[N NMO[ML CK NMBGM YÚOGHM

@grst puilgsekc go =753

iy Xmnukl Rkgskr, Goh.

Idx 0=9

 Wdrf Ikmhe, NK 117=1

Xkvkoteprgotgob, =779

Hdpyrgbet © =753 Kcrkc Sedrssdo

Mll rgbets rkskrvkc. Od pmrt d` tegs puilghmtgdo

pu ilghmtgdo nmy ik rkprdcuhkc

dr trmosngttkc go moy `doo dr iy moy nkmos, klkhtrdogh dr nkhemoghml, gohlucgob pedtdhdpy, wgtedut pkr-
ngssgdo go wrgtgob `rdn Xmnukl Rkgskr, Goh. Ykvgkwkrs nmy qudtk irgk` pmssmbks.

Lgirmry d` Hdobrkss Hmtmldb Hmrc Ounikr

Ounikr:: 53-X1850

GXIO 1-52295-;35-7 NB

Qrgotkc go tek [ogtkc Xtmtks d` Mnkrghm

Sek pmpkr uskc go tegs puilghmtgdo nkkts tek ngognun rkqugrknkots d` tek Mnkrghmo Omtgdoml Xtmocmrc `dr
Qkrnmokohk d` Qmpkr `dr Qrgotkc Lgirmry Nmtkrgmls Z87.3I- =753.
 HDOSKÚCD

Lgstm ck mirkvgmâûks ......................................................................................................... gx

Qrk`íhgd .....................................................……………………………………………………
xggg
Gotrdcuâèd …...............................................………………………………………………….. xv

Hmpîtuld =: Hdoekhgnkotd Yúoghd ..................................................................................... =

Ckogâûks ............................................................................................................... =
Drgbkn cms Yuoms .................................................................................................. 8
Egstørgm cms Yuoms .................................................................................................. ;
Qrítghms Yúoghms ..................................................................................................... ==
D Ykomshgnkotd Yúoghd ........................................................................................ =3
Hdlktéokm ck Yuoms Srmcghgdoml k Msmtru ............................................................. =2

Hmpîtuld 9: Hdlktéokm cd Klckr @utemrf .......................................................................... =7

@keu …………………………………………….........................……………………… 91
[ruz ………………………………………………..........................…………………… 99
Seurgsmz ................................................................................................................. 93
Mosuz ..................................................................................................................... 90
Ymgced ................................................................................................................... 95
Fkomz .................................................................................................................... 81
Bkid ..................................................................................................................... 89
Ruojd .................................................................................................................... 83
Embmlmz ….............................................................................................................. 8;
Omucegz …............................................................................................................. 85
Gsm …...................................................................................................................... 31
Jkrm ....................................................................................................................... 39
Kgewmz ................................................................................................................... 33
Qkrterd .................................................................................................................. 30
Klemz ..................................................................................................................... 35
Xdwgld ................................................................................................................... ;=
Sgwmz ..................................................................................................................... ;8
 Ikrfmod ................................................................................................................. ;0
Kewmz .................................................................................................................... ;5
Nmoomz .................................................................................................................. 01
Lmbuz ..................................................................................................................... 09
Gobwmz ................................................................................................................... 03
Cmbmz .................................................................................................................... 00
Dtemlm .................................................................................................................... 05

Hmpîtuld 8: Skdrgm cm Nmbgm Yúoghm ................................................................................. 2=

D Nuocd Yúoghd ................................................................................................... 2=
Nmog`kstmâèd cm lgoem Yúoghm ............................................................................... 29
Klknkotds .............................................................................................................. 23
@luxds .................................................................................................................... 2;
Hdohkgtds ck Mlnm k Qdckr Qkssdml ..................................................................... 20
Skdrgms iísghms cm nmbgm rúoghm…………..........................................……………..25

Hmpîtuld 3: Srmimled Yúoghd ............................................................................................ 5=

@uocmnkotds cm Nmbgm Yúoghm …......................................................................... 5=
Nkcgtmâèd Yúoghm .................................................................................................. 7;
Nmbgm Smlgsnéoghm ................................................................................................. 75
Xtmcembmlcr (ydbm rúoghm)……............................................................................. =93
Xgomgs ck nmbgm ................................................................................................... =88
Dutrms @drnms ck Nmbgm ..................................................................................... =8;

Mpêocghk M: Qrdouohgmâûks cds Oørcghds Motgbds ....................................................... =87

Mpêocghk I: Xdirk m Srmcuâèd pmrm lgobum Ndckrom
Goblês pmrm Yuoms ................................................................................................ =3=
Mpêocghk H: Xdirk Qdçtghms .......................................................................................... =38
Mpêocghk C: Smiklms ck Hdrrkspdocêohgms Yúoghms ..................................................... =3;
Bldssírgd ........................................................................................................................ =37
Igilgdbrmm ..................................................................................................................... =;;
 LGXSM CK MIYKPGMÂÛKX
Sdcms ms trmcuâûks ck oørcghd motgbd, goblês motgbd k dutrms lîobums motgbms
kohdotrmcms okstk lgvrd sèd ck rkspdosmiglgcmck cd mutdr. @dg `kgtm unm tkotmtgvm ck
kohdotrmr un kquglîirgd kotrk m trmcuâèd pdçtghm k m trmcuâèd lgtkrml, nms nugtms vkzks d
`mvdr ç cmcd md lgtkrml kn prdl cm hdnprkkosèd hdrrktm. Kn tmgs hmsds, odtms pdckn skr
mcghgdomcms.

M-X Mobld-smxèd (DK)

I.H.K. Ik`drk Hdnndo Krm (motks cm krm hdnun / M.H)
H.K. Hdnndo Krm (Krm Hdnun / C.H )
BNH. Bkrnmogh (Bkrnéoghd)
BD Bdtegh (Bøtghd)
NX Nmoushrgpt (Nmoushrgtd)
DK Dlc Koblgse (Goblês Motgbd)
DO Dlc Odrsk (Oørcghd Motgbd)
pG. plurml
sgb. sgobulmr

SYMOXHYGÂÛKX CK MOSGBDX SKYNDX OØYCGHDX

Hkrtds bríhds bkrnéoghds kspkhgmgs `drmn trmoslgtkrmcds
trm oslgtkrmcds okstk lgvrd. M skbugr
kstèd kn hdosdoéohgm hdn hkrtms hdovkoâûks ck drtdbrmm cm Gcmck Nçcgm:

ñ – ce
ÿ – te
– ð
DCOG
 MBYMCKHGNKOSDX
Ckskjd rkhdoekhkr m mjucm k m gospgrmâèd quk nk `drmn cmcms pkld nku mllsekrjmrbdceg,
Xtkpeko M. NhOmllko. Smniçn bdstmrgm ck mbrmckhkr m ngoem kspdsm Omohy, skn m quml
kstk trmimled tkrgm sgcd gnpdssîvkl.
gn pdssîvkl.
 QYK@ÍHGD

D prkskotk trmimled ç om vkrcmck unm skbuocm vkrsèd ck un nmoushrgtd

drgbgomlnkotk kshrgtd od sgstknm ck Mrnmoko, quk `dg hdohluîcd kn =720. Ldbd ckpdgs,
ckshdirg d pdckr dhultd k prd`uocd cm Motgbm Srmcgâèd Yúoghm - quk ç trmos-pkssdml k
`uocmnkotmlnkotk gockpkockotk cm gotkrprktmâûks krróokms k nmogpulmâûks ck
gocgvîcuds cksgo`drnmcds. Kssm cksgo`drnmâèd tkn, go`klgznkotk, sgcd m nmrhm rkbgstrmcm
ck qumsk tdcds ds lgvrds sdirk ruodldbgm dpkrmotk quk mpmrkhkrmn ods últgnds mods. Kn
=727, d nmoushrgtd rkvgsmcd ck @utemrf kstmvm hdnplktd. Od kotmotd, ckndrdu qumtrd
mods pmrm kohdotrmr un kcgtdr hdn m hmpmhgcmck ck trmzê-ld motks ck un púilghd.
Curmotk ds mods skbugotks, hdotgoukg ngoems govkstgbmâûks sdirk ms ruoms kn tdcds ds
oîvkgs, k mlbunms ck ngoems gcçgms kvdluîrmn - imskmcms kn trmimleds kxdtçrghds k
ksdtçrghds. ]umsk okoeunm nucmoâm `dg `kgtm om vkrsèd ck =727, od kotmotd, cksck quk
`dg k ç `uocmnkotmlnkotk sølgcm ckvgcd á sum `uocmâèd od ktkrod sgstknm trmcghgdoml ck
`utemrf. Kspkrm-sk quk kssms gckgms nmgs ckskovdlvgcms tmniçn pdssmn kohdotrmr unm
mucgêohgm nmgdr, k ç pmrm gssd quk d Gostgtutd ck Kstucds Yúoghds, Msmtru k m Yuok-Bglc
`drmn `uocmcds kn =751. Xkocd mssgn, @utemrf hdotgoum m skr d prgnkgrd pmssd pmrm
mprkockr d "MIH" cm smikcdrgm ksdtçrghm ck odssm ekrmoâm bkrnéoghm.

KCYKC
 HDOSMSDX

Qmrm ditkr go`drnmâûks sdirk d Yuok-Bglc, cd quml d mutdr ç crgbetko, ds lkgtdrks sèd
hdovgcmcds m kshrkvkr pmrm:

Yuom-Rdrfsedp
Q.D. Idx 2099
[ogvkrsgty Xtmtgdo
Mustgo, Skxms 252=9
[XM

Cdgs brupds rklgbgdsds bkrnéoghds mltmnkotk rkhdnkocmcds, k ods qumgs d mutdr ç un

bdceg, du smhkrcdtk, sèd:
Ygob d` Srdte
Jmnks Hegsedln, Xtkkrsnmo
Q.D. Idx =55=9 
Mustgo, SU 25201 
K[M

k tmniçn,
Sek Dcgogh Ygtk
Jdeo Wkdwkll, Cgrkhtdr
IHN Yuogh
Ldocdo, RH =.
KOBLMOC
 GOSYDC[ÂÈD

Nugtd tkn sgcd subkrgcd sdirk ms ruoms k sku pdckr níbghd kn lgvrds rkhkotks.
Od kotmotd, okoeunm ckssms dirms govkstgbdu ds usds níbghds prítghds cms motgbms
ruoms bkrnéoghms k cd sgstknm quk klms gohdrpdrmn k oms qumgs klms, pdr sum vkz, sèd
hdotgcms. Ç m gotkoâèd ckhlmrmcm ckstk trmimled pmrm hdrrgbgr kstk kstmcd ck hdgsms
sdnirgms, pmrm lgcmr hdn d lmcd prítghd cd sgstknm rúoghd ck nmbgm k ngstghgsnd nkgd
ksqukhgcd, nugtd okblgbkohgmcd. Kssm mgocm ç unm cms `drnms nmgs pdckrdsms ck
pkosmnkotd nktm`îsghd cgspdoîvkl pmrm d puilghd dhgckotml k quk klk prøprgd
ckskovdlvku.

Ms rmîzks cm trmcgâèd rúoghm kstèd kshdocgcms ck odssm vgsèd eí vírgms hkotkoms ck

mods, nms mbdrm hekbdu m tèd kspkrmcm krm, om quml d pdckr cds ngstçrgds rúoghds sk
nmog`kstmrí odvmnkotk. Kotrk ds níbghds quk `mlmvmn goblês, d hdoekhgnkotd cm ruom
vgoem ckhlgomocd cksck ds cgms cd rkg Houtk, nms sums trmcgâûks ouohm sk kxtgobugrmn
hdnplktmnkotk - kspkhgmlnkotk om Kshmocgoívgm, dock ds kohmotmnkotds rúoghds
(bmlcrmr) hdotgoumrmn skocd prmtghmcms mtç tknpds ikn rkhkotks. Kstm dirm ckstgom-sk m
govdhmr m `drâm rúoghm oms nkotks ck tdcds ds ednkos k nulekrks, pmrm quk sums
trmcgâûks k pdckr ngstkrgdsd pdssmn omshkr ck odvd pmrm klkvmr-sk md oîvkl ck sku
motgbd ksplkocdr od nuocd ck lîobum goblksm. Ms ruoms gohdrpdrmn ds nmgdrks k ds
nkodrks skbrkcds cm omturkzm, k sèd ms hemvks ckssks skbrkcds - pdgs sèd, ck `mtd, ds
prøprgds skbrkcds. Qdr nugtd tknpd, kssms nmboîhms `krrmnkotms cm nmbgm pdckn
mtrdmr-sk kn tdnds knpdkgrmcds. Mbdrm, skus hmngoeds sèd odvmnkotk hdoekhgcds
pdr mquklks quk skrgmn síigds.

M trmcgâèd cms ruoms rkprkskotm unm pmrtk gnpdrtmotk cm trmcgâèd nmgs motgbm cm
smikcdrgm-níbghm goghgítghm hdoekhgcm od nuocd bkrnéoghd. Ds motgbds bdcds,
kshmocgomvds, mlknèks k goblksks tdcds hdoekhgmn d pdckr cms ruoms, k kstmvmn uogcds
pdr unm pdckrdsm buglcm ck nkstrks-cms-ruoms, quk kosgomvmn sku d`îhgd pdr tdcms ms
trgids cd odrtk cm Kurdpm. Qmrkhk síigd quk ds ckshkockotks ckssks motkpmssmcds sk
vdltkn pmrm d pdckr rúoghd pmrm rkhupkrmr ms prd`uockzms ck sum smikcdrgm
kxtrmdrcgoírgm. Qdgs sk qugskrnds mhrkcgtmr kn sku hdoekhgnkotd, kssks mohkstrmgs ouohm
ndrrkrmn, nms sgn rkomshkrmn, bkrmâèd mpøs bkrmâèd, sknprk nmotkocd skus skbrkcds
hdn klks - mtç mbdrm, klks sèd oøs. Mtrmvçs cms hemvks rúoghms, pdcknds odvmnkotk
cksildqukmr kssks rkhkssds skhrktds cm mlnm k, mssgn, lgikrmr smikcdrgm k pdckr níbghd
pmrm odssd prøprgd usd edjk.
 Ms ruoms k d sgstknm rúoghd, hdnd unm kxprkssèd ktkrom cms lkgs cd nuocd,
pdckn skr hdostmotknkotk pdstds kn odvds usds, skn vgdlmr ck ndcd mlbun sums
hmrmhtkrîstghms mtknpdrmgs k hmrmhtkrîstghms mrhmghms. Qdrtmotd, klks sèd mbdrm usmcds kn
sgstknms ck gotkbrmâèd psghdløbghm k govkstgbmâèd hdsndløbghm - mnids ds qumgs sèd, om
vkrcmck, rnknkotk imskmcds kn prkhkgtds kohdotrmcds ods Kccms.

[n cds mspkhtds nmgs pdtkotks cd sgstknm rúoghd ck nmbgm k ldsdm ç m sum

mikrturm k `mltm ck cdbnmtgsnd. Ms go`drnmâûks `drokhgcms okstk lgvrd prktkockn skr un
bugm pmrm d tmlkotdsd k govkotgvd vgtfg (Nmbd), quk ckvk usí-ld hdnd un trmnpdlgn pmrm
sk tdromr un vkrcmckgrd løsd`d kn sku prøprgd cgrkgtd. Nmgs unm vkz, ms trmcgâûks cms
Kccms k cms smbms sèd ds nkledrks gocghmcdrks cms cgrkâûks kspgrgtumgs quk d vgtfg
(Nmbd) ckvk skbugr pmrm ditkr ds nkledrks rksultmcds. Ods tknpds motgbds, tdcd
ednkn lgvrk krm sku prøprgd smhkrcdtk - mssgn ckvkrgm skr edjk. Od quk cgz rkspkgtd m
un plmod ck ckskovdlvgnkotd k goghgmâèd, subkrk-sk quk d mspgrmotk m vgtfg (Nmbd) ckvk
lkr tdcd d lgvrd, ckskovdlvkocd unm vkrsèd pkssdml cd sgstknm hdnplktd `drokhgcd oms
píbgoms skbugotks. Od kotmotd, mtç edjk kxgstk unm buglcm ck ruoms quk `drokhk unm
goghgmâèd nmgs sgstknítghm pmrm d vgtfm (Nmbd) ckcghmcd. Kstk lgvrd ç cgvgcgcd kn três
skâûks prgohgpmgs, hdotkocd d hdoekhgnkotd, m tkdrgm k m prítghm cm kxkhuâèd. Gssd,
 juotmnkotk hdn dutrds lgvrds vgívkgs sdirk nmbgm, `drnm m imsk pmrm un oîvkl
rmzdmvklnkotk mvmoâmcd ck goghgmâèd. Ç gnpdssîvkl kxprkssmr m vmstgcèd ck un sgstknm
tèd mirmobkotk qumotd m Fmiimlme du m lgtkrmturm vçcghm kn un lgvrd ckssm du ck
qumlqukr dutrm kxtkosèd. Hdldhmr nksnd kstk sgstknm iísghd ck nmbgm ruoghm
prgohgpmlnkotk prítghm kn un vdlunk tkn sgcd imstmotk cg`îhgl. Kspkrm-sk quk nmgs
gotkrkssk pklms ruoms skjm kstgnulmcd, pmrm quk `uturds lgvrds lgcmocd hdn mcgvgoemâèd,
hdsndldbgm, smikcdrgm, k mssgn pdr cgmotk, pdssmn skr prdcuzgcds.

Eduvkrmn vírgds lgvrds k mrtgbds kshrgtds ods últgnds mods quk hdokhtmrmn d
ndvgnkotd Omhgdoml Xdhgmlgstm om Mlknmoem hdn d hultd rúoghd k m nmbgm rúoghm. Ck
`mtd, ds omzgstms usmrmn ms `drnms rúoghms kn skus mspkhtds nmgs kxtkrods k
nmogpulmtgvds. D goîhgd cm nmbgm cms ruoms ck edjk pdck lkvmr mlbun hdo`drtd kstrmoed
md `mtd ck quk ms ruoms sk ndstrmrmn sînidlds tèd pdtkotks od sçhuld UU! Nms ckvk-sk
ko`mtgzmr `drtknkotk quk ms ruoms k, om vkrcmck, d prøprgd kspîrgtd bkrnéoghd oèd
kstmvmn od hdrmâèd ckssm "ilms`êngm iurdhrítghm", nms sgn unm kspçhgk ck
nmogqukîsnd nkssgéoghd pskucd-hrgstèd
pskucd-hrgstèd quk pdssugu
pdssugu m mlnm cd pmrtgcd omzgstm. Brmock
Brmock
pmrtk cd pmod ck `uocd egstørghd cds mspkhtds rúoghds cd ndvgnkotd omzgstm skrí
cgshutgcd od prgnkgrd hmpîtuld ckstk lgvrd, pdgs mtrmvçs ck unm hdnprkkosèd ck sums
pkrvkrsûks ck odssds tksdurds nmgs smbrmcds, pdcknds rkmlnkotk hdldhmr sku kspkhtrd
gockskjmcd pmrm ckshmosmr ck unm vkz pdr tdcms!
 [n ks`drâd `dg `kgtd md ldobd ckstk lgvrd pmrm pkrnmokhkr d nmgs prøxgnd pdssîvkl
cm `drnm trmcghgdoml k kspîrgtd ck trmcgâèd rúoghm k mprkskotmr un sgstknm tèd lgvrk
qumotd pdssîvkl ck qumlqukr gouêohgm jucmghd-hrgstè. Qdr nugtd tknpd d dhgckotml sd`rku
"hmrrkbmocd m hruz ck `rutms kxøtghms". Klks tgvkrmn sum hemohk k `mlemrmn rkpktgcms
vkzks kn sku ks`drâd gnpdtkotk pmrm smtgs`mzkr ms prd`uockzms cm mlnm gocd-kurdpçgm.
Xku àdo hekbdu md n6 d tknpd kstí nmcurd pmrm un rkssurbgnkotd cm smikcdrgm cd
Krglmz ! D mvmoâd cd pdckr smbrmcd ckvk dhdrrkr ckotrd cm mlnm ck hmcm gocgvîcud k ç
okssm kspkrmoâm quk kstk trmimled `dg rkmlgzmcd.
r kmlgzmcd.
 HDOEKHGNKOSD YÚOGHD

Ckogâûks

D prgnkgrd pmssd pmrm kotkockr d hdoekhgnkotd ck ruoms ç d kotkocgnkotd cm

ruom cd hdohkgtd. [nm ruom oèd ç nkrmnkotk unm lktrm kn un motgbd ml`miktd
bkrnéoghd, nms tkn m ckogâèd prgnírgm ck "skbrkcd" du "ngstçrgd„. Kssk sgboghmcd
iísghd pdck skr `mhglnkotk hdnpmrmcd md usd cd tkrnd mrhmods kn hdokxèd hdn d
Smró. Qdrtmotd, unm ruom ç prgnmrgmnkotk un hdohkgtd smbrmcd, skhrktd du gcçgm quk
ckvk skr kxprkssm du trmtmcm kn dhultmâèd. Md ldobd ckstk trmimled, "ruom" ckvk skr
kotkocgcm prgnkgrd od skotgcd ck un hdohkgtd skhrktd k smbrmcd.

M pmlmvrm "ruom" ç gocîbkom cd brupd bkrnéoghd ck lîobums, k ç kohdotrmcm kn

tdcds ds motgbds cgmlktds bkrnéoghds. Pkjm m Smiklm = om píbgom 9.

D ndckrod hdbomtd mlknèd ç rmuoko,

rmuoko, pmrm sussurrmr. Yúo 
Yúo  tmniçn ç kohdotrmcd
oms motgbms lîobums hkltms, dock mpmrkhk kn grlmocês motgbd hdnd rúo,rúo, k od nkgd bmlês
hdnd rego,
rego , mnids hdn d sgboghmcd ck nystkrgun, skbrkcd. Ç prdvívkl quk ds hkltms
tkoemn knprkstmcd m qumlgcmck sknéotghm ckstm pmlmvrm cms lîobums bkrnéoghms.
"Yuom" ckskovdlvgcm m pmrtgr cm pmlmvrm rmgz prdtd-gocd-kurdpçgm, * rku-,
rku-, quk sgboghm
rubgr.

Nmgs tmrck, kssk sgboghmcd `dg mplghmcd m hmcm burm egkrdblîhm quk
rkprkskotmvm unm ruom ‘ unm uogcmck ck hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd. Ç kssm `drnm quk ç
goshrgtm hdnd "sînidld ck unm gckgm skn `drnm k mtknpdrml. Mgocm nmgs tmrck d sînidld
`dg gohdrpdrmcd m un sgstknm ck kshrgtm quk hdo`krgm un vmldr `doçtghd m hmcm `drnm ck
sînidld. Mbdrm, m ruom tdrodu-sk kqugvdhmcmnkotk sgoóognd cd hdohkgtd "hmrtm",
hdo`drnk kxprkssd kn dutrds gcgdnms.
Smiklm =. Ckogâèd ck ruom bkrnéoghm
cgmlktd pmlmvrm sgboghmcd
Oørcghd rúo hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd k skhrktd, smikcdrgm6 sgbods
Motgbd níbghds6 hmrmhtkrks kshrgtds.
Bøtghd rúom skbrkcd, nystkrgun.
Rullms, kn sum trmcuâèd bøtghm cm Iîilgm od sçhuld
qumtrd, usm kstk
kst k tkrnd
tkrn d pmrm trmcuzgr
trmcuz gr d brkbd
b rkbd μϋ
ψ σ ίύηδ
Goblês rúo ngstçrgd, hdoskled skhrktd.
Motgbd
Xmxèd rúom ngstçrgd, skbrkcd
Motgbd
 Mltd-mlknèd rúom ngstçrgd, skbrkcd
motgbd

Mpkoms un hkrtd oúnkrd cms vírgms `drnms cd tksdurd rúoghd `dg usmcd hdnd
rkprkskotmâûks `doçtghms (quk hemnmrknds ck ruoms ck hmrtms), koqumotd un brmock
oúnkrd pkrnmokhku nmgs du nkods ckotrd cd rkgod purmnkotk gckdbríhd. Kstk últgnd
brupd pdck skr rk`krgcd hdnd ruoms ck blg`d. Kstk trmimled trmtm prgohgpmlnkotk cms
ruoms cms lktrms k cd sgstknm níbghd kn quk klms sk ckskovdlvkrmn, knidrm ms ruoms cd
blg`d tmniçn skjmn pmrtk gotkbrmotk ckssk sgstknm. Ckvk-sk tkr kn nkotk quk mnids ds
brupds sèd gbumlnkotk rúoghds. Ms ruoms cms hmrtms krmn "pmcrdogzmcms" od sgstknm
`utemrf pklms buglcms níbghms cm çpdhm, ck mhdrcd hdn hrgtçrgds ounkrdløbghds k
hdohkgtumgs kspkhîhds.

Ck`ogâûks níbghms

Xkbuocd m nmgdrgm cds kstucgdsds, ms ruoms krmn sînidlds motgbds usmcds om

kshrgtm, prgohgpmlnkotk kn pkcrm du nktml. Kssks sînidlds trmzgmn sgboghmcds rklgbgdsds
du níbghds pmrm ms pkssdms quk ms kshrkvgmn ‘ gssd oèd pdck skr okbmcd pklds
kstucgdsds nmgs mimtgcds.

Qmrm d nmbd cm ruom, kotrktmotd, ds sgbods mssunkn un sgboghmcd nugtd nmgs

rghd k nmgs kxpmocgcd, rkvklmocd sum vkrcmckgrm omturkzm k pdckr, ikn hdnd sku
sgboghmcd egstørghd k høsnghd. D vgtfg vê egkrøblg`ds ck omturkzm mltmnkotk hdnplkxm
oms `drnms cms ruoms. M govkstgbmâèd k m pksqugsm kn cdnîogds gotklkhtumgs k níbghds
rkvklmrmn ms ruoms hdnd gckdbrmnms quk kxprkssmn un prdhkssd k uxd ck `drâm k
kokrbgm.
 Hmcm ruom tkn unm omturkzm trîplghk, quk ç tmniçn m kssêohgm trgplm cd sdod
skhrktd ckotrd cklm. Ds pdotds sèd:

@drnm (gckdbrmm k vmldr `doçtghd)

Gckgm (hdotkúcd sgniølghd)
[ogcmck (sum omturkzm cgoénghm, rkvklmocd sum rklmâèd hdn dutrms ruoms).

Klks ckshrkvkn ds uxds ck kokrbgm k ds kstmcds rklmhgdomcds md ku, md plmoktm

k, omlnkotk, md nultgvkrsd. Ms ruoms rksunkn k kxprkssmn brmhmnkotk hdohkgtds ck
nuocd skpmrmcds quk pdckn skr usmcds hdnd pdotds `dhmgs pmrm dpkrmâûks níbghms k
nîstghms, tmotd gsdlmcmnkotk qumotd kn hdnigomâèd.

Drgbkn cms ruoms

Mqug `mlmnds nmgs cm drgbkn cms `drnms rúoghms cd quk cms drgbkos cds ngstçrgds
quk klms rkprkskotmn. Ds ngstçrgds mtumgs sèd mtknpdrmgs k `drmn hrgmcds ‘ du nmgs
mprdprgmcmnkotk, "surbgrmn" ‘ hdn d surbgnkotd cds Odvk Nuocds `drm ck
Bgoouobmbmp. Ck `mtd, ms ruoms sèd mbkotks gnpdrtmotks okssk prdhkssd ck "hrgmâèd" du
"`drnmâèd", k prkhkckn d surbgnkotd ck skrks mognmcds ods Nuocds. Ms `drnms
rúoghms pdckn skr `mlmcms kn un hdotkxtd un pduhd nmgs egstørghd. Kssms `drnms
omshkn cds sgomgs smbrmcds hdohkigcds oms nkotks cds smhkrcdtks k nmbds cm Gcmck cd
Irdozk (k prdvmvklnkotk nugtd motks) hdnd kxprkssûks bríhms mistrmtms cd hdotkúcd
nmgs
nmg s îotgnd
îotg nd ck skus kosgomnkotds
kosgomnkotds rklgbgdsds
rklgbgdsds k níbghds (vkr @gburm =.=).
=.=). Klks sèd
kohdotrmcds kn brmock miuocéohgm oms kshulturms rupkstrks nmgs motgbms cm
Kshmocgoívgm. Yucdl` Jdeo Bdrslkiko ckshrkvk d "ednkn prgngtgvd" skotmcd kn unm
ndotmoem rkhkikocd lmnpkjds hdohkgtumgs ck gospgrmâèd, quk klk kotèd kxprkssm
kndhgdomlnkotk kn nmrhms quk vên m skr kssks hdohkgtds.

@gburm =.=. Ms nksnms hdoburmâûks gckdbríhms tmlemcms om Krm cd Irdozk kvdluîrmn pmrm ms `drnms
rúoghms.
 Od prgnkgrd pkrîdcd, kssks hemnmcds sgomgs "prç-rúoghds" pkrnmokhkrmn
tdtmlnkotk gckdbríhds du egkrdblîhds. Od kotmotd, qumocd d hdotmtd `dg `kgtd hdn ms
hulturms cd Nkcgtkrréokd, m odâèd ck rkprkskotmâèd `doçtghm cm lgobumbkn pdr sînidlds
`dg lkotmnkotk gotrdcuzgcm ods tkrrgtørgds bkrnéoghds. Nugtds kstucgdsds mhrkcgtmn quk
kstm gotrdcuâèd hdnkâdu od skbuocd sçhuld I.H.K. , qumocd ds Hgnirg k ds Skutdoks
govmcgrmn m pkoîosulm gtmlgmom k kotrmrmn kn hdotmtd hdn ds ml`miktds oørcghd k lmtgod
cd Odrtk6 koqumotd dutrds mhrkcgtmn quk ms ruoms `drmn omlnkotk `drnulmcms pklds
bdcds od prgnkgrd k skbuocd sçhulds H.K., koqumotd mquklm trgid mgocm kstmvm om hdstm
cd Iíltghd. Kssms tkdrgms sèd tdcms nugtd gotkrkssmotks k hdotên nugtms vkrcmcks, nms
kssk oèd ç odssd prgohgpml gotkrkssk. Ç gnpdrtmotk odtmr quk qumocd ds pdvds
bkrnéoghds kshdlekrmn unm ruom (sgoml hultghd) pmrm rkprkskotmr un sdn kn sum lîobum,
klks usumlnkotk kshdlekrgmn (nms okn sknprk) unm `drnm quk ck mlbunm `drnm sk
mssknklemssk md hmrítkr ktrushd, lmtgn du brkbd hdrrkspdockotk. . Gstd, skn cúvgcm,
cksknpkoem un brmock pmpkl om `drnulmâèd ck bmlcrmr   k sums mssdhgmâûks hdn hkrtms
`drnms rúoghms.

M kstruturm gotkrom, drckomâèd, odnkmâèd k hdotkúcd sgniølghd ckssks blg`ds sèd

tdtmlnkotk gnuoks ás hulturms nkcgtkrréokms. Kxgstk unm kstruturm prd`uocm níbghm quk
bdvkrom kssks `mtdrks. Kssm kstruturm prd`uocm krm ikn hdoekhgcm pklds smhkrcdtks k
nmbds cd hultd bkrnéoghd, k klks hugcmcdsmnkotk `drnulmrmn m gckdldbgm rúoghm k m
trmosngtgrmn mtrmvçs cms `rdotkgrms trgimgs mtrmvçs ck hmomgs hultghds prkkxgstkotks.
Mtrmvçs ckstm motgbm buglcm ck nkstrks cms ruoms, d sgstknm rúoghd `dg hmpmz ck nmotkr
un mltd oîvkl ck gotkbrgcmck gotkrom, mpksmr ck mtrmvkssmr gohdotívkgs lgoems trgimgs md
ldobd ck vírgds sçhulds. Jí od prgnkgrd sçhuld H.K.. Síhgtd ckshrkvk ms ruoms skocd
usmcms kn rgtds cgvgomtørgds tdtmlnkotk ckskovdlvgcds.

Nîtghmnkotk, ç mtrmvçs cd "Ckus cm Nmbgm", Dcgo, quk ds ckusks k ds ednkos

sèd hmpmzks ck rkhkikr smikcdrgm rúoghm. Dcgo ç d prgnkgrd skr m skr tdtmlnkotk goghgmcd
ods ngstçrgds rúoghds6 gstd ç, klk prgnkgrd kxtrmgu m smikcdrgm rúoghm cgrktmnkotk ck sum
`dotk k `drnuldu-m ckotrd ck sku skr ck tml nmokgrm quk klm puckssk skr hdnuoghmcm m
dutrds skrks. Qdrtmotd, ç mtrmvçs cm `drâm Dcgoghm quk ms ruoms pdckn skr pkrhkigcms
nkledr. Kstk ngtd goghgítghd ç rkprkskotmcd od Klckr, du Kccm pdçtghm, om núsghm
hemnmcm "Emvmnml": "ds cgtds ck Emr" (Emr: d Mltd > Dcgo). Ms kstrd`ks =85 k =87 ckstm
hmoâèd sèd:

―‗Ku skg,
quk ku pkocurkg om írvdrk md vkotd
tdcms ms odvk odgtks,
`krgcms pklm lmoâm k cmcms m Dcgo6
ck ngn pmrm ngn nksnd,
okssm írvdrk,
quk okoeun ednkn hdoekhk,
quk ms rmîzks sk klkvmn.
Klks oèd nk ckrmn pèd
okn ikikrmn od heg`rk,
Dlekg pmrm imgxd
Qkbukg ms ruoms
lkvkg-ms brgtmocd
Ku hmî ck lí.‗‗

Gssd ckshrkvk un prdhkssd ck goghgmâèd cd tgpd xmnmogstm, od quml d goghgmcd

pmssm pklds Odvk Nuocds cm Írvdrk cd Nuocd pmrm d rkgod ck Ekl (Ndrtk) k
ndnkotmokmnkotk kotrm kn sum ks`krm. Omquklk ndnkotd, d goghgmcd rkhkik tdcd d
hdrpd ck smikcdrgm rúoghm, k ç brmvmcd kn sku skr. Od gostmotk skbugotk, d goghgmcd
rktdrom m Ngcebmrcer hdn m smikcdrgm rúoghm pkrnmokotknkotk hdcghmcm k prdotm
pmrm usd k hdnuoghmâèd.

Egstørgm cms Yuoms

D sgstknm rúoghd pdck tkr sgcd tdtmlnkotk ckskovdlvgcd jí kn 911 MH. Ç hkrtd
quk ms prítghms níbghd-rklgbgdsms cd motgbd smhkrcøhgd bkrnéoghd `drmn mjucmcms pkld
usd ck nugtds sgbods rúoghds k / du prç-rúoghds, pdgs mgocm tknds kstks brmvmcds kn
pkcrm pdr tdcm m Kshmocgoívgm.

D kstíbgd gckdbríhd cd ckskovdlvgnkotd rúoghd ç d ikrâd cm nmbgm rúoghm.

Okssk prgnkgrd pkrîdcd, ds gckdbrmnms mpmrkhkrgmn gsdlmcds. Ldbd, od kotmotd, d sdn
níbghd k ms `ørnulms ounçrghms (bmlcrmr) hdnkâmrmn m skr prdcuzgcms, ms qumgs sk
ckstgomvmn m tkr k`kgtds níbghds pmrtghulmrks. Oèd nugtd ckpdgs ckssk ckskovdlvgnkotd,
ms ruoms kstmvmn skocd usmcms pmrm kshrkvkr od cgmlktd bkrnéoghd hdnun. Kn tdcds
kssks kstíbgds ck ckskovdlvgnkotd, ms hdosgckrmâûks níbghms krmn prgnírgms. Sdcds ds
três tgpds ck `drnulmâûks rúoghms - rkprkskotmâûks ck pmlmvrms gckdbríhms, sdodrms k
`doçtghms - hdotgoumrmn m skr usmcms lmcd m lmcd, k mssgn tdcds ds três ndcds sèd vílgcds
pmrm odssms prítghms rúoghms ndckroms. Kxknplds ckssks tgpds skrèd `drokhgcds k
gotkrprktmcds oms skâûks prítghms cd lgvrd. Yuoms `drmn kohdotrmcms kshulpgcms kn
nmckgrm, pkcrm, nktml k dssds. Go`klgznkotk, m brmock nmgdrgm cds tmlgsnès rúoghds `dg
trmimlemcm kn nmckgrm - quk, hlmrd, mpdcrkhku rmpgcmnkotk. Ç nugtd gnpdrtmotk
lknirmr quk ms ruoms omshkrmn ck unm trmcgâèd níbghm, oèd purmnkotk lgobuîstghm, k
quk kssm mssdhgmâèd níbghm ouohm ms ckgxdu.

Hdnd nkohgdomcd mhgnm, ms ruoms hdnkâmrmn m skr usmcms pmrm rkprkskotmr m

lîobum `doktghmnkotk ldbd ckpdgs quk ds pdvds bkrnéoghds kotrmrmn kn hdotmtd hdn ms
hulturms nkcgtkrréokms od skbuocd sçhuld CH. Ms goshrgâûks hdotgoumn m skr d prgohgpml
ndcd ck hrgmr ruoms. D nmgdr oúnkrd ck goshrgâûks rúoghms kstí kn ruoms, cms qumgs
mprdxgnmcmnkotk vgotk k hgohd hkotkoms sèd hdoekhgcms (eí un tdtml ck qumsk hgohd ngl
mrtk`mtds rúoghds md tdcd). Ms ruoms `drmn lkvmotmcms hdnd nmrhds smbrmcds k
nkndrgmgs kn tdcds ds pmîsks kshmocgomvds. Eí mtç nmrhds rúoghds hdotrdvkrsds ods
Kstmcds [ogcds. Yuoms nmrhmrmn d hmngoed cms rdtms hdnkrhgmgs oørcghms cm Kurdpm
Drgkotml pmrm m Brdkoléocgm k cd Hîrhuld Írtghd pmrm m Brçhgm k Hdostmotgodplm.

Kshrgtm k Mrtk
Mpkoms mlbuos kxknplds cgspkrsds ck ruoms dhdrrkn kn nmoushrgtds kshrgtds, k
pduhds cklks pmrkhkn tkr qumlqukr gotkoâèd níbghm, knidrm pdssmn skr rkkxds ck
prítghms níbghms. Ds pdknms rúoghds kohdotrmcds oms trmcgâûks mobld-smxóoghm k
kshmocgomvm sèd ck kxtrknm gnpdrtéohgm, k pmrtks cklks skrèd cgshutgcms sdi hkrtms
ruoms. D nmgs motgbd nmoushrgtd hdotkocd sînidlds rúoghds ç d Mikhkcmrgun
Odrcnmooghun, cd sçhuld 7 CH. D Hdckx Yuoghus ç un nmoushrgtd cgomnmrquês cd
sçhuld UGP kshrgtd gotkgrmnkotk kn ruoms6 hdotçn ms lkgs cm prdvîohgm ck Xhdogm. Od
pkrîdcd sukhd cm Bukrrm cds Srgotm Mods (=081-=08;), ms `drâms sukhms ck Bustmvus
Mcdlpeus usmrmn ms ruoms hdnd unm kspçhgk ck høcgbd pmrm hdo`uocgr m gotklgbêohgm
mustrîmhm.

Ms ruoms ck blg`d sèd `rkqükotknkotk kohdotrmcms gohdrpdrmcms kn goshrgâûks

rúoghms. D nmgs hdnun cklks ç d Seørsemnmrr (d nmrtkld ck Sedr) du `yl`dt kstk
sînidld rkprkskotm m `drâm níbghm cgoénghm cd Mksgr k d pdckr kxpldsgvd cd Seuockrkr.
M hruz, du m rdcm-bgrmtørgm, tmniçn ç hdnun m pmrtgr cm Gcmck cd Irdozk. Kstk
motgbd sînidld kurdpku hdnun `dg usmcd pmrm ckodtmr lubmrks smbrmcds k nmgs tmrck `dg
mcdtmcd pklds hrgstèds kn skus ks`drâds pmrm hdovkrtkr ms pkssdms quk d usmvmn. Nmgs
rkhkotknkotk, ç hlmrd, ds omzgstms rkvgvkrmn ms ruoms hdnd `krrmnkotms nmogpulmcdrms k
trmos`drnmrmn d Emfkofrkuz (bmohed-hruz) kn sku sînidld, k d Xheutz-stm``kl (XX)
mcdtdu unm ruom X kn cdird, , hdnd sum nmrhm gckotghmcdrm. Kstks últgnds sèd, kn
brmock nkcgcm, ckskquglgirmcds ckscdirmnkotds cms `drâms rúoghms.

Md dlemrnds kn vdltm edjk, mgocm pdcknds vkr `drnms rúoghms kn prdlg`krmâèd. D

"sînidld cm pmz", tèd prkvmlkotk ods mods sksskotm, kstí om `drnm cm ruom Wr cd
yduobkr @utemrf (unm `drnm mltkromtgvm cd kgewmz  k klemz   cd Klckr @utemrf). Ms
Mniuléohgms mbdrm hmrrkbmn unm ruom Embmll   mzul irglemotk (kn sum `drnm ck ruoms
odvms pmrm kshrgtms), quk gohlug mtç nksnd un sînidld cd hmcuhku (vkr Embmlmz , p. 8;).
Kstks k dutrds kxknplds cèd drgbkn md pkosmnkotd ck quk eí hkrtmnkotk mlbd
kndhgdomlnkotk gomtd okssms `drnms rúoghms quk sdik á supkr`îhgk rkpktgcmnkotk ‘ oèd
gnpdrtm d qumotd mlbuos tkotkn suprgng-lds hdn "rmzèd" kstçrgl.

M mrtk cm motgbm mrqugtkturm bkrnéoghm prkskrvm ms ruoms oms `drnms cd kstgld ck

hdostruâèd @mhewkrf (hmsms kn koxmgnkl), quk sk kspmledu pdr tdcd d nuocd (vkjm m
@gburm =.9). Drgbgomlnkotk, ms nmckgrms cd @mhewkrf `drmn hdldhmcms ck nmokgrm m
`drnmr m `drnm ck unm ruom. D sgboghmcd níbghd cgssd ç quk d pdckr rúoghd skrgm
kotèd trmosngtgcd pmrm d prçcgd k skus emigtmotks. Kssk hdstunk hdotgoudu mtç ds cgms
kn quk ds hdostrutdrks oèd smigmn nmgs pdr quk ms tíiums krmn hdldhmcms okssks
ndcds pmrtghulmrks - tdrodu-sk unm trmcgâèd sgnplks. Ds mbdrm hdoekhgcds "sgomgs
ekxmckhgnmgs edlmocksks" tmniçn sèd ckrgvmcds ck unm `dotk rúoghm.

@gburm =.9. Kxknplds ck glems rúoghms kohdotrmcms kn kcg`îhgds mlknèks.

