(v1  v 2 )2  Note: On principle plane shear stress will always 0.

 Note: On principle plane shear stress will always 0.  By Rate of introduction of super elevation: Surveying Chain: Revenue chain (33 ft), Gunter’s chain ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 
Open-channel Flow
f p  f c   f 0  f c  e  kt Member  max  
 Sudden expension: h l  2g Type of Structure Degree of Indeterminacy Ds
4PL , (66 ft), Engineer’s chain (100 ft), Metric chain  
 Radius of Mohr’s Circle (max): R 
 max  min
 max. 2. Circular Tapering Bar: L=  D1D2 LS  e.N.  w  w e  (Rotation about inner edge)   A member carrying compressive load 
Steady unsteady
2D (plane) frames (3m+r)-3j 2 fp = Infiltration capacity at any time t, Equipments for Measurement Right Angles: Cross  Variation of Demand   resulting from dead load and imposed load 180  
v2 v2 staff, optical square, Prism square. Max. daily Consump. = 1.8 × Annual avg. daily consump.  
 Entry Loss: h entry  0.5 2g , Exist of Pipe: h exit  2g 3D frames (6m + r)-6j  Normal stress at Location of (max) (max-max shear f0 = initial infiltration,
  A tension member in which reversal of
Uniform Gradually Rapidly Spatially Gradually Rapidly Spatially
PL e.N.  w  w e   Tap Corrections: 
canal flow Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied
fc = Final steady state infiltration. LS  (Rotation wrt centre line)   direct stress due to load other than 180  
2D (plane)  Defection of Composit Bar: L1 =L 2  A1E1  A 2E 2
(GVF) (RVF) (SVF) (GVUF) (RVUF) (SVUF) 1  2 2 Maximum Weekly Consumption = 1.48 ×Avg. weekly
 v  v 2 2
 c
 Backing up Hydraulic Flow  River flow in  A surge  Surface runoff
pin-jointed truss
(m+r)-2j stress): n 
 Correction for Slope: CS= L  L2  h 2
  wind and seismic force 
 Sudden Contraction: h contraction of water due Jump over alluvial reach moving due to 2 Maximum Monthly Consumption = 1.28 × Avg. monthly.  
2g to dam side weir during rising
flood
upstream rainfall
3D truss (m+r)-3j  Volumetric Strain of Rectangular:  Deflection due to Self Weight of Bar: IRRIGATION 2
v2  Population Forecasting Mehtod  A member subjected to compressive

2.7v
h2  forces resulting from wind EQ force 250  
v2  Empirial Formula: LS  R (Plain & Rolling) , LS  R (Hilly area)
h fitting  k.    x   y  z   Methods of Irrigation  Correction for alignment or bad ranging: Cal =  provide deformation of such member 
 Bending of the Pipe: 2g , k = constant, 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Slope Deflection Equations V WL L2 2L Arithmetic Increase Method: P n = Po  nx (For old cities) does not affect stress
 Chezy’s Formula: V  C RS , Manning equation V
n
R S0  v    (1  2) 1. Prismatic Bar:   2AE  2E , Free flooding, Border flooding, Check flooding, Basin  
T-Bend, k = 1.8, 90º-Bend, k = 1.2, 45º-Bend, k = 0.4 V  E   Correction for Temperature: Ct =  (Tm-To)L  Compression flange of Beam against 
Dimension of C = L1/2 T–1, n = L–1/3 T1, f = Dimensionless flooding, Furrow Irrigation, sprinkler Irrigation, Drip 4.4 n
 300  
2EI  3   Length of Summit Curve: L  2S  (L<SSD)  r  laterial torsional buckling.
M AB  M FAB   2A  B   (Continuous Beam) Irrigation. N  P  P0  L Geometric Increases Method: Pn = Po  1   (For new cities)  
l  l   Volumetric Strain of Cylindrical:  v  e  2 D WL L2  Correction for pull or Tension: CP=  100   A member normally act as a tie in 
  AE 350  
Chart for Most Economical Sections
2. Conical Bar: 2AE 6E  Roof Truss
MAB 3EI é d ù  Volumetric Strain of Spherical:  v  3 D Na  NS2 n(n  1)  
M BA = M BA - + êq - ú (one end is pin supported)  Sodium Absorption Ratio: S.A.R  L L(wL) 2   Tension member other than Pre-tension 400  
 GEDMETRICAL  RECTANGULAR  TRIANGULAR  TRAPEZOIDAL 2 L ëê B L ûú  Thermal Expansion:  = ET,  = LT Ca   Mg 4.4 (L > SSD)  Correction for Sag: CS =  Incremental Increase Method: P n = Po  nx 
2
y
 
