Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis

of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Figure 1

Figure 1. Temporal and age patterns in global DALYs for all neurological conditions combined. Top panels show
counts over time (right) and by age group (left); bottom panels show age-standardised DALYs per 100,000 over time
(right) and age-specific rates in 2021 (left). Black bars (left) and shading (right) depict 95% uncertainty intervals.
Estimates are shown separately for males (blue) and females (red).
Figure 2

Figure 2. Ranking of age-standardised DALY rates for all conditions with neurological health loss by GBD region in
2021. Regions (columns of heat map) are grouped by GBD super-region. Individual conditions (rows of heat map) are
ordered by global ranking from highest age-standardised DALY rates (depicted as red) to lowest age-standardised
DALY rates (depicted as blue). Rankings for the following conditions are isolated to disease DALYs due to neurological
complications as opposed to DALYs attributed to the entire condition: preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, COVID-19,
congenital birth defects, neonatal jaundice, malaria, chromosomal abnormalities, syphilis, echinococcosis, Klinefelter
syndrome, and Zika virus disease. DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and
Risk Factors.
Figure 3

Figure 3. Change in age-standardised DALYs between 1990 and 2021 and female to male ratios in 2021 for each
condition. Left panel: Percentage change from 1990 to 2021 for individual conditions. Colours range from dark blue
(largest decrease in age-standardised DALYs) to bright red (largest increases). Right panel: Female to male ratio in
2021, where values over 1 indicate higher prevalence in females (log scale). Colours range from blue (smaller female
to male ratios) to red (larger female to male ratios). Percent change and female to male ratios for the following
conditions are isolated to disease DALYs due to neurological complications as opposed to DALYs attributed to the
entire condition: preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, COVID-19, congenital birth defects, neonatal jaundice, malaria,
chromosomal abnormalities, syphilis, echinococcosis, Klinefelter syndrome, and Zika.