Oms mrtks plístghms, kohdotrmnds d `mndsd kxknpld cd rgtuml ck Bmllkeus

ikikocd ods heg`rks ck durd. Okstks heg`rks kxgstkn burms eunmoms kn pdsturms
pmrtghulmrks quk sèd hkrtmnkotk rkprkskotmâûks ck sgomgs k ruoms igdløbghms. D kstgld
ckssms burms ç knprkbmcd okstk lgvrd pmrm rkprkskotmr ds vírgds rúomstðceur   (ás vkzks
hemnmcds ck "msmoms rúoghms"). Dutrd kxknpld nmgs dishurd ckssm prítghm ç d hemnmcd
Ekrrbdtt vdo Ikotekgn (Xkoedr Ckus ck Ikotekgn). Kstm hurgdsm pkâm ck kstmtuírgm ç
imskmcm kn un drgbgoml ck nmckgrm quk `dg trmzgcd pmrm m hgcmck ck Ikotekgn m pmrtgr
ck un ldhml prøxgnd. Ds irmâds cm burm sèd hurvmcds om `drnm cm ruom mobld-`rîsgm
(vkjm m ruom-S, Sgwmz pmrm
Sgwmz pmrm unm kxplghmâèd cd hdnplkxd sgniølghd kovdlvgcd mqug). M
rkhdostruâèd cm pkcrm rkhkiku kotèd un sgboghmcd hrgstèd6 od kotmotd, mtç edjk ç
usmcd hdnd un dijktd od quml jurmnkotds sdlkoks sèd jurmcds.

Egstdrghmnkotk, kxgstkn três motgbms hdcghmâûks cms ruoms kshrgtms:

d Klckr @utemrf (93 ruoms),

d mobld-smxèd du Lgoem `rîsgm (88 ruoms):

k d @utemrf Oørcghd (du Wduobkr @utemrf) (=0 ruoms):

Ds cdgs últgnds sèd ndcghmâûks cd prgnkgrd. Kssms ndcghmâûks dhdrrkrmn

ckotrd ck un hultd trmcghgdomlnkotk hdotrdlmcd ck mlbun tgpd ç ikn gocghmcd pklm
nmokgrm nktøcghm kn quk m drckn k ms hdrrkspdocêohgms cms ruoms `drmn nmotgcms.
Go`drnmâûks sdirk mlbunms ckssms hdrrkspdocêohgms pdckn skr kohdotrmcms om Smiklm
ck Hdrrkspdocêohgms, gnprkssm hdnd Mpêocghk C. Kstk lgvrd trmtm nmgs du nkods
kxhlusgvmnkotk cd sgstknm cd Klckr @utemrf, quk krm m rkbrm kotrk 911 MH. k 511 CH.
Od kotmotd, ds dutrds cdgs sgstknms tmniçn sèd vílgcds nmbghmnkotk. D Wduobkr
@utemrf hdnkâdu m skr ckskovdlvgcd od sçhuld PGG CH, k kssk ckskovdlvgnkotd `dg
hdohluîcd pdr vdltm ck 511 CH, koqumotd d @utedrf mobld-smxèd `dg hmpmz ck sdirkvgvkr
md prdhkssd ck hrgstgmogzmâèd mtç d sçhuld U CH. Kotrk tdcds ds vírgds sgstknms, ms
`drnms ck ruoms gocgvgcumgs k, kn nugtds hmsds, skus odnks `rkqükotknkotk skrgmn
mltkrmcds. Gssd ás vkzks ods d`krkhk vmlgdsms pgstms k hdrrkspdocêohgms á sum omturkzm
gotkrgdr. Nugtd ckssk hdoekhgnkotd skrí rkvklmcd oms skâûks sdirk ms ruoms gocgvgcumgs.
Kspkrm-sk quk d tmlkotdsd vgtfmr (Nmbm / `kgtghkgrm) sk gospgrk okssks dutrds sgstknms k
ckskovdlvm ds mgocm nmgs pmrm m prítghm cm níbghm
ní bghm ndckrom.

Nmrhms ck hmsms k Ekrílcghm

Om Gcmck Nçcgm k ckpdgs, od tkrrgtørgd bkrnéoghd hdotgokotml, ms ruoms `drmn
knpurrmcms pmrm d suisdld, dock kohdotrmrmn nmgdr kxprkssèd mtrmvçs ck vírgms mrtks
bríhms mtrgiuîcms á odirkzm k mds `mzkockgrds. Ms nmrhms cms hmsms sèd ndodbrmnms
sgniølghds du lgtkrmgs, `drnmcds m pmrtgr ck cums du nmgs ruoms, nugtms vkzks
kstglgstghmnkotk ndcghmcms. Kssms nmrhms ck hmsm `drmn usmcms hdnd gckotghmâèd ck
prdprgkcmck k, om Gcmck Nçcgm, `drmn goshrgtms kn dijktds ck prdprgkcmck ck ldrcks k
ednkos lgvrks. Kn hdotrmstk hdn hrgstms k irmsûks ck mrnms, m nmrhm cm hmsm pdckrgm skr
ckskoemcm skn hdr k hdn unm nèd oèd prmtghmcm. Knidrm m trmcgâèd k m `drnm cm
nmrhm cm hmsm tkoemn surbgcd cm mrtk ekrílcghm nmgs klmidrmcm, klm sk ckskovdlvku
skpmrmcmnkotk cklm, nms ckpdgs `dg rkgohdrpdrmcm md lmcd cm hrgstm. M nmrhm cm hmsm
tmniçn pdck skr usmcm hdnd mssgomturm, skbugocd d usd hdnd un ndodbrmnm.

Ck mhdrcd hdn Bugcd vdo Lgst, m egstørgm cms nmrhms ck hmsm ç un

ckskovdlvgnkotd ck três kstíbgds. Od prgnkgrd pkrîdcd, quk curdu mtç nkmcds cd
sçhuld UP, ms nmrhms mgocm krmn `drnmcms k gotkrprktmcms ck mhdrcd hdn ruoms k sgomgs
smbrmcds motgbds, k sku vmldr krm mltmnkotk sgniølghd k huîtghd. [n kxknpld cgssd ç
ndstrmcd om @gburm =.0.

@gburm =.0 Nmrhm ck hmsm mlknè gckdbríhm. M gotkrprktmâèd sgniølghm ckssm nmrhm
tkn ds cdgs kspgoeds cm vgcm k cm ndrtk - hdn d Nmrtkld ck Sedr kotrk klks. M lkgturm
ksdtçrghm ç: "Kotrk m vgcm k m ndrtk, nku pmtrgnóogd pdck munkotmr k prdspkrmr".

D skbuocd pkrîdcd egstørghd mirmobk d pkrîdcd kotrk nkmcds cd sçhuld UP k

nkmcds cd sçhuld UPGGG. Okssm krm, ms `drnms rúoghms cms lktrms quk hdnpuoemn d
sdirkodnk, du goghgmgs cd prgnkgrd k cd últgnd odnk, krmn sdlcmcms kn unm úoghm `drnm
(vkjm m @gburm =.2). Mqug pdck skr vgstd quk ms ruoms pkrckrmn sku vmldr sgniølghd nmgs
prd`uocd okstk pkrîdcd. Klks `drmn trmos`drnmcds, ck `drnms purmnkotk húltghms m
sînidlds `doçtghds usmcds pmrm kshrkvkr d odnk.

@gburm =.2 Nmrhm ck hmsm mlknè rúoghm. D odnk @YWCKL ç rktrmtmcd okstm
`drnm hdnpdstm.

Mpøs d skbuocd pkrîdcd egstørghd (cd cçhgnd qugotd md cçhgnd dgtmvd sçhuld), d
usd ck ruoms `dg mimocdomcd. Kshrgtm lmtgom `dg usmcm, bkrmlnkotk pmrm `drnmr ms goghgmgs
cd odnk ck unm pkssdm, hdnd ndstrmcd om @gburm G.5.

@gburm =.5 Nmrhm ck hmsm mlknè ndodbrí`ghm: kshrgtm lmtgom `drnmocd ms

goghgmgs cd odnk ck unm pkssdm

Ds sgomgs cds pkcrkgrds, ds sgomgs cds nkrhmcdrks k ds sgomgs cds skoedrks pdckn,
kn mlbuos hmsds, skr gotkrprktmcds ck mhdrcd hdn ms nksnms rkbrms quk bdvkromn m
`drnmâèd k m lkgturm cms nmrhms cms hmsms. M egstørgm ck três kstíbgds cms nmrhms ck
hmsms ç nmgs rkvklmcdrm qumotd á ckbkokrmâèd cd usd ck ruoms ods tknpds ndckrods,
nms md rk`mzkr d hmngoed cm ruom, d vgtfg (nmbd) pdck rkhupkrmr pmrtk cmqugld quk ck
dutrm `drnm tkrgm sgcd pkrcgcd.
 M mrtk ekrílcghm ç un tknm kxtrknmnkotk vmstd k kstí mlçn cd kshdpd ckstk lgvrd
lgcmr hdn sums gnplghmâûks rúoghms. Ckgxk-sk cgzkr sgnplks k prdvgsdrgmnkotk quk ms
ruoms pdckn skr kohdotrmcms om mrtk ekrílcghm ck cums nmokgrms:
=- klms pdckn skr gohdrpdrmcms od pmcrèd ck hdrks quk hdnpûk d kshucd ck
mrnms6 du
9- d hdohkgtd cm ruom pdck skr dhultmcd pdr unm `drnm du burm sgniølghm
cg`krkotk cm `drnm cd prøprgd sînidld rúoghd.

[nm odtm sdirk d tmró k ruoms

Mlbuos govkstgbmcdrks mlknèks ckstk sçhuld mcgvgoemrmn quk ms ruoms sèd, om
vkrcmck, m drgbkn cd sgstknm ck Smrdt cds Mrhmods Nmgdrks. Kstk prk`kgtd pdck oèd skr
vkrcmck - du pdck tkr emvgcd mlbun ndnkotd kn quk ds cdgs sgstknms kotrmrmn kn
hdotmtd. Ck qumlqukr `drnm, ms ruoms, ç hlmrd, tên un pmssmcd cdhunkotmcd quk
rkndotm nugtd nmgs cd quk m cdhunkotmâèd cd Smró. D Mpêocghk C `drokhk mlbunms
hdrrkspdocêohgms hdojkturmgs cd Smró, k ds hdnkotírgds sdirk ms ruoms gocgvgcumgs
dhmsgdomlnkotk mprkskotmn mlbuos pmrmlklds gotkrkssmotks. Nms hmik m hmcm vgtfg (nmbd)
gotkrkssmcd hekbmr m sums prøprgms hdohlusûks sdirk kstk mssuotd.

Qrítghms Yúoghms
Hdnd nkohgdomcd mhgnm, ms ruoms sèd kohdotrmcms kshulpgcms kn nmckgrm,
pkcrm, nktml k dssds. M nmckgrm ç hkrtmnkotk d nkgd prk`krgcd pmrm rktrmtmr ruoms ‘
kspkhgmlnkotk pmrm os níbghds. Qmlmvrms pmrm "pkcmâds ck nmckgrm" mssdhgmcds ás
ruoms sèd ounkrdsms. Srês kxknplds oørcghds motgbds ckssm hdokxèd skrgmn ms pmlmvrms
stm`r   (kstmocmrtk, lktrm, hdoekhgnkotd skhrktd), tkgoo 
tkgoo  (bmled, pmlmvrm tmlgsnéoghm pmrm
mcgvgoemâèd) k elutr  (ldtk
  (ldtk pmrm mcgvgoemâèd, dijktd tmlgsnéoghd ‘ od quml tmniçn krmn
kshulpgcms ruoms). Eí tmniçn mlbuos tmlgsnès ck pkcrm, nms ç hlmrd quk ms brmocks
pkcrms rúoghms pmrm os ck hkrgnøogm du hkrgnóogm `uokrírgm rkprkskotmn ms nmgs
ounkrdsms goshrgâûks rúoghms kn pkcrm. D nktml krm kxtrknmnkotk pdpulmr pmrm
prdpøsgtds tmlgsnéoghds. Ds irmhtkmtks (cgshds ods ck nktml goshrgtds hdn ruoms k vírgds
dutrds cksgbos) rkprkskotmn unm gnpdrtmotk trmcgâèd om prítghm ck ruoms níbghms.
Dutrds dijktds nmgs utglgtírgds `kgtds ck nktml (kspkhgmlnkotk kspmcms) tmniçn `drmn
goshrgtds hdn ruoms, m n ck leks hdo`krgr pdckrks níbghds kspkhgmgs, pmrm quk
pucksskn cksknpkoemr sum `uoâèd hdn nmgs cgstgoâèd - du prdtkbkr d usuírgd. Dijktds
øsskds tmniçn oèd sèd gohdnuos, k kstks bkrmlnkotk kstèd hdokhtmcds hdn prítghms
níbghms tmniçn. Ms ruoms `drmn kshulpgcms hdn pdotms ck `mhm du gostrunkotds
pdotgmbucds ckcghmcds á mrtk rúoghm.

[nm cms prítghms rúoghms nmgs gotkrkssmotks ç m ck kshdockr mgocm nmgs m `ørnulm
níbghm hdn høcgbds gotrghmcmnkotk klmidrmcds. Kssks høcgbds `drmn hrgmcds pmrm tdromr
ms nkosmbkos nmgs skhrktms - k, pdrtmotd, nmgs khmzks ck `drnm níbghm - k tmniçn
nkods prdpkosms m skrkn kotkocgcms pklds oèd goghgmcds. M imsk ck tdcds ds høcgbds
rúoghds ç d vmldr ounçrghd cms ruoms. M skâèd ckstk lgvrd quk trmtm cm nmbgm tmlgsnéoghm
mprd`uocmrí kssms trmcgâûks kn unm imsk prítghm.

Mnids ds `utemrfs ,Wduobkr k Klckr sèd cgvgcgcds kn três brupds hemnmcds àttgr 
(`mnîlgms). Ds `utemrfs rkprkskotmcds oms @gburms =.8-; kstèd cgvgcgcds kxmtmnkotk ckstm
nmokgrm. Mtrmvçs ckstk sgstknm, unm ruom pdck skr rkprkskotmcm pdr unm `ørnulm
ounçrghm cuplm. Qdr kxknpld, : [ : skrgm gocghmcd pklm `ørnulm =:9, pdrquk ç d prgnkgrd
àtt  k
  k m skbuocm ruom cm ksqukrcm. Kssk ç d prgohîpgd iísghd sdirk d quml ds høcgbds
rúoghds níbghds `uohgdomn. Ckvk-sk odtmr quk, od hmsd cd @utemrf nmgs odvd, unm
mltkrmâèd hurgdsm k uog`drnk om drckn cd àttgr   dhdrrku pmrm os ck høcgbds níbghds
(vkr @gburm =.7).

@gburm =.7. Drckn rúoghm hdcghmcm, mltkrmcm cm drckn "odrnml" cd Wduobkr @utemrf (@gburm =.3).

Kssks sgstknms rúoghds kogbnítghds `drmn nmgs ckskovdlvgcds od pkrîdcd cd

 Wduobkr @utemrf6 kotrktmotd, klks hkrtmnkotk krmn hdoekhgcds k usmcds od pkrîdcd
nmgs motgbd, jí quk motgbms rkprkskotmâûks cm lgoem nmgs vklem tmniçn sèd hlmrmnkotk
cgvgcgcms kn àttgr . Cdgs cds nmgs odtívkgs nçtdcds ck hrgmâèd ck høcgbds rúoghds
skhrktds sèd hdoekhgcds pklms ruoms ck rmnghmâèd ck odnks (DO fvgstrúomr ) k ruoms ck
tkocm (DO tjmlcrúomr ).). [n kxknpld cd nçtdcd cm ruom ck tkocm ç ndstrmcd om @gburm
=.=1.

@gburm =.=1. Nçtdcd ruoms ck tkocm, usmcd mqug pmrm sdlktrmr d odnk tedrvmlcr.

Kstks tjmlcruomr ckvkn skr lgcds od skotgcd edrírgd, hdnkâmocd á ksqukrcm.

Mssgn, unm `ørnulm ounçrghm ck =: 8, 8: 2, =: ;, =: 9, =: 3, 8: ;, 8: 5, 9: 2 mpmrkhk.
àt t    Skrhkgrd ruom lê , : ,: ,"te", kth.) D fvgstruomr   `uohgdom ck nmokgrm
(Qrgnkgrd àtt 
sgnglmr, kxhktd quk un pdck rktrmtmr unm úoghm ruom hdn un úoghd blg`d okstk sgstknm.
[n kxknpld rkprkskotmocd m `ørnulm níbghm kf vgtfg   (ku, d nmbd) mpmrkhk om @gburm
=.==. Ds trmâds á ksqukrcm cm vkrtghml gocghmn m lgoem k ds cm cgrkgtm rkvklmn m pdsgâèd
rúoghm. Odtk quk unm nucmoâm ck pmlmvrm om `ørnulm ç gocghmcm pklm cgrkâèd
mshkockotk du ckshkockotk
ckshkockotk cd hursd àttgr. D Xt. Bmll NX 921 cd sçhuld GU rktrmtm vírgds
dutrds sgstknms hrgptdbríhds ck kshrgtm ck ruoms.

@gburm =.==. Ymnd ck ruoms rkprkskotmocd m `ørnulm níbghm kf vgtfg (ku d nmbd).

Yuoms pdckn skr usmcms nmbghmnkotk ck vírgms `drnms. D nçtdcd nmgs hdnun
ck nmbgm rúoghm ods tknpds pmssmcds krm prdvmvklnkotk tmlgsnéoghd, gstd ç, ruoms krmn
goshrgtms kn vírgds dijktds k go`uocgcms hdn pdckr psîqughd m n ck k`ktumr mlbunm
nucmoâm od vgtfg (nmbd) du kn sku mnigkotk.
mnigkotk. [n kxknpld crmnítghd cgssd ç `drokhgcd
`drokhgcd
pklm Kbglssmbm, hmpîtuld 33, dock lknds quk d ekrøg, Kbgll, suspkgtm quk eí vkokod kn
unm ikigcm quk `dg cmcm m klk, kotèd klk mpuoemlm m pmlnm cm nèd, kshulpk ruoms cd
heg`rk ikikocd, k hdldrk ms `drnms rúoghms hdn d smobuk. D heg`rk kstglemâm k d vkokod
ug pmrm ldobk. Hkotkoms ck tmlgsnès rúoghds sdirkvgvkrmn. Edjk pdcknds kstucí-lms
pmrm ditkr unm hdnprkkosèd nmgs prd`uocm cms tçhoghms níbghms usmcms pmrm hrgí-lms. D
usd ck ruombmlcrmr  pdçtghd (kohmotmnkotds rúoghds) tmniçn krm imstmotk hdnun hdnd
nçtdcd. M Kccm Qdçtghm, ikn hdnd ounkrdsds mrtk`mtds rúoghds, `mlmn hdn m vdz ck
nugtds ckssks motgbds kohmotmnkotds rúoghds. M prítghm ck stmcembmlcr   (pdsturm níbghm
du kohmotmnkotd) ç kvgckohgmcm pklds heg`rks ck ikikr ck Bmllkeus, quk rktrmtmn unm
vmrgkcmck ck `ørnulms níbghms, mlbunms cklms oms `drnms ck burms eunmoøgcks kn
pdsturms rúoghms. Nmgs tmrck, ms pmcrûks gslmocksks hdornmn kstk usd: pdr kxknpld, d
kosgod cd ml`miktd m hrgmoâms pkqukoms, `mzkocd hdn quk klms mtgojmn unm pdsturm quk
sk mssknklek m unm lktrm. Sdcms kssms prítghms skrèd trmtmcms kn cktmleks om pmrtk
prítghm ckstk lgvrd.

Dutrd usd gnpdrtmotk cms ruoms, quk kstí `drm cd kshdpd cd prkskotk trmimled, ç
d cm mcgvgoemâèd. Ms `drnms rúoghms krmn `rkqukotknkotk kshulpgcms kn pkcmâds ck
nmckgrm, lmoâmcms sdirk un pmod irmohd k ckpdgs gotkrprktmcms ck mhdrcd hdn hrgtçrgds
rgbdrdsds. D egstdrgmcdr rdnmod Síhgtd rklmtm kssm prítghm kotrk ds mlknèks hdotgokotmgs
od prgnkgrd sçhuld CH.

Sdcds ds nçtdcds nkohgdomcds mhgnm sèd vílgcds k kxtrknmnkotk pdtkotks pmrm

os níbghds edjk kn cgm. Ms ruoms k ds sgomgs smbrmcds pdckn skr usmcds hdnd pdotds
`dhmgs pmrm m nmbgm k nkcgtmâèd kvdhmtørgm, ikn hdnd pmrm m mutd-trmosnutmâèd k m
hdnuoghmâèd nîstghm. Yuoms sèd kspkhgmlnkotk vmlgdsms kn dirms níbghms sdirk vgtørgm,
suhkssd, prdtkâèd, rksbmtk ck rkstrgâûks, mndr k bmoed ck smikcdrgm.

D Ykomshgnkotd Yúoghd

Knidrm nugtms prítghms rúoghms, k nugtms dutrms trmcgâûks rúoghms, hdotgoumsskn

kn unm googcmck ck `drnms nugtd ckpdgs cm hekbmcm cd hrgstgmogsnd, m trmosngssèd
sgstknítghm cm trmcgâèd smbrmcm cms ruoms pkrtkohkotks md motgbd vgtfmr k krgldz 
lkotmnkotk cksmpmrkhku. Od sçhuld UGU, mpkoms ds idlsûks cgspkrsds ck "hmotdrks ck
ruoms" pkrnmokhgmn oms írkms nmgs rkndtms cm Kshmocgoívgm. Od kotmotd, ds ngstçrgds
rúoghds sèd rkmlnkotk mlbd gocîbkom pmrm ds kus nmgs gotkrods ck nugtds nknirds cms
trgids bkrnéoghms, k kssm "trmcgâèd rúoghm gotkrom" ouohm pdckrgm skr tdtmlnkotk
klgngomcm - mpkoms rkhudu pmrm ds mirgbds nmgs îotgnds cm mlnm eunmom, kspkrmocd pmrm
rkomshkr . Mssgn hdnd ds ckusks k ednkos sk rktgrmn pmrm ndrmcms ods rkhkssds ck
 Wbbcrmsgll pmrm sdirkvgvkr mds pdckrks ckstrutgvds lgikrmcds od Ymbomrðf, ms ruoms
tmniçn sk kshdockrmn ods pmcrûks ck hdoshgêohgm, mbumrcmocd d ndnkotd kn quk
pdckrgmn rkomshkr kn un nuocd edspgtmlkgrd. quk vdltmrgm m hdoekhkr sku
hdoekhgnkotd. Hdnd lknds od Kccgh "Pðluspí" (kstrd`k ;7) sdirk d nuocd rkodvmcd
ckpdgs ck Ymbomrðf:

Nmgs unm vkz d Àsgr sk kohdotrm

kn Gcem-plmgo,
k `mlmr cm pdckrdsm
Xkrpkotk ck Ngcbmrc,
k odvmnkotk lknirmr-sk
d pdckrdsd cksbrmâm cd nuocd
k @gniultþr's (> Dcgo)
ms ruoms nmgs motgbms

D prdhkssd ck rkomshgnkotd cms ruoms oèd `dg skn cdr k smobuk. Mtç mbdrm,
pmrkhk quk ds rkhkptíhulds mgocm oèd kstmvmn mptds m rkhkikr m gotkbrgcmck cd pdckr
rúoghd, pdrquk kssks vmsds mgocm hdotgoemn vgoed `kgtd ck `rutms kstrmobkgrms. Lîckrks cm
prgnkgrm nktmck cd rkomshgnkotd rúoghd mgocm hdotgoemn nugtms cms odâûks k
prkhdohkgtds cd nuocd hrgstèd kn quk sk kohdotrmvmn k, om nmgdrgm cds hmsds, oèd
hdoskbugmn mimocdomr kssms odâûks. Qdr gssd, nugtms vkzks gohdrpdrmrmn kssms gcçgms
kn skus sgstknms rúoghds. Ás vkzks gssd `dg `kgtd hdn edokstgcmck, nms kn mlbuos hmsds
`dg `kgtd hdn d kspîrgtd ck nmogpulmâèd nmlghgdsm cds sînidlds smbrmcds.

Od mlvdrkhkr cd sçhuld UU, d nîstghd pmo-bkrnéoghd Bugcd vdo Lgst rkhkiku unm
goghgmâèd rúoghm kspdotéokm kn quk ds "skbrkcds cms ruoms" `drmn rkvklmcds m klk
koqumotd klk kstmvm ckgtmcd om kshurgcèd, hdn ds dleds ko`mgxmcds pdr vírgds nksks
n ksks pdr
hmusm ck unm dpkrmâèd ck hmtmrmtm. Cmquklm çpdhm kn =719 mtç sum ndrtk kn =7=7,
Lgst trmimledu pmrm m rkstmurmâèd cd quk klk hemndu ck " Mrnmokotun".
Mrnmokotun". Klk `drndu m
Bugcd-vdo-Lgst-Bkskllshem`t (Bugcd vdo Lgst Xdhgkty) pmrm mpdgmr sums govkstgbmâûks, k d
Mrnmoko Drcko 
Drcko  pmrm rkmlgzmr ms `uoâûks ksdtçrghms ckssm sdhgkcmck. Ds dijktgvds cm Lgst
`rkqukotknkotk krmn ck omturkzm pdlîtghm (hdnd m uoghmâèd ck sum Íustrgm omtml k cm
Mlknmoem) k sums tkdrgms imskmvmn-sk, kn hkrtm nkcgcm, od cdbnm motg-skngtm cm
çpdhm. Od kotmotd, sèd sums tkdrgms rúoghms quk ods gotkrkssmn mqug. Lgst ckskovdlvku
un sgstknm rúoghd níbghd ck ckzdgtd ruoms {quk hemnmrknds ck sgstknm ck Mrnmoko}.
Mrnmoko}.
Gstd `dg imskmcd uoghmnkotk om mutdrgcmck tkxtuml cd hmoâèd rúoghm cm kccm skhulmr
"Eívmníl".

Knidrm Lgst ouohm tkoem kshrgtd sdirk ms prítghms rúoghms níbghms knprkbmcms
pklm Drckn Mrnmoko,
Mrnmoko, d prgnkgrd lgvrd quk klk prdcuzgu mpøs sum "goghgmâèd rúoghm" `dg
gotgtulmcd Cms Bkekgnogs ckr Yuoko 
Yuoko   (D Xkbrkcd cms Yuoms), quk ksidâdu sum
gotkrprktmâèd cms ckzdgtd ruoms rktrmtmcms okstk pdknm çcghd, ikn hdnd skus
pkosmnkotds sdirk unm mnplm bmnm ck tknms ksdtçrghds pkrtgokotks. Kstk `dg d
prgnkgrd ck unm sçrgk ck trmimleds puilghmcds kotrk =713 k sum ndrtk kn =7=7. M lgstm
sustkotmvm quk d sgstknm ck ckzdgtd ruoms krm d "prgngtgvd", knidrm oèd eduvkssk
dutrms prdvms mlçn cd "Emvmnml" pmrm mpdgmr sum mrnmâèd. M `drâm pkssdml ck Lgst k m
ck sku kxtkosd k goukotk Mrnmoko Drcko
Drcko `dg hmpmz ck ndlcmr ms tkdrgms rúoghms cds
nmbds mlknèks (knidrm oèd okhkssmrgmnkotk sums tkdrgms pdlîtghms) cmquklm çpdhm mtç
ds cgms mtumgs.

Ds kosgomnkotds rúoghds ck Lgst `drmn pdstkrgdrnkotk gohdrpdrmcds md rmhgstm

Bkrnmoko Drcko,
Drcko, quk `dg un cds prkhursdrks ksdtçrghds cd ndvgnkotd omhgdoml-
sdhgmlgstm om Mlknmoem. Xums gcçgms tmniçn `drmn ckskovdlvgcms, k mtç hkrtd pdotd
puilghmcms, pdr cdgs nmbds, Xgkb`rgkc Mcdl` Funnkr k @rgkcrghe Ikroemrc Nmriy, quk
ckskovdlvkrmn un sgstknm ck "ydbm rúoghm" k bgoístghm quk ç cgbod ck kstucd. Funnkr
k Nmriy sèd kxtrknmnkotk gnpdrtmotks, pdgs ç hdn sums puilghmâûks k kxpkrgnkotds
quk ms `uocmâûks ck un sgstknm prítghd k trmcghgdoml pdckn skr kstmiklkhgcms. Nms sums
gcçgms bkrmlnkotk skbugmn ms cm Lgst k oèd krmn nugtd trmcghgdomgs od quk cgz rkspkgtd
ás ruoms. Klks nmotgvkrmn d sgstknm ck Mrnmoko k rk`drâmrmn mgocm nmgs sums gcçgms
rmhgstms, hdnd `kz dutrd kstucmotk, Yucdl` Jdeo Bdrslkiko. M dirm egstørghm ck
Bdrslkiko Cgk Edhe-Zkgt ckr Nkosheekgt   (D Zkogte cm Eunmogcmck) ç unm kodrnk
hdnpglmâèd ck lkocms imskmcms od sgstknm Mrnmoko. D goghgd cds mods trgotm pmrkhkn
skr d hrkpúshuld cd prgnkgrd ndvgnkotd
n dvgnkotd rúoghd ksdtçrghd.

D mod ck =788 nmrhm d goîhgd cd pkrîdcd omzgstm k, kn =78;, d Meokokrik

(gostgtutd ck ekrmoâm mohkstrml) `dg `drnmcd pdr Ekgorghe Egnnlkr kn tdrod cms gcçgms cd
prd`kssdr Ekrnmoo Rgrte, kotrk dutrds. Ms ruoms `drnmrmn unm pmrtk gnpdrtmotk cd
pkosmnkotd ck Rgrte, nms oèd tknds nugtds kxknplds ck mplghmâûks prítghms ck sums
gcçgms. Curmotk d rkbgnk omzgstm tdcms ms hdgsms "bkrnéoghms" `drmn ndiglgzmcms k
pkrvkrtgcms pmrm os nmogpulmcdrks. Ms `drâms rúoghms `drmn usmcms nugtd nkods cd quk
mlbuos pdckn ods `mzkr mhrkcgtmr. D Meokokrik k d Sdtkofdp` Drcko 
Drcko  zkrmn usd nmgs
prítghd cms tçhoghms k gcçgms jucmghd-hrgstès k nmogqukîstms kn sums trmcgâûks níbghms k
prgohîpgds drbmogzmhgdomgs. M gckdldbgm cd kx-ndobk hgstkrhgkosk Jdrb Lmoz vdo
Lgkiko`kls, gohdrpdrmcm kn sum Drcko cks Okuko Sknpk 
Sknpk   / s (DOS), `dg m nmgs goukotk
okssk skotgcd. [nm irkvk dlemcm kn un lgvrd sdirk m motgbm hulturm k rklgbgèd
kshmocgomvm k bkrnéoghm ndstrmrí d kodrnk brmu kn quk ds omzgstms pkrvkrtkrmn ds
sgstknms gbumlgtírgds cds motgbds kn un ksquknm tdtmlgtírgd. Gssd `dg `kgtd imsghmnkotk
mtrmvçs cm "tçhoghm ck hmnumbkn hrgstè"6 gstd ç, mssgn hdnd ds kvmobklgstms hrgstèds
knprkbmrgmn motgbds sînidlds pmbèds (hdnd m hruz) pmrm hdovkrtkr ds pmbèds k
brmcumlnkotk go`uocgr kssks sînidlds vkokrívkgs hdn unm sgboghmâèd hdotrírgm, ds
omzgstms tmniçn knprkbmvmn d vkled sgnidlgsnd bkrnéoghd (quk krm nugtd pdpulmr
omquklk tknpd) k go`uocg-ld hdn hdohkgtds oèd-bkrnéoghds pmrm os nmogpulmtgvds.
Yuoms k sgomgs smbrmcds krmn miuocmotks od sgnidlgsnd knprkbmcd pkld pmrtgcd
omzgstm, nms oèd kstí ckotrd cd kshdpd ckstk trmimled nkrbulemr okstk mspkhtd cm
egstørgm.

D usd prítghd cms ruoms hdnd un sgstknm ck nmbgm hdotrdlmcd pkld kstmcd) k d
ckskovdlvgnkotd pkssdml prmtghmnkotk cksmpmrkhku du `dg hdocuzgcd md suisdld
curmotk d pkrîdcd omzgstm. Ckpdgs cm bukrrm, d sgstknm ck Mrnmoko `dg rkvgvgcd k
"rk`drnmcd" pkld níbghd mlknèd Fmrl Xpgksikrbkr. Xpgksikrbkr ç un dhultgstm
"khlçtghd" mnplmnkotk qumlghmcd quk ç mutdr ck lgvrds om trmcgâèd ekrnçtghm k rúoghm.
Xums cums prgohgpmgs dirms sdirk tknms rúoghds sèd Yuokonmbgk 
Yuokonmbgk  (Yúoghd Níbghd) k
Yuokokxkrzgtgko `ür Jkckrnmoo (Kxkrhîhgds Yúoghds pmrm Sdcds). Okssks lgvrds,
Xpgksikrbkr sgotktgzm d trmimled ck tdcds ds níbghds k kspkhgmlgstms rúoghds mlknèks quk
d prkhkckrmn, ckotrd ck unm kstruturm pmosøhm. Knidrm klgngok tdcds ds klknkotds
rmhgstms k vðlfgshe, klk nmotçn d sgstknm ck ruoms ck Mrnmoko,
Mrnmoko, quk kn =7;; sk tdrodu
qumsk "trmcghgdoml" ods hîrhulds mlknèks! Kssk sgstknm ck ckzdgtd ruoms `drnm un
sgstknm níbghd vílgcd k `uohgdoml, k d prkskotk trmimled od(s) sgstknm(s) trmcghgdoml(mgs)
rúoghd(s) ckvk nugtd á pksqugsm k á sîotksk cm Xpgksikrbkr.

Sèd vmlgdsd qumotd d trmimled ck Xpgksikrbkr, mgocm quk oèd krm unm `drnm
trmcghgdoml. Qdrtmotd, kn hkrtm nkcgcm, ç hdrtmcd cds pdckrks gomtds mcdrnkhgcds oms
motgbms ruoms k sku sgstknm. Hdosgckrmocd quk d sgstknm ck Mrnmoko tkn unm trmcgâèd
quk cmtm sdnkotk ck mprdxgnmcmnkotk =713, m kvgcêohgm ruoghm nmgs vklem cmtm
mprdxgnmcmnkotk nmgs ck cdgs ngl mods motks. Ds cdhunkotds cms çpdhms Pgfgob k prç-
 Pgfgob ods cèd mnplms pgstms sdirk hdnd ms ruoms `drmn usmcms, nms Xpgksikrbkr ç
`drâmcd m okblgbkohgmr brmock pmrtk ckstk nmtkrgml pdrquk ç d prdcutd ck un sgstknm
drbéoghd cg`krkotk. Xmiknds quk ms trmcgâûks nmgs motgbms `uohgdomrmn k `uohgdomrmn
pdr hkotkoms ck mods, kn hultds ikn ckskovdlvgcds. Qdrtmotd, ç hkrtmnkotk nmgs
prdvkgtdsd ckstrmvmr ds motgbds ndotks ck tksdurd rúoghds quk mrnmzkomrmn d tksdurd
ck smikcdrgm rúoghm md ldobd cds nglêogds pmssmcds. Nms pmrm `mzkr gssd, ms hemvks
psîqughms `drokhgcms pkld trmimled tçhoghd pgdokgrd `kgtd pklds níbghds ndckrods oms
trmcgâûks ck Mrnmoko sèd kxtrknmnkotk útkgs.
 Hdlktéokm ck Yuoms Srmcghgdoml k Msmtru
Ds sgstknms rúoghds trmcghgdomgs sèd imskmcds kn qumlqukr un cds três `utemrfs
motgbds ndstrmcds oms @gburms =.8, =.3 k =.;. D sgstknm níbghd k m hdsndldbgm mqug
mprkskotmcds sèd kohdotrmcds od Klckr @utemrf ck vgotk k qumtrd sgbods. D
rkomshgnkotd ckssk hdoekhgnkotd imskgm-sk ounm sîotksk cms hgêohgms eunmoms cm
rklgbgèd hdnpmrmcm, motrdpdldbgm, mrqukdldbgm k lgobuîstghm (hdoekhgcms hdlktgvmnkotk
hdnd pmlkdotdldbgm lgobuîstghm) k cds nçtdcds cm nmbgm. Kssm vgsèd edlîstghm = tmniçn
gohdrpdrm ms hgêohgms omturmgs. Mssgn, ds nçtdcds cd hdoekhgnkotd trmcghgdoml ck ruoms
sèd `uocmcds od quk ç hdoekhgcd ck un sgstknm níbghd quk `dg ckskovdlvgcd ods
tknpds pmssmcds. Ds nkstrk-cms-ruoms skhulmrks mgocm ods `mlmn mtrmvçs ck sums ruoms k
mtrmvçs cms ruoms nkotmgs (DO eubrúomr ) quk rkprkskotmn kn odssms hdoshgêohgms. Kstk
sgstknm níbghd `dg, od kotmotd, mpkoms pmrtk ck un pmcrèd hdsndløbghd nugtd nmgdr
quk kobldimvm tdcds ds nuocds hdoekhgcds k ckshdoekhgcds. Qmrm ms motgbms trgids
tkutóoghms, nmbgm, rklgbgèd k drbmogzmâèd sdhgml, gohlugocd m lkg, krmn kxprkssûks cm
nksnm `drâm cgvgom iísghm. Qdrtmotd, pmrm quk ms `drnms níbghms trmcghgdomgs skjmn
vkrcmckgrmnkotk rkomshgcms kn Ngcbmrcer, unm knimrhmâèd pmrm kssm hdohkpâèd
edlîstghm prkhgsdu prgnkgrd skr outrgcm.

Hdn d mlvdrkhkr cm dgtmvm cçhmcm ckstk sçhuld, un vkotd cd odrtk sdprdu pkld
nuocd, pkrngtgocd quk ms vkokrívkgs `drnms ck nmbgm, rklgbgèd k lkg sk ckskovdlvksskn
odvmnkotk kn unm rkmlgcmck sgohrçtghm. Kn =0 ck nmgd ck =728, d Ísmtrúmrnkoo
(mquklks quk mhrkcgtmn du hdomn od àsgr ) `dg `uocmcm om Gsléocgm pdr Xvkgoijdro
Ikgotkgossdo. Knidrm eduvkssk prkhursdrks ckssk kvkotd od goîhgd cm cçhmcm, klk
rkprkskotmvm d okxd hrgstmlgzmcdr cd ndvgnkotd quk pmssdu m skr hdoekhgcd hdnd
Msmtru (m `ç cd àsgr) du Dcgogsnd. Mtumlnkotk, três brmocks brupds pmrkhkn `dnkotmr
kssm vgsèd sgohrçtghm: d Msmtrumrnkoo om Gsléocgm, m Mssknilçgm Lgvrk ck Msmtru om
Hmlg`ørogm k d Ygtd Dcîoghd om Goblmtkrrm.

Sdcds kssks brupds nmotên unm gockpkocêohgm smucívkl un cd dutrd - unm

gockpkocêohgm quk ç gbumlmcm pkld rkspkgtd nútud k pklm hddpkrmâèd nútum. Kssms
drbmogzmâûks sèd prgohgpmlnkotk "rklgbgdsms" om drgkotmâèd6 tdcds ds prgohîpgds ckstm
odirk `ç sèd nugtd hdnplkxds pmrm kotrmr okstk trmimled. Mlçn cgssd, sum `mltm bkrml ck
cdbnmtgsnd cksmm unm rípgcm sgodpsk, k qumlqukr tkotmtgvm ck `mzkr gssd mpkoms
prkjucghmrgm m odtívkl mnplgtuck ck kxprkssèd k kxpkrgêohgm rklgbgdsm kohdotrmcm ods
pkrînktrds ck Msmtru. Od kotmotd, cgbmnds quk m khgêohgm cd sgstknm níbghd mqug
mprkskotmcd sø pdck skr munkotmcm pklm hdnprkkosèd k mcksèd mds prgohîpgds

=- D usd cd tkrnd "edlîstghd" nkrkhk mlbun hdnkotírgd mqug. Ç gotkrkssmotk odtmr quk m
gcçgm bkrnéoghm ck "smotd" ç gcêotghm áquklm gohdrpdrmcm kn "edlîstghm"6 du skjm, m
gotkbrgcmck, hdnplktuck k uogcmck ck tdcds ds rkgods, lkvmocd md ikn-kstmr. Ms
pmlmvrms goblksms “Edly„ (smotd), "emlk" (Xèd) k “Redlk„ (Sdcd) ckrgvmn cm nksnm rmgz:
*fmgld- (tdcd, oèd `krgcd, ck idn mubúrgd).
edlîstghds ckstm `ç, unm vkz quk kstk ç d tgpd ck mtnds`krm om quml d hdoekhgnkotd
rúoghd `dg prmtghmcd pklm prgnkgrm vkz.

Kxgstk unm kspçhgk ck "drckn rúoghm" hemnmcm Yúombglcg   (Buglcm cm ruom) quk ç
hdnpdstm ck nknirds cm Mssknilkgm Lgvrk ck Msmtru k cd Ygtd Dcgoghd om Goblmtkrrm.
Kstm buglcm ç ckcghmcm md kosgod cd d`îhgd rúoghd k m un prdbrmnm ck ckskovdlvgnkotd
níbghd goghgítghd ckotrd ck Ísmtrú k ck mhdrcd hdn d hdoekhgnkotd trmcghgdoml ck
ruoms.
 HDOEKHGNKOSD CD KLCKY @[SEMYF

Okstk hmpîtuld, quk hdosgstk kn vgotk k qumtrd skâûks, hmcm skâèd ç unm tkotmtgvm
sgstknítghm ck trmosngtgr md hdrpd cmquklk quk hkrhm ms ruoms cd Klckr @utemrf. Ms
go`drnmâûks hdotgcms okssms skâûks pdckn skr mplghmcms cgrktmnkotk á prítghm níbghm, k
d kotkocgnkotd gotklkhtuml rksultmotk cgssd skrvgrí pmrm munkotmr m prd`uocgcmck cm
kxpkrgêohgm rgtuml. Dutrms mnplghmâûks ckstk hdoekhgnkotd rúoghd pdckn skr ditgcms
oms tmiklms ck hdrrkspdocêohgms gnprkssms od Mpêocghk C.

Hmcm skâèd ç kohmikâmcm pklm `drnm rúoghm pmcrèd kxknplghmcm pklm nmgdrgm
cms goshrgâûks rúoghms om lgoem nmgs motgbm juotd hdn sku vmldr ounçrghd. Ds odnks cms
ruoms kn prdtd-bkrnéoghd (un mohkstrml hdnun rkhdostgtuîcd ck tdcms ms lîobums
bkrnéoghms), bøtghd, goblês motgbd k oørcghd motgbd sèd `drokhgcds, juotmnkotk hdn sums
trmcuâûks pmrm d goblês ndckrod. @drnms mltkromtgvms cm ruom kohdotrmcms kn vírgms
goshrgâûks tmniçn sèd cmcms, skbugcms pkld vmldr `doçtghd cm ruom. Kstm tmiklm
prklgngomr hdohlug hdn unm gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd(s) odnk(s) k unm gotkrprktmâèd
gckdbríhm cm `drnm rúoghm. D hdrpd cd hdnkotírgd rúoghd `drokhk nmtkrgml ngtdløbghd k
hdsndløbghd, ikn hdnd níbghd, rklkvmotk pmrm m hdnprkkosèd cd ngstçrgd kohmromcd
pklm ruom kn qukstèd. Kstks hdnkotírgds ckvkn skr mpkoms pmrhgmgs, koqumotd tdhmn
ods prgohgpmgs mspkhtds cd ngstçrgd. Klks ckvkn skrvgr hdnd nmtkrgml pmrm nkcgtmâèd k
kstînuld pmrm hdotgoumr d trmimled ck tdcds ds vgtfmr. [nm sgodpsk cm gotkrprktmâèd ç
cmcm hdnd un brupd ck pmlmvrms-hemvk quk skrvkn hdnd rkhgpgkotks mckqumcds pmrm d
hdoekhgnkotd nmgs mnpld.