 Relationship Between Elastic Constant: 24P 2
Important Points Coefficient of Thermal expansion (Aluminium > 2  Strength of plate between rivet holes in Tension =
PARAMETERS  Important Terms  Physical characteristics
E E Brass > Copper > Steel) 1/ 2
at × (p-d)x t
k  2G 9kG  Nv 3   Bearing: Direction of a line with respect to fixed me- Turbidity: (limit 1-5 NTU) Baylis, Jackson, Nephelometer
my my G K  E  Length of Valley Curve: LS  2  C 
y shear plane () 2(1  ) , 3(1  2) , 6k  2G , 3k  G 2EA  
(Comfort criteria)  Bearing strength of rivet = at × d × t or = Pb×d×t.
1V:MH Pcr  2 (Euler's Theory) PR 
c A
(Rankine 's Formula)  Depth of water stored in root zone: dw 
d. d
(FC  M 0 )
ridian is called bearing. Colour: Tintometer (limit 5-15 TCU), Taste & odour: T.O.N = 1 ( | 3)
y IV:mH   1  . 2
y Number of independent Elastic Constant: w  True Meridian/Bearing Temperature: 10ºC desirable ( | 25ºC) 
 DIAGRAM 1 Principle  Shear Strength of rivet = Tvf   d
2
(in single
plane () Homogenous & Isotropic = 2, Anisotropic = 21, NS2 NS2  True meridian is a line joining True North pole, Total solid = Dissolved solids + Suspended solids 
B (n, max)
  L > SSD: L  (2h1  2Stan )  (1.5  0.035S) (h1 = 0.75,  = 1°) True South Pole end and point of reference. It never
B Orthotropic = 9 3
(Gravimetric Method)
 In case of Pure Bending: Z   D .
 Axial Elongation of the Prismatic Bar:  Relation b/w duty and Delta:   D (meter) , changes with time. 
x x  Chemical Characteristics 2
shear), 2  Tvf   d in double shear), d = gross di-
B min (n,0) max PL 2PL (2h1  2S. tan  )  Angle measured for any line w.r.t True Meridian is 
 Condition for most Economical  y m = 1,  = 45º Total solids & suspended solids: Limit 500-2000 ppm
2 L=
AE ,
L=
AE (for Instantaneous loading) T 16T  3 B = Base period in days, D = Duty in hectare/cumec  L< SSD: L  2S  N called Ture bearing.
PH = – log H+ (6.6 to 8.5) Methyl Orange & Phenolphthalein
 In case of pure Torsion: max  Zp  D3 Zp 

D
 Irrigation Efficiency  Bearing Taken W.r.t magnetic meridian is called mag- ameter of rivet, d  6.01 t (unwins formula)
2y 1   60º Hor.  Deflection In Non-Prismtic Bars:
B m n  Basic Capacity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours: v netic Bearing. 50  50 
 3 3   30º Vert. Total Hardness: [Ca 2  ]  + [Mg 2  ]    (EDTA using EBT)  Diameter: Grosss diameter = nominal diameter + 1.5
P1L1 P2L 2 f W vf k j 20  12 
3600
y 1. Stepped Bar: L= 
A1E1 A 2 E 2
 b M E
  (a) Water conveyance Efficiency: n c  Wr 100 , = speed kmph, T(Sec/km) = , qmax  , TM mm (if  25mm), Nominal diameter + 2mm (if >
 Bending Equation: v 4 N M.M MM A Carbonate Hardness: min of total hardness or alkalinity
y I R
Where, Chloride: limit – 120mg/L (Water), 250 mg/L (Sewage) 25mm)
2
A  (B  my)  y wf = water delivered to the farm, wr = water supplied  A 
 Area A = B.y = 2y.y  A  my   w Nitrogen Content: Limits: Free ammonia | 0.15mg/  Pitch: Should not exceed 16t or 200mm, which ever
SLOPE & DEFLECTION vf = Free mean speed, (Maximum speed at zero density.),
E 
W kj = jam density, (Maximum density at zero speed), Maximum L, Organic Nitrogen | 0.3 mg/l, nitrite should be is less in tension member, and 12t or 200mm, which
s W E W E
 2y 1  (b) Water appliacation Efficiency (na): na  Wf 100 O O zero, nitrate | 45 mg/l ever is less in Compression Members. Tacking riv-
 A  2y 2  Ay
2
 A
 3
 yy 
3 
 3 y 2
flow qmax occurs when the speed is
Vf
and density is kj/2.
2 Measurement (i) Free Ammonia-by simple boiling of ets should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm which ever is
P
L Number of potential conflicts: Both roads are two way water. (ii) Organic Ammonia – By adding Kmno 4 , less. Minimum pitch = 2.5d
B B Below the farm root-zone Wf  Ws  R f  D f ,
 Perimeter P  4y p  2 2y  P  2 3y M = 24, Both road one way = 6, One road is two way, S S (i+ii) are known as kjeldahl Nitrogen Nitrite and
W
WS = Water stored in the root zone, other one way = 11 Eastern Declination Western Declination Nitrate by - colour Matching Method.  Force due to axial load on each rivet: Fa =
n
y y A B Wf = Water delivered to the farm,  Chemical: (Mn = 0.05 mg/L) (Iron – 0.3 mg/L),
 Hydraullic Radius  R  y/2  R2 2  R
2 M.L PL2 WL3 Rf = Surface run off, Df = deep percolation  e  p 
280w 1  1   Magnetic Declination (Fluride : 1.0 –1.5 mg/L) (Sulphate : 250 mg/L) (Cya- Mr
A = 0 B = B = B =  w  3  , W e1  e2  Types of interchange: Trumpet, 
EI 2EI 24EI Q
 w weaving 
2
 3.5  Diamond, Full Cloverleaf,



