aal Is Sustainable Capitalism Possible? James O'Connor 1. Introduction There are few expressions as ambiguous as “sustainable capitalism nd such sister concepts as “sustainable agriculture,” “sustainable en= ergy and resource isc,” and “sustainable development.” This ambigu= ity runs through all of the most important discourses on economy and the cnvironment today—U.N. and government reports, scholarly research, popular journalism, and gecen political thinking. Precisely this obscurity leads so many people so much of the time to talk and write about “sustainability”: the word can be used to mean almost anything one wants it to mean, which is part of its appeal "Sustainable capitals” has both a practical ands moral ring to it, Who in his or her right mind would be against “sustainability”? The earliest meaning of sustain is “support,” “uphold the course of,” or “keep into being.” What corporate chief, treasury minister, or inter tational civil servant would not embrace this meaning as his or her own? Another meaning is “to provide with food and drink, or the necessities of life.” What underpaid urban worker of landless peasant would not accept this meaning? Still another definition is “to endure without giving way or yielding.” What small farmer of entrepreneur Mactin O'Connor's editorial help is warmly appreciated. This chapter is a much revised version of "Is Sustainable Capitalsny Possible,” whic appeared in Ps “Allen 0, Fond for the Future: Condnions and Contradiction of Sustainability (New John Band Sons, 1983), pp. 125—137, and a lecture, “Discourse on Sustainabi wen _© School for Environmental Stdics, Vork University, Ontarin, C “sa1ua9 aouerea{3 1Y8 TARUTEISTS USTEMIE s] wory 8. ls Sustainable Copitolisen Possible? 153 to the expansionary impulses of big capital and the state, and thereby take pride in “enduring? There is a strug- ple, worldwide, to determine how “sustainable development” or “sustainable capitalism” will be defined and uscd in the discourse on the wealth of nations. This means that “sustainability,” in the first place, is an ideological and political, not an ecological and eco- nomic, question In the present account, the word sustain is taken to apply to all three of the above senses: to “uphold the course” of capitalist accumulation globally; to “provide the necessities of life" for peoples of the world; and to “endure without yielding” by those those ways of life are being subverted by the wage and commodity forms. The question of su in part to whether or not sustainability defined in all three ways can be achieved, and how it can be achieved There is a fourth meaning of sustain, namely, “ecological sus tainability,” even though there is little agreement among ecological scientists about the exact meaning of this expression. For cxample, “biodiversity” or "planctary health” are rarely problematized in terms of ecological science and the idcologics embedded in this science, nor is the expression “ecological crisis,” which is widely used by popular writers without bencfit of a clear definition. One definition of the latter might be “a turning point during which it is decided whether a species, ecosystem, biore c planet as a whole lives or dics.” Yet “ecological crisis” det is way has no status wit ecological science (nor could it, given that ecology is an ambiguous combination of atomistic and holistic assumptions about the laws governing living nature). Population ecologists and conservation biol ogists normally correlate population changes of a particular species; changes in “carrying capacity” defined narrowly in terms of the needs of that species; and some coefficient that measures the relationship between the species and the carrying capacity in question, on the one hand, and the rest of the ecosystem, which the species in question may depend on in indirect ways, on the other. All these terms have some explanatory power. But this multiplicity of determinants means that there is no obvious way to really know whether or not threats to an individual species are self-inflicted, s0 to speak, or arise beeause of changes in the ecosystem as a whole. If this is so, talk about the “sustainability” of particular species may be less precise, and the concept of “environment crisis” more problematic, than would super- ficially appear to be teuc. ‘These ambiguities become even more pronounc-* when ccolo~ sists or greens mix social and cconomic with biophys