Ms últgnms três cgvgsûks ck hmcm skâèd hdosgstkn kn nmtkrgml nmgs tçhoghd. D

bmlcr  ç
  ç m `drnm rmgz cd kohmotmnkotd (du, sk prk`krgr, nmotrm), quk ç m pkrsdoghmâèd
vgirmtørgm cm ruom. Kstm `ørnulm ç gokstgnívkl pmrm m ruom vgtfg hdnd unm `krrmnkotm kn
tdcms ms `msks cm ruom níbghm, k juotmnkotk hdn m `drnm, ç d prgohgpml nkgd mtrmvçs cd
quml m `drâm rúoghm kohdotrm kxprkssèd. Kstms `ørnulms sèd nugtd kxîvkgs k ckvkn skr
dijktd ck kxtkosgvm kxpkrgnkotmâèd pdr hmcm vgtfg. Qdr hmusm cm lgngtmâèd cd kspmâd, m
hdnplkxm bmlcrmr   pdçtghm cm trmcgâèd oørcghm pdck oèd skr goskrgcm mqug. Ms `ørnulms
sdodrms sgnplks sèd ms nmgs iísghms k, pdrtmotd, tmlvkz nmgs útkgs od trmimled rgtuml
mutdckskoemcd. D stðceur (
stðceur  ( sb. Xtmcem)
Xtmcem) mprkskotmcd okstms skâûks ç imskmcd ods
nçtdcds ck X.M. Funnkr k @.I. Nmriy, klks sèd imstmotk khmzks k `drokhkn un ndcd
pdckrdsd ck lgtkrmlnkotk gohdrpdrmr d pdckr rúoghd od hdrpd cd vgtfg, `mhglgtmocd mssgn m
mssgnglmâèd du prdjkâèd ckssms `drâms smbrmcms. M cgvgsèd oml cgz rkspkgtd mds vírgds
usds ck hmcm ruom gocgvgcuml pmrm os níbghds du nîstghds. D hdoekhgnkotd ck ruoms
gocgvgcumgs ç m imsk cd dhgd cms ruoms, m pmrtgr cd quml sums gotkrmâûks hdnplkxms
surbkn. Nms ckvk skr ko`mtgzmcd quk gssd ç "mikrtd". Qmrm vgtfmr tmlkotdsd k ckcghmcd,
oèd eí lgngtk pmrm m hdrrkspdocêohgm quk pdck skr gotkbrmcm unm vkz quk ds
`uocmnkotds tkoemn sgcd cdngomcds k unm hdnprkkosèd cds hdotkxtds rklmtgvds ck
pdckr ck hmcm ruom ckotrd cd pmrmcgbnm ck `utemrf tkoem sgcd mlhmoâmcm.
=

Odnks: BNH `keú:

`keú: prdprgkcmck nøvkl, bmcd
BD `mîeu:
`mîeu: bmcd, prdprgkcmck nøvkl
DK `dke:
`dke: bmcd, cgoekgrd
DO `ç:
`ç: bmcd, cgoekgrd

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: '`'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: prdprgkcmck nøvkl6 pdckr.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: ds heg`rks cd bmcd idvgod.

HDNKOSÍYGD
@keu ç m kokrbgm mrquktîpghm cd ndvgnkotd k kxpmosèd od nultgvkrsd. Ç m `drâm
quk ug ck Nuspkllsekgnr, m `dotk cd `dbd høsnghd, m pmrtgr cm quml Ngcbmrcer `dg
prdcuzgcd (vkr ruom-G / Gsm 
Gsm  ). M ruom-@ / @keu ç d pdckr tdcd mirmobkotk k dogprkskotk
sgnidlgzmcd pkld rkimoed idvgod kn hmrbm k pdr gohêocgds drkstmgs. D `dbd høsnghd ck
Nuspkllsekgnr ç gostrunkotml om hrgmâèd cd nuocd, nms ç tmniçn d prgohgpml mbkotk
kn sum ckstrugâèd od Ymbomrðf. D bgbmotk cd `dbd, Xurtr, kspmlem ms hemnms cm
ckstrugâèd pkld nuocd, ckstrugocd mssgn tdcds ds ckusks k ednkos quk sdirkvgvkrèd
du rkomshkrèd od nuocd rkodvmcd om plmoîhgk ck Gcem (m plmoîhgk irglemotk). Ckvk skr
lknirmcd quk @keu oèd
@keu  oèd ç d pdckr gocg`krkohgmcd cd `dbd høsnghd ck Nuspkllsekgnr,
nms sgn d ngstçrgd ck sku ktkrod trmimled kngokotknkotk kn tdcd d nultgvkrsd.

Kstm ruom bdvkrom m `drâm iísghm cm `krtglgcmck.

M ruom-@ / @keu 
@keu  hdotçn d ngstçrgd cm hrgmâèd k cm ckstrugâèd k d `uohgdomnkotd
emrndogdsd ckssks cdgs kxtrknds, d quk lkvm á `drâm kvdlutgvm cgoénghm. @keu 
@keu  ç m ruom
cd ktkrod trmos`drnmr-sk. Juotmnkotk hdn vírgms dutrms ruoms, gssd ckshrkvk d prdhkssd
smbrmcd ck: omshgnkotd ‘ vgcm ‘ ndrtk ‘ rkomshgnkotd,
rkomshgnkotd, du d prdhkssd: klkvmr-sk ‘ skr /
tdromr ‘ pmssmr ‘ trmos`drnmr kn cgrkâèd m un odvd surbgnkotd. Nmgs kspkhghmnkotk,
@keu 
@keu ç m `drâm mrquktîpghm quk cí înpktd m kssk prdhkssd ktkrod.

@keu 
@keu   ç m kssêohgm cd pdckr nøvkl. Gstd ç kvgckotk m pmrtgr cd sgboghmcd nmgs
nuocmod ck sku odnk: "cgoekgrd" du "bmcd" (hdotrmstk hdn m ruom-D / Dtemlm 
Dtemlm  ). Kstm
pmlmvrm rmgz drgbgomlnkotk sgboghm rgqukzm nøvkl du prdprgkcmck, kotèd `dg mokxmcm md
hdohkgtd ck bmcd, quk krm m prgohgpml `drnm nøvkl ck prdprgkcmck hdoekhgcm pklds
pdvds bkrnéoghds nmgs motgbds. Nmgs tmrck, kssk tkrnd `dg usmcd pmrm "cgoekgrd", cmî m
pmlmvrm goblksm ndckrom "`kk
" `kk".
".
Xdnmocd tucd, m Yuom‘@ / @keu ckok unm `drnm nøvkl ck pdckr. Od rkgod
psghd-níbghd, kssk hdohkgtd ck `drâm nøvkl kstí gotgnmnkotk lgbmcd á vklem gcçgm
bkrnéoghm cm emngobjm.
emngobjm. Kstk ç un mspkhtd cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd quk pdck skr
nkledr ckshrgtd hdnd un pdckr níbghd nøvkl k trmos`krîvkl. D emngobjm emngobjm  (quk nugtms
vkzks ç trmcuzgcd pdr hdohkgtds hdnd "sdrtk" k mtç nksnd "kspîrgtd bumrcgèd") pdck
skr kovgmcd ck un gocgvîcud ck unm nmokgrm sknklemotk áquklm cd "hdrpd mstrml" kn
dutrms trmcgâûks. @keu 
@keu  ç m `drâm kxpmosgvm cgrgbgcm quk `mhglgtm m prdjkâèd ck kotgcmcks
cm mlnm k pdckr níbghd ck pkssdm pmrm pkssdm, du ck unm pkssdm pmrm un dijktd.

@rkqükotknkotk, d pdckr cm Yuom-@ / @keu sk nmog`kstm om ngtdldbgm hdnd un

irgled sdirkomturml kn tdrod ck ndotks k hdlgoms, du mtç nksnd hdnd
hd nd un mokl ck `dbd.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm nøvkl
Kokrbgm, `krtglgcmck
Hrgmâèd / ckstrugâèd
(Sdromr-sk)

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / Nmotrm):

