International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 512–522, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_053
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BAGASSE ASH

TERNARY CONCRETE ON DRYING
SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE
T. Santhosh Kumar
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Rajasekhar
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

G. V. Ramarao
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT:
Bagasse Ash (BA) is a byproduct of Sugarcane Agiculture industry. Utilization of
Bagasse ash will help in creating sustainable and pollution free environment. This
paper reports an experimental investigation on the influence of BA and Silica fume on
the drying shrinkage property of ternary blended concrete made with replacement of
cement with BA in various proportions and 10% Silica fume. Locally available Agro
waste ash (BA) was used to replace cement in proportions 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and
25% by weight of cement respectively in concrete. From the experimental results it is
observed that replacement of Cement in concrete with BA and Silica fume has shown
decreased values of drying shrinkage of Ternary Bagasse Ash Silica Fume (TBASF)
concrete.
Keywords: Bagasse Ash, Drying Shrinkage, Silica fume, Shrinkage Strain, Admixture.
Cite this Article: T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao, A Study on
the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 512–522
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION:
Ecological issue has become a crucial concern in concrete industry. In the manufacturing of
cement, a huge quantity of natural resource is required and which is non-renewable. Further,
the manufacturing process involves release of large quantity of carbon dioxide. Hence, there

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 A Study on the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

is a need to find an alternative material to replace cement at least to some extent which will
reduce the ill effects. Agricultural wastes such as BA, RHA, and Coconut Shell etc… which
are pozzolanic in nature can be used to replace cement to reduce its cost without affecting its
quality. As it is a relatively new material, wide studies are still needed to investigate this type
of concrete as a construction material. One area that needs to be studied is its shrinkage
behaviour, which is an important long-term property of concrete. The present paper submits
the study of drying shrinkage of BA & Silica Fume ternary concrete.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Chee Ban Cheah, Mahyuddin Ramli[1]conducted tests on Mechanical strength, durability
and drying shrinkage of structural mortar containing HCWA as partial replacement of cement
and observed inclusion of HCWA as a partial cement replacement material in the mortar mix
at a replacement level of 5% was found to have resulted in a significant reduction in both
early and later age shrinkage of the mortar produced. The mortar containing 10% HCWA
exhibited slightly higher total shrinkage as compared to the control mortar at an early age up
to 7 days. At a later age, however, the measured total shrinkage of the specimen was found to
be lower in comparison to the control mortar. The inclusion of HCWA at higher levels of
cement replacement, 15%, 20%, and 25%, in the mortar mix was found to increase the total
shrinkage of the mixes.
G.A. Rao[2]studied the influence of silica fume replacement of cement on expansion and
drying shrinkage. The effect of silica fume on drying shrinkage of mortar is very significant at
early ages. The mortar bars experienced higher values of drying shrinkage with the
incorporation of silica fume. A higher content of silica fume increased the drying shrinkage
more.
G.A.Habeeb, M.M. Fayyadh[3] has conducted a test on Rice Husk Ash Concrete for
Mechanical Properties and Drying Shrinkage and it is observed that the drying shrinkage was
significantly affected by RHA fineness; 20% replacement recorded the higher shrinkage
value, this could be due to the effect of the microfine particles and also he observed that 7
days of initial water curing has reduced the shrinkage values in all mixes. The test reported
that high humidity content in the lab resulting a relatively low shrinkage values for all
mixtures.
Steenie Edward Wallah[4]conducted Drying Shrinkage of Heat-Cured Fly Ash-Based
Geopolymer Concrete and concluded it undergoes very low drying shrinkage. The drying
shrinkage strains fluctuated slightly over the period of measurement and the value at one year
measurement is only around 100 micro strain. The test measurement at one year for all test
series of specimens with different compressive strength, which were produced from different
mixtures and curing types, do not have significant differences.
S Jayanthi and Radhika Kaushik[5]conducted experimental works to find out the
bagasse ash and silica fume usage in making concrete. In their research work, the bagasse ash
is replaced 10%, 20%, 30% of cement addition of 10% of silica fume is done with all the
replacements. The results showed that at 10% addition of silica fume with unprocessed BA as
replacement given improved strengths
BahurudeenA, Deepak Kanraj, Gokul DevV, ManuSanthanam[6]reported that
performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash blended cement in concrete and concluded
that concrete with bagasse ash replacement showed equal or marginally better strength
performance compared to control concrete.