 At any place horizontal angle b/w True Meridian and nides = 0.2mg/L) (Arsenic : 0.01 ppm)  Force due to moment M on any rivet: Fm =  h 2
1    Partial Cloverleaf 
(R = A/P) w  l  Magnetic Meridian is called magnetic Declination.
(c) Water use efficiency (nu): n u  u  100 ,  Screening: Velocity | 0.8 to 1m/sec
ML2 PL3 WL4 wd For Eastern Declination:  = B + E or T.B = M.B +E
4y A = 0 B = A = B = Floating Car Method: For Speed and delay study. 2 2
 Area along Section: Ant = t  b  n  d   S1  S2 
 Top width (T)  T  2y  T  2y  T
3
2EI 3EI 30EI For western Declination:  = B – w or T.B = M.B – w Based on stokes law. Setting velocity: VS  Q  4g 4g 
wu = water used beneficialy, Note .L    1 2 
w/m w2
 100 Q
A B A B wd = water delivered.  Aggregate crushing value: (+) Sign is used for declination is to the east, sign (–)  Net Effective Area:
3 w1  Design Criteria: Over flow rate = BH , 500–750 lit/
 Hydraullic Depth  Dy  D  y/2  D y B M M L/2 c L/2 is used if declination is to west
4
s w hr/m2 for plain sedimentation, Depth = 03 to 4.5m
(d) Water Storage Efeiciency (ns): n s  w n 100 , Fore bearing and Back Bearing: B.B = F.B  180º 3  A1
Loss of wt. in gm Width B  10 m A net  A1  A 2  k1  k 1 
 A WL 3
ML ML  Coefficient of Hardness:  20  Local Attraction: F.B – B.B  180º 3 A  A 1 2