`keu `keu `keu
` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `
`u `m  `k `d
d` k` g` m` u`
``````````

Xtmcem (ydbm):
Mnids ds irmâds gohlgomcds pmrm hgnm, m ksqukrcm skocd un pduhd
nmgs mltd6
ckcds mpdotmcds pmrm cgrkhgdomr d pdckr, pmlnms mpdotmcms pmrm
`drâm.
Ydstd kn cgrkâèd md sdl

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk ds pdckrks psîqughds.
psîqughds.
9 - Hmoml pmrm trmos`krêohgm du prdjkâèd ck kokrbgm6 m ruom ck kovgd.
8 - Ckskoemocd d pdckr
pdckr prdjktmcd cd sdl, cm lum
lum k cms kstrklms á ks`krm pkssdml.
3 - Qrdndâèd cm kvdluâèd pkssdml k sdhgml.
; - Munkotd cm rgqukzm ndoktírgm pkssdml.
9

Odnks: BNH uruz : d murdquk

murdquk (Idg Xklvmbkn)
BD úrus:
úrus: d murdquk (Idg Xklvmbkn)
DK úr : idg, igsèd
DO úr : heuvgshd, heuvm

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldrks @doçtghds: 'u' , 'v'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm ck odnks: murdquk ‘ m `drâm prgndrcgml6 Muceunlm od Kccm, du

m bmrdm ‘ m kssêohgm `krtglgzmotk prgnml.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: ds heg`rks cd murdquk du m bmrdm hmgocd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

M ruom-[ / [ruz ç m nèk cm nmog`kstmâèd. Om ngtdldbgm, gssd ç rkprkskotmcd pklm

brmock vmhm Muceunlm, quk lmniku un brmock ildhd bklmcd ck sml pmrm `drnmr d
mocrøbgod prgngtgvd Iúrg. Mlçn cgssd, klm krm m `dotk ck sustkotd cd bgbmotk høsnghd
 Wngr. Muceunlm `dg `drnmcm m pmrtgr cm úngcm bkmcm prdcuzgcd qumocd d nuocd ck
`dbd kohdotrdu d nuocd ck bkld. Kstm ç tmniçn m kssêohgm kokrbgzmcm oèd-nmog`kstmcm
cm quml d bkld høsnghd k Muceunlm `drmn drgbgomlnkotk `drnmcds.

[ruz ç d pdckr ck pmcrdogzmâèd k `drnulmâèd cd nultgvkrsd, m `dotk cds

prgohîpgds ck drckomâèd quk lkvmn á `drnulmâèd oml cd nuocd. M ruom-[ / [ruz ç d
pmcrèd oèd-nmog`kstmcd cm nmtçrgm (hdotrmstk hdn m omturkzm motgnmtçrgm cm Yuom-G /
gsm).
gsm).

Kstm ç m sknkotk høsnghm, m `drâm nuocgml moíldbm md sênko vgrgl.

Hdotçn d ngstçrgd cm `drnulmâèd cd ku, un pmrmcgbnm hdnpdstd ck tdcds ds

mspkhtds cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd, mssgn hdnd d nultgvkrsd ç koqumcrmcd ods
vírgds nuocds. [ruz ç m `drâm `drnmcdrm, oèd m `drnm kn sg (vkjm m ruom-E / Embmlmz ).).

M Yuom-[ / [ruz ç d pdckr ndcklmcdr quk ckok m drgbkn k d ckstgod ck tdcms

ms hdgsms. Kstk ngstçrgd pdck skr ckndostrmcd mtrmvçs cm `drnm cd imstèd, hdnd
ndstrmcd om @gburm 9.=. [ruz ç d ktkrod rkskrvmtørgd ck pmcrûks mrquktîpghds.

Qdr hmusm ck sku pdckr ndcklmcdr, uruz ç unm ruom quk sgnidlgzm m smikcdrgm k
d hdoekhgnkotd, hdnd d pmcrèd ck trmcgâèd prkskrvmcm quk surbk cm drckn omturml.
Mssgn hdnd gssd gocghm unm sdhgkcmck smucívkl (unm ck mhdrcd hdn m drckn omturml),
tmniçn ç unm ruom ck idm smúck `îsghm od énigtd pkssdml. M Yuom-[ / [ruz prdndvk
sgstknms drbéoghds `drtks k emrndogdsds. Ç m ruom ck `drâm vgtml k vgrglgcmck.

@gburm 9.=. M Yuom-[ / [ruz ç un pmcrèd ck nmog`kstmâèd. Kssk pmcrèd ç ksskohgmlnkotk d ck skr 
mrrmstmcd pmrm d hdotîoud tknpd-kspmâd, mtç quk m `drâm cm Yuom-G / gsm `gomlnkotk d mtrmg ck vdltm á sum
`dotk.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Qmcrdogzmâèd mrquktîpghm
Drbmogzmâèd drbéoghm
Xmikcdrgm
Xmúck
@drâm vgtml

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / Nmotrm):

uruz uruz uruz
uuuuuuuuuu
uuuuurrrrr
uuuuuuuuuu

Xtmcem (ydbm):
Cdirk om hgoturm, hdn ms hdstms edrgzdotml k pmrmlklm md heèd.
Irmâds k pdotms cds ckcds mpdotmn pmrm d heèd6
m hmikâm ckvk kstmr vdltmcm pmrm d lkstk.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ndlcmr k `drnmr hgrhuostéohgms hrgmtgvmnkotk mtrmvçs cm vdotmck k gospgrmâèd.
9 - Hurm k nmoutkoâèd ck idm smúck nkotml k `îsghm.
8 - Qdrtmcdr ck hgrhuostéohgms m`drtuomcms.
3 - Gocuâèd ck hdrrkotks nmboçtghms ck tkrrm.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cm hmusmlgcmck
0 - Hdoekhgnkotd k hdnprkkosèd cd ku.
8

Odnks: BNH teurgsmz: d `drtk, bgbmotk

BD tegute: d idn
DK tedro: kspgoed
DO teurs: bgbmotk

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

Pmldrks @doçtghds: d ―‗te‗‗ nucd hdnd usmcd kn “Sedro„ (Kspgoed kn goblês)

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: Ísm-Seørr, d gogngbd cms `drâms edstgs.

Gotkrprktmâûks gckdbrí`ghms: d nmrtkld du d kspgoed kn un bmled.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Seurgsmz   ç m `drâm høsnghm cgrgbgcm ck ckstrugâèd k ck`ksm. Ç m vdotmck gostgotuml

mrquktîpghm, skn mutdhdoshgêohgm. M ruom-SE / Seurgsmz  ç un sînidld ck rmgd k trdvèd k ç
kqugpmrmcm m Njðllogr , d nmrtkld ck Sedr. Kstm mrnm ç d ckstrugcdr cms ktgos k prdtktdrm
ck Ngcebmrcer k Msbmrcer. Sedr ç kn nugtds mspkhtds sknklemotk mds bgbmotks ( teursmr )
kn sku tmnmoed k `drâm irutm, k ç, pdrtmotd, gckml hdnd unm `drâm hdotrírgm m klks. Ds
 Àsgr sk ks`drâmn hdostmotknkotk pmrm nmotkr skus rkhgotds od nultgvkrsd, k d pdckr
ckssm ruom ç gokstgnívkl okssk ks`drâd. M gckgm kxprkssm pdr kstk mspkhtd ck teurgsmz ç
gcêotghm á cd sgoml cd nmrtkld . Kstm ç m `drâm ck mvmoâd cm ckstrugâèd ck pdckrks
edstgs á drckn høsnghm. Kssks pdckrks edstgs oèd sèd ndrmlnkotk "nmus" od skotgcd
 jucmghd-hrgstèd cm pmlmvrm6 klks sèd nkrmnkotk prkjucghgmgs pmrm d ckskjd ck vgcm
kstmiklkhgcd k gostgotgvd kxknplghmcd pkld Àsgr k Pmogr Pmogr k kxprkssd
kxprkssd om eunmogcmck.
eunmogcmck.
Mssgn hdnd d kspgoed prdtkbk m rdsm, Njðllogr tmniçn prdtkbk Ngcebmrcer k Msbmrcer.

M ruom-SE / Seurgsmz ç d rkhgpgkotk cm pdlmrgcmck vgcm-ndrtk. Ç d pdckr suprknd

ck mssgnglmr kokrbgm pdtkohgml ck cdgs kxtrknds ck kokrbgm hgoçtghm kn un pmcrèd ck
mâèd. Seurgsmz ç unm `drnm prdjktívkl ck pdckr mplghmcd. Bkrmlnkotk, gssd pdck
`uohgdomr hdnd unm lgngtmâèd k cgrkâèd ck vírgds pmrks igoírgds ck `drnm ck kokrbgm
kohdotrmcds kn tdcm m lgoem rúoghm. Du skjm, qumlqukr ruom quk skjm ksskohgmlnkotk
kokrbçtghm (pdr kxknpld: .@.,.F.,.X.)pdckn skr hdnigomcms hdn
qumlqukr ruom quk tkoem hmrmhtkrîstghms prgnmrgmnkotk pmrmcgbnítghms (pdr kxknpld:
. [.,.v.,.i.)pklm `drâm cm Yuom-SE / Seurgsmz k cgrkhgdomcms ck unm
nmokgrm rkml.
Seurgsmz   tmniçn ç unm ruom ck rkbkokrmâèd k `krtglgzmâèd. Hdnd d rklénpmbd
mouohgm ms heuvms quk trmzkn hdlekgtms, m Yuom-SE / Seurgsmz qukirm ms imrrkgrms k ds
`khuocm pmrm quk odvds hdnkâds pdssmn skr `kgtds. D kspgoed 
kspgoed ç d kspgoed cd ckspkrtmr
quk cgssgpm d pdckr cd svk`otedro (kspgoed cd sdod).
Kstk ç d pdckr `ílghd høsnghd.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm ck ckstrugâèd / ck`ksm
Mâèd
Qdtêohgm mplghmcm
Cgrkâèd ck pdlmrgcmcks
Ykbkokrmâèd (skbugocd ckstrugâèd)

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / Nmotrm):

teurgsmz teurgsmz teurgsmz
te te te te te te te te te te
teur temr tegr
tegr tekr tedr teu tem teg tek ted
ted
te te te te te te te te te te

Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd cdirmcd od hdtdvkld, nèd od
qumcrgl, hdn m pmlnm cm nèd
n èd skburmocd d dssd cd qumcrgl. @mhk
lkstk du sul.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ck`ksm (mtgvm).
9 - Ckstrugâèd ck gogngbds, nmlcgâûks.
8 - Ckspkrtmr cm vdotmck ck mâèd.
3 - Qrkpmrmâèd pmrm m bkrmâèd kn tdcds ds rkgods.
; - Mnd nmbgm.
0 - Hdoekhgnkotd cm cgvgsèd k uogcmck ck tdcms ms hdgsms.
3

Odnks: BNH mosuz : un ckus, ckus mohkstrml

BD mosus:
mosus: un odnk rúoghd ck ckus
DK øs:
øs: un ckus
DO íss::
íss un ckus, un cds Àsgr

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldrks @doçtghds: m (d om `glkgrm M-X )

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: Dcgo cds Àsgr.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d nmotd ck Dcgo sdprmcd pkld vkotd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Mosuz ç d nystkrgun trknkocun 

trknkocun  cm lgoem rúoghm.

M ruom-M / Mosuz ç `uocmnkotml pmrm m hrgmâèd cm eunmogcmck. gstd ckshrkvk cdgs

cds vírgds cdos kspgrgtumgs cmcds m Msfr k Knilm (d ednkn k m nulekr prgngtgvds) pklds
ckusks Dcgo, EŘogr k Løceurr (un mspkhtd trîplghk cd ckus Dcgo). Kssks cdos krmn ðoc 
d u mocm (rkspgrmâèd, kspîrgtd,
kspîrgtd, prgohîpgd
prgohîpgd mognmcdr
mognmcdr ck vgcm) k øcer (mtgvgcmck
(mtgvgcmck nkotml
nkotml
gospgrmcm, gospgrmâèd). Kstm ç d idrcèd ck Dcgo hdnd d ckus oungodsd cm nmbgm k cd
êxtmsk.

Mosuz ç d rkhkptdr ‘ rkhgpgkotk / trmos`drnmcdr ‘ kxprkssdr cd pdckr kspgrgtuml k

cd hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd. Kstm `drâm ç rkhkigcm cd Àsgr k trmos`drnmcm kn
eunmogcmck pmrm skr rkkxprkssm kn cgrkâèd md nultgvkrsd kn mtds níbghds k rklgbgdsds.
Kstm khdldbgm cd pdckr `uohgdom kn hdojuotd hdn d ckshrgtd pklm rkhkpâèd cm
smikcdrgm rúoghm ck Dcgo k suiskqükotk kxprkssèd ckssm smikcdrgm pmrm m eunmogcmck.
M Yuom-M / Mosuz kobldim d nkgd mtrmvçs cd quml d hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd ç rkhkigcd,
d rkhgpgkotk ckssk pdckr k m prøprgm `drâm, quk sk nmog`kstm hdnd d kstmcd ck êxtmsk.
Kssm kqumâèd hdotgcm od hdotêgokr ç hdnun pmrm sînidlds cd kstmcd gospgrmcd du
kxtítghd. Om ngtdldbgm oørcghm, d pdçtghd egcrdnkl cm gospgrmâèd k d rkhgpgkotk od quml
klm kstí hdotgcm sèd mnids hdoekhgcds pkld odnk ØterŘrgr (d kxhgtmcdr cm gospgrmâèd).
Kstk ç d êxtmsk quk lkvm á `drnmâèd ck un hdrpd ck hdoekhgnkotd k smikcdrgm.

Kstm ç m ruom cm pmlmvrm, hmoâèd, pdksgm k kohmotmnkotd níbghd (bmlcr 

( bmlcr ) hdnd un
rkhgpgkotk k un kxprkssdr cm `drâm níbghm.
Mosuz ç un pdckr níbghd mohkstrml, quk `dg trmosngtgcd ck bkrmâèd kn bkrmâèd
md ldobd ck lgoems bkoçtghms. Ds motgbds pdvds bkrnéoghds smigmn quk krmn
"ckshkockotks ck skus ckusks", hdnd ndstrmn ms bkokmldbgms ck skus rkgs, ekrøgs k
hek`ks ck hlès. D kld ck pdckr kotrk ckusks k ednkos krm, pmrm klks, gogotkrruptd.
Qkrnmokhk mssgn. Mtrmvçs cd pdckr ckstm ruom, m hdnprkkosèd cm lgbmâèd kotrk ds
ckusks mohkstrmgs k sku pdvd pdck skr rkhupkrmcm. Kstk ç un hdohkgtd kxtítghd quk
hdnplknkotm m `drâm gostgtuhgdoml nmgs kstívkl ck Dtemlm.
M Yuom-M / Mosuz pkrsdoghm ds ngstçrgds cm ndrtk cd Àsgr.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Ykhkpâèd ‘ trmos`drnmâèd ‘ kxprkssèd
Ykhkptdr / hdotkúcd
Hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd
Gospgrmâèd
Êxtmsk
Qmlmvrm-hmoâèd
Ngstçrgds cm ndrtk

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / Nmotrm):

mosuz mosuz mosuz
mmmmmmmm
mmmmmmsssss
mmmm
mmmmmm
mmmmmm
mmmmmmmmmm
mmmm

Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk ck pç. Kstgquk ds cdgs irmâds pmrmlklds, mpdotmocd-ds
lgbkgrmnkotk pmrm imgxd, hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd nmgs imgxd quk d
cgrkgtd. @mhk odrtk du lkstk.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Munkotd ck pdckrks níbghds mtgvds k pmssgvds k emiglgcmcks hlmrgvgckotks, kth.
9 - hdovkohgnkotd k Cgshursd
Cgshursd nmboçtghd, k d pdckr
pdckr cm subkstèd k egpodsk.
8 - Mqugsgâèd ck smikcdrgm hrgmtgvm, gospgrmâèd, êxtmsk k hdnuoghmâèd cgvgom.
3 - Imognkotd cm ndrtk k tkrrdr mtrmvçs cd hdoekhgnkotd ck Dcgo.
0

Odnks: BNH rmgced: Pmbèd

BD rmgc: Pmbèd, pmsskgd
DK ríce: ndotmrgm , hmngoed
DO rkgce: ndotmrgm, hmrrumbkn

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

Pmldr `doçtghd: r 

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: d vmbèd sdlmr, m hmrrumbkn ck Sedrr.

Gotkrprktmâûks gckdbrí`ghms: unm rdcm sdi m hmrrumbkn m vgstm: hdnd

nktmck cm rdcm sdlmr (vkjm m ruom X / Xdwgld).

HDNKOSÍYGD

Ymgced 
Ymgced  ç m lkg høsnghm cm hdrrktm drckn mrquktîpghm od nultgvkrsd. Gssd ç
kxprkssmcd pdr `koónkods omturmgs hdnd d hmngoed cgírgd cd sdl
sd l k ds hghlds cm omturkzm
k cm eunmogcmck. M Yuom-Y / Ymgced ç d ngstçrgd cm lkg cgvgom, nmog`kstmcm tmotd od
nultgvkrsd qumotd om eunmogcmck.

Ymgced 
Ymgced  tdrodu-sk un sînidld cm rklgbgèd drbmogzmcm, du nkledr cgzkocd, ck
Ísmtrú, m motgbm `drnm cm rklgbgèd bkrnéoghm. Ods tknpds motgbds, m drckn kxtkrom k
mutdhdoshgkotk cm rklgbgèd krm nugtd nkods ―xm‗ pdr hmusm cm drckn gotkrom ck
smotgcmck, gohdoshgkotk k drckn gostgotgvm. Kssm drckn gotkrom kohdotrdu kxprkssèd kn
gostgtugâûks quk krmn unm ngsturm kquglgirmcm ck rklgbgèd, nmbgm k lkg (pdlîtghm). Edjk, M
Yuom-Y / Ymgced 
Ymgced  ç un sînidld cd "hmngoed ck vdltm á cgrkgtm", mtrmvçs cds ks`drâds
hdoshgkotks ck ísmtrúmr`ølf (cds quk hrêkn ods ckusks motgbds.) pmrm rkhupkrmr m
kssêohgm cm drckn prgndrcgml.

Kstm ruom rkprkskotm m drckn hdrrktm cm jdromcm cd goghgmcd mtrmvçs cds hmngoeds
cds Odvk Nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll.

Idn hdoskled k julbmnkotd ck mhdrcd hdn d cgrkgtd sèd mtrgiuîcds m Ymgced.

Ymgced.

Dutrd mspkhtd gnpdrtmotk cd ngstçrgd cm Yuom-Y / Ymgced ç d rgtuml6 gstd ç, mrrmojd

ck kokrbgm k mâûks ck mhdrcd hdn unm drckn høsnghm pmrm un prdpøsgtd kspkhîhd.
Mqug m êo`msk kstí od hdrrktd drckomnkotd ckssms kokrbgms.

Ymgced 
Ymgced  ç m hmomlgzmâèd cm `drâm ck mhdrcd hdn ms lkgs omturmgs md ldobd cd
hmngoed hkrtd, lkvmocd md rksultmcd hdrrktd. Ckshrkvk k momlgsm un hkrtd mspkhtd
okhkssírgd md `uohgdomnkotd cms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd (vkr tmniçn m Yuom Q - Q krterd
krterd).).

D hdohkgtd ck rgtnd k cmoâm tmniçn ç gnpdrtmotk pmrm m Ymgced. Kstk rgtnd ç

gohdrpdrmcd kn tdcds ds nuocds cd nultgvkrsd. Mtrmvçs cm mâèd rîtnghm k cm cmoâm
rgtuml, d Pgtfg (d nmbd) pdck pkrhkikr k ngsturmr-sk hdn d rgtnd pkssdml k, pdr sum vkz,
tdromr-sk un hdn d rgtnd k m cmoâm cd nuocd. Kstm ç m ruom ckssm cmoâm rgtuml rîtnghm,
quk mgocm ckvk skr prmtghmcm edjk.

Ymgced tmniçn pdck skr kxprkssd od hdohkgtd ck ckskovdlvgnkotd kn kspgrml.

Gssd kstí ck mhdrcd hdn m gckdldbgm trmcghgdoml cds hghlds ck kxgstêohgm, sknprk kn
hîrhulds, nms sknprk suigocd (du m`uocmocd) kn cgrkâèd m un dijktgvd ‘ d pdotd.
Mlhmoâmr kssk dijktgvd oèd ç un n, nms unm trmos`drnmâèd k un odvd hdnkâd pmrm
dutrm kxpmosèd kxtkrom.

Om trmcgâèd pdpulmr, ç un sînidld pmrm m Hdrtk Pênghm k, hdnd tml, ç un sgoml ck

quk ms lkgs rklgbgdsms trmcghgdomgs k prd`uocms cd pdvd tên prkhkcêohgm sdirk ms cm
mutdrgcmck hgvgl.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Mâèd hdrrktm k drckn
Lkg hîhlghm høsnghm
Yklgbgèd ‘ níbghm
Ygtuml
Ygtnd
 Pgmbkn

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / Nmotrm):

rmgced rmgced rmgced
rrrrrrrrrr
ru rm rg rk rd
ruce rmce rgce rkce rdce
(rut rmt rgt rkt rdt)
dr kr gr mr ur
rrrrrr
rrrrrrrrr
rrrrr

Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç, hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd cdirmcd od hdtdvkld, pmlnm od dssd
cd qumcrgl. M pkrom ksqukrcm ckvk skr gohlgomcm pmrm `drm, lkvmotmcm cd
heèd6 d irmâd cgrkgtd ckvk kstmr ikn md sku lmcd. @gquk ck `rkotk pmrm d
sul.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk emiglgcmcks k kxpkrgêohgms rgtumgs.
9 - Mhkssd md "hdoskled gotkrgdr".
8 - Lkvmotm m hdoshgêohgm pmrm prdhkssds hdrrktds k omturmgs.
3 - Ngsturmocd-sk hdn rgtnds pkssdmgs k nuocgmgs.
; - Ditkoâèd ck justgâm ck mhdrcd hdn d hkrtd.
0

Odnks: BNH fkomz: Sdhem

BD fusnm: gohemâd
DK hço: tdhem
DO fmuo: `krgcm, `krvkr 

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

Pmldr @doçtghd: 'f'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cds odnks: d `dbd hdotrdlmcd6 hrknmâèd. Ds odnks bøtghd k

oørcghd motgbd sèd: skhuocírgd ‘ `dbd gotkrod, go`lmnmâèd, kth.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbrí`ghm: hemnm cm tdhem

HDNKOSÍYGD

M ruom-F / Fkomz   rktrmtm d ngstçrgd cm rkbkokrmâèd mtrmvçs cm ndrtk du cd

smhrg`îhgd. Kstm ç m ruom cd `dbd, gstd ç, d `dbd sdi hdotrdlk eunmod om `drnm cm tdhem
(kn dpdsgâèd md pdckr nmgs hru k mrquktîpghd prkskotk om ruom @ / @keu).
@keu).

Ygtumlnkotk, fkomz   ç d `dbd

`dbd cm hrgmâèd, cd
cd smhrg`îhgd, cm lmrkgrm k cm `drjm ‘ `dbd
hdotrdlmcd pklm eunmogcmck kn cgrkâèd m un rksultmcd ckskjmcd. M hrknmâèd hdnd rgtd r gtd
`úokirk `mhglgtm m trmos`krêohgm cds mspkhtds psîqughds cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd pmrm
`drnms odvms k rkbkokrmcms k gnpkck sku rktdrod ás `drnms pmssmcms. D `dbd cd
smhrg`îhgd hdzgoem k tdrom m hmrok cd smhrg`îhgd mognml smbrmcm mhkgtívkl pmrm hdosund pdr
ednkos k ckusks. D `dbd ç sknprk vgstd hdnd unm `drâm trmos`drnmcdrm k
rkbkokrmcdrm.

Fkomz ç m hmpmhgcmck k m vdotmck ck bkrmr k hrgmr. Qdrtmotd, ç m ruom cd mrtgstm k

cd mrtksèd k ds mspkhtds tçhoghds cm nmbgm. Odvmnkotk, m gnpdrtéohgm cd `dbd
hdotrdlmcd ‘ cm kokrbgm hdotrdlmcm, ç mpmrkotk. D pdckr hdotrdlmcd cm psgquk ç
hdnigomcd hdn m kokrbgm hdotrdlmcm cm omturkzm, k gssd rksultm kn un dijktd
trmimlemcd. Kstm ç m "ruom eunmom", m ruom cm eunmogcmck.

[nm brmock qumotgcmck ck hdoekhgnkotd k hdoekhgnkotd tçhoghd ç gohdrpdrmcm

kn Fkomz , hdoekhgnkotd hdnigomcd hdn emiglgcmck.

D ngstçrgd cm hrgmâèd ck un tkrhkgrd m pmrtgr cm hdnigomâèd ck cdgs ç tmniçn

un mspkhtd cm Yuom-F / fkomz. Ds dpdstds kstèd uogcds ck nmokgrm kstçtghm k ds
rksultmcds ckssm uogèd trmzgcds á nmog`kstmâèd.
 Fkomz ç m ruom cm pmgxèd eunmom, cm luxúrgm k cd mndr skxuml hdnd mtrgiutds
pdsgtgvds. Kssm ç m rmgz kndhgdoml cm hrgmtgvgcmck kn tdcds ds cdnîogds cm mâèd. M ckusm
@rkyjm kohdotrm nugtms hdrrkspdocêohgms hdn kstk mspkhtd cm ruom.

Fkomz tmniçn ç gnpdrtmotk pmrm d hdohkgtd `mnglgmr, k kspkhgmlnkotk pmrm mquklm

pmrtk cm trmcgâèd ck hlès quk prd`kssm unm uogcmck cds nknirds vgvds k ndrtds cd hlè,
kxgstgocd kn unm `drnm sgohrçtghm ck `drâm vgtml hdoshgkotk.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Kokrbgm hdotrdlmcm
Emiglgcmck
Srmos`drnmâèd
Ykbkokrmâèd
 Pdotmck ck bkrmr
Luxúrgm skxuml
Hrgmtgvgcmck

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

fkomz fkomz fkomz
fu fm fg fk fd
fuo fmo fgo fko fdo
df kf gf mf uf
fmuoooooooo

Xtmcem (ydbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd cgrkgtd lkvmotmcd kn un éobuld ck 3; ±,
koqumotd d irmâd ksqukrcd ç mimgxmcd om nksnm qumotgcmck. M pmlnm
cm nèd cgrkgtm kstí vdltmcm pmrm `drm, mtrmgocd `drâm, koqumotd ds
ckcds cm nèd ksqukrcm kstèd mpdotmcds, prdjktmocd-sk kn
nmog`kstmâèd.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhgnkotd ck emiglgcmcks kn tdcds ds rkgods.
9 - gospgrmâèd hrgmtgvm.
8 - Nmgdr pdlmrgzmâèd hdnd `krrmnkotm ck dpkrmâèd.
3 - Dpkrmâûks ck rkbkokrmâèd, hurm.
; - Mndr (kspkhgmlnkotk mndr skxuml).
2

Odnks: BNH bkid: prkskotk, edspgtmlgcmck

BD bgim: prkskotk
DK by`u: prkskotk, bkokrdsgcmck
DO bgpt : prkskotk, hmsmnkotd (oèd od Wduobkr @utemrf)

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

Pmldrks `doçtghds: 'b' hdnd kn ―‗Bg`t‗‗ (prkskotk kn goblês)

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: mqugld quk ç trdhmcd kotrk ckusks k ednkos.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbrí`ghm: d hruzmnkotd ck cums vgbms od hdostruâèd ck unm kstruturm6

gotkrmâèd ck cums `drâms.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Bkid ç m ruom ck "ckus", gstd ç, m kngokotk `drâm níbghm gohdoshgkotk prkskotk

od Bgoouobmbmp (vmzgd nmbghmnkotk hmrrkbmcd) motks cm `drnmâèd cds nuocds 9. D
smotd ngstçrgd cds cdgs (du nugtds) kn un.

Ç d cdmcdr, d cmr, d cmcd k mqugld m quk ç cmcd6 "d sujkgtd, vkrid, dijktd cgrktd k
dijktd gocgrktd cd nultgvkrsd". Gstd tmniçn ckshrkvk
c kshrkvk unm pmrtk cd ngstçrgd cd smhrg`îhgd
hdnd d prkskotk (kn últgnm gostéohgm cd pdckr) quk ç cmcd á eunmogcmck pklds ckusks
pmrm nmotkr m khdldbgm cd pdckr høsnghd.

Qkld pdckr ckstm ruom ms pkssdms sèd uogcms mtrmvçs ck un mtd ck vdotmck pmrm
k`ktumr un rksultmcd. Kstm pmutm sgnidlgzm m `drâm cms drckos rúoghms, d sgstknm ck
mhdnpmoemnkotd, kth.

M Yuom-B / Bkid tkn mlbunms sknklemoâms `uohgdomgs hdn m ruom M / Mosuz, jí

quk tmniçn ç unm ruom ck êxtmsk. Ç d ngstçrgd cd pdckr níbghd kxtítghd quk ç
pkrhkigcd k rktgcd pkld vgtfg (nmbd) hdnd un hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd.

D Bkid hdotçn ds skbrkcds ck juotmr psgqughmnkotk cums pkssdms (bkrmlnkotk

ednkos / nulekrks), du vírgms pkssdms, pmrm quk klms pdssmn prdcuzgr un pdckr hrgmtgvd
nmgdr quk m sdnm tdtml cklms. Kstm ç m ruom cm nmbgm skxuml. M nmbgm cd skxd krm
prmtghmcm ods tknpds motgbds bkrnéoghds, kspkhgmlnkotk pmrm m mqugsgâèd ck

9Oms motgbms lîobums bkrnéoghms, motks ck skrkn tdhmcms pklm gouêohgm hrgstè, m pmlmvrm
"ckus" (DO bdce) krm okutrm. Ckpdgs quk d cdbnm hrgstèd cdngomcd pklds ednkos `dg
go`uocgcd om lgobumbkn, d bêokrd cm pmlmvrm `dg nucmcd pmrm nmshulgod.
hdoekhgnkotd k smikcdrgm oungodsm. Xgburcer, d nmgdr cds ekrøgs bkrnéoghds, `dg
goghgmcd om smikcdrgm rúoghm pkld vmlfyrjm hemnmcm Xgbrcrg`m (Iryoeglcr) kn unm hkom
rgtumlîstghm rghm kn sgnidlgsnd skxuml (unm hrgmoâm omshk ck sum uogèd). Kstk krm d ndcd
usuml ck nmbgm skxuml kn quk m kokrbgm krm trdhmcm md ldobd cm pdlmrgcmck nmshulgod /
`kngogod. Dutrm kvgcêohgm
kvgcêohgm pmrm gssd ç `drokhgcm pklm kstrd`k cm cçhgnm dgtmvm ruom
ruom cd
"Emvmnml" (kstrd`k =03):

Mquklk cçhgnd dgtmvd quk ku hdoekâd

quk ku ouohm rkvkld
pmrm knprkbmcm du m kspdsm cd ednkn
qumlqukr hdgsm ç nkledr
cd quk sk mlbuçn sduikssk
gssd lkvm á últgnm cms núsghms ‘
nms mpkoms pmrm mquklk
qukn nk mirmâm
du quk skjm ngoem grnè.

Bkid 
Bkid  ç m ruom cd mndr `rmtkrod du `rmtkroml, k ç m `drâm psghdsskxuml trdhmcm
kotrk cdgs pølds ck pdckr ‘ eunmod pmrm eunmod du cgvgod pmrm cgvgod. Od últgnd hmsd,
d Bkid
Bkid  ckshrkvk m `drâm cm vgcm skxuml usmcm om nmbgm cm `krtglgcmck k mquklm usmcm oms
prítghms xmnéoghms.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
@drâm Níbghm
Cdmcdr ‘ cmocd ‘ cmcd ‘ cmcd m
Êxtmsk
Xmhrg`îhgd
Nmbgm cd skxd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

bkid bkid bkid
bu bm bg bk bd
bui bmi bgi bki bdi
db kb gb mb ub
bmmmm```````

Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn ms pkroms mikrtms, ds pçs rktds k ds jdkleds
trmohmcds. Ds irmâds kstèd kstghmcds kn un éobuld `drnmocd un U,
hdn ms nèds cgrktmnkotk sdirk ds pçs.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Nmbgm cd skxd
9 - Goghgmâèd níbghm cd skxd.
8 - [ogèd nîstghm.
3 - Munkotmr kn pdckrks níbghds.
; - Emrndogm kotrk grnèds k grnès k mnmotks.
0 - Gouêohgm níbghm ods nuocds eunmod k cgvgod.
2 - Mqugsgâèd ck smikcdrgm.
5

Odnks: BNH wuojd:

wuojd: jdy
BD wgojm:
wgojm: pmstmbkn
DK wyoo:
wyoo: prmzkr, cklkgtk
DO vkoc : (odnk ck unm ruom) mlkbrgm, kspkrmoâm
kspkrmoâm (oèd
od Wduobkr @utemrf)

@drnm Mltkromtgvm:

 Pmldr @doçtghd: w

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: rklmâèd ck skrks ckshkocku cm nksnm `dotk.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d imookr cd hlè du cm trgid, du hmtm-vkotd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

M Yuom-R / Ruojd 
Ruojd  ç m `drâm rmgz ck mtrmâèd quk ds skrks hdnprkkosgvds tên un
pkld dutrd,
dutrd, gstd ç, ms hrgmturms ckshkockotks ck unm `dotk hdnun. Kssks skrks skrks sèd
kotèd uogcds kn un tdcd drbéoghd, quk ç kxknplghmcd od nuocd cds ednkos pkld hlè
k pklm trgid. Od motgbd nuocd bkrnéoghd, m sdhgkcmck krm imskmcm kn hlès, pdgs un hlè
`drtk k trmcghgdoml krm m nkledr prdtkâèd hdotrm ds govmsdrks kxtkrods du d tdtmlgtmrgsnd
ck ckotrd. Md cmr m edorm k m gotkbrgcmck cm prgnkgrm hdosgckrmâèd cd hlè, d gocgvîcud
krm nmgs hmpmz ck nmotkr sum lgikrcmck.

Ruojd ç
Ruojd ç d ngstçrgd cm kxgstêohgm emrndogdsm ck vmrgmcms `drâms mlgmcms. Od hlè
kstm ç m `dotk cm nmgdr mlkbrgm eunmom. ]umocd tdcds ds nknirds cd hlè kstèd
trmimlemocd emrndogdsmnkotk juotds, koqumotd gotkbrmcds kn sku mnigkotk ck nmokgrm
sgohrçtghm, kxgstk un vkrcmckgrd kstmcd ck smotgcmck.

D pdckr cm ruom-R / Ruojd 

Ruojd  mjucm om prdndâèd cm hdnuoeèd k idm vdotmck
kotrk grnèds k grnès, hdnd tml, ç unm `drâm pdckrdsm om nmoutkoâèd ck sdhgkcmcks k
buglcms.

Ruojd 
Ruojd ç m kokrbgm quk uok cg`krkotks hmnpds ck `drâm k, pdrtmotd, ç un hdohkgtd
gokstgnívkl pmrm ruoms níbghms. Hdn kstm kokrbgm d vgtfg (nmbd) pdck lgbmr vírgms ruoms
kn unm úoghm `drâm emrndogdsm quk pdck trmimlemr kn cgrkâèd m un rksultmcd
kspkhîhd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Emrndogm
Ikn-kstmr
Hdnuoeèd
Lgbmâèd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

wuojd wuojd wuojd
wu wm wg wk wd
wuo wmo
wmo wgo wko wdo
wdo
wd wk wg wm wu
wwwuuuuooooo

Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk ck pç hdn ms pkroms juotms. Hdldquk ms pdotms cds ckcds cm
nèd ksqukrcm od tdpd cm hmikâm. Nmotkoem d irmâd cgrkgtd pkrtd cd
lmcd cd hdrpd.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @drtmlkhk lgbmâûks k vîohulds.
9 - Govdhmâèd ck hdnuoeèd k emrndogm.
8 - Imok m mlgkomâèd.
3 - @klghgcmck k ikn-kstmr.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cds vîohulds k nultgplghgcmck ck rklmâûks ck tdcds hdgsms.
0 - Pgohulmâèd ck ruoms pmrm os kspkhîhds (hdosultk ruoms ck lgbmâèd, kth.).
7

Odnks: BNH embmlmz:

embmlmz: smucmâèd, dvd (4)
BD embl: smucmâèd
DK eàbl: smucmâèd
DO embmll: smucmâèd

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: e

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: dvd bklmcd du sknkotk cm vgcm høsnghm prgngtgvm k

pmcrèd.

Gotkrprktmâûks gckdbríhms: m hdokxèd ck cums vgbms kn pç (cdnîogds cd skr) pdr unm

imrrm trmosvkrsml kn kcg`îhgds ck tçhoghm koxmgnkl (: E :) du
d pmcrèd prgndrcgml ck dhd ck okvk (: ᚼ :).

HDNKOSÍYGD

Embmlmz ç d dvd ck bkld høsnghd quk ç prkkohegcd hdn pdckr níbghd

hrgstmlgzmcd k pmcrèd høsnghd. D brmogzd ç d sînidld cd "dvd" cd tknpd cm lkvkcurm
quk hdotçn m sknkotk ck Wngr, d bgbmotk prgngtgvd. Wngr `dg `drnmcd m pmrtgr cm juoâèd
cd `dbd vgocd cd nuocd ck Nuspkllsekgnr k cd bkld vgocd cd nuocd ck Ogekgnr.
Kssk ç d pdtkohgml pmrmcgbnm nultgvkrsml hdnplktd - d dvd cm nmog`kstmâèd. Kstk
hdohkgtd ck "sknkotk" ç ko`mtgzmcd od Pkled Qdknm cm Yuom Gslmocksm:

''Embmll ç un brèd `rgd

k unm heuvm ck brmogzd
k unm cdkoâm ck hdirms‗‗ 

Embmlmz ç d ngstçrgd cm kstruturm cd nuocd k ckok m `drnm prgndrcgml cd

nultgvkrsd. D dhd ck okvk sk `drnm md ldobd cd pmcrèd sêxtupld cd motgbd sgoml
smbrmcd : ᚼ :, quk vkgd suistgtugr : ᚺ : od Wduobkr @utemrf.

Embmlmz ç d ndckld hdnplktd quk hdotçn m kokrbgm pdtkohgml cd pdckr okutrd

od nultgvkrsd, quk omshk cm uogcmck cgoénghm bkrmcdrm, kvdluâèd cm uogcmck cd `dbd
(kokrbgm) k cd bkld (motgnmtçrgm).

M ruom-E / Embmlmz ckshrkvk m ktkrom emrndogm høsnghm.

Om rklgbgèd k om ngtdldbgm bkrnéoghms, d oúnkrd odvk ç d nmgs smbrmcd k

ngstkrgdsd cds oúnkrds, eí odvk nuocds kn Wbbcrmsgl. Dcgo hdu odvk odgtks omquklm
írvdrk pmrm bmoemr ms ruoms, d ckus Ekgncmllr omshku ck odvk nèks k mssgn pdr cgmotk.
Kssk ç d oúnkrd ck unm hdnplktuck quk lkvm m un omshgnkotd ck nmgdr pdckr k
prdcutgvgcmck.

Embmlmz ç m nèk ruom6 gstd ç ckvgcd md sku vmldr ounçrghd k sum `drnm, : ᚼ  :( quk
pdck ck `mtd skr m prgnírgm). Sdcms ms `drnms rúoghms pdckn ckrgvmr cd embmlmz skgs
vkzks qumocd klk ç hdldhmcd ckotrd ck unm burm sølgcm (vkjm m @gburm 9.9).

D Embmlmz gohdrpdrm m kvdluâèd hdotîoum ckotrd ck un qumcrd xd.

D Embmlmz ç unm prdtkâèd k imognkotd pdrquk sum omturkzm hdnplktm k

emrndogdsm prdndvk unm skburmoâm kspkhgml k kvgtm m gotrusèd ck klknkotds
cksmrnóoghds.

@gburm 9 .9. M nèk ruom: d sølgcd embmlmz.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Qmcrèd høsnghd, kstruturm
Hdohlusèd
[ogèd (dvd høsnghd)
Kvdluâèd (ckotrd cm kstruturm)
Qrdtkâèd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

Embmlmz Embmlmz Embmlmz
eeeeeeeeee
eu em eg ek ed
eub emb egb ekb edb
(eul eml egl ekl edl)
de ke ge me ue
eeeeeeeeee
Xtðceur (Wdbm):

G - @gquk kn pç kn pdsgâèd ck hruz hdn ds irmâds pmrmlklds md

heèd k hdn ms pmlnms vdltmcms pmrm `drm.

GG - Kstm ç unm hdnigomâèd rúoghm hdnplktm ck brmock pdckr

qumocd rkmlgzmcm hdrrktmnkotk.

= - @gquk kn pdsgâèd hruzmcm. Pgrmcd pmrm d odrtk, `mâm odvk

gomlmâûks hdnplktms, ckpdgs bgrk hdn d sdl (ck odrtk m lkstk) k
hmotk "eu em eg ed ed". @mâm gssd kn tdcms ms qumtrd cgrkâûks,
tkrngomocd odvmnkotk od odrtk. Kstk kxkrhîhgd pdck skr
rkmlgzmcd m pmrtgr cd lkstk curmotk d cgm du md omshkr cd sdl.

9 ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-O / omucegz : ou om og od (od prgnkgrd turod)

eu em eg ek ed (od skbuocd)

8 ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-K / Kgewmz : k k k k k k k k k k (od prgnkgrd turod) eu em eg ek ed (od

skbuocd)

3 ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-G / Gsm:

Gsm : g g g g g g g g g (od prgnkgrd turod) eu em eg ek ed (od skbuocd)

; ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-N / Nmoomz :

Nmoomz  : nnnnnnnnnn (kn prgnkgrd lubmr) eu em eg ek ed
(kn skbuocd)

0 ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-S / Sgwmz

/  Sgwmz : Sgwmz Sgwmz Sgwmz (od prgnkgrd turod) eu em dg klk ed (od
skbuocd)

2 ‘ stmcem cm Yuom-B / Bkid:

Bkid : bu bm bg bk bd (od prgnkgrd turod) eu em eg ek ed (od
skbuocd)

Curmotk d hursd ckstk kxkrhîhgd, un tdtml ck =8 vdltms ç `kgtd. Oèd hdosgckrk

nkotmlnkotk okoeunm gnprkssèd curmotk kstm dpkrmâèd6 tkotk nmotkr un vmzgd ck
hdoshgêohgm. D kxkrhîhgd `mhglgtm d `uohgdomnkotd ck tdcd d gotkrgdr ( evkl )(vkr
)(vkr skâèd sdirk
stmcembmlcr).

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Hdnplktuck k kquglîirgd ck pdckr.
9 - Kxpkrgêohgm k hdoekhgnkotd nîstghd k oungodsd.
8 - Kvdlutgvd, tdromocd-sk dpkrmâûks.
3 - Qrdtkâèd.
=1

odnks: BNH omucegz:

omucegz: okhkssgcmck, hdnpulsèd (`mtmlgstm)
BD omutes: okhkssgcmck, okhkssgcmck
  DK oycr: okhkssgcmck, mobústgm
DO omuce(r): mgâèd, okhkssgcmck, rkstrgâèd

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 'o'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: okhkssgcmck ck `dbd k lgikrtmâèd ck mgâèd.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d `urd : H: k d mrhd :  : quk sk trmos`drnm od `dbd

  okhkssírgd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Omucegz ç m `drâm høsnghm usmcm pklds pdckrks quk `drnmn ds "ckstgods" cm

eunmogcmck k cd nuocd. Qmrm unm moílgsk cd hdohkgtd bkrnéoghd
bkrnéoghd ck "ckstgod" (r rlðb)
k kssks "pdckrks ck ndcklmbkn" (Odrogr), vkjm m Yuom-Q / pkrterd.
pkrterd. M Yuom-O / Omucegz
oèd rkprkskotm
rkprkskotm r rlðb6 kn
kn vkz cgssd,
cgssd, gohdrpdr
gohdrpdrmm unm `drâm
`drâm høsnghm
høsnghm okhkssírg
okhkssírgmm á sum
`drnulmâèd, m cm rksgstêohgm. Ç unm sîotksk ck unm tksk gnplîhgtm k motîtksk quk ç
kxprkssm md ldobd cm lgoem rúoghm. Omucegz ç un hdohkgtd ck cums vkrtkotks. Klk hdotçn
m gcçgm ck mgâèd, nms tmniçn m lgikrtmâèd ckssm mgâèd. Kstm gckgm kstí ikn kxprkssm
om kstrd`k pkrtgokotk cd Qdknm Yuoghd cd Goblês Motgbd:

''(Okhkssgcmck) hdostrgobk d hdrmâèd,

ted mds imgros cds ednkos tdrom-sk `rkqukotknkotk
mjucm k smúck, od kotmotd,
sk klks cgsskrkn m tknpd.''

M Yuom O / Omucegz ç d `dbd mutd-hrgmcd, d `dbd cm okhkssgcmck, hrgmcd pkld

mtrgtd / rksgstêohgm pmrm skrvgr ís okhkssgcmcks cd ednkn tmotd od nmtkrgml qumotd ods
rkgods kspgrgtumgs. Omucegz ç m mâèd cgrgbgcm pklm vdotmck, hdn hdoekhgnkotd k
smikcdrgm, quk pdck mtumr hdnd unm `drâm hdotrírgm mds pdckrks `rkqükotknkotk
okbmtgvds
okbmtgvds du r rlðb. D lknm
lknm ckstm ruom
ruom `drokhgcd
`drokhgcd pdr
pdr Bugcd vdo
vdo Lgst rksunk
rksunk ikn kstk
kstk
mspkhtd ck Omucegz: "Oützk ckgo Xheghfsml, wgckrstrkik gen oghet!"   ([sk d sku ckstgod,
oèd sk ks`drhk hdotrm gssd!).

Omucegz tmniçn rkprkskotm d hdohkgtd ck ―‗mvmoâmr kn nmog`kstmâèd‗‗. Kssm gckgm

drgbgodu-sk hdn m hrgmâèd cd Odrogr. Omquklm çpdhm, m rksgstêohgm omshku od uogvkrsd, ms
lkgs cm hmusmlgcmck kotrmrmn kn mâèd k ms sknkotks cm "ckstrugâèd" cd nuocd cds
ckusks `drmn sknkmcms. Gssd oèd ckvk skr kotkocgcd ckotrd cd hdotkxtd ck qumlqukr
tgpd ck "nml ndrml" du hdohkgtds sknklemotks. D smbrmcd Odrogr tmniçn mjucm m
sustkotmr d nultgvkrsd hdostmotknkotk ckrrmnmocd íbum cd pdâd ck [rcer sdirk m
írvdrk cd nuocd, pmrm quk klm oèd nurhek k ndrrm.