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 T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao

2.1. Research objective:

The main objective of this study is to focus on the influence of concrete ingredients on drying
shrinkage property of BA & Silica Fume ternary concrete. The influence of cement
replacement by BA by 0 %, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% in weight in concrete and in
addition an amount of 10% Silica Fume is studied. Vishal S. Ghutke, Pranita S. Bhandari
“Influence of silica fume on concrete”, IOSR Journal of mechanical and civil engineering
ISSN 2278-1684, pp. 44-47.

3. EXPERMENTAL METHODOLOGY
3.1. Material Properties:
The properties of material are mentioned below.

3.1.1. Ordinary Portland cement:

Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade from a single batch was used for the entire work and
care has been taken to store it in airtight containers to prevent it from being affected by the
atmospheric and monsoon moisture and humidity. The cement was tested for physical
requirements in accordance with IS: 12269-1987.

3.1.2. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash:

Bagasse Ash (BA) collected from NCS sugar limited, Bobbili, vizianagaram district, AP,
India, was used as one of the mineral admixture. The Plant was designed to operate with
boiler of travelling gate type with outlet steam parameters of 87kg/cm2 at 515oc using bagasse
as a main fuel. The ash was grinded in ball mill in order to make it as fine as the cement
fineness. The physical and chemical properties BA are presented in Table1 and Table2
respectively.
R. Srinivasanan and K.Sathiya[7] studied that Sugarcane bagasse consists of
approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of hemicelluloses of ligin. Each ton of sugarcane
generates approximately 26% of bagasse (at a moisture content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual
ash. The residue after combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by silicon
dioxide (SiO2). In spite of being a material of hard degradation and that presents few
nutrients, the ash is used on the farms as a fertilizer in the sugarcane harvests.

Table 1 Physical properties of BA

S.No Property Value
1 Density 575Kg/m3
2 Specific gravity 2.20
3 Mean size particle 0.1-0.2µm
4 mean specific area 2500m2/kg
5 particle shape Spherical

Table 2 Chemical properties of BA

Sl. No. Component Symbol percent
1 Silica SiO2 63.00
2 Alumina Al2O3 31.50
3 Ferric Oxide Fe2O3 1.79
4 Manganese Oxide MnO 0.004

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 A Study on the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

5 Calcium Oxide CaO 0.48

6 Magnesium Oxide MgO 0.39
7 Loss on Ignition LOI 0.71

Table 3 Chemical properties of Cement

SI.NO Component Symbol Percent
1. Calcium Oxide CaO 63.6
2. Silica SiO2 20.7
3. Alumina Al2O3 6.0
4. Ferric Oxide Fe2O3 2.4
5. Sulfur trioxide SO3 1.4
6. Magnesium Oxide MgO 2.4
7. Sodium Oxide Na2O 0.1
8. Pottasium Oxide K2O 0.7
9. Loss on Ignition LOI 1.2
10. Insoulble residue 0.3
11. Free Calcium Oxide CaO 1.1

Table 4 Chemical properties of Silica fume

SI.NO Component Symbol Percent
1. Silica SiO2 90-96
2. F1erric Oxide Fe2O3 0.2-0.8
3. Alumina Al2O3 0.5-0.8
4. Calcium CaO 0.1-0.5
5. Magnesium Oxide MgO 0.5-1.5
6. Sulfur trioxide SO3 0.1-0.4
7. Carbon C 0.5-1.4
8. Pottasium Oxide K2O 0.4-1
9. Sodium Oxide Na2O 0.2-0.7

4. COARSE AGGREGATE
Throughout the investigations, a crushed coarse aggregate of 20 mm procured from the local
crushing plant was used. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements such as
Gradation, Fineness Modulus, Specific Gravity and Bulk density etc. in accordance with IS:
2386-1963 and IS: 383-1970.