D   B = A = B = A = B = 3  Coagulants
 T 6EI 2EI 24EI
ws = water needed in the root zone prior to Irrigation, Latitude and Departure
Projection of a line on N-S direction is called lati- 1. Use of Alum l1
wn = (field capacity–Available moisture) A 1  (l1  t / 2  d ' )t  A 2  (l 2  t / 2)  t 
WL4 ML2 ML Contact Pr essure 2. Use of copperas: (FeSo4,7H2O)
B = max @1/2 = c =
12EI
(e) Water Distribution Efficiency (n d ):  Rigidity factor: R.F  Tyre Pr essure tude: L  l cos 
8EI 8EI 3. Use of chlorinated copperas (Fe2(So4)3+FeCl3),
Heart Wood A net  (l1  l 2  t)t
Note: Circular section (a) For maximum discharge 2 Outer Bark Projectione of a line on E-W direction is called 4. Use sodium Aluminate (Na 2Al 2O 4 )
w/m  Y
n d  100  1   , Y = average numerical deviation in
l2
 d k.(T.I)(90  R) deparature: D  l sin  Comparision of slow sand and Rapid Gravity Filters.
= 302º22, d = 0.938 D, (b) For maximum velocity 2 w/m
Pith A L/2 L/2 B  California Resistance Value: t  C1/ 5
Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter
c depth of water average depth stored during Irrigation (d). Adjustment of closing Error. Cu = 3—5 Cu = 1.2–1.6
A C B A B  For pair of Angle Placed back to back connected by
= 257º27, d = 0.81 D  Elastic Modulus:  is maximum vertical deflection of  Sum of all internal Angles of a closed Traverse: (2n– D10 = (0.2–0.3) mm D10 = (0.35–0.55) mm
 Consumption Irrigation Requirements (CIR): CIR  C u  R e 4)×90º where n = No. of sides. Frequency of cleaning = (1–3) Cleaned through Back washing only one lag of each angle.
Type of flow Depth of Velocity of Froude Comments p.a
PL2 WL3 5 WL3 the flexible plate,   , Rigid circular plate is  Sum of all deflection Angle = 360º months
A = B = A = B = A = B =  Fs
flow flow No 16EI 24EI 192 EI NIR Design period = 10 year n = 1.22 Q 5  A1
FIR   Sum of latitude:  L  0  A net  A1  A 2  k 2 ,  K 2 
Subcritical y > yc v < vc Fr < 1 As streaming or transquil Sap Wood Inner Bark Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR): na 5P.a
Use for smaller plants in village Rate of filtration (3000-6000)
5 A  A 1 2
flow PL3  5 WL 
4 used instead of flexible   FS , a = radius of plate,
C = C =  384  EI   Sum of departure:  D  0 Design on max. daily demand. l/m2/hr The area of a web of Tee = Thickness of web × (depth
Critical y = yc v = vc Fr = 1 48EI   p = pressure at deflection, Es = young’s modulus of
FIR Rate of filtration (100-200) l/m2/hr Operational Troubles– - thickness of flange)
Super Critical y < yc v > vc Fr > 1 Shooting flow, rapid P Gross Irrigation Requirement: GIR  nc pavement material.  Closing error In the Traverse: e = ( L) 2  ( D) 2 is very low as compared to (a) Air Binding
Medullary Rays 2L/3 max w/m
flow, torrential flow Cambium Layer M 1.75P A
1/ 2
R.S.F., but efficiency is High (b) Mud ball formations
A L/2 L/2  
L B A B  California Bearing Ratio M/D: t   CBR    ,  Bowditch’s Method (Compass Rule) (c) Cracking of filter Tacking rivet
C  
  NIR  CIR  LR  PSR  NWR , (GIR > FIR > NIR > CIR)
  t = Pavement thickness in Cm, P = wheel load in kg, Permissible error in linear Measurment e  1. Minor Methods.
dy  So  Sf  ROCK Classification
ML
Dynamic eq. for G.V.F.:  B = A = B = C =  A = B = C = 0 CBR = California Bearing Ratio (%), A = Contact Area (i) Boiling, (ii) Treatment with excess lime, (iii) Treat-
dx  q2  4EI  Kennedy’s theory: Vo  0.55.my0.64
1 3  in cm2 1 ment with ozone (KMNO4), (iv) Treatment with silver
 gy 
Gelogical Physical
Chemical
Permissible error in angular measurement e  . Process.
Agrillaceous Silicious Calcareous 2L ML2 PL3 WL4
Stratified Unstratified foliated Max@ from A. C = C @ l/2  0.00155 1  Load or pressure Substained 2. Major Method Chlorination (Disinfection with Cl2)
Hydraulic Jump Eq. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 3 27EI 192EI 384EI  23    at2.5 or 5.0 mm Penetration Gusset plate
S n  RS
Rock Types Chemically Physically Geologically V  CBR TEST: CBR   pH  5
 Cl2  H2O   HOCl  HCl ,  pH  8
 H   OCl
 Kutter’s/ chezy’s Formula:   0.00155  n  Load or pressure Substained  Correction to latitude: CL =  L    HOCl  M a z z
2q 2 (y 2  y1 )3
Granite Siliceous Unstratified Igneous P MAB 1   23    by standard aggregate at p y p p
 y1y 2 (y1  y2 ) , 2. Energy Loss E = Quartzite Siliceous foliated/Stratified Metamorphic   S  R  Shape Factor: S = M = a  z
1. g L 4y1y 2 Marble Calcarious Stratified Metamorphic b B M W
corresponding pressure level. pH  7
 HOCl   H  OCl– ,  NH3  HOCl   2 Cl  H 2 O y yz

Limestone Calcarious Stratified Sedimentary c c A L B A B 

Sandstone Siliceous Stratified Sedimentary a l/2 l/2 1/ 6  Correction due to departure: CD =  D    NH3 + HOCl is called combined chlorine. (Load factor = FOS × S)
Slate Argillacous Stratified Metamorphic   Qf 2  Shape factor For different Shapes
y2 1 y3
Chlorine forms: Free chlorine, Hypochlorites (Swim-
3. 
y1 2
 
