong (thtic) cua f, tfic 2., la nghiem mad da thitc dgc trung det
A- = P(X). Goi (et , co so trite chugn gam nhiing vec
0 Hong ring voi cac gid tri rieng f(g) = ).1 e1 (i = 1, n).
Hat Pk: C" C", Pk(x) = <x, e k > ek . Theo bat 3.19. Ta co
P (f )= IP (21
k=1
k)• Pk • Nhung P(1.k) =0 171c nen P(f)= 0, to do P(A) = 0.
189
- X)X =0
2x2
(2 '
1
2 1 2
2 e E2
=
1
.2
X2= 2 e 2
1/3
2
N6u lKy cd sd true chan
,,75 1 + 1- e ; x 2 = le l -‘1 e 2 thi trong cd so do, r
ix, = —e
2 2 2 2 JJ
tran cim f co dqng eh&
o -1
190
Vdi 7r = 1, cac toa do &la \roc td rieng thaa man: x, = x3 . Ta
1 .`
'0 '
1
42 V2
Pat C = 0 0 1 thi C la ma tram tnic giao vi
1 1 0
.%&
-1 0`
BC= 1
0 1
Chu 31: Lai giai cac bai tap 1.25; 1.26; 1.27; 1.28 clatong 1,
?,.53 chttong II, 3.15 clumng III do Le Thai Hang, sinh vien
:K49, lop chgt ltiong cao, khoa Toln DEISP HA NOi de nghi.
191
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
1. Nge TInie Lanh. Dai s6 tuy'en tinh. NXB Dai hoc va Trur
hoc chuyen nghiep. Ha net 1970.
2. Doan Quynh Bien). Giao trinh Dal s6 tuyeln tinh
hinh hoc giai Bch. NXB Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha NOi, 1998.
3. Khu Que.c Anh, Nguyen Anh Kiet, Ta Man, Nguyen Doa
Turin. BM tap Dai s6 tuy6n tinh va hinh hoc giii tic'
NXB DHQG Ha mai, 1999.
192