4.1. FINE AGGREGATE

The river sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 600 μm sieve, conforming to
Zone II as per IS 383-1970 was used as fine aggregate in the present study. The sand is free
from clay, silt and organic impurities. The aggregate was tested for its physical requirements
such as Gradation, Fineness modulus, and Specific Gravity and Bulk modulus in accordance
with IS: 2386-1963.

4.2. Super plasticizer:

Chemical admixture (Conplast SP430A2) complies with IS: 9103 and BS: 5075 and ASTM-
C-494 Type ‘G’ was used for obtaining a workable mix.

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 T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao

5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In the present study cement was replaced with BA and SF in various proportions.

5.1. Mix proportion:

A total of 6 series of drying shrinkage prisms of 75x75x285 mm (As per IS1199:1959) with
gauge studs specimens were cast.

Table 5 Mix proportion of M60 concrete

SI.NO Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate W/C Ratio Super Plasticizer
1 1.55 2.35 0.35 0.01

Table 6 Mix series of ternary blended concrete

Series BA replacement for OPC SF replacement for OPC
TBASF0 Pure Cement Concrete (0%)
TBASF5 5% 10%
TBASF10 10% 10%
TBASF15 15% 10%
TBASF20 20% 10%
TBASF25 25% 10%

6. CASTING AND TESTING OF SPECIMENS:

The ingredients such as cement, BA and SF were mixed in a rotating mixer of capacity 25 Kg
for a period of 30 minutes in order to get homogeneous mix. Preparation of specimens is
carried out and they are kept in water for 7 days of curing period and then the specimen were
tested with length comparator with a least count of 0.001mm.Schematic diagram of length
comparator apparatus is shown in figure10. Length comparator with prism is shown in
figure11. The testing continued every day and for ages7 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days
respectively.
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
7.1. Drying Shrinkage results:
The shrinkage behavior of various TBASF Concrete is presented in this section. After 7 days
of curing the drying shrinkage readings were recorded every day. It is observed that shrinkage
of all prisms was observed to occur at a higher rate during the first 21 days. For duration
between 21 to 90 days prisms were undergoing further shrinkage but at a lower rate. The
readings are presented in Table 7 & Table 8.
Table 7: Test Results of Drying Shrinkage of TBASF Ternary Concrete for all mixes
Drying shrinkage (micro strain)
Series
7 Days 28 Days 56 Days 90 Days
TBASF 0 167.67 435.00 497.33 523.00
TBASF 5 223.67 472.33 525.67 550.67
TBASF 10 160.33 449.66 513.00 536.33
TBASF 15 154.00 399.33 481.67 505.33
TBASF 20 192.67 406.67 469.67 491.00
TBASF 25 174.00 381.67 426.33 447.66

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 A Study on the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

Table 8: Test Results of Shrinkage Strain of TBASF Ternary Concrete

Shrinkage Strain (δL/L x 10-4 )
Series
7 Days 28 Days 56 Days 90 Days
TBASF 0 5.98 15.53 17.76 18.68
TBASF 5 7.98 16.86 18.77 19.66
TBASF 10 5.72 16.06 18.32 19.15
TBASF 15 5.5 14.26 17.20 18.04
TBASF 20 6.88 14.52 16.77 17.53
TBASF 25
Drying Shrinkage 6.21 13.63 15.22 15.98
(microstrains)

TBAS
F5

Duration (days)

Figure 1 Comparison of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for BASF 0 and BASF 5

Drying Shrinkage
(microstrains)

TBASF
0

Duration (days)

Figure 2 Comparison of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for BASF 0 and BASF 10

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 T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao

Shrinkage(microstrains)
Drying
TBASF 0
TBASF 15

Duration (days)

Figure 3 Comparison of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for BASF 0 and BASF 15

Shrinkage(microstrai…
Drying

BAS
F0

Duration (days)

Figure 4 Comparison of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for BASF 0 and BASF 20

Drying Shrinkage
(microstrains)

BAS
F0

Duration (days)

Figure 5 Comparison of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete for BASF 0 and BASF 25

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 A Study on the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