1  8F12  1 , 4. y3  y1y2 (y1  y 2 )
c
Laterite Argillacous Stratified Sedimentary. MBA  Lacey’s Theory: V
 140 
 , f  1.76 d mm
 Tri Axial Method:
  3p.  y 
TP   
  2S 

2 E 
  d   S  t1  E 2 
 
1/ 3

ming Pool), Chloramines, Chlorine dioxide Section Shape factor

2 
  EP 
 t 2  E1  L D
Tools for Quarrying stones  Transit Method: CL =  L  , C D   D  1. Rectangular Section 1.5
11 2 Lr Dr
Jumper, Dipper, Crow bar, Tamping bar Pa 2 Pa 3 Pa2b ML
C = ’   BTotal = + (C = B) B = MAB = wl f 5/ 3 Formation of free chlorine and 2. Solid circular Section 1.7
Types of Jump Fr E L /E 1 Water surface 2EI 3EI 2EI 3EI 192 5  V2  Q  Axis Method. Presence of chloro-organic
Test Purpose R    S A p P 3. Triangular Section 2.34

Chlorine residual (p.p.m)

 2  f  3340 Q1/ 6 0.5 compounds not destroyed
Undular 1-1.7 0 Undulating Smith test for presence of soluble matter
v  Design of Rigid Pavement: k    0.125 II (vertex upward)
Weak 1.7-2.5 5 –1 8 % Small rollers form Pa 2 ML 5 1 Destruction of chloramines al
Brard’s test for frost resistance B = C + 1, 1 = b. A = = B /2 MBA = wl 2 closing error 0.4 and chloro organic comp du

Free residual
I resi  1  k3 
Oscillating 2.5-4.5 1 8– 45 % Water oscillates in random
Acid test To check weather resistance
2EI 6EI 192
1/3
Correction of any length: That length  2 0.3 Formation of chloro-organic bine
d
4. Hallow circular Section 1.7  
4 
manner  2 1/ 4 Length of Axis compounds and chloramines m 1 k 
  d co
Steady 4.5-9 4 5– 70 % Roller and jump action Hardness test Mohr scale Pa 3 Pa 2 L ML 2
wetted perimeter P  4.75 Q scour depth  1.35  q  Eh 3 C III
e an
 Radius of Relative Stifiness: I  12K 1   2  
 0.2 Destruction of
B =  b. max@ from A, max = 9 3 EI  f  , Direct levelling methods
chlorine by idu
al Fre 5. a. Diamand Section Rhombus 2.00
strong  9  70% Very rough and choppy 1 3EI 2EI 3   reducing compound res
ed
[Width of room  Height of Room] 0.1 mbin
b. Thin Hollow Rhombus 1.50
Window Width = Difference B/W Lacey & Kennedy Theory Co D Break Combined residual
8 point 6. Thin Circular ring Solid 1.27
N P N Q Simple check Profile Reciprocal 0
4. DS < Dk 4. Dk < Ds Kennedy Lacey levelling levelling levelling levelling 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 7. I section
NS = (H)5/4 (for Turbine), NS = (H )3 / 4 (for Pump) • The sill of a window should be located about (70 –  Pure Torsion Equation For Circular Shaft:
m pD Force Method/Flexibility Method/ Displacement Method/Stiffness 1. Trapezoidal channel 1. Semi elliptical channel Chlorine Added (p.p.m) a. About strong Axis 1.12
80) cm above floor level of the room.  Hoop Strain: H  (2  ) 2. Applicable for alluvial 2. Applicable for alluvial channels
b  1.6a 2  h 2  0.675h when (a < 1.724 h) Differential
levelling
Fly
levelling
cross-section
levelling
Precise
levelling b. About weak Axis 1.55
Laminar Transition Turbulent T  G 4tE Compatibility Method Method/Equilibrium Method
  channels as well as for rivers. Treatment With Water 8. T Section. 1.90 to 1.95
Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000 • Generally Height of a Door should not be less than J r L 5. (i) Virtual work/Unit load method (i) Slope deflection method  Sensitivity: Angle b/w the line of sights in radius
3. Silt is kept in suspension 3. Silt is kept in suspension 3P
Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 (1.8 – 2) m (ii) Method of consistent deformation (ii) Moment distribution method St  (Glodbeck’s formula) 1. Treatment with Copper Sulphate (CuSO4.H2O)
 Combined Bending & Torsion: pD (iii) Elastic centre method (iii) Minimum potential energy
due to eddies generated due to eddies generated both h2 S  l  S   Method of Analysis:
parallel plate
 Longitudinal Strain: L  4tE (1  2) from bottom. from side slope and the bottom   n    206265
 Added to open reservoir and lakes to kill algae
Flow in open channel Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 • Commonly Width height relation used in India: method D R R  nD 
Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2 i.e. through out the parameter. or to check the growth.
16  16  (iv) Column analogy method 365A [(1  r) n  1]
(i) Width = (0.4 – 0.6) Height max  M  M 2  T 2  ,  max  M 2  T 2  4. No eq. for bed slope 4. Gave eq. to calculate bed slope N= × FD D = Distance of the instrument from the staff 2. Treatment with KMNO4 Plastic moment
D3   D3   (v) Three moment theorem r condition
pD 5. Recommended Kutter eq. 5. Gave his own velocity equation n = Number of divisions  Acts as oxidizing agent to remove to taste, odour
BMC (ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m  Thin Spherical Pressure Vessels: n  L  4t (vi) Castigliano’s theorem of
to find velocity Bankelman Beam Deflection Method l = length of one divison (2mm) and colour and to kill bacteria. (a) Lower bound theorem
minimum strain energy
Test of Cement • Doors of residential Buildings:
 Equivalent Moment:
1
M eq   M  M 2  T 2 
6. Trial & error procedure 6. Diret procedure
R = Radius of curvature 3. Aerations (P  Pu )
2  (vii) Maxwell-Mohr equation. Dc Equilibirim
 FINENESS TEST  Sieve Method (a) External Door – (1 × 2) to (1.1 × 2) m pD Overlay Thickness: h0 = 550 log10 S = Staff intercept.  For increasing Di-oxygen to remove CO 2, upto condition
S.SOROUT, 9255624029 Da
or t  z  4t  Check in Height of Instrument Method
 Air permeability Method some extent removal of Fe and Mn. (a) Upper bound theorem
 (Nurse and Blaine’s method)
(b) Internal Door – (0.9 × 2) to (1 × 2) m
 Equivalent Torque: Teq   M 2  T 2 
 
