FLIGHT PLANNING, STEREOSCOPE

&
PHOTO MOSAIC

Presented by
Deepak Kumar
Assistant Professor
GEC, Bhojpur
Procedure for Aerial survey ( Flight planning)

Parameters
Altitude of flight (H)
Focal length of camera (f)
Size of photograph
Size of area or land to be photographed
Alignment of flight line and parallel flight line
Lateral overlap
No of photo in each flight line and overlap
Scale of flight map.
Time interval of successive photographs
 Taking Aerial Photographs
Photos taken in parallel
flight strips.

 Each successive
photograph overlap previous
photo.

Adjacent flight strips

overlap – side overlap.

Block of photos – photos of

2 or more side lapping strips.
Aerial Photography

Successive
photographs along
a flight strip are
taken at intervals
that are controlled
by camera
intervalometer.

The area included in the overlap of successive photographs is called the

stereoscopic overlap area.
Typically, the successive photographs contain 55 to 65% overlap to ensure at
least 50 percent endlap over varying terrain.
Flying Pattern
To cover a larger area
multiple flight lines
may be needed. So
flight lines are designed
according to the Fig.

On successive flights over the area, adjacent strips have sidelap of

approximately 30%.
Multiple strips comprise what is called a block of photographs.
The proper stacking or placement of a series of photographs showing object
features at their proper location is called a photo mosaic
FUSED PHOTOGRAPHS OR STEREOPAIR
 Overlap
Longitudinal Overlap (Forward overlap) between two successive photo
should be 50% to 60%

Lateral Overlap (Side overlap) between side photos of adjacent flight lines
should be 20% to 30%.
Reasons for Overlaps

a. Arrangement of mosaic
b. Remove errors due to distortion, displacement, and tilt.
c. For view in stereoscope- 3D view.
d. Avoid repetition of aerial survey
Forward Overlap (End Lap)

Side Overlap (Side Lap)

 Aerial Photography

Stereo pair

•Over lap about 60%

 Photo-maps and Mosaics
An aerial mosaic is an assemblage of two or more individual over lapping
photographs to form a single continuous picture of an area.
In mosaics objects are easily recognized.
Mosaics can be used by non technical person

Photomap is single or group of photographs which can be used as an

alternate of maps.
Names and other information such as title, north arrow, legend, and scale
can be added to the mosaic to produce a photomap i.e. photo + map
Photo Mosaic
STEREOSCOPES
 Stereoscopic Vision
Stereoscopy- The use of binocular vision to achieve 3-dimensional
effects.

Stereoscopes is a binocular optical instrument that helps us view two

properly oriented photos to obtain a 3-dimensional model.

Enables you to view an object from different camera positions

to obtain a 3-dimensional view.

Stereo pairs of photographs- Two adjacent, overlapping photographs in

the same flight line.

Stereo views can only be seen in the overlapping portion of the

photos.
 Principle of stereoscope
•Two separate photo viewed in stereoscope.

• The image of left photograph viewed by left eye and the image
of right photograph viewed by right eye is fused together in
brain to provide 3- dimensional view. This is called stereoscopic
fusion.
 Stereoscopic View
One of the advantage of all aerial photographs
is that when taken as overlapping pairs (called
stereopairs) they can provide a 3D view of the.

The 3D view is made possible by the effect of

parallax.
Parallax refers to the apparent change in
relative positions of stationery objects caused by
a change in viewing position.
Our left and right eyes are recording
information from two slightly differing
viewpoints; the brain uses the effect of parallax
to give us the perception of depth.
 Parallax
Parallax refers to the
apparent change in
relative positions of
stationery objects
caused by a change in
viewing position

Excercise
 TYPES OF Stereoscopes

Pocket Stereoscope Mirror Stereoscope

Scanning Stereoscope ‘Interpreterscope’ (Carl Zeiss)

 Types of Stereoscopes:
1. Lens (pocket) stereoscope
Simplest
Least expensive
Small
2-4 x magnification
Used in the field

2. Mirror stereoscope
Photos can be placed separately for
3-D viewing.

Used in the field?

 Mirror Stereoscope
Mirror stereoscope allow two photos to be completely separated when
viewed stereoscopically, thus eliminating the problem of one photo
obscuring part of the overlap of the other.

It has two large wing mirrors and two smaller eye-piece mirrors, all
of which are mounted at 450 to the horizontal. Light rays emanating
from image points on the photos such as a1 and a2 are reflected from
the mirror surface and are received at the eyes forming parallactic
angles. The brain automatically associates the depth to point A with
that parallactic angle.
Operating Principles of Mirror Stereoscope
 THANK YOU
VERY MUCH
&
ANY QUESTIONS ?