ndrr m.

Qdr hmusm cds klknkotds skxumgs gokrkotks md sgnidlgsnd ckstm pmutm, m ruom-O /
Omucegz tdrodu-sk unm `krrmnkotm pdckrdsm om nmbgm cd mndr gslmocês. Mlçn cgssd, ç
unm `drtk ruom ck prdtkâèd ‘ kspkhgmlnkotk prdtkâèd kspgrgtuml.

Qmlmvrms hemvk:
Yksgstêohgm
Mgâèd
Lgikrtmâèd (okhkssgcmck ck `dbd)
Mvmoâmr kn nmog`kstmâèd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

omucegz omucegz omucegz
oooooooooo
ou om og ok od
ouce omce ogce okce odce
(out omt ogt okt odt)
uo mo go ko do
oooooooooo

Xtðceur (Wdbm):

= - @gquk krktd, hdn d irmâd cgrkgtd lkvmotmcd pmrm d lmcd k d irmâd

ksqukrcd gohlgomcd pmrm imgxd pmrm `drnmr unm lgoem hdn m cgrkgtm.

9 - m) hdn unm stmcem kn `drn ck hruz. Cgbm "àpmocg omn.„

i) Ckpdgs ck `mlmr m `ørnulm, mimgxk sums nèds pmrm skus qumcrgs.
Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Xupkrmâèd
Xupkrmâèd ck sd`rgnkotd
sd`rgnkotd du r rlðb okbmtgvd.
9 - Ckskovdlvgnkotd cm vdotmck níbghm.
8 - Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck pdckrks "kspgrgtumgs".
3 - [sd cm `drâm cm "rksgstêohgm" sdi vdotmck pmrm m nmbgm dijktgvds.
; - gospgrmâèd rkpkotgom.
0 - Klgngom d øcgd k hdogtds.
2 - Hrgm unm okhkssgcmck ck drckn.
5 - Ykhdoekhgnkotd ck okhkssgcmck pkssdml.
7 - Qrdtkâèd.
=1 - Nmbgm cd mndr ‘ pmrm ditkr un mndr.
== - Mcgvgoemâèd
==

Odnks: BNH gsm: Bkld

BD kgs:
kgs: Bkld
DK gs:
gs: Bkld
DO gss: Bkld

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 6g' (prdouohgmcd 'kk'

'kk'  hdnd kn ―‗ckkc‗‗, mâèd kn goblês.)

Xgboghmcd ksdtçrghd cd odnk: nmtçrgms prgngtgvms / motgnmtçrgm.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d sgohkld, du d uxd ck bkld prgngtgvd / docm ck bkld ck

  Ogekgnr.

HDNKOSÍYGD

M Yuom-G / Gsm 
Gsm  ç m `drâm motg-pdlmr cm ruom-@ / @keu.
@keu. Gsm 
Gsm  ç un nuocd ck bkld quk
ug ck Ogekgnr. Oèd rkprkskotm m nmtçrgm, nms sgn un hdohkgtd ck motgnmtçrgm quk,
qumocd hdnigomcd hdn m kokrbgm ugocd ck Nuspkllsekgnr, lkvm á `drnmâèd cd quk
hemnmnds ck "nmtçrgm" (Ngcebmrcer). Gsm  Gsm  pdck skr kqugpmrmcm kn mlbuos hmsds á
―‗prgnm
―‗prgnm nmtkrgm‗'
nmtkrgm‗' ck dutrms ldsdms. Ck nugtms nmokgrms, kssk ngstçrgd pdck skr
sgnidlgzmcd pkld "iurmhd
"iurmhd okbrd".
okbrd". M Yuom-G / Gsm 
Gsm ç m `drâm ck mtrmâèd, brmvgcmck, goçrhgm,
kotrdpgm od nultgvkrsd. Om ngtdldbgm, ds mspkhtds ckssm `drâm sèd rkprkskotmcds pklm
edrcm ck bgbmotks (erînteursmr). Gsm Gsm  ç unm qugktuck k `mltm ck vgirmâèd - un ngstçrgd
úoghd om hdsndbdogm / hdsndldbgm bkrnéoghm. Kssk hdohkgtd ç tèd nktm`îsghd qumotd d
quk ç hemnmcd ck "kspîrgtd".

Bkld k `dbd sèd ms `drâms pklms qumgs d nuocd `dg hrgmcd, nms tmniçn sèd ms
`drâms quk lkvmrèd m "kxgstêohgm" m un n.

Gsm 
Gsm  ç un sînidld pmrm d kbd gocgvgcuml ckvgcd md sku k`kgtd hkotrmlgzmcdr k
hdohkotrmcdr. Ç unm `drâm quk nmotçn d ku-kbd uogcd curmotk ms prdvmâûks
kstrkssmotks cd prdhkssd ck goghgmâèd, k, hdnd tml, ç unm
pdotk kotrk ds nuocds k ms íbums.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Bkld cd nuocd
Motgnmtçrgm
Hdohkotrmâèd
Kbd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrms):

gsm gsm gsm
gggggggggg
gggggsssss
(sssss ggggg)
gggggggggg

Xtðceur (Wdbm):
=. @gquk krktd hdn ds irmâds mpkrtmcds hdotrm ds lmcds cd hdrpd.
9. @gquk krktd hdn ds irmâds kstkocgcds mhgnm cm hmikâm, hdn ms
m s pmlnms
cms nèds sk tdhmocd.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck hdohkotrmâèd k vdotmck.
9 - Hdostrgâèd, gotkrrupâèd ck `drâms cgoénghms gockskjmcms.
8 - Gotkbrmâèd iísghm cd kbd ckotrd ck un sgstknm nultg-vkrsml imlmohkmcd.
3 - Qdckr ck hdotrdlk k rkstrgâèd sdirk dutrms hrgmturms.
=9

Odnks: BNH  jkrm:

 jkrm: d mod (idn), hdlekgtm
BD  jçr : mod
DK bçr : mod
DO ír : mod, (idm) tknpdrmcm

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldrks `doçtghds: ' j' 

 j' (prdouohgmcd y hdnd kn "ymrc"). Od últgnd pkrîdcd DO, mpøs
hkrhm ck 011 c.H., m goghgml j `dg pkrcgcm ods cgmlktds cd Dkstk
Oørcghd k ckpdgs m ruom sgboghdu ' m'. m'.

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: hghld ck vgcm, hghld cd sdl.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d hmsmnkotd smbrmcd cd hçu k m tkrrm , du m

rdtmâèd cgoénghm cd hghld vkrèd-govkrod.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Jkrm 
Jkrm  gohdrpdrm d pmcrèd hîhlghd cd uogvkrsd kxprkssd om `ørnulm: surbk ‘ skr /
tdromr-sk ‘ pmssmr ‘ pmrm un odvd surbgnkotd. Kstk ç un pmcrèd iísghd quk `uohgdom kn
tdcm m lgoem rúoghm. M Yuom-j / Jkrm ç unm cms cums "ruoms hkotrmgs" od ksquknm cd Klckr
@utemrf, k ckok m omturkzm hîhlghm cd plmod edrgzdotml quk sk tdrom sknprk. Ç d skbrkcd
cm hgrhuo`krêohgm dogprkskotk.

Kstk ç d ngstçrgd cms cdzk vkzks cd hghld sdlmr mouml. Ymgced 

Ymgced ç d hmngoed cgírgd k
`drâm drgkotmcdrm cd sdl, Jkrm 
Jkrm sku hmngoed mouml, k Xdwgld 
Xdwgld d mrquktîpghd cd prøprgd sdl.

Jkrm 
Jkrm  ç m rkhdnpkosm pdr mâûks pmssmcms edordsms, hdrrktms k lkbîtgnms. Gssd oèd
tkn gnplghmâûks ndrmgs rkmgs - ç unm lkg omturml. Xk m sknkmcurm ç `kgtm hdrrktmnkotk, ck
mhdrcd hdn m trmcgâèd, k m "sdrtk" (emngobjm) kstí hdn vdhê, kotèd m hdlekgtm ckvk skr
brmock. Ç m `rugâèd ck ks`drâds ikn bmstds kn cgrkâèd m un dijktgvd ckskjmcd du
gostgotgvd. Gssd ç vkrcmckgrd k vílgcd pmrm ds rkgods oungodsd k `kodnkodløbghd.

D mspkhtd cm `krtglgcmck høsnghm ckstm ruom mpdotm pmrm d ckus Péoghd @rkyr, quk
ç govdhmcd “tgl
“tgl írs df `rgcemr„  (pmrm idm tknpdrmcm Vhdlekgtm^ k pmz).

D odnk cd Oørcghd Motgbd ír  ods `drokhk m mssdhgmâèd pdpulmr ckssm ruom hdn m
íbugm (DO mrg ) hdnd un sînidld cd vód rípgcd
r ípgcd cd sdl mrquktîpghd.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
ckskovdlvgnkotd hîhlghd, Hghld cd mod sdlmr (=9)
Ykhdnpkosm
@rugâèd
Íbugm

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrms):

 jkrm jkrm jkrm
 jjjjkkkkrrrrmmmm
 jjjjjjjjjj
 ju jm jg jk jd
(Jur jmr jgr
jgr jkr jdr)
 jjjjkkkkrrrrmmmm

Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk kn pç hdn d irmâd cgrkgtd cdirmcd ck ndcd quk d pdlkbmr cm
nèd cgrkgtm tdquk m hdrdm cm hmikâm. D irmâd ksqukrcd ç cdirmcd od
nksnd éobuld, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds cm nèd ksqukrcm tdhmocd d
dssd cd qumcrgl ksqukrcd.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - @krtglgcmck, hrgmtgvgcmck.
9 - Qmz, emrndogm
8 - Glungomâèd.
3 - Ykmlgzmâèd cm omturkzm hîhlghm cd nultgvkrsd.
n ultgvkrsd.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cd ngstçrgd cm hgrhuo`krêohgm dogprkskotk.
0 - Srmzkr dutrds hdohkgtds pmrm m nmog`kstmâèd
n mog`kstmâèd nmtkrgml.
=8

Odnks: BNH kgewmz  du gwmz : tkgxd

BD kgewms:
kgewms: tkgxd
DK çde:
çde: tkgxd, du kdw : ndotmoem ck hgozms
DO * gewmr : tkgxd (sdnkotk kn goshrgâûks rúoghms)
Oèd kstí od Wduobkr @utemrf okstm `drnm, nms d
Odrsk @utemrf tkn þr: ykw 
þr:  ykw 6 mrhd ck tkgxd ck nmckgrm om `drnm:
 Pkjm Yuom-z / Klemz .

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: gohkrtd ‘ hm kn mlbun lubmr kotrk ' k' 

k' k ' g'.
g'. Kstm ruom mcuklm ç
ksskohgmlnkotk un sgbod níbghd quk dhdrrk hdn pduhm `rkqüêohgm om kshrgtm
ck pmlmvrms.

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: ykw (tkgxd) hdnd m írvdrk cm vgcm k cm ndrtk ‘ m

írvdrk cd nuocd, Wbbcrmsgll.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: m hdluom vkrtghml cm írvdrk nultgvkrsml.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Kgewmz ç d kgxd vkrtghml cd nuocd quk ckok m hdluom hkotrml ck Wbbcrmsgll, m

írvdrk høsnghm. M írvdrk cd nuocd cds oørcghds motgbds krm, om nmgdrgm cds hmsds,
sgnidlgzmcm pdr un tkgxd cm `mnîlgm cms hdog`krms, oèd hdnd un tkgxd hdnun, hdnd
`rkqukotknkotk sk supuoem. Kstm gckgm ç mpdgmcm pklds tkxtds motgbds, quk sknprk sk
rk`krkn á sum qumlgcmck "sknprk-vkrck" k sums mbulems - d tkgxd ç unm hdoî`krm. [n
odnk mltkromtgvd pmrm d tkgxd kn oørcghd motgbd tmniçn ç imrrmsfr (tkgxd mbulem). M
pmlmvrm Wbbcrmsgll sgboghm "hdrhkl ck Wbbr   (Dcgo)" du "hdluom ck tkgxd". D prgnkgrd
sgboghmcd ç unm rk`krêohgm cgrktm md rgtuml xmnmoîstghd od "Emvmnml". M `drhm nugtms
vkzks ç pdktghmnkotk ckshrgtm hdnd d "hmvmld cd ko`drhmcd" kn oørcghd motgbd. Kstk ç
d rgtd pkld quml d Krglmz   vdm pmrm Ekl (rkgod cds ndrtds du suinuocd) k cmî pmrm tdcds
ds Odvk Nuocds pmrm bmoemr sum smikcdrgm. Gssd ç rkmlgzmcd md ldobd cm cgnkosèd
vkrtghml cd nultgvkrsd. : y: ckok kssk "kgxd oungodsd" quk mtrmvkssm k hdokhtm ds três
rkgods cd hçu, cm tkrrm k cd suinuocd. [nm `uoâèd sgnglmr, nms cgstgotm, ç kxkhutmcm
pklm ruom-S / Sgwmz. Lí m êo`msk kstí om skpmrmâèd, mqug om hdnuoghmâèd.

Kstm ruom hdotçn d ngstçrgd cm vgcm k cm ndrtk k, ngstghmnkotk, ds uoghm kn sum

kssêohgm. D tkgxd (Smrus imhhmtm) hdotçn unm tdxgom mlhmløgck quk m`ktm d sgstknm
okrvdsd hkotrml. Qrkpmrmcd hdrrktmnkotk, kstk ç un pdckrdsd mluhgoøbkod. [n hkrtd
prd`kssdr ck nkcghgom hemnmcd Fufdwfm, cm [ogvkrsgcmck ck Brkgz, om Mlknmoem
 Drgkotml, ckshdirgu quk kn cgms qukotks d tkgxd kngtk unm tdxgom bmsdsm quk
pkrnmokhk á sdnirm cm írvdrk k pdck hmusmr mluhgomâûks pmrm un gocgvîcud sdi skus
bmleds. M gnpdrtéohgm ckstm ckshdikrtm od kstucd cd hmrítkr xmnmoîstghd cm goghgmâèd ck
 Wbbcrmsgll oèd ckvk skr pkrcgcm. Mlçn ck sum mssdhgmâèd hdn m ndrtk, d tkgxd ç tmniçn
un sînidld cm vgcm ktkrom k cm rksgstêohgm. Gstd ç ckvgcd á sum omturkzm "sknprk-vkrck"
k pdrquk ç unm írvdrk kxtrknmnkotk curmcdurm (mtç cdgs ngl mods) k rdiustm hdn
nmckgrm kxhkphgdomlnkotk curm. D tkgxd ç `rkqükotknkotk kohdotrmcd ods motgbds
hkngtçrgds k motgbds ldhmgs cm gbrkjm Ísmtrú cm Kurdpm.

Kgewmz ç unm `drâm quk cí vgcm k d ndcd pkld quml kssm `drâm ç sustkotmcm.

Od Wduobkr
Wduobkr @utemr
@utemrf,f, kstm ruom ç rkprkskot
rkprkskotmcm
mcm pdr:)
pdr:) : e :(DO þr) quk
quk ás vkzks
sgboghm "mrhd `kgtd ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd". Gssd dhdrrk pdrquk ds lmâds nugtms vkzks krmn
`kgtds ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd rksgstkotk k pdr hmusm cm hdokxèd cd "Ckus Mrhd", [llr, hdn
d ngstçrgd cd tkgxd. [llr ç d ckus cm ndrtk mrhmghd quk bdvkrom m tknpdrmcm ck Wulk.

D tkgxd tmniçn ç unm pdckrdsm `drâm ck prdtkâèd k imognkotd. (Pkjm tmniçn m

`drnm : : k sums hdokxûks m kstk
kstk rkspkgtd.)
rkspkgtd.) Mgocm
Mgocm edjk kn hkrtms
hkrtms pmrtks cm Mlknmoem,
Mlknmoem, d
cgtmcd níbghd: "Pdr
"Pdr cko Kgiko fmoo fkgo Zmuikr ilkgiko   (motks cds tkgxds, okoeunm
nmbgm (ní) pdck pkrnmokhkr) pdck skr kshutmcd. Smniçn tknds un tmlgsnè rúoghd
prkskrvmcd quk ç un kxknpld ck "nmbgm ck tkgxd", kohdotrmcd om trgiuom ck Irgtsun,
kshulpgcm kn nmckgrm ck tkgxd kotrk ;11 k 0;1 cH Od cgmlktd `rîsgd, sum goshrgâèd ç
gotkrprktmcm hdnd "Xknprk hmrrkbuk kstk tkgxd! M `drâm kstí hdotgcm oklm!''

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Kgxd høsnghd vkrtghml
Goghgmâèd Oungodsm
 Pgcm Ndrtk
Yksgstêohgm
Qrdtkhâèd

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrms):

kgewmz keewmz keewmz
(gwmz gwmz gwmz)
kkkkkkkkkk
(un sdn ck vdbml `khemcm k okutrm)
Gwu gwm gwg gwk gwd
Gwd gwk gwg gwm gwg
Kkkkkkkkkk
Xtmcem (Wdbm):
@gquk kn pç k kstgquk ds cdgs irmâds pmrm imgxd kn un éobuld ck ;1
±, koqumotd lkvmotm m pkrom ksqukrcm (du cgrkgtm) pmrm trís kn un
éobuld gbuml.

Srmimleds níbghds:
= - Goghgmâèd á smikcdrgm cm Írvdrk cd Nuocd.
9 - Ykmlgzmâèd cd ngstçrgd cm ndrtk / vgcm k lgikrtmâèd cd nkcd cm ndrtk.
8 - Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck rksgstêohgm kspgrgtuml k vdotmck írcum.
3 - Hrgmtgvgcmck kspgrgtuml k vgsèd.
; - Qrdtkâèd hdotrm `drâms prkjucghgmgs.
0 - Munkotd bkrml cd pdckr pkssdml.
2 - Hdnuoghmâèd kotrk oîvkgs ck rkmlgcmck
rkmlgcmck ‘ ds nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll.
Wbbcrmsgll.
5 - Nknørgms ck motgbms kxgstêohgms od uxd mohkstrml.
=3

Odnks: BNH pkrterd: cgspdsgtgvd pmrm `uocgâèd ck ldtks

BD pmgrterm: hmgxm ck cmcds
DK pkdrce: ednkn ck ck xmcrkz
xmcrkz (4)
DO (oèd om lgoem oørcghm, kssms `uoâûks `drmn
misdrvgcms pdr: o : i :  : )

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr @doçtghd: p

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd
cd odnk: mcgvgoemâèd hdnd un gocghmcdr ck r rlðb, ms "lkgs
  prgngtgvms".

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: hdpd ck cmcds ‘ hdnd un cgspdsgtgvd usmcd pmrm ldtks ck

  `uocgâèd

HDNKOSÍYGD

Qkrterd
Qkrterd ç un sînidld
sînidld ck hultd pmrm
pmrm m `drâm ck r rlðb, `uohgdom
`uohgdom kn tdcd d
nultgvkrsd k m nmokgrm pklm quml ednkos k ckusks pdckn govkstgbmr sku `uohgdomnkotd.
r rlðb ç nmgs `rkqükotknkotk
`rkqükotknkotk trmcuzgcd pklm pmlmvrm "ckstgod", nms gssd ç nugtd
sgnplgstm k, go`klgznkotk, hmrrkbmcd ck hdodtmâûks ck "prkckstgomâèd" k
"prkcktkrngomâèd" cd tgpd kohdotrmcd od cdbnm hrgstèd. Kstk skotgcd ç tdtmlnkotk
gokxgstko
gokxgstkotk
tk od tkrnd oørcghd. r rlðb sgboghm
sgboghm lgtkrmlnk
lgtkrmlnkotk
otk "hmnmcms
"hmnmcms prgnírgms"6
prgnírgms"6 gstd ç, ms
hmnmcms (DO lðb:lðb: "lkgs")
"lkgs") ck mâèd pmssmcm
pmssmcm du motkrgdr
motkrgdr,, gocghmcms
gocghmcms pkld
pkld prkxd
prkxd r r, quk
sgboghm m `drnm nmgs prgngtgvm du iísghm ck mlbd
m lbd od tknpd du od kspmâd. Kssms hmnmcms
mutdcktkrngomcms cm mâèd pmssmcm sèd ms lkgs pklms qumgs ds ckusks k ds ednkos sèd
bdvkromcds. Kstms oèd sèd ms lkgs gnutívkgs cm omturkzm, nms ms lkgs gnutívkgs pklms qumgs
ms lkgs cms hrgmturms sèd `drnmcms pdr mâûks pmssmcms k pdr prkhkckotks. Kstk prgohîpgd
høsnghd kstí om rmgz cd cgrkgtd hdnun bkrnéoghd. Hlmrmnkotk, ç un hdohkgtd nugtd
sknklemotk md kxprkssd pkld Fmrnm 
Fmrnm  séoshrgtd k ç hdotrírgd á prkckstgomâèd jucmghd-
hrgstè.

M Yuom-Q / Qkrterd hdotçn d ngstçrgd cms lkgs oøroghms. D Oørogr ç d nkgd pkld
quml m mâèd ç rkhkigcm k trmosnutmcm kn unm `drnm prdjktívkl, nms ksskohgmlnkotk
gomltkrmcm, k rktdromcm á ks`krm cm quml m mâèd `dg rkhkigcm. Kstm ç m ruom cd tknpd, k
kssm gckgm tmniçn ç kxprkssm pkld Oørogr. Xkus odnks sèd [rcer, Pkrcemocg k Xfulc
([rcer, "mqugld quk sk tdrodu"6 Pkrcemocg, "mqugld quk kstí sk tdromocd"6 Xfulc, "mqugld
quk ckvkrgm sk tdromr" - un hdohkgtd oèd pmssmcd / prkskotk). M `drâm oøroghm ckok un
mspkhtd cms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd od nultgvkrsd k, hdnd tml, unm hdnprkkosèd ckssm
`drâm ç gocgspkosívkl od trmimled ck ruoms.
r uoms.

D ngstçrgd cm mcgvgoemâèd k cm sgohrdoghgcmck ç hkotrml pmrm m Yuom-Q / Qkrterd.

Qklm mrtk cm mcgvgoemâèd
mcgvgoemâèd,, d vgtfg ç hmpmz ck govkstgbm
govkstgbmrr r rlðb pkssdml
pkssdml du trmospks
trmospkssdml
sdml k
tdromr-sk hdoshgkotk cm `drâm ck Xfulc, ikn hdnd cms gouêohgms ck [rcer k Pkrcemocg.

Qkrterd ç d brmock pmcrèd ck trmos`drnmâèd høsnghm, quk ckvk skr kotkocgcd ck

mhdrcd hdn ds prgohîpgds ckshrgtds mhgnm. Ykprkskotm d pmrmcgbnm md ldobd cd quml m
rksgstêohgm (: :) kotrk ms `drâms ç bdvkromcm k kquglgirmcm drbmoghmnkotk.

M Yuom-Q / Qkrterd ç pkrhkigcm hdnd unm nucmoâm hdostmotk ‘ quk sknprk

pkrnmokhk m nksnm.

Qmlmvrms-Hemvk:

r rlðb
Sknpd
[rcer ‘ Pkrcemocg ‘ Xfulc
Hmusm k K`kgtd
Kvdluâèd ‘ nucmoâm

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

Qkrterd Qkrterd Qkrterd

Qu pm pg pk pd
Qurce pmrce pgrce pkrce pdrce
Qd pk pg pm pu
Qkkkkrrrrteteteterrrrdddd

Xtmcem (Wdbm):

Xkotk-sk od heèd hdn ms hdstms rktms. Srmbm ds jdkleds pmrm hgnm

hdn ds pçs mpdgmcds od heèd. Mpdgk ds hdtdvklds ods jdkleds hdn
ds motkirmâds gohlgomcds pmrm m `rkotk. @gquk ck `rkotk pmrm d dkstk.
Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Qkrhkâè
Qkrhkâèd
d ck r rlðb.
9. Mcgvgoemâèd
8. Hdldhmâèd ck `drâms rúoghms od uxd cm lkg oøroghm.
3. Ckskovdlvkr gcçgms du kvkotds hdnd un mtd níbghd.
=;

Odnks: BNH klemz dr mlbgz: Mlhk, prdtkâèd

BD mlbgs: Hgsok (4)
DK kdle: Mlhk
DO *gewmr: (sdnkotk kn goshrgâûks rúoghms) Skgxd, Mrhd
ck Skgxd

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: un 'z'

'z' b
  rmnmtghml oml, quk kvkotumlnkotk sk ckskovdlvku od ' r ' oml cd
Dlc Odrsk.

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: `drâm prdtktdrm, vmlfyrjur.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbrí`ghm: ds heg`rks cd mlhk, ds rmnds (k rmîzks) cm írvdrk,

ír vdrk, un hgsok kn
vód du unm nèd kspmlnmcm.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Kstm ruom ç egstdrghmnkotk tmlvkz m nmgs hdnplkxm ck tdcms, ck unm pkrspkhtgvm

sgniølghm. [n hdnplkxd gckdløbghd uoghmcd sdik á supkr`îhgk unm vkz quk skus
skbrkcds sèd pkoktrmcds.

M `drnm prdtd-bkrnéoghm ck Mlbgz   sgboghm "prdtkâèd", k sum `drnm ç tmlvkz

ckrgvmcm cd sgoml iísghd ck ck`ksm k prdtkâèd: m nèd kspmlnmcm. D hdohkgtd cd
vmlfyrjur   tmniçn `dg hdokhtmcd m kssm pmutm mtrmvçs cm gotkrprktmâèd cd odnk hdnd
"hgsok". Ds vmlfyrjur  sèd skrks prdtktdrks k vgvghmotks quk nugtms vkzks vdmn pdr nkgd
ck nmotds níbghds `kgtds ck pkoms ck hgsok. Kssks skrks sèd prdtktdrks, cdmcdrks ck
kokrbgm k un ndcd pkld quml Dcgo sk hdnuoghm hdn skus ekrøgs kshdlegcds.

D sgoml : z  : ç `rkqükotknkotk kohdotrmcd kshulpgcd kn lmoâms pmrm prdtkâèd k

vgtørgm.

Klemz, quk sgboghm "mlhk", rk`krk-sk mds qumtrd hkrvds høsnghds quk
hdostmotknkotk ndrckn ds bmleds cm írvdrk cd nuocd. D tkgxd odvmnkotk kotrm od
hdnplkxd sgniølghd ckstm ruom hdn m pmlmvrm oørcghm motgbm g(e)wmr , quk dhdrrk mpkoms
kn goshrgâûks rúoghms. Kstk tkrnd sgboghm "tkgxd" du "mrhd ck tkgxd“ k ç pdstkrgdrnkotk
rkprdcuzgcd pklm pmlmvrm Ỹr k m `drnm ck : : Kstk `drnm ç unm mltkromtgvm cm ruom
k om vkrcmck klks sèd prdvmvklnkotk ckrgvmcds ck unm `drnm prgngtgvm : .
kohdotrmcm od @utemrf ck Hemromy. Kstm `drnm nmgs motgbm kxgik d sgnidlgsnd cm írvdrk
ikn brmhmnkotk.
 M pmlmvrm bøtghm mles 
mles  (smotuírgd) tmniçn `dg rklmhgdomcm m kssm ruom. Kstk ç un
idsquk prdtkbgcd du rkhgotd ckcghmcd mds ckusks. M Yuom-Z / klemz  hdotçn un mspkhtd
cd pdckr prdtktdr cds bênkds cgvgods. Mlhgs, d odnk cds bênkds rklmtmcd pdr Síhgtd om
Bkrnéogm, pdck ck `mtd kstmr rklmhgdomcd md odnk cm ruom. Ck `drnm gckdbríhm, ds
bênkds cgvgods krmn ás vkzks rkprkskotmcds hdnd uogcds om hmikâm, nmgs du nkods
hdnd m `drnm prgngtgvm cm ruom (vkjm m @gburm 9.8).

Kn sku mspkhtd mbrkssgvd k bukrrkgrd, ds bênkds sèd vgsumlgzmcds hdnd hkrvds,

koqumotd kn dutrds mspkhtds klks sèd rkprkskotmcds hdnd hmvmlds (vkr Yuok-K / kewmz ).).

Klemz  ç d pdckr cm vgcm eunmom k "kspîrgtd" quk sk ks`drâm pmrm d nuocd cds Àsgr.

@gburm 9.8. Bênkds cgvgods, cm kshulturm kn pkcrm ck Yylmoc / Smoun.

Ç unm ruom cm hdokxèd kotrk ds ckusks k m eunmogcmck, m `drâm quk mtrmg m

hdoshgêohgm cd ednkn pmrm d rkgod cds ckusks. M Yuom-z / Klemz  ç m pdotk ck três hdrks
cm luz hgotglmotk, Ig`rðst, m "Qdotk cd Mrhd-Îrgs" om ngtdldbgm oørcghm. Kstm pdotk lgbm
Ísbmrcer, Ngcebmrcer k Ekl !. Ç dutrd ndcd pmrm m hdoshgêohgm mtrmvkssmr ds nuocds. Ç
d hmngoed hurvd cds rmnds k rmîzks, kn vkz cd hmngoed rktd cd trdohd : y  : , un
sînidld cd pdckr níbghd cd emngobjm.
emngobjm. M Yuom-z / Klemz   ç m `drâm usmcm pdr Ekgncmllr
kn sku mspkhtd hdnd bumrcgèd ck Msbmrcer. Klemz   ç unm ruom ck hdoshgêohgm k
hdnprkkosèd (unm Eubrúo6
Eubrúo6 unm ruom cm nkotk). Ç sdirk Ig`rðst quk: ds bgbmotks ‘ d
`dbd k ‘ d tknpd, ckstrdkn ds nuocds cds ednkos k cds ckusks. Sucd gssd ç nkledr
hdnprkkocgcd mtrmvçs ck unm sîotksk cds cgvkrsds ngstçrgds mprkskotmcds mhgnm.

D stðceur cm Yuom-z/ Klemz   sèd ms pdsturms trmcghgdomgs kn quk ds pdvds

bkrnéoghds sk hdnuoghmn hdn ds ckusks (vkjm m skâèd Xtmcembmlcr). Mlçn cgssd, kstm
`drnm `dg nmgs tmrck knprkbmcm hdnd m Yuom-n / nmoomz o  d Wduobkr @utemrf.
Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Qrdtkâèd ‘ govøluhrd
 Pgcm
Ig`rðst
Hmngoed cds bmleds k rmîzks
Hdokxèd kotrk ckusks k ednkos

Bmlcr: (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

klemz klemz klemz

zzzzzzzzzz
(un zunigcd prd`uocd, sdn mssdigmocd)
uz mz gz kz dz
dz kz gz mz uz
zzzzzzzzzz
(nnnnnnnnnn)

Xtðceur (Wdbm):

G. @gquk kn pç hdn ds irmâds kstkocgcds pmrm hgnm k pmrm ds lmcds.

GG. Nmotkoem m pdsgâèd cd irmâd gbuml á motkrgdr, nms mjdklek-sk,
skotmcd ods hmlhmoemrks. Nmotkoem d trdohd vkrtghml hdn m hmikâm
lkvknkotk gohlgomcm pmrm trís.
GGG. Nksnm pdsgâèd cd irmâd hdn d jdkled cgrkgtd od heèd k d pç
ksqukrcd om `rkotk hdn m hdxm pmrmlklm md heèd.

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Qrdtkâèd, ck`ksm.
9. Hdnuoghmâèd nîstghm k rklgbgdsm hdn ds skrks skohgkotks oèd-eunmods.
8. Hdnuoghmâèd hdn dutrds nuocds, kspkhgmlnkotk Msbmrcer k ds pdâds høsnghds ck
[rcer, Ngngr k Evkrbklngr.
3. @drtmlkhgnkotd cd emngobjm 
emngobjm (pdckr níbghd k "sdrtk") k `drâm vgtml (vkjm Yuom-N /
nmoomz pmrm mplghmâûks nmgs prítghms cm `drnm).
=0

Odnks: BNH sdwgld: sdl

BD smubgl: sdl
DK sgbgl: sdl
DO søl: sdl

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr @doçtghd: 's'

Gotkrprktmâèd Ksdtçrghm cd odnk: M smbrmcm rdcm sdlmr.

Gotkrprktmâèd Gckdbrmhm: unm pmrtk cm cgomnghm rdcm sdlmr, , quk sk

ckskovdlvku hdn m `drnm 6 du d rmgd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

M ruom-X / Xdwgld ç d sdl mrquktîpghd k m luz ckssk sdl, sgnidlghmnkotk kxprkssm

hdnd m rdcm sdlmr. D hdohkgtd ck rdcm bgrmtørgm (DO evkl) ç hkotrml pmrm
pmrm d kotkocgnkotd
cm ruom. Gstd ç rkprkskotmcd hdnd ms rdcms cd vmbèd sdlmr, : r : ikn hdnd d cgshd quk
ç supdrtmcd pdr kssm `drâm vkghulmr høsnghm. Kstk sînidld hdnplkxd ç d hkotrd cd motgbd
hultd md sdl egpkriørkd, quk kstmvm od mubk cm Gcmck cd Irdozk. D sdl krm hdoekhgcd
pdr cdgs odnks kspkhgmgs od odrtk. Kstks sk rkktkn od oørcghd motgbd søl   k om pmlmvrm
rgtuml suoom 
suoom (mnids `kngogods). Od "Mlvîssnml" (kstrd`k =0) cd Klckr Kccm 
Kccm oøs lknds:

―‗Ç hemnmcd Xøl kotrk ds ednkos

k Xuoom kotrk ds ckusks.‗‗

Xøl   rkprkskotm d `koónkod, koqumotd suoom 

suoom  ç d odunkodo (m hdgsm kn sî), d
pdckr kspgrgtuml quk
quk rksgck od hdohkgtd.
hdohkgtd. D ngstçrgd cd sdl ç ksskohgmlnkotk
ksskohgmlnkotk `kngogod ‘ d
sdl k m kokrbgm sdlmr `drmn hdosgckrmcds mtrgiutds `kngogods pklds motgbds pdvds
bkrnéoghds.

Xdwgld ç m vdotmck níbghm quk kstí mtgvm kn tdcd d nultgvkrsd. Ckotrd cd

gocgvîcud, kstm vdotmck ç kxprkssm mtrmvçs cms "rdcms kspgrgtumgs", m evkl . Kstm pmlmvrm ç
un hdbomtd kxmtd cd séoshrgtd Ćmfrm.
Ćmfrm. Okssk mspkhtd, ç unm `drâm hdotrírgm md pdckr cd
bkld høsnghd. M Yuom-s / Xdwgld `rkqükotknkotk tkn sgcd hdokhtmcm md pdckr cd
rklénpmbd k, pdrtmotd, mds hdohkgtds gohdrpdrmcds kn teurgsmz .

Xdwgld ç m `drâm kspgrgtuml kngokotk quk bugm d vgtfg pklds hmngoeds ck Wbbcrmsgll.
Ç un mspkhtd cd dijktgvd k tmniçn d hmngoed mtgvd k vdluotírgd kn cgrkâèd m kssk
dijktgvd. M Yuom-s / Xdwgld pdck skrvgr hdnd unm hdokxèd cgoénghm kotrk d hçu k m
tkrrm (Ísbmrcer k Ngcebmrcer). Xdwgld ç m ruom cd høcgbd ck edorm bkrnéoghd, un
hmngoed pdckrdsd pmrm m kxpkrgêohgm kxtítghm.

Sknpds ckpdgs, kstm ruom hdu hdoekhgcm hdnd m "ruom cm vgtørgm". Ck `mtd, ç
unm `drâm pdckrdsm k vdluotírgm. Gssd pdck trmzkr brmock suhkssd k vgtørgm pmrm un
gocgvîcud qumocd mplghmcd hdrrktmnkotk. Nms d vkrcmckgrd sgbrúo 
sgbrúo  (ruom cm vgtørgm) cds
motgbds krm m Yuom-t / Sgwmz .

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Ydcm sdlmr
 Pdotmck níbghm
Bugm
Dijktgvd k hmngoed
Xuhkssd
Edorm

Bmlcr: (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

sdwgld sdwgld sdwgld

ssssssssss
ssssddddllll
su sm sg sk sd
(sul sml sgl skl sdl)
us ms gs ks ds
sd sk sg sm su
ssssssssss

Xtðceur:

G. Mbmhek pmrm quk ms pmoturrglems k hdxms qukn prkssgdomcms md

ldobd ck tdcd d sku hdnprgnkotd, hdn ms oíckbms mpdgmcms ods
hmlhmoemrks. Nmotkoem d trdohd om vkrtghml, hdn ds irmâds md ldobd cms
lmtkrmgs cms hdxms.
GG. Kn pç hdn d hdrpd om `drnm cm ruom X, gohlgok ds irmâds md ldobd
cds lmcds cd hdrpd, koqumotd ms mrtghulmâûks cds qumcrgs k jdkleds
`drnmn m ruom X.

Kssks stðceur sèd rkktgcds pdr un tkrnd oørcghd motgbd foçsøl (fokk-suo) quk ckshrkvk
m Yuom-s / Xdwgld.
Srmimleds níbghds:

= - @drtmlkhgnkotd cds hkotrds psîqughds, evkl.

9 - Munkotd cm vdotmck kspgrgtuml.
8 - Drgkotmâèd mtrmvçs cds hmngoeds, "glungomâèd".
3 - Pgtørgm k suhkssd mtrmvçs cm vdotmck gocgvgcuml.
=2

Odnks: BNH tgwmz: d ckus Sþr

BD tkgws: d ckus Sþr
DK tgr: d ckus Sþr (DK Sgw), blørgm
DO Sþr: d ckus Sþr

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr @doçtghd: 't'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: d ckus cds hçus.

Gotkrprktmâèd Gckdbrmhm: m miøimcm hklkstk sustkotmcm pklm hdluom uogvkrsml

k, ás vkzks, pklm pdotm cm lmoâm.

HDNKOSÍYGD

M Yuom-t / Sgwmz gohdrpdrm m `drâm bdvkromcm pkld ckus Ísm-Sþr. Sþr ç d ckus
oørcghd cm lkg k cm justgâm, quk bdvkrom ds prdhkcgnkotds cms hdgsms (m mssknilçgm bkrml
bkrnéoghm). M `drâm ck Sþr ç ck rkbulmâèd pmssgvm. Om ngtdldbgm cd odrtk, ç kssk kssk ckus
quk nmgs sk mprdxgnm ck unm qumlgcmck trmoshkockotml. Kssms hmrmhtkrîstghms sèd
kxknplghmcms pkld
pkld brmock ngtd ckck Sþr, od quml d ckus smhrghm sum nèd ("emiglgcmcks
mtgvms") kotrk ms bmrrms cd ldid @korgs, m n ck smlvmr sku hdnpmoekgrd Àsgr cm
ckstrugâèd. Mssgn tgwmz  ç m ruom cd mutd-smhrg`îhgd k cds rkgs k brmocks lîckrks cd pdvd.

M pmlmvrm Sgwmz , Sþr kn oørcghd motgbd, ç d hdbomtd kxmtd cd séoshrgtd cmyus,

cmyus, cd
brkbd Zkus k cd lmtgn Jupgtkr. [n trîplghk ngstçrgd kstí hdotgcd od Sgwmz : (=) justgâm, (9)
bukrrm k (8) hdluom cd nuocd. Hkrtds mspkhtds ck tdcds ds três hdohkgtds kstèd
gotgnmnkotk rklmhgdomcds om hdsndldbgm rúoghm. Sgwmz ç prgohgpmlnkotk m `drâm cm
drckn cgvgom od nultgvkrsd k kspkhgmlnkotk kotrk m eunmogcmck. Nms Sþr tmniçn ç
gnpdrtmotk hdnd un "ckus cm bukrrm". Gstd ç ckvgcd ás qumlgcmcks kspkhgmgs jucghgmgs k
kspgrgtumgs quk `drmn trmosngtgcms md hdogtd pklds motgbds oørcghds. [nm pmlmvrm
oørcghm motgbm rksunk nugtd ikn kssk mspkhtd: vípomcønr   ("julbmnkotd pdr mrnms:
bukrrm"). D hdnimtk krm vgstd hdnd unm lutm kotrk `drâms kspgrgtumgs kn hdojuoâèd hdn
`drâms `îsghms. Mnims sèd hdosgckrmcms kxtkosûks cm nksnm `dotk. D ednkn, du
kxçrhgtd, hdn d pdckr nmgs oungodsd (quk ç ckskovdlvgcd pklm mâèd hdrrktm k edordsm
cd pmssmcd) skrí `mvdrkhgcd
`mvdrkhgcd pkld r rlðb pmrm
pmrm vkohkr
vkohkr m lutm.
lutm. Sþr bdvkro
bdvkromm sdirk
sdirk m
mcngogstrmâèd ckstm `drnm ck justgâm, kotèd klk ç govdhmcd pmrm m vgtørgm k ç, pdrtmotd,
un gnpdrtmotk ckus cm bukrrm. D mspkhtd cm hdluom-nuocd kxprkssm pklm Yuom-t /
Sgwmz   ç d cd skpmrmcdr cd hçu k cm tkrrm. Kssm skpmrmâèd hrgm unm qumlgcmck
`kodnkodløbghm k, pdrtmotd, ç okhkssírgm pmrm ms nmodirms nultgvkrsmgs. Hdnd
smiknds, kstm hdluom nmotçn m drckn nuocgml k prdtkbk m eunmogcmck k ds ckusks cm
ckstrugâèd quk vgrgm sk ds hçus (kokrbgm) k tkrrm (nmtçrgm) hdlgcgsskn un od dutrd.

Sgwmz ç rkprkskotmcd pkld Grngosul cds Xmxûks (@gburm 9.3). Kstm hdluom cd nuocd ç d
mxgs nuocg k tkn sum tkrngomâèd hklkstgml om kstrklm pdlmr.

@gburm 9.3. D Grngosul cds smxûks.

M ruom-t / Sgwmz ç
Sgwmz ç d ngstçrgd cm cgshgplgom kspgrgtuml k `ç ck mhdrcd hdn m lkg
cgvgom. Ç d gostgotd rklgbgdsd
r klgbgdsd od gocgvîcud k om sdhgkcmck.

Sgwmz `mhglgtm m gotkbrmâèd sdhgml k m rkbulmnkotmâèd ck mhdrcd hdn d høcgbd

kspgrgtuml cd Àsgr.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Justgâm
Drckn nuocgml
 Pgtørgm (ck mhdrcd hdn m lkg)
Mutd-smhrg`îhgd
Cgshgplgom kspgrgtuml

Bmlcr: (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

tgwmz tgwmz tgwmz
tgggggrrrrr
tu tm tg tk td
tur tmr tgr tkr tdr
Dt kt gt mt ut
(Sþr Sþr)
Sgggggrrrrr
Xtdceur:

@gquk kn pç, hdn ds irmâds gohlgomcds pmrm imgxd k ldobk cd hdrpd om

`drnm cd imstèd. Ms pmlnms cms nèds kstèd vdltmcms pmrm d heèd,
knidrm vdhê tmniçn pdssm kxpkrgnkotmr ms pmlnms cms nèds pmrm
hgnm.

stmcem `dg ckskovdlvgcd hdnd unm ruom ck lgbmâèd ck : X :

Kstk stmcem  k
: t :, k ç pdpulmrnkotk hdoekhgcm hdnd m ruom Xgb-Sþr. Klk gohdrpdrm
ms `drâms hdnigomcms ckssks cdgs sînidlds pdckrdsds. D bmlcr
"Xgb-Sþr , Xgb-Sþr , Xgb-Sþr" ckvk skr usmcd md govdhmr sum `drâm.

Srmimleds níbghds:

= - Ditkr mpkoms m vgtørgm k suhkssd.

9 - Hdostrugocd m vdotmck kspgrgtuml.
8 - Ckskovdlvk d pdckr cd mutd-smhrg`îhgd pdsgtgvd.
3 - Ckskovdlvk m "`drâm cm `ç" om nmbgm
n mbgm k om rklgbgèd.
=5

Odnks: BNH ikrfmod: ckusm cm Içtulm

 BD imgrfmo: bmled cm Içtulm
DK ikdrh: ír
írvdrk Içtulm
DO ijmrfmo: ckusm rúoghm cm içtulm
(cd DO ijdrf: Içtulm)

@drnms Mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr @doçtghd: 'i'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: d ounko cd vgcdkgrd hdnd nèk tkrrm

Gotkrprktmâèd Gckdbrmhm: ds skgds cm nèk-tkrrm

HDNKOSÍYGD

M Yuom-i / Ikrfmod 
Ikrfmod hdotçn d hdnplkxd ngstçrgd cm brmock nèk. Kn sku mspkhtd
hdsndløbghd, ç m nèk ck tdcm nmog`kstmâèd k gohdrpdrm ds ngstçrgds cd omshgnkotd k cd
rkomshgnkotd høsnghd k eunmod.

Ikrfmod rkbk ds qumtrd "rgtds ck pmssmbkn" eunmods `uocmnkotmgs, quk dhdrrkn

ods ndnkotds hruhgmgs cd: omshgnkotd, mcdlkshêohgm, hmsmnkotd k ndrtk. Kssm ckusm ck
içtulm tmniçn kxgik d lmcd nmgs sdnirgd cm "Nèk Skrrîvkl", cdngomocd m ndrtk. Om
ngtdldbgm oørcghm, klm ç rkprkskotmcm pdr Ekl. Od lgvrd Bkrnéogm,
Bkrnéogm, hmpîtuld 31, Síhgtd
rklmtm m ckusm Okrteus hdnd m nèk tkrrm. Okstk hultd, m ckusm ç mssgstgcm pdr un
smhkrcdtk k klm ç hmrrkbmcm pdr tdcd d tkrrgtørgd kn sum hmrrumbkn, kspmlemocd sums
iêoâèds ck pmz k `krtglgcmck. ]umocd m prdhgssèd tkrngom, Okrteus rkhkik smhrg`îhgds
eunmods pmrm rkmimstkhkr sku pdckr bmstd.

M Yuom-i / Ikrfmod 
Ikrfmod ç d rkhgpgkotk ck tucd quk sk tdrom / skr. Ç m uogcmck cd hghld
omshgnkotd-vgcm-ndrtk-rkomshgnkotd mtrmvçs cd "ngstçrgd cd ndnkotd". Kstm ç m
"uogcmck cm kvdluâèd", mquklk ndnkotd cd "skr" (un úoghd hghld hdnplktd ck
surbgnkotd ‘ skr / tdromr ‘ pmssmr, pmrm un odvd surbgnkotd) m pmrtgr cd quml d "tdromr-
sk" ç hdostruîcd. D `koónkod cd mhmsd om omturkzm ç ckshrgtd pdr kssm ruom, pdrquk
hmcm ndnkotd ck hmcm unm ckssms uogcmcks ck kxgstêohgm tkn sum prøprgm
sgobulmrgcmck, knidrm tdcms skjmn nmotgcms juotms pdr un pmcrèd uogvkrsml.

Ikrfmod ç d rkhkptdr pmssgvd k m `drâm prdtktdrm hdoskrvmcdrm. Klk kshdock k

prdtkbk. M Yuom-i / Ikrfmod 
Ikrfmod  cdngom tdcds ds hdnpmrtgnkotds ck prdtkâèd du
dhultmâèd, hdnd hmvkroms, mldjmnkotds du ms "hmsms ck tkrrm"
t krrm" goghgítghms (DO jmrceeús
(DO  jmrceeús).).
Qmlmvrms-Hemvk:

Nèk-Skrrm
Omshgnkotd
Hghld Omshgnkotd ‘ vgcm ‘ ndrtk
Ndnkotd ck hdotkoâèd

Bmlcr: (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

ikrfmod ikrfmod ikrfmod

iu im ig
ig ik id i k k k k k r r r r r
(iurf
(iurf imrf igrf ikrf
ikrf idrf)
idrf)
di ki gi mi ui
ikkkkkrr rrr

Xtmcem:

@gquk krktd hdn d irmâd ksqukrcd cdirmcd od hdtdvkld, m pmlnm

mpdgmcm od qumcrgl. M pkrom ksqukrcm kstí cdirmcm od jdkled hdn ds
hmlhmoemrks sk tdhmocd. D pç ksqukrcd ç mjustmcd kn un éobuld ck
71 pmrm d pç cgrkgtd. D hdtdvkld k d jdkled `drnmn ds éobulds cm ruom
I.

Srmimleds níbghds:

= - Ykomshgnkotd od kspîrgtd
9 - @drtmlkhk d pdckr cd sgbgld.
8 - Dirms ck dhultmâèd k prdtkâèd.
3 - Qmrm hdotkr k nmotkr dutrds pdckrks juotds.
; - Ykmlgzmâèd cm uoghgcmck cd ndnkotd hdnd nèk nè k ck tdcds ms hdgsms.
0 - Srmzkr gcçgms pmrm m `rugâèd od prdhkssd hrgmtgvd.
=7

Odnks: BNH kewmz : hmvmld, du kewd: ds cdgs hmvmlds

hmvmlds
BD mîews:
mîews: bmrmoeèd
DK ke:
ke: hmvmld ck bukrrm
DO îdr : hmvmld (usmcd mpkoms kn hdotkxtds ck
hultds, k oèd kohdotrmcds od Wduobkr
@utemrf)

@drnm Mltkromtgvm:

 Pmldr @doçtghd6 'k'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: ds ckusks bênkds du ekrøgs od mspkhtd kqügod.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: cdgs pdstks vkrtghmgs uogcds pmrm sgnidlgzmr ds bênkds

cgvgods (d sînidld cm Gcmck cd Irdozk rkprkskotmvm
kssms cgvgocmcks)6 k tmniçn d sgoml ck cdgs hmvmlds ck `rkotk