HYDROLOGY FOLLOWING BOOKS Test
CBR test
Purpose
For classifying & evaluating soil subgrade & base  BS–  FS =  Rise –  Fall = Last RL–First RL 4. Fluoridation (P  Pu )
 Sedimentation mehtod (c) Doors for bathrooms and Water closets:  E I
AVAILABLE BY course materials for flexible pavements  Necessary if F < 1mg/L. Add Naf or Na2 SiF6 or H2SiF6 Mechanism
min
d2 1  d2  condition
 (Wanger Turbidimeter Method)
– (0.7 × 2) to (0.8 × 2) m  Euler’s Buckling Load: P   2eff .  Water Budget Equation. P  R  G  E  T  S
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION:
Crushing test Strength of Aggregates
 Curvature: CC = – = –0.0785d2. Refraction: Cr =   to keep fluorine content between 1 to 1.5 mg/L
Theory Given by Remark Abrasion test Hardness of Aggregate 2R 7  2R 
 CONSISTENCY TEST  Vicat’s Apparatus. Impact test Toughness of Aggregate (1) De-Fluoridation. (if F > 1.5 mg/L) In India, Treat-
Maximum Principle Rankine Suitable for Instruments used in measurement
 SETTING TIME  Vicat’s Apparatus. • Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library)  End Condition of column: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI Soundness test Durability of Aggregate  Final Combination Correction: W
Stress or Brittle Shape test Gives idea of workability & stability of mix ment is done by Nalgonda Technique (Use Alum for
 SOUNDNESS TEST  Le-chatelier Method (a) (1.2 × 2) m (b) (1.2 × 2.1) m (c) 1.2 × 2.25) m Maximum Normal 2. CIVIL BOOSTER Bitumen Adhesion test Gives stripping value of Aggregates 6  d2  reducing flurides) Simply supported Beam
Relative humidity Psychrometer Name Isopleth L/2 L/2
 Auto clave test Softening point test It is done by Ring & ball apparatus to ensure safety C = Cc– Cr = –   = –0.06735d2
stress Humidity Hygrometer Isobar Pressure 3. REASONING Ki GOLI of Bitumen
7  2R  5. Removal of Radioactive Substances By coagulation & filtration.
 TENSILE STRENGTH  Briquette test Designation of Door = Length × Type of Door × Height
Maximum Principle St. Venant Can be applied for Wind speed Anemometer Isohyets Rainfall Float test for viscosity of Bitumen.
End One end fixed Both end Both end One end fixed • Distance of Visible Horizon 6. Desalination (i) By evaporation and distillation 4M P
 HEAT OF HYDRATION  Calorimeter test 8 DS 20 – A door opening Having width (8 × 100 mm) × Strain Brittle and Ductile condition one end free Hinged Fixed one end Hinged Rainfall depth Ombrometer Isonif Snowfall 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI Wu 
(ii) Electrodialysis (iii) Reverse Osmosis. L
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST  Le-chatelier’s Flask. Height (20 × 100 mm) with S (Single SHutter) D (Door) Maximum shear Guest and Suitable for Ductile Leff 2L L L/2 L
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Phytometer
Lysimeter
Isotherm Temperature
Isopleths Evapotranspiration
5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI RAILWAY ENGINEERING d = 3.85 h , d = in km and h = in meter. 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
Test On Concrete Types of Window Stress Treseca (Theoretical) 2
 Hydraulic design of sewers: V = R S W
Evaporation Atmometer Isohaline Salinity 6. ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL  Reciprocal Levelling: The true difference Elevation: n
Wc 
8M P
 WORKABILITY  Slump test Maximum Strain Haigh and Ductile S + 10H dLt Fixed Beam
1. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6. Cable (7) ENGINEERING ROCKET CHART CSI = , Sleeper density = M + x,  Oxgen Demand: =  KL, L t  L  10
k Dt
, L/2 L/2 L
 Compacting factor Test Energy Beltrami 20 1 dt 0
Dormer (8) Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lantern (11) Gable Annual Rainfall 7. CIVIL’S CAPSULE H=  (h a  h b )  (h a ' h b ') Eccentric Load
 Vee-bee consistometer method Maximum shear Vonmises and Ductile 2
S–W GV 2 BODt = L 0  L t  L 0 1  10  kDt  [BOD5 = 0.684L0],
 DIRECT TENSILE  Cylinder Splitting Test Stairs Strain energy Hencky  The Coefficient of var iation Dmin = ,e=  Determining Areas: Mid ordinate rule  (Area) = Av-
,
W
2 127R 2M PL
STRENGTH OF • No of steps are not more than 12 and not less than K DTº = KD20 [1.047]T-20 Fixed Beam: Wc 
CONCRETE 3 in a flight. VAy Leff (As per
2L L 0.65L 0.8L
100  standard deviation 100  m-1 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Length of transition curve erage ordinate × Length of base,  =
O1  O2  ....  On
L a b ab
 Shear Stress:  IS code.) Cv = = n Disinfection
 BOND B/W CONCRETE  Pull out Test • Angle of Inclination (Pitch) – (25° – 40). Ib mean P Roman Roads  Tresaguet Construction  Metcalf Construction  Oil and Grease Trap Biological Unit SST Uniformly Load At Centre
 Average ordinate Rule: Area D = Average ordinate of Bar Grit (Skimming Tank)
& STEEL • Head room must not be less than 2.05 m. Telford Construction  Macadam Construction Screen chamber
I approach II approach W 8M
 COMPRESSIVE  Rebound hammer Test 2