Shrinkage(microstrains)
Drying Duration (days)
TBASF 0 TBASF 5 TBASF 10

Figure 6 Drying Shrinkage of TBASF Ternary Concrete at 7 Days for all mixes
Drying Shrinkage
(microstrain)

TBASF 0
Duration (days)
TBASF 5
TBASF 10 TBASF 20

Figure 7 Drying Shrinkage of TBASF Ternary Concrete at 28 Days for all mixes

Figure 8 Drying Shrinkage of TBASF Ternary Concrete at 56 Days for all mixes

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 T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao

Drying Shrinkage
(microstrains)
Duration (days)
TBASF 0

Figure 9 Drying Shrinkage of TBASF Ternary Concrete at 90 Days for all mixes

Figure 10 Digital Length Comparator

Apparatus

Figure 11 Digital Length Comparator Apparatus with Specimen for testing

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 A Study on the Effect of Bagasse Ash Ternary Concrete on Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

7.2. Observations for Drying Shrinkage of BA ternary concrete:

• From the above test results shown in table 5 and Fig. 1, it can be observed that TBASF
5 concrete had greater shrinkage than TBASF 0 at all the ages. Drying shrinkage of
TBASF 5 was observed to be higher when compared to TBASF 0 by 33% at 7 days.
Whereas at 28 days it was 8.5% higher, at 56 days it was 5.7% higher and at 90 days it
was 5.29% higher than TBASF 0.
• From the table 5 and Fig. 2, it can be observed that TBASF 10 concrete had
marginally greater shrinkage than TBASF 0 at all ages except first few days. Drying
shrinkage of TBASF 10 was observed to be slightly lower than TBASF 0 by 4.38%,
but at 28 days TBASF 10 was 3.3% higher, at 56 days it was 3.15% higher and at 90
days it was 2.55% higher when compared to TBASF 0.
• Decrease in values of drying shrinkage of TBASF 15 concrete was observed at all
ages when compared to TBASF0 from the Table5 and Fig.3. The values of drying
shrinkage of TBASF 15 was observed to be less by 8.15%, 8.2%, 3.15% and 3.38%
at 7 days,28 days,56 days & 90 days respectively when compared to TBASF0.
• Table 5 and Fig. 4 presents the values of TBASF 20.Drying Shrinkage of TBASF 20
was higher than TBASF0 by 14.9% at 7 days, 6.25% lesser at 28 days, 5.56% lesser at
56 days and at 90 days it was 6.12% lesser when compared to TBASF 0.
• From the above test results shown in table 5 and Fig. 5 it can be observed that TBASF
25 concrete had slightly lesser shrinkage than TBASF 0 at all ages except in the first
few days. At 7 days drying shrinkage of TBASF 25 was higher than TBASF 0 by
3.77%, but at 28 days TBASF 25 was 12.26% lesser, at 56 days it was 14.28% lesser
and at 90 days it was 14.41% lesser than TBASF 0.
• It is observed from the results that rate of shrinkage is linear in the first 21 days and
non-linear in later ages.

8. CONCLUSIONS:
Based on above experimental investigation carried out and with the results and discussions
there on the following conclusions are drawn
1. TBASF 15 was observed to be optimum from the results of all mixes shown.
2. TBASF 5 and TBASF 10 concrete mixtures were observe higher shrinkage values
when compared to TBASF 0. Whereas TBASF 15, TBASF 20 and TBASF 25
concrete mixtures shown shrinkage less values when compared to TBASF 0 at all
ages.
3. The lowest values for drying shrinkage were recorded for TBASF 25 and the highest
were recorded for TBASF 5 at all ages.
4. The shrinkage strain of TBASF ternary concrete increases with time.
5. Even though there were differences observed in the length change measurements
between TBASF 0 and the other TBASF replaced concretes all the observed shrinkage
readings are well below the limits recommended in the ACI 209 committee report.
6. Replacement of Cement in concrete with BA and Silica fume has decreased the drying
shrinkage this indicates the improved results of drying shrinkage were observed with
addition of BA & Silica Fume with Ordinary Portland Cement to make ternary
concrete.

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 T. Santhosh Kumar, K. Rajasekhar and G. V. Ramarao

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