un pmrm d dutrd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Kewd rkprkskotm d pdckr cds ckusks bênkds. Kstm hdostruâèd ck pdckr ç un

rkkxd ck unm `drnm cuml ck rkmlkzm bkrnéoghm. Kssks lîckrks nugtms vkzks krmn
rkprkskotmcds ngtghmnkotk hdnd hmvmlds. Mqug pkosmnds kn Ekobgst (bmrmoeèd) k
Edrsm (hmvmld), ds hdoqugstmcdrks smxûks cm Irktmoem. Mlçn cgssd, d odnk cds ckusks
bênkds cd Pkcm, d MŖvgomu, sgboghm lgtkrmlnkotk "ds cdgs hmvmlds". M rklmâèd
emrndogdsm kotrk ms cums `drâms rkprkskotmcms om hdostruâèd cuml ç ko`mtgzmcm, md govçs
cd pdckr
pdckr ck`kosgvd
ck`kosgvd k kxtkromnkotk cgrgbgcd kxprkssd om Yuom-Z / klemz . Sucd gssd
mpdotm pmrm m kstrkgtm rklmâèd kotrk ednkn k hmvmld, skotgcm pklds gocd-kurdpkus kn
bkrml k pklds pdvds bkrnéoghds kn pmrtghulmr. D hmvmld ç unm `dotk ck hdoekhgnkotd
oungodsd, k ds hmvmlds `rkqükotknkotk krmn hdosultmcds pklds motgbds smhkrcdtks
bkrnéoghds kn rgtds cgvgomtørgds.

D kewmz   ç unm qumlgcmck kspgrgtuml gotgnmnkotk lgbmcm á eunmogcmck (nmoomr).

Kn oørcghd motgbd ç cgtd: nmrr kr nmoos `ylbjm (d hmvmld ç m iushm ck un ednkn). M
ruom ck lgbmâèd ck k ç (kn), quk sgboghm "ku sdu".

M Yuom-k / kewmz   `mhglgtm m jdromcm kotrk ds nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll - d vgtfg pdck

lgtkrmlnkotk cdngomr sku pdckr mtrmvçs cds rkgods cm rkmlgcmck. Kewmz ç m ruom ck
Xlkgpogr, d hmvmld ck dgtd pkroms ck Øcgo. Nugtds tmlgsnès rúoghds rktrmtmn un ednkn
ndotmocd un hmvmld hdnd unm `drnm ck sînidld pmrm prdtkâèd níbghm gotkbrmcm, sdi
d bdvkrod ck Øcgo. Kstk ç d mspkhtd sdirkomturml ck kewmz, nms d hmvmld tmniçn kstí
lgbmcd á nmbgm cm `krtglgcmck k, pdrtmotd, m @rkyr, d ckus cm `krtglgcmck, pmz k
skosumlgcmck.

Kstm ç unm ruom ck hdomoâm k lkmlcmck. D rklmhgdomnkotd kspgrgtuml quk un

hmvmlkgrd ckskovdlvk pmrm sku hmvmld ç unm idm glustrmâèd cd pdckr ckssm ruom. Eí
nugtd pdckr m skr bmoed okstk skbrkcd.

Kewmz ç m hdnigomâèd ck cums `drâms du kotgcmcks hdnprkkosgvms, nms

cuplmnkotk drbmogzmcms (hdnd ednkn / hmvmld, hmvmld / hmrrumbkn, ednkn / `ylbjm,
hdrpd / mlnm) quk trmimlemn emrndogdsmnkotk juotds kn cgrkâèd m un dijktgvd (vkjm m
ruom SE / teurgsmz pmrm d hdohkgtd hdotrmstmotk).

M Yuom-k / kewmz   ç d sînidld cm rklmâèd ednkn-nulekr gckml k, pdrtmotd, ç d

ngstçrgd cd hmsmnkotd lkbml.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:
Cumlgcmck emrndogdsm
 Pkîhuld ck jdromcms sdirkomturmgs
sdirkomturmgs
@krtglgcmck
Hdomoâm, lkmlcmck
Hmsmnkotd lkbml

Bmlcr (kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

kewd kewd kewd
kkkkewddddd
kewu kewm kewg kewk kewd
kewd kewk kewg kewm kewu
kkkkewddddd
(Smniçn kxpkrgnkotk hdn m `drnm sgobulmr kewmz)

Xtðceur:

=. @gquk kn pç hdn mnids ds irmâds gohlgomcds, m ksqukrcm

mpdotmcm pmrm hgnm k m cgrkgtm pmrm imgxd pmrm `drnmr m `drnm
mltkromtgvm cm Yuom-k / kewmz :
kewmz : :

9. @mâm tmniçn unm kxpkrgêohgm hdn m stmcem ck lgbmâèd Yuom-k /

kewmz , om quml cdgs vgtfmr, bkrmlnkotk nmshulgods k `kngogods,
kstèd ck `rkotk un pmrm d dutrd, hmcm un om pdsgâèd cm ruom L /
Lmbuz, `drnmocd mssgn m Yuom-k / kewmz :
kewmz : :
Srmimleds níbghds:

= - @mhglgtmâèd cm "vgmbkn cm mlnm"

mlnm " mtrmvçs cds nuocds k prdjkâèd cm "mlnm" kn
Ngcebmrcer.
9 - Ykmlgzmâèd cm uogcmck `uocmnkotml cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd.
8 - Srmosngtk hdomoâm k lkmlcmck.
3 - [nm `dotk ck smikcdrgm prd`çtghm.
; - Qrdjkâèd cd pdckr níbghd.
0 - @mhglgtm rmpgckz kn tdcds ds mspkhtds.
91

Odnks: BNH nmoomz : eunmod

BD nmoom:
nmoom: ednkn, eunmod
DK nmoo:
nmoo: ednkn, eunmod
DO nmcer : un ednkn, skr eunmod

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 'n

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: d mohkstrml cgvgod k pmg hklkstk.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: hmsmnkotd b kotrk hçu k tkrrm.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Nmoomz ç d ngstçrgd cm kstruturm cgvgom (mrquktîpghm) kn hmcm gocgvîcud k om

eunmogcmck kn bkrml. Kssm kstruturm ç trmosngtgcm pkld ckus Ekgncmllr hdnd d
prdbkogtdr cm eunmogcmck. Gssd ç ckshrgtd od "Yîbsteulm" cd Klckr Kccm. Okstk pdknm ç
cgtd hdnd Yîbr (Ekgncmllr) kobkocrdu ds nknirds mrquktîpghds cms três `uoâûks sdhgmgs
od nuocd cds ednkos - d Qrdvkcdr, d Bukrrkgrd k d Xmhkrcdtk-Ykg - quk rkktkn ds
três oîvkgs cm kstruturm cgvgom. Ekgncmllr ç ck `mtd Dcgo kn un ck skus nugtds cgs`mrhks,
d ck Mll-@mtekr (Ml`mcegr > Qmg-ck-tdcds).

M Yuom-n / Nmoomz ç d sînidld ck Ekgncmllr hdnd d kld bkoçtghd kotrk ds

ckusks k ds ednkos k hdnd bumrcgèd ck Ig`rðst.

Kstm ç m ruom quk ckshrkvk ds pdvds bkrnéoghds hdnd ckshkockotks ck sum

drckn cgvgom k ckok m eunmogcmck hdnd m prdbêogk cds ckusks. Ç d ngstçrgd cm
eunmogcmck k rkprkskotm m kstruturm rúoghm om mlnm cd ednkn.

Nmoomz ç d pdckr cm gotklgbêohgm eunmom, rmhgdomlgcmck, nknørgm k trmcgâèd.

Ç d imstèd cd "ednkn mpkr`kgâdmcd" - d skr eunmod hdnplktd - un goghgmcd kn

un cds nugtds hultds cm @ç Motgbm. Nmoomz ç un skr mrquktîpghd mocrøbgod k, pdrtmotd,
ç un ngstçrgd quk gohdrpdrm d pdckr cd mocrøbgod om ks`krm psghdløbghm cm
eunmogcmck.

M Yuom-n / Nmoomz rkprkskotm m gostgtugâèd cm `rmtkrogcmck ck smobuk.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Kstruturm cgvgom
Lgbmâèd cgvgom
Gotklgbêohgm
Mocrøbgod
Goghgmr

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs):

nmoomz
nmoomz nmoomz
nmoomz nmoomz
nmoomz
nnnnnmmmmmooo
nnnnnmmmmmooooooo nu
nm ng nk nd nu
nuo nmo ngo nko ndo
un mn gn kn dn
ndo nko
nko ngo nmo nuo
nnnnnnmmmmmooooo
nnnnnnnnnn

Xtðceur (Wdbm):

@gquk krktd hdn ds hdtdvklds lkvmotmcds pmrm hgnm k ds

motkirmâds hruzmcds om `rkotk cd rdstd du mtrís cm hmikâm.
[sk d klckr stmcem cm ruom-z, quk ç usmcd hdnd m Yuom-n z od
 Wduobkr @utemrf
Kn mnids ds hmsds, d stmcem munkotmrí d pdckr cm hmikâm
(evkl ).).

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Ykmlgzmâèd cm kstruturm cgvgom om eunmogcmck.

9. Munkotd cm gotklgbêohgm, nknørgm k pdckrks nkotmgs kn bkrml.
8. Kquglgirmr ds "pølds cm pkrsdomlgcmck".
3. Cksildqukmr d eubmubm,
eubmubm, d "dled cm nkotk".
9=

Odnks: BNH lmbuz : un hdrpd ck íbum

íbum (du lmufmz : mled-pdrø)
BD lmbus:
lmbus: íbum
DK lmbu:
lmbu: nmr, íbum
DO ldbr : nmr, mbum (du lmufr : mled-pdrø)

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 'l'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm ck odnks: kokrbgm vgtml k hrkshgnkotd drbéoghd.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: unm docm du m pdrâèd vkrck ck hrkshgnkotd rípgcd cd

mled-pdrø.

HDNKOSÍYGD

Lmbuz   ç m kokrbgm vgtml iísghm od nultgvkrsd k m `dotk skhrktm ck tdcm m vgcm

drbéoghm. Lmbuz   ç m lkg (DO lðb) cm vgcm, kn tdcd d nultgvkrsd ikn hdnd kn
Ngcebmrcer. Kstms sèd ms hmnmcms (lkgs) cm mâèd høsnghm k eunmom cd pmssmcd quk
bdvkromn d ckskovdlvgnkotd `uturd cms `drnms ck vgcm.

M Yuom-l / Lmbuz  rkprkskotm ms íbums prgnmgs kn Ogekgnr quk hdotên d pdtkohgml

lmtkotk k mndr`d cm vgcm, quk ckvk skr sdlgcghmcd hdnd bkld k kokrbgzmcd pkld `dbd ck
Nuspkllsekgnr motks quk d pdtkohgml pdssm skr mtumlgzmcd kn un pmcrèd nmog`kstmcd.

Kstm ç unm pdtkotk ruom ck goghgmâèd ‘ kspkhgmlnkotk m goghgmâèd om vgcm. Ods

tknpds cds pmbèds, un rkhçn-omshgcd krm mspkrbgcd hdn íbum k cmcd sku odnk,
ckpdgs ck tkr sk ndstrmcd cgbod ck vgcm. Gssd rkgotkbrdu m hrgmoâm om `drâm vgtml ck sku
hlè. D ngstçrgd cd vmtog musm 
musm (d rgtuml cm mspkrsèd ck íbum) motkhkck m gouêohgm hrgstè k
ç unm hmrmhtkrîstghm cm motgbm cdutrgom oørcghm cd rkomshgnkotd - mptriurcer . Ms `uoâûks
cms ruoms [ k L kstèd gotgnmnkotk rklmhgdomcms kn cg`krkotks oîvkgs.

Lmbuz tmniçn gohlug d rgtd mquítghd ck pmssmbkn od oml cm vgcm ‘ d hruzmnkotd

cms íbums prgndrcgmgs pmrm d rkgod cds ndrtds.

Ds ngtds ck Dcgo hdnd d imrqukgrd cms mlnms sèd gnpdrtmotks okssk skotgcd. Ds
kotkrrds kn omvgds cds Pgfgobs k d sgniølghd hruzmnkotd ck íbum gocghmcd pdr klks
tmniçn sèd glustrmtgvds ckssm hrkoâm.

M `drnm lmufmz  tmniçn
  tmniçn sgboghm Lkkf (mled-pdrø kn goblês), quk ç kxprkssd od
 odnk cm ruom oørcghm motgbm lmufr. Kstk ç un sînidld ck hrkshgnkotd drbéoghd, pdckr
`ílghd (vgrtuck) k `krtglgcmck ods cdnîogds `îsghd k kspgrgtuml. M Yuom-l / Lmbuz cdngom
Lmbuz cdngom d
`dlhldrk cm nmbgm ekriíhkm, hdoekhgcm kn oørcghd motgbd hdnd ly`   k kn goblês motgbd
hdnd lmh-ouobm.
lmh-ouobm. D gtrlmufr   (mled-pdrø rksplmockhkotk) krm `rkqukotknkotk cmcd m un
 jdvkn qumocd klk prdvmvm skr un bukrrkgrd.
bukrrkgrd.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

 Pgcm
Íbum prgngtgvm
Qmssmbkn ―pmrm‗ k ―cm‗ vgcm
Hrkshgnkotd
Qdckr vgtml

Bmlcr (kohmotmnkotds Pkrimgs):

lmbuz
lmbuz lmbuzlmbuz lmbuz
lmbuz
llllllllll
lu lm Gg Gk ld
(lub lmb lgb lkb ldb)
ul ml gl kl dl
ld GkGk Gg lm
lm lu
lllllmmmmmbuuuuu
llllllllll

Xtmcem (ydbm):

@gquk krktd hdn ds cdgs irmâds kstkocgcds kn `rkotk md pkgtd,

gohlgomcd pmrm imgxd. Ms pmlnms cms nèds mpdotmn pmrm d heèd.
Qrmtgquk tmniçn hdn ms pmlnms cms nèds vdltmcms pmrm hgnm.

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Drgkotmâèd mtrmvçs ck tkstks goghgítghds cg`îhkgs.

9. Munkotd cm vgtmlgcmck k `drâm vgtml.
8. Hdlktm ck pdckr níbghd mndr`d pmrm `drnmâèd
`drnm âèd k kstruturmâèd pklm vdotmck.
3. Munkotd cd "nmboktgsnd".
;. Ckskovdlvgnkotd ck "skbuocm vgstm".
99

Odnks: BNH gobwmz : d ckus Gob

BD kobuz  du gbbws:
gbbws: d ckus lob, un ednkn
DK lob:
lob: d ckus du ekrøg Gob
DO lob 
lob du Wobvg : d ckus Gob (nmgs tmrck un
odnk ck @rkyr)

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 'ob' hdnd kn "ldob"

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: d ckus cm tkrrm

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: m bkogtílgm nmshulgom6 d ednkn hmstrmcd.

HDNKOSÍYGD

lobwmz   ç hdosgckrmcd d odnk ck un motgbd ckus tkrrkstrk bkrnéoghd, quk

trmimlem kn hdojuotd hdn m nèk tkrrm Okrteus.
Okrteus. Xku hultd `dg nmgs ckskovdlvgcd ods
tknpds motgbds oms rkbgûks
rkbgûks cd Nmr cd Odrtk.
Odrtk. D Pkled Qdknm Goblês
Goblês Yuoghd ods cgz:

''Gob `dg kn prgnkgrd lubmr 

kotrk ds cgomnmrquksks cd lkstk
vgstd pdr ednkos,
mtç quk klk `dg pmrm d lkstk
sdirk m docm,
d sum hmrrdâm rdldu mtrís cklk:
mssgn ds Ekmrcgobs
odnkmrmn d ekrøg.'‗ 

M hmrrdâm du hemrrktk nkohgdomcm ç d nksnd usmcd od hultd ck Okrteus. lobwmz

rkprkskotm d hdosdrtk nmshulgod cm nèk tkrrm k d smhkrcdtk quk cklm hugcm. Sèd `drtk
krm kssk hultd kotrk ds pdvds cd Nmr cd Odrtk quk klks krmn `rkqükotknkotk hemnmcds
ck Gobvmkdoks (ds ck Gob).

D ckus @rkyr tmniçn krm hdoekhgcd hdnd Wobvg, k klk tmniçn pmrtghgpdu ck
rgtds ck `krtglgcmck ods qumgs klk mocmvm kn unm hmrrdâm kn prdhgssûks rgtumgs. @rkyr
pmrkhk bkrmlnkotk tkr usurpmcd d pmpkl k d odnk ck Gob od odrtk.

Od hultd Gob-Okrteus, d klknkotd `kngogod hdosdnk d nmhed pmrm rkmimstkhkr

skus pdckrks ckpdgs ck bmstí-lds cmocd `krtglgcmck á tkrrm k pkssdms. Mqug eí `drtks
gnplghmâûks ck un tgpd ck hultd ck Hyiklk-Mttgs. D ngtd ck @rkyr cksgstgr ck sum kspmcm
pmrm bmoemr Bkrcer du d odnk Dcgoghd ck Bklcgob (hmvmld hmstrmcd), pdck skr glustrmtgvd
mqug. D klknkotd nmshulgod rkprkskotm d "mlgnkotd høsnghd" mutd-rkmimstkhkcdr ck
kokrbgm pdtkohgml, quk ç nmotgcd od govkrod pklm ckusm pmrm skr rkpkotgomnkotk k
vgdlkotmnkotk lgikrmcd odvmnkotk om prgnmvkrm curmotk d rgtuml prdhkssgdoml drbgístghd.

M Yuom-ob / lobwmz ç
lobwmz ç un ckpøsgtd ck kokrbgm pdtkohgml quk ckvk pmssmr pdr un
pkrîdcd ck bkstmâèd pmrm bmoemr `drâm. Kstk ç un prgohîpgd quk `uohgdom kn tdcds ds
oîvkgs cd nultgvkrsd, k ç unm pdckrdsm ruom cm nmbgm, pdgs tdcd d pdckr ckvk pmssmr
pdr un pkrîdcd ck bkstmâèd tèd prdtkbgcd motks quk pdssm sk nmog`kstmr kn sum `drnm
nmgs pdtkotk.

[n cds brmocks skbrkcds cm nmbgm skxuml oørcghm ç gohdrpdrmcd okstm ruom.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Kokrbgm pdtkohgml
bkstmhgdoml

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds vkrimgs / nmotrm):

gobwmz
gobwmz gobwmz
gobwmz gobwmz
gobwmz
gggggooooobbbbb
uob mob gob kob dob
dob kob gob mob uob
gggggooooobbbbb

Xtðceur (Wdbm):

=. @gquk kn pç, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd ikn mhgnm cm hmikâm k
ds hdtdvklds mobulmcds om `drnm cd imstèd.

9. @gquk krktd hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd un pduhd mhgnm cds
bkogtmgs, hdn ds hdtdvklds `drnmocd ds éobulds cm Yuom-ob / lobwmz .

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Mrnmzkomnkotd k trmos`drnmâèd ck pdckr pmrm usd rgtuml.

9. rgtds ck `krtglgcmck.
8. Nkcgtmâèd pmssgvm k hkotrmlgzmâèd ck kokrbgm k pkosmnkotd.
3. Lgikrmâèd rkpkotgom ck kokrbgm.
98

Odnks: BNH cmbmz : cmy

BD cmbs:
cmbs: cmy
DK càb:: cgm
càb
DO cmbr : cgm (oèd od Wduobkr @utemrf)

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldrks `doçtghds: 'c' k 'te' cgtds hdnd kn ―‗Seko„ (kotèd kn goblês).

goblês).

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: m luz cd cgm.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: d kquglîirgd kotrk m odgtk k d cgm.

HDNKOSÍYGD:

Cmbmz ç m luz cd cgm, pkrhkigcm ods ndnkotds ck omshkr k pór cd sdl, mnmoekhkr
k hrkpúshuld. Ç m ruom cd ckspkrtmr tdtml. D ngstçrgd ckstm ruom ç kxprkssd ods vkrsds
govdhmtørgds `mlmcds pdr Xgbrcrî`m qumocd klm ç ckspkrtmcm ck un sdod níbghd pkld
ekrøg Xgburcer ("d bumrcgèd cm vgtørgm"):

―‗Xmlvk Cgm!
Xmlvk mds `gleds cd cgm!
Emgl odgtk k sum `glem!
Dlek pmrm oøs cdgs
hdn dleds mndrdsds
k cê áquklks skotmcds mqug vkldhgcmck!

Xmlvk ds ckusks!
Xmlvk ms ckusms!
Xmlvk m tkrrm tèd okhkssírgm!
Qrdvçrigds k smbmhgcmck síigm
cê pmrm oøs, ds hçlkirks,
k hurmocd ms nèds okstm vgcm!''

(Kccm Qdçtghm "Xgbrcg`unml" kstrd`ks 9-8)

M Yuom-c / Cmbmz rkprkskotm d `dbd rgtuml cm lmr k m luz nîstghm pkrhkigcm pkld
vgtfg kn dpkrmâûks níbghms.

Cmbmz ç m sîotksk cds pdckrks cd cgm k cm odgtk mtrmvçs cds hdohkgtds ck

mnmoekhkr k hrkpúshuld. Gssd ç kxprkssd pklds `koónkods hklkstks cms kstrklms cm
nmoeè k cm tmrck ‘ hdnd sînidlds cds bênkds cgvgods.

Kstm ç m ruom cm pdlmrgcmck k cd "pmrmcdxd Dcgoghd", quk ç d ngstçrgd hkotrml cd

hultd í Dcgo. Klm kstí gohdrpdrmcm om omturkzm pmrmcdxml cd prøprgd ckus Dcgo k ç
nkledr kxplghmcm kn tkrnds cd "ndnkotd nîstghd". Kstk ç d ndnkotd quk ç prdhurmcd
k quk sk kohdotrm od vørtghk cds hdohkgtds pdlmrgzmcds. Kssks hdohkgtds sèd
sgohrktgzmcds pdr nkgd ck unm "mlqugngm" skhrktm om quml cdgs kxtrknds sk tdromn un.
Cmbmz ç mquklk tknpd / lubmr kn quk kshurgcèd k luz, prmzkr k cdr, vgcm k ndrtk, hdrpd
k mlnm, nmtçrgm k kokrbgm sèd sgotktgzmcds kn un hdohkgtd hdnun quk vmg mlçn ck sum
dpdsgâèd pkrhkigcm. Od cmbmz, m lgobumbkn `mlem.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Luz
Qdlmrgcmck
Xgohrktgzmâèd
"Qmrmcdxd Dcgoghd"

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds Pkrimgs):

cmbmz cmbmz cmbmz
cececececececececece
cmmmmmmbmmmmz
cmmmmmmbmmmmzzzzzzz cu cm cg ck cd ce ce ce ce
ce ce
dce kce
kce gce
gce mce uce
uce
dc kc gc mc uc
cmmmmmbmmmmzzzz

Xtmcem (Wdbm):

@gquk kn pç k hruzk ds irmâds kn `rkotk md pkgtd kn `drnm ck

Yuom-c / Cmbmz, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd ds dnirds.

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Mtgobgr d ndnkotd nîstghd mtrmvçs cm pkoktrmâèd cd skbrkcd cd

p
  mrmcdxd Dcgoghd.
93

Odnks: BNH dtemlm:

dtemlm: prdprgkcmck mohkstrml
BD dteml : prdprgkcmck
DK çtekl : pítrgm, prdprgkcmck
DO øceml : omturkzm, qumlgcmck gomtm, prdprgkcmck
(oèd kn Wduobkr @utemrf)

@drnms mltkromtgvms:

 Pmldr `doçtghd: 'd'

Gotkrprktmâèd ksdtçrghm cd odnk: prdprgkcmck gnøvkl ekrkcgtírgm.

Gotkrprktmâèd gckdbríhm: prdprgkcmck `khemcm cgomnghmnkotk gotkrmtgvm hdn d nkgd

mnigkotk.

HDNKOSÍYGD

D ngstçrgd ck Dtemlm ç sgnidlgzmcd pklm hkrhm cm `drtmlkzm cd hlè, quk ckok sku
lgngtk smbrmcd k skrvk pmrm ck`kocê-ld hdotrm ds gotrusds prd`mods. Ç m kssêohgm cd
hdohkgtd høsnghd ck Ngcebmrcer - d rkhgotd od nkgd.

M Yuom-d / Dtemlm,
Dtemlm, tmniçn ç un sgoml ck qumlgcmcks gomtms quk sèd d rksultmcd
cm ckshkocêohgm ck un cktkrngomcd hlè du trgid. Gssd ç ksskohgmlnkotk ck drgbkn
kspgrgtuml k, kn últgnm moílgsk, ckrgvm cm mshkocêohgm cgvgom k cm mâèd pmssmcm cds
mohkstrmgs. Dtemlm 
Dtemlm ç d ngstçrgd cd `ylbjm 
`ylbjm hdnd unm `dotk kspgrgtuml ck pdckr níbghd, quk
rksultm cds mtds vgrtudsds cms bkrmâûks pmssmcms hdnd gnprkssûks rúoghms ods "høcgbds
bkoçtghds" cds ckshkockotks - unm pdckrdsm ruom ck Dcgo. M `drnm skrvk hdnd un
ndodbrmnm ck Dcgo.

Ç un sînidld cmqugld quk ç ekrcmcd mtrmvçs cms bkrmâûks pdr tdcd d hlè, tmotd
ods rkgods nmtkrgml hdnd kspgrgtuml. Ç tèd gnøvkl qumotd m tkrrm k oèd pdck skr
trmos`krgcd pmrm `drm cd hlè / trgid. Od kotmotd, mtrmvçs cm gostgtugâèd cd hmsmnkotd,
mquklks quk kstèd `drm cd hlè tên mhkssd md sku pdckr mtrmvçs cm gotkbrmâèd hdn klk.

Dtemlm ç m síigm k justm mcngogstrmâèd cm tkrrm pklds odirks: mquklks pdssugcdrks

cd pdckr kspgrgtuml ckstm ruom ck mhdrcd hdn m trmcgâèd k m lkg hléoghms.

Kstm ç m ruom cm prdspkrgcmck nmtkrgml k ikn-kstmr. Klk trmimlem kn hdojuotd hdn

d hdohkgtd hdnplknkotmr ck pdckr ck prdprgkcmck nøvkl hdotgcd om Yuom-` / @keu 
@keu pmrm
ckskovdlvkr k nmotkr kssm gnpdrtmotk qumlgcmck od nultgvkrsd. Dtemlm ç m ruom quk
`drokhk lgikrcmck eunmom kn unm sdhgkcmck skburm k lkbml, gotkbrmcm hdosgbd nksnm k
hdn sku mnigkotk. Ç prkskrvmcm m lkg hléoghm k trgiml kn un oîvkl kspgrgtuml. Kn Msmtru
kstm ruom ç kxprkssm pkld pmrkotkshd.

Qmlmvrms-hemvk:

Govøluhrd smbrmcd
Qdckr ekrcmcd
Lgikrcmck prkskrvmcm
Qrdspkrgcmck

Bmlcr (Kohmotmnkotds Pkrimgs):

dtemlm
dtemlm dtemlm
dtemlm dtemlm
dtemlm
ddddddddddd
ddddd
dteul dteml dtegl dtekl dtedl
dtedl dtekl dtegl dteml dteul
ddddd

Xtðceur (Wdbm):

G. @gquk kn pç hdn ms pkroms ikn mikrtms, hdnd od B-ruok stmcem k

irmâds od skbuocd stmcem ruom-OB, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds
tdhmocd un pduhd mhgnm cds bkogtmgs. Gstd ç khmz kn dpkrmâûks
pmrm trmzkr m vdotmck cd vgtfg kn nmog`kstmâèd.
nm og`kstmâèd.

GG. Odvmnkotk, quk ck pç hdn ms pkroms mikrtms, nms hdn ds irmâds

od prgnkgrd stmcem cm ruom OB, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds sk tdhmocd
ikn mhgnm cm hmikâm. Kstk stmcem ç nmgs khmz kn dirms ck
gospgrmâèd.

Srmimleds níbghds:

=. Nmotkr m drckn kotrk ds hdnpmoekgrds.

9. Hdohkotrmâèd kn gotkrkssks hdnuos kn hmsm k `mnîlgm.
8. Nucmr ck kbdhkotrgsnd pmrm hkotrd hléoghd.
3. Ykhdlem ck pdckr oungodsd k hdoekhgnkotd ck bkrmâûks pmssmcms.
;. Mqugsgâèd ck rgqukzm k prdspkrgcmck.
 SKDYGM CM NMBGM YÚOGHM
Oèd ç pdssîvkl kn un lgvrd ckstk kshdpd mprkskotmr tdcds ds oîvkgs cm
hdsndbdogm k hdsndldbgm rúoghms. Hkrtms pmrtks ckssk hdoekhgnkotd `drmn usmcms pmrm
gotkrprktmr k glustrmr ms prdprgkcmcks cms ruoms gocgvgcumgs, k motks ck prdbrkcgr pmrm ms
tkdrgms cm nmbgm rúoghm prdprgmnkotk cgtm, ckvkn skr cmcds pmssds pmrm kxplghmr d
hdsnd od quml kssks ngstçrgds sk nmog`kstmn.

D N[OCD CMX Y[OMX

M nkledr `dotk pmrm kotkockr m hdsndldbgm rúoghm ç kohdotrmcm oms Kccms, dock
lknds quk motks cd tknpd hdnkâmr emvgm Bgoouobmbmp, quk sgboghm lgtkrmlnkotk un
"vmzgd nmbghmnkotk hmrrkbmcd". Od kxtrknd sul ckssk vmzgd, surbgu un nuocd ck `dbd
hemnmcd Nuspkllsekgnr, k od odrtk surbgu d Ogekgnr du d "nuocd cm oçvdm". Ck
Ogekgnr vgkrmn docms ck bkld `krnkotmcms, mtç quk m rkbgèd odrtk ck Bgoouobmbmp sk
koheku hdn d bkld k m bmrdm. Md nksnd tknpd, d `dbd ck Nuspkllsekgnr lmoâdu `mîshms
k pmrtîhulms gohmockshkotks. Nms d hkotrd pkrnmokhku "lkvk hdnd d mr skn vkotd".
]umocd ms `drâms cd `dbd k cd bkld sk kohdotrmrmn, d bkld `dg ckrrktgcd k m lkvkcurm `dg
mhklkrmcd pkld pdckr ck Nuspkllsekgnr. Gssd `drndu d bgbmotk prgngtgvd, Wngr ("d
rubgcdr"), quk gocghm "vgirmâèd prgnírgm". Ckstk skr mocrøbgod surbgrmn ms rmâms cds
bgbmotks cd tknpd.

 Wngr `dg mlgnkotmcd pkld lkgtk ck Muceunlm, m vmhm høsnghm, quk sk `drndu
gostmotmokmnkotk m pmrtgr cd bdtkjmnkotd. Klm lmniku ildhds ck bkld smlbmcds k mssgn
`drndu d ednkn mrquktîpghd, Iurg, tmniçn un mocrøbkod. Ck Iurg smltdu Idrr quk sk
hmsdu hdn Ikstlm, m lem ck un bgbmotk cd tknpd. Ckstm uogèd omshku Dcgo, Pglg k Pç
(nkstrks ck gospgrmâèd, vdotmck k smotgcmck, rkspkhtgvmnkotk). Klks nmtmrmn Wngr k
hrgmrmn k mjustmrmn d nuocd hdn pdrâûks ck sku hdrpd høsnghd. Ds leds ck Idrr
kotèd `drnmrmn d ednkn k m nulekr prgngtgvds, hemnmcds Msfr k Knilm ("hgozm" k
"dlnd"). Ds ckusks ckrmn m klks unm vmrgkcmck ck cdos "kspgrgtumgs", quk skrèd
cgshutgcds mimgxd om skâèd sdirk ds mspkhtds cm mlnm k cm nmbgm.
n mbgm.
 Ms hdnplkxgcmcks cm klkbmotk k hdnplkxm hdsndldbgm rúoghm oèd pdckn skr
goskrgcms mqug, nms d quk ç gnpdrtmotk odtmr ç quk:

=- oèd eí Hrgmcdr pkssdml6 m hdsndbdogm ç vgstm hdnd un prdhkssd omturml k drbéoghd6

9- d uogvkrsd, kn últgnm gostéohgm, ckrgvm ck unm úoghm `dotk, Bgoouobmbmp, quk sk
cgvgck kn cdgs kxtrknds ck `dbd (kokrbgm kxpmosgvm) k bkld (nmtçrgm prgnm /
motgnmtçrgm). Kssm pdlmrgcmck ç nutumnkotk mtrmîcm k, m pmrtgr ck sum (rk)uogèd, m
kssêohgm prgndrcgml k d pmcrèd mrquktîpghd ck nmog`kstmâèd sèd `drnmcds. M pmrtgr ckssk
qumcrd, m nultgplghgcmck ck skr kvdlug.

Ms Kccms ods kosgomn quk unm vkz kstmiglgzmcm m "hrgmâèd", d nultgvkrsd hdosgstgm
kn odvk nuocds, hdotgcds k mpdgmcds pklm írvdrk cd nuocd, Wbbcrmsgll. Kssks nuocds
hdotên goúnkrms ndrmcms k rksgcêohgms. Od hkotrd kstí Ngcebmrcer, hdn ds dutrds
nuocds md rkcdr, mhgnm k mimgxd cklk. Od odrtk kn Ogekgnr6 od lkstk, Jðtuoekgnr
(Ktgo-wdrlc)6 od sul, Nuspkllsekgnr6 od dkstk, Pmomekgnr (Pmogr-nuocd). Od nkgd, mhgnm
ck Ngcebmrcer, kohdotrm-sk Ljøssíl`ekgnr (nuocd cds kl`ds-hlmrds) k mhgnm ck Msbmrcer,
d rkhgotd cd Àsgr, quk mirgbm nugtms emigtmâûks. Mimgxd ck Ngcebmrcer kohdotrm-sk
Xvmrtíl`ekgnr ("nuocd cds kl`ds okbrds" du "nuocd cds moûks") k mimgxd cklk Ekl, d
rkgod sglkohgdsd, gnøvkl k sdodlkotd cds ndrtds. Kotrk k od nkgd ckssks nuocds, ms
ruoms k sums kstrmcms ckvkn skr kohdotrmcms - mqug kstí unm brmock ruom kshdocgcm.

NMOG@KXSMÂÈD CM @GLM YÚOGHM

M nmog`kstmâèd cms ruoms k sum drckomâèd om lgoem @utemrf kstèd lgbmcms mds
prdhkssds hdsndbóoghds k hdsndløbghds. Ms ruoms oèd tên pdotd ck drgbkn6 klks sèd m
suistéohgm cm lmtkotk kokrbgm hdotgcm kn Bgoouobmbmp. Ms ruoms kxgstkn
sgnultmokmnkotk kn un kstmcd gocg`krkohgmcd pdr tdcd kssk vmzgd - k, pdrtmotd,
cksmmn m hdnprkkosèd. Om cgvgsèd kotrk Nuspkllsekgnr k Ogekgnr, ms `drâms rúoghms
sèd pdlmrgzmcms kn ruoms irglemotks (DO ekgcerúomr ) k ruoms kshurms (DO nyrfrúomr ).).
Kstks sèd mspkhtds pdlmrgzmcds ck tdcd d hdrpd ck pdckr rúoghd kxprkssd
sgnultmokmnkotk. Kssms `drâms rúoghms sk mtrmkn, pmrm quk pdssmn sk juotmr k hrgmr m
sknkotk høsnghm ck nmog`kstmâèd hdotgcm kn Wngr. Ms ruoms irglemotks k ms ruoms
kshurms sèd rkhdostgtuîcms kn un pmcrèd hmpmz ck nmog`kstmâèd. Ms `drâms rúoghms
mtumn ods prdhkssds hdsndbóoghds ckshrgtds mhgnm6 od kotmotd, ms ruoms hdnd ms
hdoekhknds oèd `drmn nmog`kstmcms, pdrquk tdcd d prdhkssd, mtç d smhrg`îhgd ck Wngr,
dhdrrk kn un kstmcd oèd-nmog`kstd. ]umocd Dcegoo, Pggg k Pk smhrghmn Wngr (m `drnm
ck sknkotk hrgstmlgzmcm cd pmcrèd rúoghd hdlktgvd), klks drbmogzmn "kstm suistéohgm
rúoghm" ck mhdrcd hdn d pmcrèd nultgvkrsml. Mssgn klks "hrgmn" ds Odvk Nuocds k
 Wbbcrmsgll. Kstk mtd prgngtgvd trmz drckn k nmog`kstmâèd høsnghm.

Okstk pdotd, ms ruoms sèd drckomcms om lgoem @utemrf kn sum `drnm lgokmr hdnd d
mrrmojd prgnírgd od hkotrd cd nultgvkrsd. Kssm nmog`kstmâèd sk ckscdirm cd "mvkssd",
hdnkâmocd hdn ms `drnms nmgs iísghms cm `drâm hîhlghm
 k vkrtghml

  . M pmrtgr ckssk pdotd, ms dutrms ruoms sk nmog`kstmn kn un pmcrèd lgokmr bdvkromcd

pdr unm lkg ks`çrghm cdzk vkzks. Á nkcgcm quk hmcm hîrhuld suiskqükotk sk nmog`kstm,
un pmr ck ruoms - hdohkgtds ksdtçrghds ç gsdlmcd ckotrd cd "kspmâd". Ms lkgs cm sgnpmtgm
k motgpmtgm cktkrngomn qumgs ruoms sk hrgstmlgzmn kn hmcm hîrhuld. Mlçn cgssd, kssms
nksnms lkgs cktkrngomn qumgs ckssks cdgs hdohkgtds skrèd mlgoemcds hdn m ruom
prkvgmnkotk nmog`kstmcm om lgoem. M lgoem mssgn prdcuzgcm ç pkrhkigcm pkld gotklkhtd kn
unm drckn bdvkromcm pkld hmngoed cd sdl, k mssgn ms ruoms nmog`kstmn skus vmldrks
ounçrghds ck = m 93. Kssks vmldrks ounçrghds tmniçn `mzkn pmrtk cms pdsgâûks rklmtgvms
gomtms ck un ngstçrgd pmrm ds dutrds, k cksknpkoemn pmpkl cktkrngomotk om sum
drckomâèd. [nm rkprkskotmâèd bríhm ndstrm tdcm m blørgm ckssk ngstçrgd om @gburm 8.=.

Kssks pmcrûks, mssgn hdnd mquklks quk bdvkromn d mlgoemnkotd lgokmr cds
imstûks, sèd mvkogcms `rutî`krms ck nkcgtmâèd k rkvklmrèd nugtm smikcdrgm k
prdpdrhgdomrèd brmock pdckr md vgtfgs quk pdck cksvkocmr skus kogbnms.

M @gburm 8.= rkprkskotm mpkoms un cds vírgds pmcrûks ods qumgs ms ruoms sèd
drbmogzmcms du cgvgcgcms - hmcm nuocd du "cdnîogd
" cdnîogd cd skr" tkn sum prøprgm ndcmlgcmck
n dcmlgcmck
pmrtghulmr. Ds rkltgr sèd rkbgcds pkld pmcrèd cm "hruz" du "kstrklm" øhtuplm pklm quml ds
motgbds oørcghds cgvgcgrmn ds hçus (vkjm m @gburm 8.9).

@gburm 8.= Cgmbrmnm cd pmcrèd

p mcrèd `utemrf ck nmog`kstmâèd.
 @gburm 8.9. M cgvgsèd øhtuplm cd `utemrf.

Kstm kxpdsgâèd rucgnkotmr k `rmbnkotírgm cm hdsndldbgm rúoghm ç mpkoms unm

subkstèd cds skbrkcds k ksplkocdrks m skrkn ckshdikrtds pkld vgtfg quk pkrskvkrm k
pkoktrm om smikcdrgm cds nuocds.

KLKNKOSDX

Kn tdcms ms skâûks sdirk hdsndldbgm, `mlmnds ck `drâms quk pdckrîmnds hemnmr

ck "klknkotds", hdnd `dbd, íbum, bkld, mr k tkrrm. Kstks sèd rkngokshkotks cds
klknkotds plmtóoghd-ekrnçtghds cd `dbd, mr, tkrrm, k íbum, nms klks oèd ckvkn skr
kotkocgcds hdnd skocd gcêotghds m klks. Mnids ds sgstknms tên rmîzks hdnuos om `dotk
ck smikcdrgm gocd-kurdpçgm, quk rkhdoekhk m diskrvmâèd cm omturkzm (gotkrom k kxtkrom)
hdnd m pgstm nmgs hdoívkl pmrm m omturkzm cm rkmlgcmck oungodsm. M prdxgngcmck kotrk
ds pdvds cd odrtk k ds cdnîogds cd bkld lkvdu-ds m rkhdoekhkr m cghdtdngm nultgvkrsml
kotrk `dbd k bkld - quk sk kohmgxm nugtd ikn hdn m nkosmbkn cm `îsghm ndckrom. [nm
irkvk moílgsk cds mtrgiutds ckssks klknkotds rúoghds mjucmrí ds mspgrmotks m vgtfg m
ckshdirgr d kotrklmâmnkotd ckssks hdohkgtds hdn ds cds imstûks ck ruoms, hdnd ndstrm
m Smiklm 8.=.

KLKNKOSDX MSYGI[SDX
`dbd
`dbd Kxpm
Kxpmos
osèd
èd tdtm
tdtml,l, hmld
hmldr,
r, vgir
vgirmâ
mâèd
èd tdtm
tdtml,l, kokr
kokrbg
bgmm mrq
mrquk
uktî
tîpg
pghm
hm
mr Sdcm
dcm m prk
prkvm
vmlê
lêoh
ohggm k dogp
dogprk
rksskoâ
koâm, ksp
spmâ
mâd
d sk
skn `dr
`drnm
nm,, ndv
ndvggnk
nkootd,
td, lu
luz,
gotklkhtd, hdnuoghmâèd.
mbuum
mb @drn
@drnmm mrqu
mrqukt
ktîp
îpgh
ghm,
m, oèd
oèd nmo
nmog`
g`ks
kstm
tmcm
cm,, skr
skr kvdl
kvdluh
uhgd
gdoí
oírg
rgd,
d, qug
qugkt
ktuc
uck,
k,
kshurgcèd, gohdoshgkotk.
bkld
bkld Hdot
Hdotrm
rmâè
âèd
d tdt
tdtml
ml,, `rg
`rgkz
kzmm (cg
(cg`k
`krk
rkot
otkk cm
cm ruo
ruomm gsm
gsm),
), vgir
vgirmâ
mâèd
èd skn
skn tkr
tkrrm,
rm, hdks
hdksèd
èd,,
tkrr
tkrrmm Qdtk
Qdtkoh
ohgm
gmll tdtml
tdtml (hdo
(hdotk
tkoc
ocdd tdcd
tdcdss ds dutr
dutrds
ds),
), nmog`
nmog`ks
kstm
tmâè
âèd
d k kstr
kstrut
utur
urmm
mrquktîpghm, nmtçrgm `îsghm, kxgstêohgm.

[n "skotgnkotd" gotugtgvd pmrm kssms gcçgms skrvgrí ikn md kotkocgnkotd cds

ngstçrgds hdsndløbghds, mssgn hdnd `drokhkrí lmâds kndhgdomgs hdn ms vírgms
vírgm s ruoms.

@L[UDX

Nugtd trmimled tkn sgcd `kgtd pdr níbghds rúoghds mlknèks kn rklmâèd á gobkstèd
k nmogpulmâèd ck hdrrkotks ck `drâm rúoghm. Kssms hdrrkotks pdckn skr hlmssghmcms ck
mhdrcd hdn ds cdnîogds kn quk sk drgbgomn:
(=) hdrrkotks tkrrkstrks, quk hdrrkn md ldobd cm supkr`îhgk cm tkrrm6
(9) hdrrkotks hklkstks, quk hgrhulmn om mtnds`krm6 k
(8) hdrrkotks htóoghms, quk ukn om ks`krm suitkrréokm.

Kssms hdrrkotks du hmnpds gotkrmbkn hdostmotknkotk kotrk sg, hmusmocd

nucmoâms k utumâûks om gotkosgcmck k om `drnm cm `drâm kohdotrmcm kn hmcm rkgod.
Sdcms ms ruoms kxgstkn kn tdcds ds rkgods6 klks sèd, od kotmotd, hdohkotrmcds k
gotkosghmcds kn pdckr ckotrd cds rkgods nmgs sgnpítghds á `drâm quk klks gohdrpdrmn.
Mtrmvçs cms prítghms ck stmcembmlcr k nkcgtmâèd, d vgtfg ç hmpmz ck mtrmgr kssms hdrrkotks
høsnghms pmrm sum prøprgm ks`krm rúoghm pkssdml, pmrm skr gotkbrmcm (pmrm munkotmr d
pdckr pkssdml) du rkprdjktmcm, m n ck hmusmr nucmoâms ck mhdrcd hdn m vdotmck cd
vgtfg. . M skâèd prítghm sdirk stmcembmlcr kxplghm hdnd nmogpulmr kssks uxds kn nmgs
cktmleks. M pmlmvrm “hdrrkotk„ ç tmlvkz un pduhd kobmodsm. Om vkrcmck, kssms `drâms
rúoghms pdckn skr skotgcms hdnd unm vmrgkcmck ck skosmâûks ckotrd cm psgquk. Mlbuos
sèd ck `mtd sknklemotks mds uxds ck pdckr ugocd6 dutrms sèd pmrkhgcms hdn docms,
rkckndgoeds du misdlutm qugktuck. Hmcm vgtfg ckvk kxpldrmr m "skosmâèd" ck hmcm ruom
kn skus prøprgds tkrnds. [nm vkz quk d hdotmtd tkoem sgcd `kgtd, skrí gohdo`uocîvkl.
 M MLNM K DX HDOHKGSDX CK QDCKY QKXXDML

Cgshutgr hdnplktmnkotk m prd`uocgcmck ckstk tøpghd kxgbgrgm un kstucd gbuml md

okhkssírgd pmrm cklgokmr hdnplktmnkotk ms hdnplkxgcmcks cm hdsndldbgm rúoghm. Ç, od
kotmotd, gnpdrtmotk hdnprkkockr ms odâûks iísghms cms motgbms hdohkpâûks oørcghms ck
hdostruâèd cm mlnm k ck pdckr pkssdml, pdgs kstms cksknpkoemn un pmpkl prdkngokotk
oms tkdrgms cm nmbgm rúoghm. Ç okstk nuocd quk m nmbgm cms ruoms surbgu pklm prgnkgrm
vkz, k d kotkocgnkotd - mtç nksnd m rkmlgzmâèd - ckssms hdohkpâûks ods lkvmrí ldobk od
pdckr cms ruoms.

Hkrtms qumlgcmcks cm mlnm `drmn cmcms md ednkn k nulekr prgnmgs (hd-gbuml k

sgnultmokmnkotk) pklm trîmck ck ckusks. Kstm trîmck, quk ç unm kxprkssèd trîplghk cd
ckus bkrmlnkotk hdoekhgcd hdnd Dcgo, `dg gckotghmcm mhgnm hdnd Dcgo, Pglg k Pç. Kn
dutrm hdotm cmcm od "Pðluspí„ pdcknds lkr:

Mtç d Àsgr,
pdckrdsd k mndrdsd
vkgd cd edspkckgrd
pmrm m hdstm6
om tkrrm quk kohdotrmrmn
ck pduhd pdckr
Msfr k Knilm
mgocm skn suhkssd.

Klks oèd tgoemn ''ðoc  '' ðoc '',

'',
klks oèd tgoemn "øcer  " øcer ", ",
okn ''lí
''lí'''' okn ''làtg 
''làtg ''''
okn idn ''lgtr 
''lgtr ''6
''6

Dcgo cku ''ø

'' ø''
EŘogr cku "øcer 
" øcer ", ",
Løceurr cku ''lí '' lí''''
k idn ''lgtr 
''lgtr ''.
''.

Ds últgnds três cdos gocghmn qumlgcmcks kxtkroms ( lí: 

lí:  mpmrêohgm6 làtg: 
làtg:  ndvgnkotd6
lgtr: 
lgtr:  smúck), quk sèd kxtrknmnkotk gnpdrtmotks, nms oèd ck gotkrkssk hkotrml mqug.  Ðoc 
ç d sdprd cm vgcm, d "kspîrgtd" quk ç m "hkotklem cgvgom" om eunmogcmck k m `drâm
dogprkskotk quk pkoktrm k mognm d nultgvkrsd. (Gssd ç nugtd sknklemotk á hdohkpâèd
gocgmom ck prmom k ç ktgndldbghmnkotk lgbmcd md séoshrgtd Mtnmo: rkspgrmâèd, mlnm.)
Øcer ç d pdckr cm gospgrmâèd k cd êxtmsk. D odnk Dcgo ç ckrgvmcd cm nksnm pmlmvrm
rmgz. Kstk ç d pdckr oungodsd purd k grrmhgdoml quk ç m `mhulcmck níbghm ck ckusks k
ednkos.

Hdn m kotrmcm cm `drâm Oøroghm, d tknpd k ms lkgs ck hmusm k k`kgtd surbkn (vkjm m
Yuom-p / Qkrterd).
Qkrterd). Mlçn cd nmgs, m go`usèd ck kstruturm k hdoshgêohgm cgvgoms `drokhgcm
pdr Ekgncmllr / Dcegoo (vkr Yuom-n /  /   nmoomz ) `drokhk dutrm `drâm oungodsm, quk ç
trmosngtgcm mtrmvçs cms bkrmâûks. Kssm `drâm ç munkotmcm du cgngouîcm ck mhdrcd hdn m
mâèd eunmom md ldobd cm vgcm ck un gocgvîcud. Kssks hdohkgtds sèd kxprkssds md ldobd
cm lgoem rúoghm. Hdn kssms qumlgcmcks, d ckskovdlvgnkotd k m hdohkotrmâèd cd pdckr
níbghd sk tdromn pdssîvkgs - k mtç nksnd okhkssírgds.

qumtrd prgohgpmgs kotgcmcks surbkn ckssm hdnplkxm gotkrmâèd ck `drâms rúoghms k

kstèd hkotrmcms om eunmogcmck: (=) eubr, (9) emnr, (8) emngobjm k (3) `ylbjm. D eubr ç m
vdotmck hdoshgkotk k d gotklkhtd. D emnr ç d mspkhtd pkssdml cm kssêohgm plístghm quk
`drnm m gnmbkn od hdsnds. Kstk ç d rkgod cms gnmbkos, quk lgbm ds nuocds k mbk hdnd
unm nmtrgz kotrk ds nuocds "kspgrgtuml" k "`îsghd". [n pdckrdsd eubr pdck prdjktmr k
mtç rk`drnmr kssm kssêohgm pkssdml kn dutrd ldhml ck nmokgrm qumsk "`îsghm". Ms smbms
oørcghms sèd miuocmotks kn rklmtds ckssk tgpd. M nmgdrgm cds lkgtdrks skrí lknirmcm ck