m
(Pi  P) 2 Nov. 1927  Jayakar Committee formed L Wc  2 P
• Minimum width of stairs in residential building – 2 6s  d 2   Number of Stations
C 
N v  ,  10%, m 1 i
,
Maximum of the following the base=  O 0  O1  ....  O n   L, D   D , SST L L
STRENGTH  Shear Stress In Rectangular Section: q  bd 3  4  y  (q = ),  Shaft In series: E  m 1 Feb. 1928  Recommendations by Jayakar Committee  n 1  (n  1) Sludge
85 cm and in commercial building is 1 m.  
Screening PST studge
 DYNAMIC MODULUS  Resonant Frequency Test 1929  Central Road Fund  7.2e Grits
• Some Thumb rule: P1 = Precipitation magnitude in the ith station,  D = D0 +....+On. Oil/Grease Underdrain 16M P
OF ELASTICITY TABLAB TBCLBC TCD LCD L = max  0.073eVmax (i) Railway board formula water Drying Beds Sludge Digester Wc 
1934  Indian Road Congress Optional Unit L L2
(a) (2R + T) = 60 3 S S AD  AB  BC  CD , AD     0.073D Vmax  Simpson’s One-Third Rule: Wastewater Flow Dried sludge
Note: NDT Test on Hardened Concrete Where S = shear -force, qmax  max  q avg  avg  G ABJ AB G BCJ BC G CDJ CD 1 1939  Motor Vehicle act Gases
bd ,   (P 
m
2 bd P Sludge Flow for disposal
(b) (R + T) = (40 – 45) m i i = mean precipitation d
Effluent for
6M P
Maturity test, Pull-out test, Penetration test, 1956  National Highway act e = S.E in cm L = 4.4 R
 = 3 (Oo  On )  4  O1  O3  ....  On 1  2(O 2  O4  ...O n  2 )
Gases final disposal L/2 L/2
Wc 
(c) R × T = (400 – 450) Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan Lucknow Plan L
Ultrasonic pulse velocity T1L TL Normal ppt. = 30 years data, avg. annual ppt. = 35 years data L, R  m  Design Criteria for Grit Chamber: Setting veloc-
where R – Rise in cm, T – Tread in cm max
 1.5  Shaft In parallel: 1   2  2  1943–1963 1961–1981 1981–2001 D = cant deficiency in cm (ii) Change of radial acceleration  Trapezoidal Formula (Area mean area Method):
Manufacturing of Concrete aug G1J1 G 2J 2 Method for Calculation of Average Depth: Arithmetic w/m
• For residential building, common size of steps is Mean, Thiessen Polygon, Isohyetal Method
 Road density Road density Road density ( S  w )d2
Batching  Mixing  Transporting  Placing  3.28V 3  A1  An  ity VS  (Min. VSelf = 0.45 m/s.)
(16 × 26) cm, IN Hospital etc. –(10 × 30) cm. 16 km/100 km2 32 km/100 km2 82 km/100 km2 L= V = d  A2  A3  ... An 1  18 18 3M P
Compacting  Finishing  Curing Note: Shear stress at top & Bottom is always 0. Hyetograph (Time Vs Intensity), R  2  Wc 
• In case of straight staircase, No. of Trade = (No. of  Recommended  Construction of A B L2
Workability Test 32P2 R 3 n
Mass curve (Time Vs Accumulated ppt) (iii) Rate of change of super  Detention Time: 30-60S, Horizontal velocity of L
Riser – 1) 4 S 4S star & grid 1600 km of elevation f
 In Circular Beam: q  3 R 4  R  y 
2 2
max   Strain Energy in Spring: U  Gd 4  Estimate of Missing Data:  Fixed Hair Method: D = k × S + C, K= i  100 flow–15-30 cm/sec. Length to breath ratio of cham-
Slump test, compacting factor test, flow test, Vee-Bee
Total Height between floor and Roof 3R 2 , pattern Expressway L = 3.6e
consistometer No. of riser = ber varies from 6 to 15 and length to depth ratio var-
P1  P2  ....  P1  .....  Pn 1 N (M ultiplying Constant), Addition Constent C = (f + 11.656M P