dimensions, itatisin thus pert:1oqu spe] 2020 U0 81 tay susoi8 Aq won pur yeam o1e uonajdap eq ueodomng, op) 109 ursdosng jnyzomod 192 © JOU St ausUIOL © jeuoneu sonaed 994 sountino> sour ty spmoai nuoM J a10Wu oe is) suonezueduo peruount £q 9petu spuewop rs0ur 0 149 ~19}yiput a2¢ 0 asoddo siopeo] uo1un jo Aauofews a4p ang “sionpoud 993} -apronsod ur nsoioiur souinsuo> so a8ns e uioyy paryouag sey Suse} tuo210]419 A1D}eS PUL reuonedn3>Q {JO UP Sean SE “PamouseU seam spuepom,, Jo UoLIty, jonmoduso> appys Uru duels *Apsuiseououy ou) apeu sarepipue> sofeur 2914p) opisoad “S° 2% os pur 9 10u SH tusHPEntdeD Ye nav ay) 0s) }0 pury 9UL0s 40} sioodsoud 94 Jo [eitisutu0stAuD ‘veap | “(yin0g AY “saUDUDAOLU yernIOd Pi pea Jo santiqissod 4p ynoge suOISny Sst -t8oyo20. pur s1uou022 s0uI4—yeonyod uIeUDDuN / qh out -ropun uaip | y]9sut jeude Jo pue ares ane oU9p jessqyy 9qp Jo s3MeU ayn 01 suey 1998 up PUR ISIY 94] Tod Yate [EOP “possnosip st sonsst 2504 skem ol], “SUDWIDAOW [eDOs sotpo pi {pia s91po80) “(uonanpoad jo suompuo> Joyo pue) a2meu pur tisoaui3q wondtpenuod ox Aq pareisus8 s290nbs wyosd ,2pIs-Is0: *kepor usendes Suey (won24pesu0> “qoud ajqeioe nr 44Sunura9s s94poue smOsIp | AXON “WOHE|ABO fe “uouiaua jeqo jo 2soup se up se ue yuotusteuews 940029 [eqo,3 Jo sioodsoud oq 2eyp apeus st suowindie 24, “Soot atp Ut S152 plzoM Suysoqped axp yo aataas woYs & Sutpuadde ‘uonejawinase rstpentde Jo. panyeu qwopuodap-sisu9 pue U9ppuiesisu> opi pue “tustende> Jo Uo =aipesiuo? 3914, 20 yp Ssm2sIp J spO4dyjo St Pot oe pue Arpiqenyosd Jo 10) Aryjqearersns 109 a4) JO anor" Jo1uq Y “suonesodio> pi Jo sid39t109 uzayytp £194 9 quurersns,, yo woygord ay Buope sh Buuaeag, 99u: Saayanagad ENE 49p\ 3g 1UuteD sIsYI0Mm pue ‘200d *AaSunt pue Sunsnnsop-y9s 5 ay Uy ON, dy 01 Jomsue Logs 1 *sKem ano} 9594p 6 470 a1p ut enue 2yp todo or weatxopy auasoid sir d90y 02 soypoya “AoUTEA 601 ques words aq ut ajdoad amy pu Aa 61 Sujareuod syupwidipnl aaneuuow ptm pue jeudeo ye sex s9vea Sunso sip Uy “Suoro201q 4240 9pnpDUE Or po (owes perseo2 oy Jo i 49a0 ayeqop 9xp tp INO stlam im st oannodss ayBnut orem pariodu >imi0Uo39 Uy] 1 ‘ipiem eas Suiduund aarssoaxo ‘a]durexa 10) “uordos egy Aouuoyy, ‘suotas01g 40 stusxsXsor9 >]o\s Jo, Aamjqeurersns,, a4 ssnosip pue GGaWNIWISNS WSITVLidv> ST vst2y pur ourd jo , suoneueyd jeunsnpur 93e ui Aq “2ydurexo 205 *(auensoduut ose aae y>tym Jo sivodse Inautgd 10 Surpiomos sueott ose amet Supyeuusy “soqdosd snoustipur jo soay otf uo apnesse tp “o[dutexs 40) “suoIsuauinp [e3 \ouoD9 Se [94 Se [E> ~18oJoopr pe fe dey, se ounvett UO SUEDUL feo pure Aamge sns yea y9}sTsUOD aae ree SAeM UF aMIeW DyeUIDI OF JO tuapqoad ayp. *Appuuee—tus0j94 Inoge + wyp Jo susoddo aejod 41 Jo wa]qord ox onzIsUOD suonesodzo> fanaq 49do9p ee ges [PUDHY [erU>} 6} 01 pose. “osyy “ajduiexa ey HS 003 son toMy sttE9q poom man “simpoid 420 pew st Aepor souedwon “s'7) Duo 946) Of ue St “oIsem se papzedsi un Aqaasys “9quiny 30) dn n> oF re sisod oyeur yeep soara9ead Axasn pu € 10) YIMouF mops jo po ‘s]oym e st peudes 20) wojqord e Bulg wo4} 1e4 “dANoW! >1UOHOD9 Appae] © sey sup adaamopy “s[euoTeu meD pile ABsouD saves yey uonanposd ot soonaed aanpomu or mot Jo UoLsoNb e osfe s Oy pue >1quI IOWUOMIALD St red OF 2661 UE iw OTS puods o1 pouue|d Ansnpu S01 a4p °B'9) 9 siotunsuos 01 oBewut u9913 944 Wuasaid 01 MOY JO 240 yzodns ea “suti9a guD29y)Ip Wt pass we10ds09 Aut Jo strooupseo4 24 ayy pr Atduuts s1 onsst (pum wuarsisuo shear uy pendes oxeu yp *suDd18 asiMUOJaE 104 “AAofouy>: ~»oadun,, ue sasoddnsoad Aaypiqeutes s901N0SNY PHO, POPU ~ao8 ose pue “uone: yo aumonuns *“Aouatonyo AB10u9 pur “asnoa pure -snpoud uo pasejd st sn204 “uo os ~tasasoud 3) yt (pen joneuuosueN porusp pores 4} jouysar "sossa204d Ho 109 s1104ds% im *Anifenb s9yea *sIs940} Iss9.AIpOIq JO AaypiqettErsns iSISUOD WOU yet O2 soINDeId D1KKOUOD aAD41 WHO}DI 1409 10) skem puyy 02 sya0s asunoosip siyy “oyqnd 3 4 © dudsoad seo] Ie 40 “SoApastuiay 9035 01 ya9s Be oD ayqouIOIsns 418 \wo> £q pouoddns Suoutoaour pert dsuno2stp a4 st wiajgosd 2uQ) “49420 Y>eD 38 ‘suno3sip =nge20a Jo23% 99s 'sti2918 01 9IQ¢ spodsosd oy 40 asin09sIp at JO ‘SaSIANDe pu SIS! png to9ail jo pur step st so [eojoupay pue tsoanpovoad 12 suompuo> Aroyes pi nedno30 uuioataua Jo aflues 2p) eu *(549019 8 DY "9AtA ‘01 paoi0} a1 s00d «eq sood-pue pu sso]pue] 943 P yruuoaxo Hq Jo aanssoad ro3si oweisdn oy ido Apparssetu or pasiod aue (otues J 920}99 19a9 wtp WUELOd! 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