`koónkods hdnd prdjkâèd mstrml k igldhmâèd. M kotgcmck hdnplkxm quk cí kssk pdckr ç
hdoekhgcm hdnd emngobjm, un tkrnd quk sgboghm "`drâm quk nucm ck `drnm", "sdrtk",
"pdckr" k, dhmsgdomlnkotk, "kspîrgtd bumrcgèd". Emngobjm pdck skr trmos`krgcm ck unm
pkssdm pmrm dutrm, ck unm pkssdm pmrm un dijktd, du sgnplksnkotk prdjktmcm pmrm d
kspmâd hdnd gocghmcd mhgnm. Kssm `drâm pdck skr munkotmcm hdotgoumnkotk pdr mâûks
níbghms rgtumlgzmcms k mtds ck edorm. D `ylbjm ç d mrnmzçn ckssm mâèd, quk ç
sgnidlgzmcm pdr unm burm `kngogom, un mognml (kspkhîhd cm omturkzm gotkrom cd
gocgvîcud) du unm `drnm hrkshkotk quk pmgrm cgmotk cm pkssdm. @ylbjm (iushm) gotkrmbk
hdostmotknkotk hdn tdcds ds oîvkgs cm pkrsdomlgcmck trmosngtgocd
trmosngtgocd d r rlðb 
rlðb du "ckstgod"
cm pkssdm ck mhdrcd hdn m mâèd pmssmcm. Smotd d emngobjm qumotd d `ylbjm pdckn skr
pmssmcd ck unm bkrmâèd pmrm dutrm hdnd un tgpd ck "rkkohmromâèd". D usd ckssms
qumlgcmcks k kotgcmcks kn dpkrmâûks níbghms skrí kluhgcmcd kn mlbunms cms skâûks
sdirk d trmimled prítghd.

Skdrgms Iísghms cm Nmbgm Yúoghm

Ms `drâms usmcms om nmbgm k od rgtuml pdckn skr cgvgcgcms kn cums hmtkbdrgms: m

cgoénghm k m moînghm. Ds pdckrks cgoénghds sèd nmgs nkhmoghgstms, skn un mltd brmu cd
quk hemnmrîmnds ck hdoshgêohgm du vdotmck, m oèd skr sums `uoâûks sgobulmrks (du
hdnplkxms). Ç ckotrd ckssm hmtkbdrgm quk pdcknds hdldhmr ms ruoms k d nultgvkrsd kn
bkrml. Od kotmotd, klks tên un hkrtd "mogngsnd" sdirk klks, hdnd m govkstgbmâèd
pkssdml ndstrmrí. Ms `drâms rúoghms prgngtgvms tmniçn kstèd om rmgz ck tdcds ds skrks,
hdnd m skâèd sdirk hdsndbdogm ckndostrdu. Sdcms ms vírgms hrgmturms, ckusks (Mksgr k
 Pmogr), kl`ds, moûks k bgbmotks (hursks k ktgos) pkrtkohkn á hmtkbdrgm mogngstm. Ds ckusks
sèd mrquçtgpds, du ndcklds kxknplmrks ck hdoshgêohgm, quk sèd pkrhkigcds hdnd
gnmbkos prgndrcgmgs mognmcms. Kssms `drâms sèd, kn últgnm moílgsk, ckrgvmcms cm omturkzm
cgoénghm cd uogvkrsd - hdnd ç m eunmogcmck, quk klms mjucmn m `drnmr.
 Kssks ndcklds kxknplmrks tmniçn sèd kxtrknmnkotk útkgs kn nmbgm, ç hlmrd,
hdnd `mtdrks ck hdoshgêohgm gotkrom du "hdnd sînidlds du vkîhulds pmrm d pdckr
hdoshgkotknkotk cgrgbgcd kn rgtds govdhmtørgds. Kstk últgnd tgpd ck rgtd ç pduhd
`rkqukotk om hdrrgcm hdnun k pkrtkohk nmgs á kxprkssèd rklgbgdsm níbghm ck Msmtru: Od
motgbd nultgvkrsd oørcghd, kssms cums hmtkbdrgms kstmvmn gotgnmnkotk kotrklmâmcms: m
skbugr, un ndckld sgnplghmcd pmrm m hdnprkkosèd cds prdhkssds rúoghds kn mâèd om
nmbgm prítghm.

Ms hdrrkotks rúoghms kstèd prkskotks od nultgvkrsd k tên sums kstruturms

rkprkskotmtgvms om ks`krm pkssdml om emngobjm cd vgtfg. Gssd ç sknklemotk m un ndckld
nmhrdhøsnghd ‘ nghrdhøsnghd, kxhktd quk oèd eí lgngtk ckogcd kotrk ds cdgs. Ms
"ruoms pkssdmgs" k "ruoms nuocgmgs" sèd hdoshgkotknkotk sgotktgzmcms od mtd níbghd /
rklgbgdsd skbuocd pmcrûks ckskjmcds du gostgotgvds. Kstm ç m kssêohgm cds hdohkgtds
oørcghds motgbds (smbrmcd6 tdtmlgcmck) k ekgll eubr (nkotk tdtml), un kstmcd klkvmcd ck
hdoshgêohgm. Ms vmrgoems ck ruoms mbkn hdnd hemvks pmrm cmr mhkssd m kssks uxds om
eunmogcmck k ods rkgods nultgvkrsmgs hmusmgs. Hdnd sînidlds, ds imstûks rúoghds (hdn
sum omturkzm trîplghk) sèd ms `drâms quk klks "rkprkskotmn". Mtrmvçs cm mâèd rgtuml
vdluotírgm, d vgtfg ç hmpmz ck nmogpulmr (mtrmvçs cm hdnigomâèd, gotkosghmâèd,
hdohkotrmâèd, cgrkâèd, kth.) ms `drâms rúoghms ods rkgods cds Odvk Nuocds. Qklms lkgs ck
pkrterd kstms mâûkstdromn-sk nmog`kstds á nkcgcm quk ms ruoms mltkrmcms rkmbkn k
rkvkrkohgmn ckotrd cd nuocd ck mhdrcd hdn m vdotmck cd vgtfg. M khgêohgm cd
trmimled cd vgtfgs kstí kn prdpdrâèd cgrktm á gotkosgcmck k qumlgcmck cm gnprkssèd quk
klk du klm ç hmpmz ck trmzkr pmrm ds nuocds ck gnmbkos mcjmhkotks m Ngcebmrcer. Ds
motgbds smigmn quk tdcms ms "hdgsms" kstmvmn hekgms ck `drâm rúoghm - tdcms ms hdgsms
"tgoemn sums ruoms". M smikcdrgm rúoghm ç d mhkssd k d hdoekhgnkotd ckssms
ndcmlgcmcks quk pkoktrmn k vgvghmn tdcds ds nuocds.

Knidrm kstk lgvrd oèd hdotkoem nmbgm govdhmtørgm ck omturkzm kspkhghmnkotk

"rklgbgdsm", ç gnpdrtmotk hdnprkkockr ms `drnms cgvgoms quk kstèd mldjmcms ods rkgods
rúoghds. Kssks ckusks k ckusms sèd mrquçtgpds smbrmcds k ndcmlgcmcks ck hdoshgêohgm,
quk prkkxgstgmn m mutdhdoshgêohgm cm eunmogcmck, nms sèd gotkosghmcds pklm mâèd
eunmom. Kssms gnmbkos sèd ndcklds kxknplmrks hulturmlnkotk cgstgotds. Klks sèd kn
brmus vmrgmcds mutdhdoshgkotks. Qdr kxknpld, ds bgbmotks cd rgnk prmtghmnkotk oèd tên
hdoshgêohgm k sèd qumsk purmnkotk nkhmoghgstms, koqumotd d ckus Dcgo ç
"kstruturmlnkotk" tèd hdnplkxd qumotd d skr eunmod nmgs hdnplghmcd. Kssms hrgmturms
dhupmn vírgds nuocds, hmcm un ck mhdrcd hdn sum kspçhgk. Oèd eí, od kotmotd,
`rdotkgrms ikn ckogcms kotrk m nmgdrgm ckssks cdnîogds.

Qmrm os prítghds k `uturm rk`krêohgm, skrgm idn kxpldrmr m kstruturm cms rklmâûks
cgvgoms ods nuocds cds ckusks (Àsgr k Pmogr). Ms `drnms cgvgoms rúoghms pdckn skr
kotkocgcms kn unm nmtrgz trgplm nmgs unm qumrtm hmtkbdrgm. Kn brmock nkcgcm, kssk
pmrmcgbnm cgvgod ç rkktgcd om kstruturm sdhgml cds motgbds pdvds bkrnéoghds (k gocd-
kurdpkus). Ds ngstçrgds cm ruom N kxplghmn kssk `koónkod.
 M "sdhgkcmck cgvgom" ç imskmcm kn un sgstknm trgpmrtgcd. Ds três oîvkgs, du
`uoâûks, ckstk sgstknm sèd (=) sdikrmogm, (9) `drâm k (8) prdcuâèd. M prgnkgrm k tkrhkgrm
`uoâûks sèd cuplms om kstruturm. D prgnkgrd oîvkl hdotçn tmotd d mspkhtd jucghgml qumotd
d mspkhtd níbghd cm "rkmlkzm", koqumotd m tkrhkgrm `uoâèd mirmobk ds bênkds cgvgods k
d smbrmcd grnèd k grnè. Ds prgohgpmgs ckusks k ckusms cd pmotkèd bkrnéoghd kstèd
cgspdstds ck mhdrcd hdn kssk pmcrèd:

=. D Jugz-Ykg (Sþr) du d Nmbd-Xmhkrcdtk (Dcgo)

9. D bukrrkgrd (Sedrr, kn sku mspkhtd nmgs motgbd)
8. Ds Qrdvkcdrks (@rkyjm k @rkyr, du Mlhgs)

[n irkvk kstucd ckssms cgvgocmcks ndstrmrí m hdnplkxgcmck quk ç pdssîvkl

ckotrd ckssk pmrmcgbnm. Om tkdldbgm oørcghm, Dcgo tkn mspkhtds kn tdcds ds três
oîvkgs, kl á sum omturkzm xmnéoghm ck mtrmvkssmr tdcds ds nuocds.
n uocds. Sþr ç hdosgckrmcd un
ckus cm bukrrm pdrquk ds motgbds hdosgckrmvmn m bukrrm hdnd un tgpd ck julbmnkotd,
ck mhdrcd hdn m mâèd pmssmcm k qumotgcmck ck edorm / sdrtk ( emngobjm)
emngobjm) rkuogcm pdr
kssm mâèd. Sedr ç d bukrrkgrd cds ckusks. Md hdotrírgd ck Dcgo k Sþr, klk rkmlnkotk lutm
oms imtmlems. Nms klk tmniçn ç gnpdrtmotk pmrm ds mbrghultdrks pdrquk mtrmvçs ck sku
pdckr mtnds`çrghd, klk mirk ms ouvkos k prdcuz ms heuvms `krtglgzmotks. @rkyjm ç imstmotk
sknklemotk m Dcgo kn quk klm tkn mspkhtds kn tdcds ds três oîvkgs: klm ç m ckusm cm
`krtglgcmck k m prd`kssdrm cms mrtks níbghms ck skgcer   pmrm Dcgo, k nktmck ck tdcds ds
bukrrkgrds ndrtds kn imtmlem vèd mtç klm od rkgod ck @ølfvmobr. . (M dutrm nktmck vmg
pmrm d Dcgo kn Pmleðll, du Pmlemllm, "d smlèd cds ndrtds").

D qumrtd rkgod ç d cms `drâms cgoénghms "ckghmcms" du `koónkods omturmgs

ckotrd cms hgêohgms hultghms (pkrtkohkotks á `uoâèd níbghm). Kstks gohlukn d sdl ( Xuoom6
søl ),), m lum (Níog 
(Níog ) k d `dbd, quk ç gohdrpdrmcd oms ruoms fkomz , omucegz  k cmbmz , k dutrds
"klknkotds" k `drâms.

Od trmimled rgtuml, kstk sgstknm hlmssghmtørgd ndstrm m khgêohgm ckssms

cgvgocmcks kn vírgds tgpds ck dpkrmâûks. Ckusks k ckusms quk pkrtkohkn md tkrhkgrd
oîvkl sèd mjucms pdckrdsms kn rgtumgs vdltmcds á `krtglgcmck, mrtk, mrtksmomtd, rgqukzm k
krdtgsnd, koqumotd ds cm skbuocm `uoâèd cdngomn ms dpkrmâûks ck prdtkâèd, ck`ksm,
lgikrtmâèd k nmlcgâûks. D prgnkgrd oîvkl ç imstmotk mirmobkotk, nms d mspkhtd ck Sþr ç
nmgs vmlgdsd ods rgtds ck lkg k drckn, justgâm k suhkssd du vgtørgm. D mspkhtd ck Dcgo ç d
nmgs mirmobkotk k ç kspkhgmlnkotk pdckrdsd kn rgtumgs pmrm ditkr smikcdrgm,
hdoekhgnkotd oungodsd, pdckr pkssdml k pmrm lgbmr du hdotrmgr gogngbds.

Dcgo tkn unm gnpdrtmotk lgâèd pmrm kosgomr tdcms ms mspgrmâûks md vgtfmr. Hdnd
Dcgo, d vgtfg ckvk prdhurmr gohmosmvklnkotk tdcds ds nuocds, iushmocd smikcdrgm k
pdckr, sknprk cgspdstd m smhrghmr-sk m sg nksnd, k hdostmotknkotk hdnpmrtglemocd
kssm smikcdrgm k pdckr hdn dutrds ck nkotk sknklemotk. Qmrm d vkrcmckgrd Dcgogstm,
okoeun hmngoed du pdrtm od nultgvkrsd kstí ildqukmcd du `khemcd.
 SYMIMLED YÚOGHD
Mtrmvçs ck unm hdnigomâèd cms ruoms k cm vdotmck k emiglgcmck pkssdml cd vgtfg,
tucd ç pdssîvkl6 nms, pmrm ditkr kssk pdckr, d vgtfg ckvk ckskovdlvkr ms emiglgcmcks
iísghms ck tdcd trmimled rgtuml: hdohkotrmâèd, vgsumlgzmâèd, hdotrdlk cm rkspgrmâèd k cm
pdsturm k m mrtk cd kohmotmnkotd. Nugtms ckssms emiglgcmcks pdckn skr ckskovdlvgcms
md mhmsd od ckhdrrkr cd trmimled prítghd. Ds `rmhmssds gohdrrgcds pdr kssk nçtdcd
bkrmlnkotk ckskohdrmjmn d vgtfmr mspgrmotk. D nkledr hursd ck mâèd ç mquklk kn quk
mlbun tknpd ç ckcghmcd m kxkrhîhgds ckstgomcds m ckskovdlvkr ms emiglgcmcks iísghms
okhkssírgms pmrm d idn cksknpkoed cd rúombmlcr . Skn sgcd odtmcd pdr vírgds
govkstgbmcdrks quk d pdckr rúoghd ç nugtms vkzks lkotd pmrm sk ckskovdlvkr oms pkssdms
(gstd pdck skr ckvgcd mds sçhulds ck okblgbêohgm bkokrmlgzmcm), nms quk qumocd m `drâm
sk nmog`kstm om vgcm cd vgtf, ç dogprkskotk om sum pdtêohgm. , gomimlívkl kn sum `drâm k
mvmssmlmcdr om kstgnulmâèd quk prdcuz. Gssd pdck skr ckvgcd á sum omturkzm gomtm du
gocîbkom. [n vgtf ck pmhgêohgm k tdlkréohgm skrí ikn rkhdnpkosmcd!

@[OCMÂÛKX CM NMBGM YÚOGHM

Kstk lgvrd oèd prktkock `drokhkr d iísghd okhkssírgd pmrm tdcms ms `drnms ck
nmbgm, nms ds skbugotks kxkrhîhgds sgnplks pdckn cmr mlbunms
pgstms pmrm m omturkzm cd prdbrmnm ck ckskovdlvgnkotd quk hmcm vgtfg ckvk prdjktmr
pmrm sg nksnd. Mquklks quk jí tên hdosgckrívkl kxpkrgêohgm oms mrtks níbghms pdckn
cgspkosmr kstm ktmpm k hdnkâmr un prdbrmnm ck kxpkrgnkotmâèd prítghm, sk qugskrkn.
Ckvk-sk sknprk tkr kn nkotk quk kssms emiglgcmcks iísghms ckvkn skr hdostmotknkotk
mprgndrmcms k prmtghmcms cgmrgmnkotk, pdrquk un munkotd cm gotkosgcmck ck vdotmck k
hdohkotrmâèd hdn vgsumlgzmâûks nmgs vgvms kxpmocgrí kodrnknkotk d suhkssd cms
dpkrmâûks níbghms rkmlgzmcms pkld hdrrkcdr.
 KUKYHÎHGDX QYKLGNGOMYKX

G - Hdosultk ds hdnkotírgds rúoghds k kohdotrk unm ruom quk skjm pmrtghulmrnkotk

mtrmkotk pmrm vdhê. `mâm un hmrtèd ck nkcgtmâèd hdn un pkcmâd ck hmrtdlgom irmohm
hkrhm ck 2,; hkotînktrds pdr =9,; hkotînktrds ck tmnmoed. Qgotk m ruom kshdlegcm od
hmrtèd kn vkrnkled vgvd (m tgotm ksnmltk ç idm pmrm kssk prdpøsgtd). Xkotk-sk kn unm
pdsgâèd hdo`drtívkl hdn d hmrtèd á sum `rkotk md oîvkl cds dleds. Hdnkhk un rgtnd ck
rkspgrmâèd rkbulmr, quk ckvk skr nmotgcd curmotk tdcd d kxkrhîhgd. Qmssk mlbuos ngoutds
hdohkotrmocd-sk om `drnm cm ruom, koqumotd sglkohgdsmnkotk kotdm d odnk três vkzks ‘
pmusm ‘ k odvmnkotk
odvmnkotk três vkzks, hdotgoumocd
hdotgoumocd okssk rgtnd curmotk tdcd d tknpd.
Nmotkoem tdcds kssks klknkotds ck hdohkotrmâèd om `drnm, sdn, rkspgrmâèd k pdsturm
sdi hdotrdlk pdr vírgds ngoutds, ckpdgs `khek ds dleds k gnmbgok m `drnm kn sum
eubmubm ‘ sku "dled cm nkotk".
n kotk". Hdotgouk prmtghmocd gssd mtç quk vdhê pdssm kxkhutí-ld
sumvknkotk pdr ckz ngoutds.

GG - Ksskohgmlnkotk, rkpgtm d prdhkssd cd Kxkrhîhgd G, kxhktd hmotmr d odnk (k d

bmlcr iísghd, sk ckskjmr) kn vdz mltm, nmotkocd un pmcrèd ck rkspgrmâèd ck ckz
skbuocds ck gomlmâèd ‘ skburk pdr cdgs skbuocds ‘ k sdltk d mr pdr ckz skbuocds
(koqumotd `mlm d odnk du unm lgoem cd bmlcr) kstkocgcds
kstkocgcds pdr cdgs skbuocds.
skbuocds. Okstk
pdotd, hdnkhk m kxpkrgnkotmr dutrms pdsturms sgnplks, tmotd skotmcms qumotd kn pç.
Nmotkoem sknprk m pdsturm kn un kstmcd hdohkotrmcd, nms oèd `drhk. Nmgs unm vkz,
hdohkotrk-sk od hmrtèd pdr mlbuos ngoutds k, kn skbugcm, `khek ds dleds k gnmbgok sum
`drnm irglemocd hdn pdckr vîvgcd. [nm vkz quk vdhê hdosgbm nmotkr kstk hdnplkxd ck
mâèd ck `drnm hdohkotrmcm pdr ckz ngoutds, vdhê pdck prdbrkcgr nmgs.

GGG - Ykmlgzk kstk kxkrhîhgd od stmcem cm Yuom-g / Gsm 

Gsm hdn ms nèds od mltd. Hdoburk
un rgtnd rkspgrmtørgd ck ckz-cdgs-ckz-cdgs (du d nmgs pmrkhgcd hdn d quk `dr
hdo`drtívkl) koqumotd kstgvkr vgrmcd pmrm d odrtk. Hdn ds dleds mikrtds du `khemcds,
vgsumlgzk prgnkgrd m Yuom-` / @keu kn vkrnkled mrckotk koqumotd kotdm sku odnk kn
vdz mltm três vkzks. Lkotmnkotk bgrk hdn d sdl kn hîrhuld, vgsumlgzmocd k vgirmocd m
`drnm k d odnk ck hmcm unm cms ruoms koqumotd nmotçn d stmcem k d rgtnd cm
rkspgrmâèd. [nm vkz quk d mspgrmcd m vgtfg ç hmpmz ck rkmlgzmr kstk kxkrhîhgd qumsk
gostgotgvmnkotk, hdn pduhms du okoeunm pmusm om hdohkotrmâèd, d trmimled rúoghd r úoghd pdck
skr rkmlgzmcd hdn hdomoâm.

Mlçn ck un prdbrmnm cgírgd ck kxkrhîhgds ckstk tgpd, d vgtfg ckvk prdjktmr un

hursd ck ckskovdlvgnkotd gotklkhtuml k `îsghd ck mhdrcd hdn sum vdotmck k gotkoâûks. D
kstucd sçrgd cm ngtdldbgm oørcghm k cm rklgbgèd k m hgêohgm cms ruoms, mssgn hdnd m lîobum
oørcghm motgbm, nkledrmrí brmocknkotk m hdnprkkosèd cd vgtfg sdirk ds prdhkssds ck
kxkhuâèd. Qdr hmusm cm vgsèd sgohrçtghm k "pmotkîstm" cd nultgvkrsd hdotgcd od sgstknm
rúoghd, un hdrpd smucívkl k `drtk sk rkktgrí kn emiglgcmcks níbghms nmgs pdckrdsms.
Mssgn d vkrcmckgrd vgtfg
vgtfg ck ruoms vmg tkr unm `drâm gohrîvkl kn tdcds ds oîvkgs cm
rkmlgcmck!
@krrmnkotms Níbghms

Ms skâûks motkrgdrks lgcmrmn hdn ms "`krrmnkotms gotkroms" cm nmbgm rúoghm k sku

ckskovdlvgnkotd, nms ms píbgoms skbugotks kstèd rklmhgdomcms hdn ms "`krrmnkotms
kxtkroms" quk sgnidlgzmn ms `drâms gotkroms. Kstms sèd ms `krrmnkotms k tçhoghms
trmcghgdomgs cd ruombmlcr, quk muxglgmn om nmogpulmâèd cds uxds rúoghds.

Mttgrk / Srmjk

Om prítghm ck d`îhgd rúoghd, ms vkstgnkotms hkrgndogmgs, knidrm gnpdrtmotks, oèd

cksknpkoemn un pmpkl hkotrml od sgnidlgsnd cd hultd. D trmjk níbghd cd vgtfg
hdrrkspdock mprdxgnmcmnkotk md vkstgcd hdtgcgmod ck un ednkn cd odrtk cm Gcmck
Nçcgm, hdn hmrmhtkrîstghms sgniølghms kspkhgmgs. M prgohgpml vmotmbkn cms vkstgnkotms
lgtúrbghms ç d k`kgtd níbghd ck sk skpmrmr cm vgcm hdtgcgmom quk m vkstgnkotm k d usd quk
kssms vkstgnkotms ckvkrgmn tkr. [n hdojuotd gckml ck trmjks rgtumgs pmrm m ruom vgtfg gohlug
un nmotd hdn hmpuz du un vkstgcd ck hdr mzul du prktm hdnd m pkâm nmgs kxtkrom.
Hmlâms vkrnklems irglemotks tmniçn ckvkn skr usmcms6 kstk `dg un sgoml kspkhgml cd vgtfg
ods tknpds motgbds. Qdckn skr usmcds smpmtds ck hdurd kn hdr prktm du omturml, nms
nugtds rgtumgs, kspkhgmlnkotk mquklks hdocuzgcds md mr lgvrk, ckvkn skr kxkhutmcds
ckshmlâds. [nm túoghm cd tgpd pulóvkr irmohd, mzul du vkrnkled ckvk skr usmcm sdi d
nmotd. Kstm túoghm ckvk hmikr ikn `rduxmnkotk k skr hgobgcm pdr un hgotd `kgtd ck
hdurd du hdurd ck vkmcd. [nm imgoem pmrm m `mhm pdck skr prksm md hgotd k unm idlsm
pdck skr pkocurmcm pmrm skburmr ds vírgds dutrds gostrunkotds níbghds. Ms prøprgms
ruoms pdckn skr rkprkskotmcms kn cdgs lubmrks od trmjk cd vgtäs. [nm `mgxm ck hmikâm
irmohm pdck skr `drnmcm, om quml ms ruoms sèd idrcmcms kn vkrnkled vgvd, k d usd ck
un irmhtkmtk od quml m lgoem ck `utemrf k dutrds sînidlds níbghds sèd brmvmcds ç unm
mjucm pdckrdsm od rgtuml rúoghd. D irdhmcd ckvk skr `kgtd ck irdozk, durd du prmtm.
Ckvk skr prdjktmcd, hrgmcd k hdosmbrmcd ck mhdrcd hdn d oîvkl ck emiglgcmck k
hdoekhgnkotd cd vgtfg. [n prdjktd kxtrknmnkotk iísghd pmrm prdpøsgtds prítghds ç
ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.=.

Bkrmlnkotk, vgtfmr nmshulgod k `kngogod sk vkstkn nugtd pmrkhgcds6 od kotmotd, m

nulekr bkrmlnkotk hm ck pkroms oums du usm unm ldobm smgm vkrnklem. M ouckz rgtuml
tmniçn ç prmtghmcm ck mhdrcd hdn m omturkzm k dijktgvd cd rgtd m skr rkmlgzmcd. Ogstd,
hdnd kn tdcds ds mssuotds ck nmbgm, d vgtfg ckvk ckgxmr m gotugâèd skr d bugm prgohgpml.
 @gburm 3.= ‘ [n irdhmcd rúoghd

 Pmrgoem

M vmrgoem níbghm ç hdoekhgcm pdr nugtds odnks om lgobumbkn tçhoghm cm nmbgm

oørcghm6 od kotmotd, bmocr ç d nmgs bkoçrghd k kxprkssm m omturkzm pdckrdsm ckssk
dijktd tmlgsnéoghd. D bmocr pdck skr `kgtd ck qumlqukr vmrgkcmck ck nmckgrms. D vgtfg
pdck ckskjmr hdosultmr d Mpêocghk C pmrm mlbunms subkstûks m kssk rkspkgtd. Kn tdcds
ds hmsds, d bmocr ckvk skr hdrtmcd, trmimlemcd k hdosmbrmcd ck mhdrcd hdn ms `ørnulms
hkrgndogmgs cmcms pmrm ms ruoms mimgxd. D cgénktrd cm vmrgoem oèd ckvk skr nkodr quk
d cd ckcd gocghmcdr k oèd ckvk skr nmgdr quk d mokl `kgtd pkld `khemnkotd cms pdotms
cd ckcd gocghmcdr k cd pdlkbmr. Xku hdnprgnkotd pdck skr tèd hurtd qumotd d
hdnprgnkotd cm nèd du m cgstéohgm kotrk ms pdotms cds ckcds mtç d hdtdvkld. D bmocr
ç hdotuockotk du mrrkcdocmcd od oml cd distíhuld, koqumotd d lmcd cgmotkgrd pdck
skr imstmotk pdotucd du ndckrmcmnkotk mrrkcdocmcd. D vgtfg pdck kshulpgr tdcms ms
vgotk k qumtrd ruoms
ruoms cd Klckr @utemrf
@utemrf om vmrgoem, cgspdstms
cgspdstms oms três lms ck àttgr - du, ck
mhdrcd hdn d hdoekhgnkotd, unm `ørnulm nmgs drgbgoml k tmlvkz nmgs nmbghmnkotk
pdtkotk pdck skr hrgmcm pmrm kssk prdpøsgtd. [n kxknpld ç ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.9.
Diskrvk quk d oúnkrd tdtml ck ruoms ç ck vgotk k qumtrd, rkprkskotmocd nmbghmnkotk
tdcd d `utemrf. M `ørnulm kf vgtfg ç unm ckhlmrmâèd níbghm pdtkotk quk ckhlmrm d pdckr
cd vgtfg k hmrrkbm d dijktd hdn sum `drâm. D vmldr ounçrghd ckstm pmrtk cm `ørnulm ç 25
du 0 x =8 (vkr píbgoms hdn m skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd m skbugr). Ms dgtd ruoms M
govdhmn d pdckr ck Dcgo kn tdcds ds dgtd hmotds cd hçu.

@gburm 3.9. [nm vmrgoem ruoghm. om goshrgâèd sk lê: mmmmmmmm ruomr kf vgtfg rgst mmmmmmmm (ku, d nmbd brmvkg
ms ruoms mmmmmmmm).
mmmmmmmm).

@mhm

M `mhm cd vgtfg ç `rkqükotknkotk usmcm pmrm kshulpgr ruoms, nms tmniçn ç usmcm
pmrm hdrtmr k prkpmrmr nmckgrm pmrm os tmlgsnéoghds, du kn rgtumgs ck ck`ksm k
govdhmâèd ck `drâms rúoghms. D puoed cm `mhm ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmckgrm du dssd, k m
léngom ckvk skr cd tgpd "smx", hdo`drnk glustrmcd om @gburm 3.8. Xku hdnprgnkotd tdtml
ç ck mprdxgnmcmnkotk 99,; hkotgnktrds hdotmocd hdn m léngom . D odnk cd vgtfg,
trmoslgtkrmcd kn ruoms (vkjm Mpêocghk I) 'pdck skr brmvmcd od hmid. Du unm `ørnulm
nmgs hdnplkxm pdck skr hdohkigcm pmrm kxprkssmr m vdotmck hrgmtgvm k ndcklmcdrm cd
nkstrk cms ruoms. M glustrmâèd ndstrm kssm `ørnulm. Hdosgstk kn três ruoms-S, quk
hdo`krkn `drâm md gostrunkotd, k unm sçrgk ck ruoms quk kxprkssmn gckdbrmhmnkotk m
omturkzm cm `mhm. ( :G:> d kbd hdohkotrmcd6 : f:> hmpmhgcmck k hrgmtgvgcmck
hdotrdlmcms6 :e : > d pmcrèd høsnghd quk sk prktkock kxprkssmr6 : m: > unm govdhmâèd
á `drâm dcîoghm.) D tdtml ounçrghd ckstms sktk ruoms ç 5=, quk ç 7 x 7 ‘ m `drâm hrgmtgvm
gotkosghmcm od nultgvkrsd. (Pkjm m skâèd sdirk d sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd).

@gburm 3.8 - [nm `mhm ck ruom cd tgpd smx.

@drnèd / Hgozkl

[n `drnèd kspkhgml ç `rkqükotknkotk usmcd pmrm brmvmr ruoms kn tdcds ds tgpds

ck supkr`îhgks. D rgstgr   ckvk skr kxtrknmnkotk pdotucd k mmcd. Nugtms vkzks ç m
`krrmnkotm nmgs prítghm pmrm m kshulturm ck ruoms. Qdck vdltmr m tkr m `drnm rúoghm cd
odnk cd vgtfgs du unm `ørnulm níbghm quk kxprkssk d dijktgvd cd rgstgr . [n ndckld
pmrm gssd ç ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.3. M goshrgâèd ç lmteu `ute:`ute: "Ku (d quk sgboghm tmotd d
vgtfg qumotd d rgstgr) govdhd, du hmrrkbd, d `ute".
`ute". M `ørnulm oml ck três ruoms ç ms três
prgnkgrms pmutms cm lgoem k rkprkskotm tdcd d `utemrf. Kstm `ørnulm pdck skr hemnmcm "d
vkotrk cms ruoms" (Dlc Odrsk `uce 
`uce   sgboghm vulvm k vmbgom). M moílgsk ounçrghm ç ck 80
du 3 x 7 (vkjm m skâèd sdirk d sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd).

@gburm 3. 3. D `drnèd ck kotmlemr ruoms.

@krrmnkotms pmrm hdldrgr

Ms ruoms sknprk `drmn hdldrgcms hdn pgbnkotds vkrnkleds du smobuk. D

sgboghmcd níbghd cgssd ç øivgd. Qmrm ds motgbds pdvds bkrnéoghds, ds hdostrutds
vkrimgs "`mzkr vkrnkled" k "cdtmr hdn pdckr níbghd" krmn sgoóognds. D mlknèd
Zmuikr   (níbghd) k d vkled oørcghd tmu`r   (nmbgm, tmlgsnè) ckshkockn ckstk hdohkgtd. Om
tkrngodldbgm tçhoghm cd motgbd dhgd cms ruoms, m pmlmvrm `megcd  `megcd  prdtd-bkrnéoghm k m
`drnm oørcghm motgbm '`í'
' `í'  sgboghmvmn lgtkrmlnkotk 'ku pgotd' k "pgotmr", rkspkhtgvmnkotk.
Nms kssks tkrnds hekbmrmn m sgboghmr "ruoms cm ndcm" kn bkrml, ckshrkvkocd tdcd d
hdnplkxd prdhkssd ck kshulpgr k hdldrgr k hdosmbrmr ms ruoms.

Ds pgbnkotds usmcds pklds motgbds vgtfmr krmn dhrk vkrnkled, ngogun 

ngogun  (heunid
vkrnkled) k nmgs bmrmoâm. Ngogun ç un rktmrcmtírgd, nms dhrk krm hdoekhgcd cksck ds
tknpds okdlîtghds.Bmrmoâm ç ditgcm m pmrtgr cm rmgz cm plmotm cd nksnd odnk (ruigm
tgohturgm). M `drnm cd Motgbd oørcghm cm bmrmoâm ç nmcerm,
nmcerm, k d pdckr níbghd cm plmotm
ç skn cúvgcm munkotmcd pklm mssdhgmâèd níbghd-m`ktgvm ckstk nuocd hdn nmcer, m
pmlmvrm kn oørcghm motgbd pmrm "ednkn" (: N  :). Sdcds kssks pgbnkotds kstèd
cgspdoîvkgs ck mlbunm `drnm kn ldjms ck mrtgbds ck mrtk. Klks ckvkn skr ndîcds hdn
ølkd ck lgoemâm, du unm ngsturm ck bdnm, ck `drnm rgtuml, pduhd motks cd goîhgd cd rgtd
rúoghd. Lgoemâm ç, omturmlnkotk, ckrgvmcm cm sknkotk cm plmotm ck lgoed, quk ç
kxtrknmnkotk gnpdrtmotk od d`îhgd rúoghd. Xku odnk motgbd lgom  lgom  `rkqükotknkotk
mpmrkhk kn tmlgsnès rúoghds pmrm `krtglgcmck, hrkshgnkotd k ikn-kstmr. Curmotk d
prdhkssd ck ndmbkn, d `utemrf du ms ruoms m skrkn usmcms od rgtd ckvkn skr kotdmcms,
go`uocgocd d hdrmotk hdn m kokrbgm pdtkohgml ckssms ruoms. Sdcds kssks pgbnkotds sèd
suistgtutds sgniølghds cd pdckr níbghd gomtd nmotgcd pkld smobuk, skjm eunmod du ck
un mognml rgtumlnkotk smhrghmcd. Xk d smobuk ç usmcd, okoeun "prç-hmrrkbmnkotd" ç
okhkssírgd. Od kotmotd, hdnd ms ruoms cd smobuk, ds ngstçrgds smobuîokds, `mzkn pmrtk
cm kxprkssèd rklgbgdsm, nugtds vgtfmr oèd sk gotkrkssmrèd pdr klks. Sdcds ds rgtumgs ckstk
lgvrd hkrtmnkotk pdckn skr kxkhutmcds pdckrdsmnkotk usmocd kssks vkokrívkgs
hdrmotks!

[nm `krrmnkotm kspkhgml ckvk skr `kgtm pmrm kniutgr ds pgbnkotds oms mcuklms
kshulpgcms. Gstd pdck skr `kgtd m pmrtgr ck un pkcmâd ck nmckgrm tèd od hdnd un
`dlekmcd, quk ç hdrtmcd om `drnm ck un trgéobuld gsøshklks k goshrgtd hdn ruoms
mckqumcms. M @gburm 3.; ndstrm unm bmlcrmstm`r  hdnpdstm
  hdnpdstm pdr qumtrd ruoms-F, três om
`drnm f k d hdokhtdr om `drnm mltkromtgvm .Gckdbrmhmnkotk, trmtm-sk ck unm
gotkosghmâèd cm `drâm fkomz. D sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd tmniçn ç imstmotk pdtkotk: 3 x 0
du 93 (unm gotkosghmâèd níbghm cd fkomz od hdotkxtd ck tdcd d `utemrf).

@gburm 3.; [nm `krrmnkotm ck hdldrmâèd rúoghm {rkcckokr} hdn unm pdckrdsm ruom ck lgbmâèd.

Kspmâd Níbghd

Nmbgm rúoghm pdck skr rkmlgzmcm kn mnigkotks `khemcds du kxtkrods, nms pdr
rmzûks mtnds`çrghms, mssgn hdnd pmrm m prdndâèd cd hdotmtd cgrktd k prítghd hdn tdcd
d pdckr cds uxds rúoghds, d mr lgvrk ç d prk`krgcd. Gckmlnkotk, d vgtfg rkmlgzmrgm kssks
rgtds smbrmcds kn un idsquk smbrmcd ck hmrvmleds, hdog`krms du tkgxds sgtumcds od mltd
ck unm hdlgom. Od kotmotd, qumlqukr lubmr gsdlmcd kn unm írkm mridrgzmcm pdck skr
suhgkotk. D kspmâd ck trmimled rkml ç hdohkigcd hdnd unm ks`krm k, pdrtmotd, un
kspmâd hgrhulmr ckvk skr lgnpd k rgtumlnkotk skpmrmcd cm nmokgrm ckshrgtm od "rgtuml ck
mikrturm". Mqug kstmnds prkdhupmcds hdn ds sînidlds m skrkn hdotgcds okstk níbghd.
kspmâd. M sgnidldbgm pdck skr tèd hdnplkxm du tèd sgnplks qumotd ds ckskjds cd vgtfg6
Oèd eí cdbnm okstk mssuotd. Bkrmlnkotk, qumocd d trmimled ç `kgtd ckotrd ck un
kspmâd `khemcd, d sgnidlgsnd tkock m skr nmgs hdnplkxd, k kspkrmnds kohdotrmr un
mltmr, quk pdck skr hgrhulmr du rktmobulmr, od sktdr odrtk du lkstk cd kspmâd, du nksnd
od hkotrd.

Okstk pdotd, unm odtm sdirk m drgkotmâèd níbghm bkrnéoghm ckvk skr gotkrpdstm.
Cksck ds prgnkgrds tknpds, m drgkotmâèd krm pmrm d lkstk (hdnd ndstrm m kvgcêohgm
lgobuîstghm) du pmrm d odrtk (hdnd ckndostrm m kvgcêohgm mrqukdløbghm). M pmlmvrm goblksm
"tmrck", kn últgnm moílgsk, ckrgvm ck unm rmgz prdtd-bkrnéoghm ck m`tmo-, quk sgboghm
"pmrm trís"6 pdrtmotd, gocghm d diskrvmcdr vdltmcd pmrm d lkstk od hrkpúshuld. Kxgstk un
brmock hdrpd ck smikcdrgm quk `mlm pdr unm drgkotmâèd pmrm d odrtk. Ds ngssgdoírgds
hrgstèds tgoemn prdilknms quk dirgbmvmn ds pmbèds bkrnéoghds rkhçn-hdovkrtgcds m
drmrkn pmrm d lkstk, kn vkz ck sku hdstunk pmbèd ck kohmrmr d odrtk. Ds emghmgs
gslmocksks, du tknplds, kstmvmn mlgoemcds od kgxd odrtk-sul k, nksnd od pkrîdcd nmgs
motgbd, ms pmssmbkos cds túnulds sk vdltmvmn pmrm d odrtk. Ç prdvívkl quk mnims ms
cgrkâûks `dsskn hdosgckrmcms pdckrdsms k quk hmcm unm `dssk usmcm ckpkockocd cd
tgpd ck rgtuml kovdlvgcd - pmrm d lkstk, pmrm mssuotds hdohkrokotks á tkrrm k md odrtk,
pmrm qukstûks rklmtgvms mds "dutrds nuocds". M nmgdrgm cms ruoms ndckroms prk`krk d
odrtk pklm nksnm rmzèd quk ds ngssgdoírgds m dcgmvmn.

D prøprgd mltmr hdotkrí tdcds ds dijktds okhkssírgds md rgtd. Klk tmniçn skrvgrí
hdnd m "imohmcm ck trmimled" om quml ds ckotks rúoghds sèd kshulpgcds. Kn un rgtuml,
rkmlgzmcd cd lmcd ck `drm, unm pkcrm du un trdohd ck írvdrk skrvkn ikn, nms un mltmr
pdrtítgl tmniçn pdck skr hdostruîcd pmrm tmgs hmsds.

]umotd md hîrhuld quk sgnidlghmnkotk ckok d kspmâd smbrmcd, pdck skr tèd
sgnplks qumotd un hîrhuld ckskoemcd od heèd hdn m vmrgoem, du pdck skr hdnplkxd
hdnd un sînidld ckskoemcd od heèd ck un bgz du dutrd nmtkrgml. D hîrhuld níbghd
ckvk gocghmr ms dgtd cgvgsûks cd hçu, quk sèd rkprkskotmâûks sgniølghms cds dgtd dutrds
nuocds cm hdsndldbgm oørcghm, k ms ruoms ckvkn skr rktrmtmcms od mokl kxtkrod, hdnd
ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.0. Dutrms burms du odnks pdckn skr mcghgdomcds hdnd d vgtfg
mhemr mckqumcd.
 @gburm 3.0 [n hîrhuld du mokl níbghd rúoghd tîpghd.

Sknpd Níbghd

D tknpd cds rgtds rúoghds tmniçn ç nugtd gnpdrtmotk k, knidrm hdnplkxd, oèd
ç tèd rîbgcd du hdnplghmcd hdnd d cms trmcgâûks nmgs goukohgmcms pklm mstrdldbgm
zdcgmhml. Qmrm kxplghmr hdnplktmnkotk kssks `mtdrks, skrgm okhkssírgd un kstucd
gockpkockotk ck pkqukom nmbogtuck k hdnplghmrgm gockvgcmnkotk d prkskotk trmimled.
Ds hrgtçrgds nmgs gnpdrtmotks hdosgckrmcds pklm vgtfg sèd (=) kstmâèd, (9) `msk cm lum k (8)
pdsgâèd sdlmr (edrm cd cgm). Ds ndnkotds nmgs muspghgdsds sèd d mnmoekhkr, d nkgd cgm,
m odgtk k m nkgm-odgtk. Qmrm munkotmr d pdckr m lum hrkshkotk ç ckskjmcm, nms pmrm
hdostrgâèd ck `drâm ç usmcm m `msk ck ngobumotk. D nkledr ndnkotd bkrml pmrm
qumlqukr knprkkocgnkotd ç oms odgtks cm lum odvm du ldbd ckpdgs, du om lum hekgm du
un pduhd motks. Nmgs unm vkz, m gotugâèd ç d nkledr k nmgs pdckrdsd bugm okssks
mssuotds. Ckvk-sk odtmr quk d tknpd k d kspmâd sèd hdosgckrmcds mspkhtds un cd
dutrd k mnids sèd nkcgcd pkld njðtvgcer  (m írvdrk ck nkcgâèd VWbbcrmsgll^).
Dutrms `krrmnkotms níbghms

 Pírgds rgtds rkqukrkn gostrunkotds mcghgdomgs, k koqumotd ds nkodrks skrèd

gotrdcuzgcds oms skâûks pkrtgokotks, kstks sèd mlbuos quk ckvkn skr nkohgdomcds mqug.

D vgtfg ckvk pdssugr un heg`rk du un hdpd m pmrtgr cd quml d egcrdnkl ç

`rkqukotknkotk hdosungcd. D heg`rk pdck skr omturml, ckvgcmnkotk prkpmrmcd, du un
rkhgpgkotk kn `drnm ck heg`rk ck nktml prkhgdsd6 un hdpd pdck skr `kgtd ck nmckgrm,
lduâm, ck imrrd, durd du prmtm. Kn qumlqukr hmsd, ms ruoms Dcrmg
z  ckvkrgmn skr goshrgtms rgtumlnkotk od dijktd ck nmokgrm tmlgsnéoghm. Kssms ruoms sèd
trmoshrgtms hdnd øcerŘrgr k sgboghmn "d kxhgtmcdr cm gospgrmâèd". Kssk ç d odnk cd
cgvgod egcrdnkl cm gospgrmâèd k cd vmsd od quml klm kstí hdotgcm (vkjm ms ruoms Mosuz k
Bkid). D sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd k gckdbríhd ckstm `ørnulm ç pdckrdsd. M hdotmbkn ck
ruoms ç 2, k sku tdtml ç 52, 8 x 97 (vkr skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd).

[n irmskgrd, du pdtk ck `dbd (DO bløcefkr ),), tmniçn pdck skr okhkssírgd kn mlbuos
rgtds. Qdck skr `kgtd ck nktml du ck imrrd. Kstk `dbd rkprkskotm d pdckr mhklkrmcdr cd
Nuspkllsekgnr. Mlçn cgssd, cdgs pkcmâds ck pmod - un prktd, un irmohd, mnids ck
prk`krêohgm ck lgoed - ckvkn kstmr á nèd. [nm tmobm ck hdurd, sgniølghm cm `drâm
mblutgomotk, hdotgcm od nultgvkrsd ç hdnunkotk usmcm.

D kqugpmnkotd cm ruom vgtfg ç hmrmhtkrgzmcd pklm sum ndiglgcmck. Sdcms ms prgohgpmgs

`krrmnkotms okhkssírgms pmrm d cksknpkoed ck un mtd ck trmimled rúoghd ckvkn skr tèd
ikn kshdocgcms quk ogobuçn odtmrgm sum prkskoâm.

@grnmr k kovgd ck ruoms

M prítghm ck `mzkr bkstds rúoghds du sgomgs krm ikn hdoekhgcm ods tknpds motgbds.
Ds skoedrks oørcghds du smhkrcdtks `mzgmn d "sgoml cd nmrtkld" (DO emnmrsnmrf) .
du sdirk ms tmâms motks ck ikikr. D rgtd ck nmrhmrmr pkssdms k dijktds hdn sgomgs
smbrmcds `dg kstmiklkhgcd ikn motks cm hekbmcm cd hrgstgmogsnd, k ck `mtd klks
mcdtmrmn kssm prítghm cms trgids gocd-kurdpçgms pdrquk oèd pdcgmn krrmcghí-lm.

[nm ruom pdck skr trmâmcm du ckskoemcm od mr om `rkotk cd vgtfg hdn m pmlnm cm
nèd cgrkgtm, d ckcd gocghmcdr cgrkgtd, d pdlkbmr cgrkgtd du m vmrgoem rúoghm. Mlbunms cms
pmutms pdckn skr mssgomcms hdn mnims ms nèdsnè ds kn un bkstd sumvk k kstçtghd.

M vgsumlgzmâèd ç un mspkhtd gnpdrtmotk ckstks sgbomtírgds. D vgtfg ckvk rkmlnkotk

kovgmr, du prdjktmr, m gnmbkn cd imstèd ck unm ks`krm ck irgled od hkotrd cd hdrpd, md
ldobd ck unm emstk ck luz vkrnklem mtç d pdotd dock m ruom ckvk mpmrkhkr. [nm vkz
quk d `kgxk tkoem mtgobgcd kssm cgstéohgm, d vgtfg trmâm m `drnm cm ruom m pmrtgr cm
suistéohgm cm luz. M hdr cm luz pdck skr vkrnklem du mlbunm dutrm tdomlgcmck sgniølghm
(pdr kxknpld, m hdr mtrgiuîcm á ruom od Mpêocghk C).

[n rgtnd kspkhgml ck rkspgrmâèd ckvk skr diskrvmcd curmotk kstm prítghm. Gospgrk
koqumotd d irmâd ç lkvmotmcd, hdohkotrk-sk om kotrmcm ck ðoc. 
ðoc.  Om kxmlmâèd, kovgk k
mssgok m pmutm koqumotd hmotm d odnk k/du d bmlcr  cm
  cm ruom, nkotmlnkotk du kn vdz
mltm.

]umocd ms ruoms sèd govdhmcms motks cd vgtfg, m `drâm pdck skr rkmisdrvgcm om
ks`krm pkssdml cd vgtfg, go`uocgcm kn un dijktd hdnd un mtd ck hmrrkbmr du "nucmr",
du pdck skr kovgmcm pmrm `mzkr dutrd trmimled. Kstk tgpd ck trmimled rgtuml skrí trmtmcd
nmgs hdnplktmnkotk kn sum prøprgm skâèd mimgxd. Klk kstí skocd gotrdcuzgcd mqug hdnd
unm kspçhgk ck kxkrhîhgd pdrquk ç unm idm prítghm usmr kstk prdhkcgnkotd od trmimled
cgírgd k pdrquk klk ç kohdotrmcd od rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd tmlgsnéoghd. Kstm ç unm cms
tçhoghms nmgs pdckrdsms cgspdoîvkgs pmrm d vgtfg, nms quk ckvk skr prmtghmcm k cdngomcm
hdn hdohkotrmâèd kxtrknmnkotk `drtk k vgsumlgzmâèd pmrm skr hdnplktmnkotk khmz.

Ygtumgs ck Qrdtkâèd

[n rgtuml ckvk skr govkotmcd pkld vgtfg quk skrvk pmrm imogr tdcms ms `drâms
prkjucghgmgs md trmimled kn qukstèd k gnpkcgr d rktdrod ckssks pdckrks. Kstms `drâms
oèd sèd "nís" cksvmotmjdsms pmrm m dpkrmâèd. Kxgstkn três idms `ørnulms pmrm kssk
rgtuml. D rgtd cd nmrtkld (Emnmrssktogob) ç d nmgs `drtk k `drokhk níxgnm prdtkâèd k
gsdlmnkotd, d rgtd ck Embmlmz `drokhk m mtnds`krm níbghm nmgs pdtkotk k pdtkohgml, k d
rgtd ck Klemz kstmiklkhk un kquglîirgd kotrk kstks. M `ørnulm ckshrgtm mimgxd cí d rgtd cd
nmrtkld, nms pmrm kxkhutmr ds dutrds cdgs sgnplksnkotk suistgtum m pmlmvrm embmlmz du
klemz (mlhk) k mssgok m ruom hdrrkspdockotk ods lubmrks mprdprgmcds. [n rgtd ckstk tgpd
pdck skr prmtghmcd tdcds ds cgms k ckvk skr usmcd kn hdojuotd hdn un rgtuml ck
mikrturm pmrm hdnkâmr tdcd d trmimled hkrgndogml.

D rgtd cd nmrtkld

Kstk kxknpld kstí kshrgtd hdn unm drgkotmâèd pmrm d odrtk, k nucmoâms
mprdprgmcms ck hursd ckvkn skr `kgtms om drckn ck bmlcrmr kn rgtds ck drgkotmâèd
drgkotmcm pmrm d lkstk.

=. Hdn m vmrgoem ck ruom om nèd

n èd cgrkgtm, ko`rkotk m Kstrklm cd Odrtk.

9. Hdnkâmocd hdn `keu od sgoml odrtk k kovgk ms ruoms cd `utemrf kn un mokl md sku