stock rail
Height of One Riser Stretcher bar A Wc 
 Pi v2 V2 ies form 40 to 30, cleaning interval = 1 or 2 weeks,

End of
Defects in Concrete 64PR 3 n P = N
=
N i 1  SSD: v.t   0.278v.t  Over all length d),S = Staff intercept, i = Stadia interval, f = focal length B L2
4 Deflection :  2g(f  0.01n) 254(f  0.01n) Channel length = detention time × velocity of flow
Cracks, Crazing, Efflorescence, Segregation, Bleeding max  avg. Gd 4 AB – Stock rail of object
STRENGTH OF MATERIAL 3
ht lead rail
A  Comparision of Low-Rate and High- Rate Trickling Filters
 Thiessen Mean Method : P = P1A1  P2 A2  .....  P6 A6 Outer straig tongue D B v Parameter Low rate High rate  Lacings
Admixtures Superplasticizers, Air entrainers, Acceleraters, Retarders  OSD:  Vb .t  (Vb .T  2S)  V.T rve C CD Facing
 NORMAL STRESS WHEN: x, Y & xyare given, Gd 4 (A1  A2  .....  A6 ) er cu rail direction v  trickling filter Trickling filter 1.  = between 40º to 70º, 2. Slenderness ration.
3S 2S  Stiffness in spring: K  64R 3 n Check rail H O ut rail F
Property 1st class 2nd class 3rd class Lead
Compressive  10.5  7.0 x  y    y   In Triangular Section: qmax / Imax  bh avg / q avg 
bh ,
Wing rail O Inner straight lead rail E  Hydraullic loading in 1-4 10-40
   x  cos 2   sin2. Isohyetal Method : Most accurate 4S C L e Throw of m3/m2/d le