rkcdr od oîvkl cd plkxd sdlmr tèd cgstmotks qumotd d hîrhuld od heèd du od heèd, sknprk
"hdn d sdl" od skotgcd edrírgd . Ms ruoms ckvkn `drnmr unm imocm hdnplktm
tkrngomocd hdn dtemlm md lmcd ck `keu od odrtk.
8. Qkrnmokâm om hruz stmcem k vgsumlgzk unm hruz kquglmtkrml sgtumcm edrgzdotmlnkotk od
plmod cd mokl rúoghd k cd sku plkxd sdlmr, hdn kssk pdotd hdnd d hkotrd cm hruz. Ds
irmâds ckssm hruz ckvkn tkrngomr ods pdotds dock klks hruzmn m `mgxm cm ruom. Gnmbgok
unm ks`krm hgrhuocmotk ck luz mzul hgotglmotk hdn m `mgxm ck ruom vkrnklem hdnd sku
kqumcdr. Kn skbugcm, vgsumlgzk d kgxd vkrtghml quk pmssm pkld sku hdnprgnkotd m pmrtgr
cd kspmâd googtd mhgnm k cd kspmâd googtd mimgxd.

3. Xgotm k vkjm m `drâm ugocd pmrm d sku hkotrd ck tdcms ms skgs cgrkâûks koqumotd klm
hdostrøg unm ks`krm ck pdckr vkrnkled irglemotk. M hdr pdck skr mltkrmcm ckpkockocd
cm gotkoâèd rgtuml (vkjm m skâèd sdirk d sgnidlgsnd cm hdr).

;. D vgtfg ckvk tdhmr m pmrtk pdstkrgdr cm vmrgoem od hkotrd cd pkgtd k cm `drâm k

knpurrí-lm pmrm `rkotk, prdjktmocd m `drâm ckssk hkotrd pmrm un pdotd om `mhk gotkrom
cm ks`krm kxtkrom. Kn skbugcm, d vgtfg ckvk mssgomr d nmrtkld cm nmssm ck pdckr
níbghd. D sgoml ckvk skr rmstrkmcd hdnd om @gburm 3.2. Curmotk kstk prdhkssd, kotdok:

Emnmrr g Odrcerg eklbm vk tekttm df emlc vdrce!8

(Nmrtkld cd Odrtk, smotgquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd! 3)

@gburm 3.2. Qmcrèd ck trmâmcd cd sgoml cd nmrtkld.

Kotèd, bgrmocd 71 pmrm m cgrkgtm, kovgk k mssgok dutrd sgoml ck nmrtkld vgirmocd.

Emnmrr î Mustrg eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld od lkstk, smotgquk k nmotkoem
nm otkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

Emnmrr î Xucerg eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld od sul, smotgquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

8 [nm trmcuâèd
trmcuâèd lgtkrml
lgtkrml ckstm `rmsk
`rmsk skrgm "Nmrtk
"Nmrtkld
ld od Odrtk smotgquk
smotgquk kstk rkhgotd
rkhgotd smbrmcd k vgbgmg
vgbgmg (sdirk
klk)!"
3 Kstm vkrsèd
vkrsèd ç pdktghmnkotk
pdktghmnkotk nmgs
nmgs k`ghmz k, pdrtmotd, nkledr pmrm
pmrm mquklks quk ckskjmn usmr d pdrtubuês kn skus rgtds.
K od dkstk:

Emnmrr î Pkstrg eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld od dkstk, smotgquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

 Pdltmocd md odrtk, cgrkhgdok sum mtkoâèd pmrm d mltd, nmock k mssgok d sgoml ck
emnmrsnmrf  od "tktd" cm ks`krm, cgzkocd:

Emnmrr y`gr nçr eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld sdirk ngn, smotgquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

K kotèd prdjktk d sgoml cd nmrtkld mimgxd pmrm d "heèd" cm ks`krm (oèd m tkrrm du heèd
cm smlm) k kotdok:

Emnmrr uocgr nçr eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld mimgxd ck ngn, smotg`gquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

0. Mbdrm, mtgojm m hruz stmcem odvmnkotk k hmotk:

Emnmrr eklbm vç tekttm df emlc vðrce!

(Nmrtkld, smotg`gquk k nmotkoem kstk lubmr smbrmcd!)

Bgrmocd od hkotrd cd vç, rkpgtm gssd unm vkz pmrm hmcm unm cms dutrms qumtrd cgrkâûks k
unm vkz pmrm d kgxd vkrtghml. D k`kgtd vgsuml ckvk skr un cds kgxds hdokhtmocd tdcds ds
skgs nmrtklds vkrnkleds irglemotks md sku hkotrd pkssdml, tdcds kobdlgcds pdr un hmnpd
ck luz mzul prd`uocd hgotglmotk k hkrhmcds pdr unm `mgxm ck ruoms vkrnklems irglemotks.

2. @gomlnkotk, hkotrk tdcms ms `drâms cd vç, cdirmocd ds irmâds cm hruz stmcem kn

cgrkâèd md sku hkotrd, hdn ms pdotms cds ckcds tdhmocd d plkxd sdlmr k cgzkocd:

[n ngf df î nçr Ísbmrcer df Ngcebmrcer!

(Md nku rkcdr k kn ngn Ísbmrcer k Ngcebmrcer!)

Kstk rgtuml pdck skr rkpktgcd od oml ck un trmimled du kxkrhîhgd, k tdcm m ks`krm
pdck skr mrrmstmcm pmrm d hkotrd pkssdml, du ms pmrkcks cd bldid pdckn skr cgvgcgcms
hdn m `mhm, pkrngtgocd quk m kokrbgm hdlktmcm um pmrm sku dijktgvd.

M `drnm iísghm cd rgtd cmcd mqug ckstgom-sk m prdtkbkr m hdoshgêohgm cd vgtfgs

pmrm d trmimled níbghd du ck nkcgtmâèd. Ndcghmâûks od rgtd, hdnd ms jí subkrgcms,
pdckn skr trmimlemcms pmrm quk kssm `drnm rgtuml pdssm skr usmcm hdnd unm `krrmnkotm
níbghm mtgvm. Ms ruoms om `mhk cm ks`krm pdckn skr kxtrmîcms du prdjktmcms mtrmvçs cd
kxtkrgdr pmrm hrgmr k`kgtds níbghds. Hmik md vgtfg ckshdirgr ds pdckrks mcghgdomgs cd rgtd
cd nmrtkld mlçn ckssms gostruâûks.
D rgtuml ck mikrturm

Kn trmimleds rgtumgs gnpdrtmotks, d vgtfg pdck ckskjmr rkhgtmr un bmlcr govdhmtørgd

od quml d rgtd cd nmrtkld pdck skr gohdrpdrmcd. Sml bmlcr skrvgrgm pmrm govdhmr `drâms
cgvgoms du sgnplksnkotk mbgr hdnd unm govdhmâèd bkrml mds pdckrks rúoghds, du mnids.
D kxpkrgkotk vgtfg grí hdnpdr d sku prøprgd rgtd k bmlcr, pdgs kstk skrgm un brmock `kgtd
ck dhîd rúoghd! Diskrvk hdnd d rgtd cd nmrtkld kstí kotrklmâmcd okstk kxknpld:

=. Ck pç od nkgd cm vç, ck `rkotk pmrm d odrtk du pmrm d lkstk, om stmcem k kotdok:

''Mbdrm ví mcgmotk
pdckrdsd @gniultyr ; 
ck tdcms ms dgtd hmsms hklkstks,
Xlkgpogr kstí sklmcd,
mqug rmpgcmnkotk pmrm hmvmlbmr:
Bmlcrs`mcegr 0, pdck cmr k bmoemr.
D pdckr cm ruom smbrmcm pdck `lugr 
cds hmshds cd hdrhkl ck Emobmtyr 2 6
kn hdrrkotks ck `drâm `grnk ‘
mtrmvçs cms ruoms `grnk pkrnmokhkrkg!''

9. Pí pmrm m idrcm odrtk (du lkstk)

lkstk) cm vç k, hdn m vmrgoem, trmhk d hîrhuld om cgrkâèd
cgrkâèd cd
sdl, cm ksqukrcm pmrm m cgrkgtm. Curmotk kstk prdhkssd, hmotk:

''M pdckrdsm
pdckrdsm ruom ç ckskoemcm
kn vdltm cd lubmr smbrmcd,
ms gockskjmcms hrgmturms sk m`mstmn!''

8. ]umocd d hîrhuld kstgvkr hdnplktd, rktdrok md hkotrd k quk vdltmcd pmrm m cgrkâèd
drgbgoml, kxkhutk m pmrtk cd mokl rúoghd cd rgtd cd nmrtkld. ]umocd gssd kstgvkr
hdnplktd, cgbm:

''Ds pksds prkdhupmotks

mbdrm vmnds pmrm d sku hmngoed
pmrm d lkstk, kn cgrkâèd m hmsm ktgo6 smotg`ghmcd skjm d smlèd ck Erdptmtþr 5,
hdn m mjucm cd mssmssgod ck Eruobogr 7 ''

3. Mbdrm, kxkhutk d rkstd cd rgtd cd nmrtkld.

nm rtkld.

; D Cku
Ckuss Goh
Gohrî
rîvk
vkll "(Dc
"(Dcgo
go).
).
0 D Qmg
Qmg cd Kohmo
Kohmotmntmnkot
kotd
d (Nmbgm
(Nmbgm)) "(Dcgo
"(Dcgo).
).
2 D Ckus
Ckus cds Ko`dr
Ko`drhmc
hmcds
ds "(Dcgo
"(Dcgo).
).
5 D Ckus
Ckus cms Hdgsms
Hdgsms Dhultms
Dhultms "du" D Ckus Dhultd
Dhultd "(Dcgo)
"(Dcgo)..
7 Sedr
Sedr ç d nmtm
nmtmcdr
cdr cd bgbmo
bgbmotk
tk Eruo
Eruobog
bogr.
r.
;. Ckpdgs cgssd, sk d rgtuml kxgbgr un irmskgrd, d `dbd ckvk skr mhksd. Xk d vgtfg d
hdoekhk, k d rgtuml prkhgsm cklk, kssk `dbd pdck skr gohkocgmcd pkld nçtdcd cm `rghâèd
ck `dbd okhkssírgd6 nms odrnmlnkotk, d nmbd cm ruom mhkockrí m pmoklm ck `dbd hdn
unm hemnm prkvgmnkotk prkpmrmcm. Smniçn okhkssírgd okstm hdojuoturm sèd
rkhgpgkotks ck sml k lkvkcurm ck hkrvkjm6 unm pgtmcm ck hmcm un ckvk skr mcghgdomcm á
hemnm od pdotd gocghmcd od bmlcr. Mhkockocd d irmskgrd, hmotk:

''Luz go`gogtm cm vgcm

cê d tku prkskotk vgvd
kohekr m odgtk cm okhkssgcmck6
pmrm d hdrmâèd ckstk smlèd
trmbm tum ikoâèd tèd irglemotk
pmrm mhklkrmr kstk sml 
k `krnkotd tucd tèd `rgd
 juotds vgvkn nugtd tknpd k ikn
ods hdrmâûks cd grnèd ck Eír =1 .''

0. [nm vkz quk m pdtk ck `dbd ç gohkocgmcm, d vgtfg tmniçn pdck mcghgdomr `dlems, tgrms
oms ck nmckgrm cms írvdrks du krvms quk hdrrkspdockn á gotkoâèd cd rgtuml m skr
rkmlgzmcd (vkr Mpêocghk C). D hdrpd cd rgtuml níbghd pdck mbdrm hdnkâmr kn unm
mtnds`krm "hmrrkbmcm".

D rgtuml ck kohkrrmnkotd

]umocd un rgtd `dg goghgmcd hdn unm `ørnulm ck mikrturm, un rgtd ck kohkrrmnkotd kstí
kn skbugcm.

=. Ko`rkotk d odrtk du d lkstk od stmcem ck zk  kotdok:

''Mbdrm ç `kgtd d trmimled smbrmcd

ck pmlmvrm k mâèd
útgl pmrm hrgmoâms pgkcdsms
cdldrdsd pmrm d vglèd ktgo ==
emgl pmrm (klk / klm / klks) quk `mlm(n) cklks
emgl pmrm (klk / klm / klks) quk d(s) hdnprkkock(n)
hdn prkkock(n) klks
okhkssírgd pmrm (klk / klm / klks) quk d(s) hdoekhk(n)
emgl pmrm (klk / klm / klks) quk d(s) kshutm(n) =9.

9. Okstk pdotd, d rgtd cd nmrtkld (skn d mokl rúoghd) pdck skr kxkhutmcd, knidrm gssd
skjm dphgdoml.
=1 D Mltd
Mltd (Dcgo
(Dcgo))
== [n ktgo du jðtuoo
jðtuoo ç un bgbmotk
bgbmotk ngtdløbghd
ngtdløbghd
=9 mcmptmcd cms
cms kstrd`ks omgs
omgs cd "Emvmnml".
8. Xk oèd `dr tdtmlnkotk skburd pkrngtgr quk d irmskgrd sk qukgnk, kxtgobm-d hdldhmocd
unm hdikrturm sdirk klk hdn ms pmlmvrms:

''@dbd quk irglem skn

pmrm sknprk skr mhkocgcd ckotrd
pkld pdckr ck Dcgo-Pglg-vç.''

3. Xk m kokrbgm hdostruîcm pdr tdcm m dpkrmâèd ckvk skr gotkromlgzmcm, kotèd, hdohkotrk
ms kokrbgms hdlktmcms kn sku hkotrd pkssdml, pdsghgdomocd-sk om pdsgâèd ck hruz k,
koqumotd gomlm prd`uocmnkotk, puxk ds irmâds pmrm quk ds ckcds tdqukn sku plkxd
sdlmr. Pdltk kn tdcms ms qumtrd cgrkâûks k rkpgtm kssm mâèd, vgsumlgzmocd hmcm vkz m
ks`krm skocd mtrmîcm pmrm d sku hkotrd. Xk m kokrbgm cd rgtd `dg kovgmcm pmrm d kxtkrgdr,
vdhê pdck sgnplksnkotk cgvgcgr m ks`krm hdn sum nèd du `mhm k smgr cd hîrhuld.

Nkcgtmâèd Yúoghm

M prítghm ck mnids, hkrgndogml k go`drnmlnkotk, nkcgtmocd oms ruoms ç unm

`dotk ck vmstm smikcdrgm - k unm `dotk cgrktm ck pdckr níbghd. D vgtfg ckvk sk ks`drâmr
pmrm ckskovdlvkr unm lgbmâèd pkssdml hdn hmcm ruom, hdnuoghmocd-sk hdn d ngstçrgd
kn un oîvkl prd`uocd. [nm vkz quk kstm lgbmâèd tkoem sgcd `kgtm - hdn hmcm ruom
gocgvgcuml k hdn m hdsndldbgm rúoghm hdnd un tdcd - unm hdnpdrtm ck `drâm rúoghm ç
mikrtm, hrgmocd unm hdrrkotk ck smikcdrgm quk sknprk hm mikrtm pmrm d vgtfgs. Ckpdgs
cgssd, kssk uxd pdck skr mprdvkgtmcd nksnd quk go`drnmlnkotk, kn qumlqukr
ndnkotd lgvrk quk pkrngtm m rkkxèd. Nugtms vkzks, kssks ndnkotds înpmrks `drokhkn
md vgtfg mlbuos cds nmgs pdckrdsds gosgbets sdirk ds ngstçrgds rúoghds.

Kssm nkcgtmâèd ç un ks`drâd mtgvd k iushmcdr. [nm cms tçhoghms nmgs gnpdrtmotks
okhkssírgms pmrm d suhkssd ç d hdotrdlk cd pkosmnkotd - gstd ç, m suinkrsèd ck
pkosmnkotds prkjucghgmgs md prdpøsgtd cm nkcgtmâèd k m drgkotmâèd cds pkosmnkotds md
ldobd cd hmngoed rúoghd ckskjmcd. [nm vkz quk d eubr sk mhmlndu k ds pmcrûks ck
pkosmnkotd `drmn hdohkotrmcds kn un úoghd hkotrd - m ruom - kotèd m smikcdrgm rúoghm
hdnkâmrí m hrkshkr om hdoshgêohgm (eubr) cd vgtfg. D pdotd `dhml cm nkcgtmâèd rúoghm ç
trgpld: `drnm (quk pdck gohlugr hdr), sdn (bmlcr) k gcçgm rmgz (hdotgcm od odnk k oms
pmlmvrms-hemvk). D vgtfg ckvk sk ks`drâmr pmrm sk hdohkotrmr, ck unm nmokgrm rklmxmcm,
kn qumlqukr un du tdcds ds klknkotds hdotgcds okstk hdnplkxd trîplghk, hdocuzgocd
sglkohgdsmnkotk pkosmnkotds prkjucghgmgs pmrm `drm cd eubr k ckgxmocd mpkoms ds
sînidlds rúoghds ck `drnm, sdn k odnk (gcçgm rmgz). mtç quk omlnkotk m ruom hdnkâm m
`mlmr cgrktmnkotk hdn m hdoshgêohgm cd vgtfg.

M nkcgtmâèd rúoghm hkrgndogml pdck skr tèd klmidrmcm du tèd sgnplks qumotd d
vgtfgs ckskjm du ç hmpmz ck rkmlgzmr. Bkrmlnkotk, pmrkhk quk d hmngoed nmgs síigd ç
mquklk quk `uohgdom cm sgnplghgcmck á hdnplkxgcmck. Ms prkpmrmâûks pmrm nkcgtmâèd
gohlukn m mqugsgâèd ck un ldhml trmoqugld, d cdnîogd ck un cds rgtds ck govdhmâèd ck
prdtkâèd k m hrgmâèd ck un hdojuotd ck hmrtms ck nkcgtmâèd, hdo`drnk ckshrgtd om
skâèd motkrgdr. Nmgs tmrck, d cdnîogd cd stmcem cm ruom kshdlegcm pdck skr okhkssírgd.
Ods prgnkgrds kstíbgds cd prdbrmnm ck nkcgtmâèd, d vgtfg pdck qukrkr hdohkotrmr-sk
mpkoms kn un klknkotd cd hdnplkxd trîplghk k gohlugr ds dutrds ck mhdrcd hdn un
prdbrmnm mutd-cgrgbgcd. [n vgtfg ckvk plmokjmr un ksquknm prdbrkssgvd quk skjm
mckqumcd ás sums prøprgms okhkssgcmcks k emiglgcmcks, sknprk hdostrugocd un
hdnplkxd nmgs rghd ck klknkotds od hkotrd ck hdohkotrmâèd, koqumotd gohlug unm
vmrgkcmck nmgdr ck tçhoghms níbghms od prdhkcgnkotd kxtkrod.

D quk sk skbuk ç un ksidâd hdnpdstd ck vírgds nçtdcds ck nkcgtmâèd rúoghm cds

qumgs d vgtfg pdck ckskoemr m `drnmâèd ck un prdbrmnm ck nkcgtmâèd. Sdcds ds
prdhkcgnkotds pdckn skr rkmlgzmcds sghmnkotk du, sk `drkn nmgs hdovkogkotks du
khmzks, pdckn skr rkmlgzmcds tdtmlnkotk ckotrd cd eubmubm.

=. Ykmlgzk un cds rgtds ck govdhmâèd ck prdtkâèd koqumotd vgsumlgzm `drtknkotk d mokl

rúoghd.

9. Mssunm unm pdsgâèd hdo`drtívkl, skjm skotmcd du kn pç, du od stmcem cm ruom

mckqumcm. Pdhê pdck sk ckpmrmr hdn d odrtk, lkstk du od éobuld gocghmcd pklm pdsgâèd
cm ruom od mokl rúoghd.

8. [nm hmrtm ck nkcgtmâèd rúoghm ckvk skr hdldhmcm kn tml pdsgâèd - prksm á pmrkck du
hdldhmcm kn un supdrtk sgnplks - quk kstkjm md oîvkl cds dleds curmotk kssm `msk cd
prdhkcgnkotd.

3. Hdn ds dleds xds rnknkotk om `drnm rúoghm rkprkskotmcm od hmrtèd, hmotk

sumvknkotk m ruom bmlcr (gssd pdck skr `kgtd gotkromnkotk). Md nksnd tknpd, sk
ckskjmr, vdhê pdck gotrdcuzgr gcçgms kstkrkdtgpmcms, hdnd d odnk cm ruom, kn un oîvkl
skhuocírgd ck hdoshgêohgm. [n odnk ç hlmrd gohluîcd od bmlcr6 kotrktmotd, mqug kstmnds
hdosgckrmocd d sgboghmcd ksdtçrghd gohdrpdrmcd od odnk, quk pdck skr gohluîcd od
"hkotrd ck hdohkotrmâèd". Okstm `rmsk, d vgtfg ckvk sk ks`drâmr pmrm unm `drtk
hdohkotrmâèd ods klknkotds cd hdnplkxd rúoghd quk sk ckstgomn.

;. D vgtfg ckvk mbdrm `khemr lkotmnkotk ds dleds, hdotgoumocd hdn d bmlcr k m

hdotknplmâèd ck un prgohîpgd ksdtçrghd (sk gohluîcd). Pgsumlgzk m `drnm cm ruom hdnd
mpmrkhk od hmrtèd k od dled cm nkotk k, mlçn cgssd, tkotk pkrhkikr m uogcmck cd
hdnplkxd `drnm-gcçgm-sdn. Od hdnkâd, vdhê pdck tkr quk mirgr ds dleds pmrm
rkstmiklkhkr m `drnm cm mcuklm, nms kvkotumlnkotk vdhê pdck klgngomr m qumrtm `msk k gr
cgrktmnkotk pmrm unm hdnplkxm hdotknplmâèd gotkrgdr, unm vkz quk kstkjm hdomotk kn
sums emiglgcmcks.

0. Nmotkoem kssk kstmcd ck hdohkotrmâèd gotkrom od hdnplkxd rúoghd pdr pkld nkods
vírgds skbuocds, ck prk`krêohgm trmimlemocd pdr un pkrîdcd ck hgohd ngoutds.
2. Mpøs kstk pkrîdcd ck hdohkotrmâèd gotkrgdr, d vgtfg ckvk hmgr od sglêohgd gotkrgdr. Nms
lknirk-sk kstk ç un sglêohgd tdtmlnkotk mtkotd! Curmotk kssk vmzgd ck pkosmnkotds
mcdrnkhgcds, m pmlmvrm cm ruom skrí kotdmcm hdn un rkssdomotk rkpgquk. Kstm ç unm
"pmlmvrm" quk oèd pdck skr kxprkssm pdr okoeun gcgdnm, nms ç m tdtmlgcmck cd ngstçrgd
rúoghd kxprkssd kn un úoghd ndnkotd. Kstm ç unm kxpkrgêohgm smotm om quml m ruom k d
eubr cd vgtfg sèd ndnkotmokmnkotk
n dnkotmokmnkotk uoghmcds - du kssm uogcmck ç pkrhkigcm.

5. D vgtfg pdck hdotgoumr m nkcgtmâèd cksck quk skjm skotgcm unm lgbmâèd hdn m `drâm
rúoghm. Okstk kstmcd nkcgtmtgvd, d vgtfg pdck skr hdocuzgcd md ldobd ck unm ngrîmck ck
hmngoeds rúoghds, ods qumgs ds skbrkcds rklmtgvds á prøprgm ruom sèd rkvklmcds du ms
rklmâûks kotrk hkrtms ruoms sèd kshlmrkhgcms - ms pdssgiglgcmcks sèd googtms.

7. [nm vkz quk m lgbmâèd sk cgssgpk, du d vgtfg ckskjk tkrngomr m nkcgtmâèd,

sgnplksnkotk rkpgtm unm `ørnulm hdnd "Mbdrm d trmimled kstí `kgtd" k mirm skus dleds.
Kotèd, rgtumlnkotk, qukirk d mokl rúoghd ck mhdrcd hdn d rgtd cd nmrtkld.

Ckpdgs quk vdhê sk skotgr rkmlnkotk `mzkocd pmrtk cd nuocd cms ruoms, nmgs
dpkrmâûks nkcgtmtgvms go`drnmgs pdckn skr rkmlgzmcms. Kstks grèd rkvklmr unm vmstm
qumotgcmck ck smikcdrgm útgl k `mshgomotk. Pkrghdu-sk quk ms `krrmnkotms nmgs útkgs
okstk ks`drâd sèd d pmpkl, m hmoktm, m iússdlm, d trmos`krgcdr k tmlvkz mtç unm
hmlhulmcdrm. D prdhkcgnkotd ç imstmotk sgnplks: Xkotk-sk á sum kshrgvmogoem du nksm,
hkrhmcd ck vírgds blg`ds rúoghds k hdoburmâûks hdsndløbghms. Mgocm sum nkotk,
vdltmocd-sk pmrm d nuocd rúoghd. Qkrngtm quk d sku eubr vmbukgk mtç quk klk mhkocm
un hdohkgtd ck sknkotk, kotèd gnplmhmvklnkotk sgbm-d, ckskoemocd k modtmocd sums
"rkvklmâûks" á nkcgcm quk klms hekbmn mtç vdhê. Kssms odtmâûks pdckn skrvgr ck imsk
pmrm trmimleds `uturds - klms oèd skrèd, hdn `rkquêohgm, hmocgcmtms pmrm d mrqugvd
rkcdocd. Ç prdvmvklnkotk nkledr oèd mbkocmr kssms skssûks go`drnmgs, nms sgn skotmr-
sk k nkrbulemr ods ngstçrgds qumocd d "kspîrgtd sk ndvk". Odrnmlnkotk, mpøs un hurtd
pkrîdcd ck tknpd, m smikcdrgm cms ruoms hdnkâmrí m hrkshkr od eubr cd vgtfgs kn
ndnkotds kstrmoeds. Ás vkzks m krupâèd ckssms `drâms ç tèd pdckrdsm quk hmusm
`koónkods psghdhgoçtghds om prdxgngcmck `îsghm cd vgtf!

M prítghm rkbulmr ck nkcgtmâèd rúoghm ç un cds pglmrks cd mpmrklemnkotd bkrml cm

smikcdrgm rúoghm k unm quk cí mnplms rkhdnpkosms pklds ks`drâds ikn bmstds. Qdck-sk
cgzkr quk, ck `mtd, ds ndnkotds ck gospgrmâèd ditgcds hdn kssms prítghms oèd sèd
sknklemotks á ckshdikrtm ck un túnuld ck durd kn unm kxøtghm tkrrm cksçrtghm, nms á
rkhupkrmâèd ck unm ekrmoâm ck `mnîlgm pkrcgcm od søtèd (vkjm od pdrèd) tmniçn!). D
quk `dg pkrcgcd pdck skr rkhupkrmcd sk mpkoms m vdotmck `dr `drtk!

Nmbgm Smlgsnéoghm
Kn Dlc Odrsk, eí três pmlmvrms prgohgpmgs pmrm "tmlgsnè", "mnulktd" du "nmbgm
tmlgsnéoghm". Klks sèd (=) tkgoo,
tkgoo, quk gocghm un pkcmâd ck nmckgrm du bmled `drnmcd kn
un dijktd tmlgsnéoghd (m pmlmvrm "tgok
" tgok"" rkktk gssd)6 (9) elutr , quk pdck skr qumlqukr
dijktd usmcd pmrm prdpøsgtds tmlgsnéoghds du cgvgomtørgds ( kn goblês: ''ldt'')6 k (8) tmu`r ,
quk sgboghm tmotd tmlgsnè qumotd nmbgm kn bkrml6 nms od skotgcd drgbgoml, m nmbgm
tmlgsnéoghm ç pmrtghulmr. Sdcds ds três tkrnds sèd imstmotk ckshrgtgvds ck vírgds mspkhtds
cd dhgd ruoghd tmlgsnéoghd.

M skbugotk skâèd sdirk tmu`r grí lgcmr hdn nugtms hmrmhtkrîstghms cm nmbgm rúoghm,
tmgs hdnd ruoms ck lgbmâèd k m sgnidldbgm ck oúnkrd, hdr k gckdbrmm, quk sèd ck
gnpdrtéohgm vgtml kn tdcms ms írkms cd ruombmlcr, nms quk sèd gotrdcuzgcms mqug ckvgcd
md pmpkl `uocmnkotml quk cksknpkoemn om mrtk cd tmu`r.

[nm pkcrm ruomr

ruomr ç un skr vgvd quk
quk tkn un r rlðb pmrm
pmrm vgvkr,
vgvkr, mquklk
mquklk quk lek
lek `dg
hdohkcgcd pkld vgtfg. D kxkhutdr `drokhk m vgcm cd "dijktd" k, nmbghmnkotk, `drokhk-d
h d n r rlðb mtrmvçs
mtrmvçs cm omturkzm
omturkzm cm
cm kokrbgm
kokrbgm rúoghm
rúoghm hdn
hdn m quml
quml d vgtfg
vgtfg d hmrrkbm.
hmrrkbm. M
"omturkzm vgvm" cm pkcrm ruomr pdck skr tèd `drtknkotk mplghmcm quk sk ckshdirgrí quk
klk tkn unm "pkrsdomlgcmck". M n ck `mhglgtmr kstk mltd kstmcd ck `drâm mutóodnm (nms
hdn `drâm ck vdotmck), d vgtfg pdck ckskjmr cmr un odnk m pkcrm ruomr curmotk d rgtuml
ck hmrrkbmnkotd. Kstk ç d ngstçrgd pdr trís cds nugtds tmlgsnès rúoghds (kspkhgmlnkotk
mrnms) quk rkhkikrmn odnks.

Ms tkdrgms tçhoghms pdr trís cm nmbgm cms pkcrms ruoghms kstèd kn pkr`kgtd mhdrcd
hdn ms lkgs cm mâèd ckotrd cm hdsndldbgm rúoghm kn bkrml. D ruok tgok mbk hdnd unm
hemvk pmrm ckstrmvmr d pdckr ck uxds rúoghds kspkhîhds. Ods prdhkssds ck
hmrrkbmnkotd, kssks rgmheds (gcêotghds m emngobjm) sèd prdpdsgtmlnkotk ngsturmcds ods
nuocds hmusmgs k go`uocgcds od dijktd, quk `dg prkpmrmcd pkld vgtfg hdn sgomgs k imstûks
rkhkptgvds m kssms `drâms. Lí klks sèd gotkosghmcds du ndcghmcds k odvmnkotk
lgikrmcds, tkocd un hmrítkr kspkhîhd trmosngtgcd pklds bmlcrmr k `drnmlmr cd vgtfg k d
pdckr gomtd cds sînidlds rkprkskotmcds od ckotk. M `drnm tmlgsnéoghm tdrom-sk lgbmcm á
kssêohgm cm (s) ruom (s) kspkhîhm (s) mtrmvçs ck unm brmock hdohkotrmâèd k kokrbgzmâèd
cms `drâms cgrgbgcms pkld vgtfg pmrm d ckotk, usmocd m `drnm, d sdn k m hdr cms ruoms.

[nm vkz quk m pkcrm ruomr tkoem sgcd mckqumcmnkotk hmrrkbmcd, kstk pdckr ç kotèd
"ckshmrrkbmcd" ck mhdrcd hdn m `drnm quk d vgtfg gnprgngu oklk. D dijktd ç d hkotrd
ck un vørtghk
vørtghk ck `drâm, rkhkiko
rkhkikocd
cd kokrbgm,
kokrbgm, `drnulmocd
`drnulmocd-d
-d ck mhdrcd hdn sku r rlðb, k
kotèd rkkxprkssmocd-d ods rkgods hmusmgs, hdocuzgocd md rksultmcd ckskjmcd. Kstk
pdckr tmniçn pdck skr nmotgcd ckotrd cm ks`krm pkssdml. M khgêohgm ckstk prdhkssd
ckpkock cd oîvkl ck `drâm od emngobjm cd vgtfgs k cm qumlgcmck ck hdohkotrmâèd k
vgsumlgzmâèd quk d vgtfg pdck trmzkr pmrm m dpkrmâèd ck hmrrkbmnkotd.
hm rrkbmnkotd.

Dutrd mspkhtd gnpdrtmotk cm nmbgm cms pkcrms ruoghms ç d cm lgbmâèd níbghm md

"dijktd" cd tmu`r, gstd ç, m pkssdm du hdgsm
hd gsm m skr m`ktmcm pklm `drâm níbghm. Gssd pdck skr
`kgtd mokxmocd-sk unm `ørnulm rúoghm md dijktd quk rkprkskotm m pkssdm (hdnd d odnk
trmoslgtkrmcd kn ruoms) du pklm prdxgngcmck `îsghm cd ckotk hdn m pkssdm m skr m`ktmcm.
Dutrms tçhoghms ck nmbgm sgnpítghm tmniçn pdckn skr knprkbmcms.
 Kxgstkn vírgds tgpds cgstgotds ck tmlgsnès rúoghds. Odrnmlnkotk, klks sèd `kgtds ck
pkcmâds ck nmckgrm, dssd, pkcrm du nktml quk tdnmn prdotmnkotk sums `drnms. Od
kotmotd, pmpkl du pkrbmngoed tmniçn pdck skr usmcd pdr mquklks nkods
trmcghgdomlnkotk gohlgomcds. Ds dijktds sdirk ds qumgs ms ruoms k ds sgbods sèd
kshulpgcds pdckn skr purmnkotk níbghds kn `uoâèd du tmniçn pdckn skrvgr m mlbunm
`uoâèd utglgtírgm. D prgnkgrd brupd ç d quk bkrmlnkotk ç hdosgckrmcd un ckotk. D
últgnd brupd pdck gohlugr dijktds hdnd vklms ck hgotds, hmoktms, mutdnøvkgs, hemvks ck
`kocm, mrnms k mssgn pdr cgmotk, quk sèd cdtmcds ck emngobjm. Gssd ç vmlgdsd pmrm
trmosngtgr suhkssd du prdtkâèd oms írkms kn quk d dijktd ç usmcd. Kstm trmcgâèd ç tèd
útgl k pdckrdsm edjk qumotd om motgbm Kurdpm, qumocd bukrrkgrds goshrkvkrmn sums mrnms
k kshucds hdn ruoms pmrm prdtkâèd k vgtørgm. M gnmbgomâèd cd vgtfg ndckrod ckvk
prdvmr skr un bugm prdvkgtdsd okstm prítghm. Dutrm hlmssk ck tmlgsnè ç kstmhgdoírgm.
]umlqukr dijktd xd pdck skr trmos`drnmcd kn un tmlgsnè rúoghd. Írvdrks, brmocks
rdhems k hmsms sèd idos kxknplds. Mlçn cgssd, un tmulr kstmhgdoírgd pdck skr un hmrtèd
du unm pmutm hdldhmcm od qumrtd cd vgtf, du unm pkcrm ruomr hdldhmcd pkrtd cm pkssdm
m skr m`ktmcm pklm
pklm `drâm níbghm. Kstks sèd usmcds pmrm goukohgmr nmbghmnkotk
nmbghmnkotk un lubmr
pmrtghulmr du pkssdms quk kstèd rkbulmrnkotk omquklk lubmr. D tmlgsnè mplghmcd
gotkromnkotk tmniçn ç hdoekhgcd k skrí cgshutgcd mimgxd.

Ms tçhoghms cm nmbgm cms pkcrms ruomrks pdckn skr usmcms kn dpkrmâûks ck

tdcd tgpd. Ds prdhkcgnkotds ckshrgtds okstms skâûks ckvkn skr skbugcds, ck unm `drnm
du ck dutrm, md hrgmr `krrmnkotms pmrm skrkn usmcms om mrtk rúoghm.

Yuoms ck Pgohulmâèd

Qdckn skr prdcuzgcds pkcrms ruomrks quk kxprksskn unm úoghm `drâm rúoghm, nms
unm cms tçhoghms nmgs pdtkotks ck hdnigomr vírgms `drâms rúoghms pmrm un prdpøsgtd
nugtd kspkhîhd ç m cm ruom ck lgbmnkotd (DO imocruo). [nm ruom ck vgohulmâèd ç m
hdnigomâèd ck pdckrks rúoghds gocgvgcumgs kn un pdckrdsd hmnpd ck mâèd. Kssk
nçtdcd tkn m vmotmbkn cgstgotm cd vgtfg ndckrod ck usmr mpkoms m kssêohgm gckdbríhm
cm ruom6 pdrtmotd, d hdrrkcdr hdotknpdréokd oèd prkhgsm sk prkdhupmr sk sum goshrgâèd
kstí hdrrktm du sk skrí khmz sk `dr kshrgtm kn goblês ndckrod. M n ck hdostrugr k
hmrrkbmr mckqumcmnkotk tml `drnm, d vgtfg ckvk tkr unm hdnprkkosèd prd`uocm ck ruomsr uoms
skpmrmcms k hdnd klms sk kohmgxmn pmrm `drnmr unm úoghm k pdckrdsm kxprkssèd ck
`drâm hdn unm úoghm vdotmck emrndogdsm. Ds prgohîpgds cm kstçtghm kspgrgtuml k `îsghm sèd
gnpdrtmotks mqug. Kssk mspkhtd ck hdnigomâèd ç hdnun m tdcd d dhgd rúoghd, nms hdn
ms ruoms ck lgbmâèd klk kohdotrm sum kxprkssèd nmgs øivgm.

Ms ruoms ck vgohulmâèd `drmn usmcms pklds nkstrks cms ruoms cksck d goîhgd. Kxgstkn
cdgs tgpds prgohgpmgs
prgohgpmgs ckstks ruoms ck
ck lgbmâèd: (=) mquklks usmcds
usmcds pmrm hdokhtmr cums
cums du
nmgs ruoms juotms md goshrkvkr pmlmvrms, k (9) mquklms ck un tgpd mpmrkotknkotk
purmnkotk gckdbríhd (knidrm kstk últgnd tgpd pdssm hdotkr unm pmlmvrm kshdocgcm kn
sum `drnm hdnd unm kspçhgk ck mombrmnm sgnultéokd). [nm brmock qumotgcmck ck
"lghkoâm mrtîstghm" kstí cgspdoîvkl pmrm d vgtfg om hdostruâèd ck ruoms ck lgbmâèd. Ms
`drnms mltkromtgvms cms vírgms vmrms ckvkn mjucmr om `drnmâèd ck unm `drnm
kstktghmnkotk mbrmcívkl. Md `drnulmr ruoms vgohulmcms, d hdrrkcdr ckvk sknprk nmotkr
kn nkotk ds klknkotds cd sgnidlgsnd ounkrdløbghd k cm emrndogm gckdløbghm k cm
hddpkrmâèd.

]umocd usmcd pdr kshrgtd, ms ruoms ck lgbmâèd pdckn hdokhtmr cums ruoms du un
brupd cklms. Gssd ç `kgtd pmrm `drnmr un lgof níbghd kotrk kssms cums ruoms, pmrm
rkprkskotmr cums du nmgs pmlmvrms kn unm `drnm hdcghmcm, du pmrm rkcuzgr m hdotmbkn
bkrml ck ruoms om goshrgâèd. [nm ruom ck vgohulmâèd sknprk ç hdotmcm hdnd unm ruom
om hdotmbkn ck ruoms (vkjm m skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd). M tkrngomâèd
brmnmtghml hdnun -mz (-mY) ç `rkqükotknkotk kshrgtm (diskrvk d usd ck unm `drnm
mltkromtgvm cm ruom Z pmrm ditkr d k`kgtd nmbghd-kstçtghd). Nmbghmnkotk, gssd lgbm ms
`drâms cms ruoms M k Z m unm kxprkssèd kspkhgml ‘ quk ç imstmotk pdckrdsm! [nm cms
nmgs motgbms ruoms ck lgbmâèd ç ,quk rkprkskotm b  nmgs m. Gstd sgboghm m `ørnulm
níbghm bgiu mujm 
mujm  (cmr idm sdrtk) k nugtms vkzks ç kshulpgcm kn mrnms tmlgsnéoghms du
rgtumgs. ]umgsqukr ruoms quk pdssumn mcuklms vkrtghmgs mcjmhkotks sèd ds prgohgpmgs
hmocgcmtds á kohmckromâèd, mssgn hdnd ms pmlmvrms (kspkhgmlnkotk ds prdodnks k ms
`drnms vkrimgs) quk sèd
sèd hdnuos, pdr kxknpld, r: l (kn: ku sdu)6 N (kf: ku).

Ms ruoms ck lgbmâèd purmnkotk gckdbríhms sèd ms nmgs útkgs kn nmbgm ck pkcrms

ruoghms, k sum nultgplghgcmck ck oîvkgs ds tdrom nugtd khmzks kn dpkrmâûks rkomcms ck
nmbgm. [n cds kxknplds nmgs motgbds cgssd ç kohdotrmcd od irdhek ck Xdkst, hkrhm ck
011-0;1 C.H. (vkr @gburm 3.5): Ç `drnmcd pklms ruoms d,o,t,b , k m  cums vkzks. D
tdtml ounçrghd ckssms ruoms ç 00, du 0 x ==, hdn unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms ck 0 (vkr skâèd
sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd). Kstk bmlcrmstm`r ç un tmlgsnè ck mndr kshulpgcd kn un
irdhek k ckpdgs cmcd m unm nulekr. D pdckr cd tmu`r imskgm-sk om `drâm Dcgoghm mm ,
hdn justgâm k un mpkld md suhkssd t  , pdr okhkssgcmck o(odtk tmniçn d sgnidlgsnd
skxuml mqug), pkld hmsmnkotd (uogèd krøtghm) b  , ck mhdrcd hdn ds prgohîpgds k
tkrrgtørgds mohkstrmgs d. M hdotmbkn ck ruoms k núltgpld ck 0 ko`mtgzm m omturkzm krøtghm
cd tmlgsnè. Ms ruoms tmniçn pdckn hdotkr un mombrmnm cd odnk cd vkled mlknèd
Mttmod nmgs d sgoml b (hmsmnkotd). M moílgsk ck goshrgâûks motgbms cí nugtms pgstms pmrm
m prítghm ndckrom .

@gburm 3.5. ruom ck lgbmâèd kohdotrmcm od irdhek ck Xdkst,

X dkst, h. 011-0;1 h.K.
 Dutrd kxknpld gckdbríhd skrgm d "Seurgsmz ck Srês hmikâms" (@gburm 3.7).
Ksskohgmlnkotk unm gotkosghmâèd trgplm cm ruom SE / Seurgsmz, gssd ç usmcd kn
nmlcgâûks. Dutrds kxknplds ck ruoms ck lgbmâèd skrèd cmcds oms `ørnulms níbghms.

@gburm 3.7. Gckdbríhd "teurgsmz ck três hmikâms".

Xgnidlgsnd Ounçrghd

Ds hrgtçrgds ounçrghds cksknpkoemn un pmpkl gnpdrtmotk od hmrrkbmnkotd k od

trmimled cms pkcrms rúoghds, k sèd `rkqukotknkotk hrîtghds kn dutrds tgpds ck nmbgm
rúoghm. Oms goshrgâûks motgbms, ás vkzks ckshdirgnds quk d vgtfg ck mlbun ndcd
smhrghdu m hlmrkzm lgobüîstghm pmrm m pdtêohgm ounçrghm (du gckdbríhm). Gssd ç `kgtd
ckgxmocd ck `drm ms ruoms (kspkhgmlnkotk ms vdbmgs) du mcghgdomocd du cuplghmocd-ms.

Hdo`drnk diskrvmcd od goîhgd ckstk lgvrd, d oúnkrd ç unm cms três hemvks ck hmcm ruom.
D hdnkotírgd cmcd sdi hmcm ruom tmniçn ç pkrtgokotk md sgnidlgsnd cd sku oúnkrd.
Ck `mtd, brmock pmrtk cm gotkrprktmâèd ç tgrmcm ck hrgtçrgds ounçrghds. Kxknplds `drtks
cgssd skrgmn m ruom E (7) - ds Odvk Nuocds ck Wbbcrmsgll k m ruom J (=9) - ds cdzk nksks
cd mod sdlmr. Ç okhkssírgd mpkoms cmr ds hdotdrods bkrmgs cm ounkrdldbgm rúoghm mqug. d
vkrcmckgrd vgtfg kohdotrmrí ms kstrmcms hkrtms pmrm munkotmr d pdckr.

Ds vmldrks ounçrghds ck goshrgâûks, pkcrms ruoghms k `ørnulms níbghms hdldhmn d pdckr

cms ruoms kn vírgms "ks`krms ck trmimled" k tmniçn rkhdrrkn md pdckr gokrkotk m kssk
oúnkrd pmrm sku `uohgdomnkotd. Nugtms vkzks, ç nkledr prdhurmr unm ks`krm ck
trmimled emrndogdsm k mirmobkotk pmrm cmr d níxgnd pdckr bkrml á `drnm gckdbríhm k
lgobüîstghm cm `ørnulm. Kssms `ørnulms tmniçn pdckn ndcghmr du mjustmr m pdtêohgm
bkrml cd tdcd. [nm vkz quk hmcm `ørnulm k pkcrm ruoghm `uohgdom kn vírgds oîvkgs
sgnultmokmnkotk, unm rkbrm bkrml skrgm qumotd nmgs oîvkgs ck sgboghmcd vdhê puckr
hdldhmr om nkodr qumotgcmck ck kspmâd, k qumotd nmgs kogbnítghd vdhê hdoskbugr, nmgs
khmz skrí m nmbgm. Gssd ç gnpdrtmotk tmotd om ndcklmbkn qumotd om gotkrprktmâèd cds
tmlgsnès.

Ms `ørnulms ck oúnkrds rúoghds sèd momlgsmcms ck cums nmokgrms: (G) m hdotmbkn

ck ruoms, gstd ç, d oúnkrd ck pmutms om `ørnulm6 k (9) d tdtml cds vmldrks ounçrghds ck
hmcm ruom om `ørnulm (hdnd om bknmtrgm). Kssks oúnkrds sèd kotèd cgvgcgcds kn skus
núltgplds pmrm pdckr momlgsmr nkledr skus pdckrks. [n kxknpld sgnplks ckssk prdhkssd
ç ndstrmcd om @gburm 3.=1: Hdotmbkn ck ruoms 5 (núltgplm: 9 x 3)6 tdtml rúoghd: 006
(núltgpld: 0 x ==). Kssm `ørnulm ç kohdotrmcm kn motgbds tmlgsnès k `drnm un
kohmotmnkotd ck brmock pdckr gckdbríhd, `doçtghd k ounkrdløbghd.

@gburm 3.=1. @ørnulm cd oúnkrd rúoghd "luwmtuwm".

[n du mnids ds sgstknms pdckn skr usmcds. D sgboghmcd ckssks oúnkrds ç

cupld. Klks gocghmn m ks`krm om quml m `ørnulm ç trmimlemr k d pdckr pkld quml klm
`uohgdom.

Kxgstkn vírgds "oúnkrds ck pdckr" kn mnids ds sgstknms ods qumgs d vgtfg goghgml
pdckrgm sk hdohkotrmr. Qmrm m hdotmbkn ck ruoms, ds oúnkrds ck = m 93 sèd tdcds
pdckrdsds k gniukn m `ørnulm hdn m `drâm cm ruom ckssk oúnkrd. Mlçn cgssd, d usd ck
qumgsqukr vgotk k qumtrd ruoms kn unm goshrgâèd `drokhk unm mnplm imsk ck pdckr k
govdhm m `drâm ck tdcm m lgoem rúoghm om `ørnulm. Qmrm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms vgotk k
qumtrd vkzks, d oúnkrd dgtd k skus núltgplds (k om vkrcmck vgotk k qumtrd k skus
núltgplds) pdckn skr mcghgdomcds pmrm nmotkr tdcm m emrndogm cd pdckr koqumotd
gotkosghm sum `drâm. D núltgpld cm hdotmbkn ck ruoms tmniçn ndcghm m pdtêohgm
rúoghm ck nmokgrms sutgs k kobkoedsms. Kstks sèd pmcrûks hdnuos kn goshrgâûks motgbms.

Od skbuocd oîvkl, d cd tdtml ounçrghd cms ruoms, kxgstkn nugtms pdssgiglgcmcks k

oúnkrds ck pdtêohgm, quk cgrkhgdomn m `drâm rúoghm kn cgrkâûks kspkhîhms k leks
hdo`krkn hmrmhtkrîstghms níbghms kspkhgmgs. Ç hlmrd quk ms sdnms ck = m 93 gocghmn m
ks`krm kn quk kssm ruom kspkhîhm kstí kn dpkrmâèd. Ds oúnkrds prgnds sèd
kspkhgmlnkotk pdckrdsds k kxprkssmn unm trknkocm qumotgcmck ck vdotmck. ]umlqukr
quk skjm d tdtml rúoghd, ç mtrmvçs ck skus núltgplds `mtdrks quk m `drâm cm rmgz cd oúnkrd
ç rkvklmcm. Núltgplds ck três, k kspkhgmlnkotk ck odvk, sèd pdckrdsds kn dpkrmâûks
quk lgcmn hdn `drâms níbghms quk trmimlemn kn nugtds oîvkgs md nksnd tknpd,
gohlugocd d rkgod tkrrkstrk. Núltgplds ck ckz sèd kspkhgmlnkotk `drtks qumocd m gotkoâèd
ç hmusmr unm nucmoâm od nuocd nmog`kstd ck Ngcebmrcer. Cdzk k skus núltgplds
tmniçn sèd pdckrdsds m kssk rkspkgtd, nms tên un k`kgtd nmgs prdldobmcd k
curmcdurd. D oúnkrd trkzk k skus núltgplds sèd ds oúnkrds nmgs uogvkrsmgs ck pdckr.
[n brmock oúnkrd ck goshrgâûks rúoghms nmog`kstmn kssk pmcrèd ounkrdløbghd. D
oúnkrd ç gocghmtgvd ck pdtêohgm uogvkrsml k hdotçn d ngstçrgd ck kgewmz hdnd m írvdrk-
nuocd (7) k ds três rkgods (8) om dotdldbgm ck Bgoouobmbmp (=). D oúnkrd pkld quml d
"oúnkrd nkstrk" ç nultgplghmcd ndcghm k cgrkhgdom m `drâm tdtml cm `ørnulm ck mhdrcd
hdn m sum omturkzm rúoghm.

Sdcds kssks prgohîpgds pdckn skr usmcds om hdostruâèd

hdostruâèd ck pkcrms rúoghms k
rgtumgs6 od kotmotd, klks oèd prkhgsmn cdngomr m `drnm cm dpkrmâèd. Ckgxk m gotugâèd k m
gohlgomâèd omturml skrkn d sku bugm. Pgtfmr pdck cgspkosmr tdtmlnkotk ms hdosgckrmâûks
ounçrghms, k skus rksultmcds oèd cgngougrèd ck nmokgrm mlbunm. D usd hdrrktd cm
ounkrdldbgm rúoghm ç unm mrtk kn sg k quk prkhgsm skr suplknkotmcm hdn unm brmock
cdsk ck hdoekhgnkotd oørcghd pmrm skr hdnplktmnkotk khmz. D kstucd k m moílgsk ck
goshrgâûks klmidrmcms pdr odssds motkpmssmcds ckvkn skr m luz drgkotmcdrm
drgkotmcdrm ck odssds
odssds
ks`drâds. Smniçn ckvk skr rkssmltmcd quk m motgbm mtgtuck bkrnéoghm kn rklmâèd md
hdohkgtd ck oúnkrd krm ikn cg`krkotk cmquklm mcdtmcm pdr skus vgzgoeds cd sul. Qmrm ds
nîstghds
nîstgh ds pgtmbørghds
pgtmbør ghds k boøstghds,
boøst ghds, d oúnkrd
oún krd pmssdu
pmssd u m skr d ν ύςί (rkbrm) ck tdcms ms
hdgsms, nms pmrm d vgtfmr, d oúnkrd krm mpkoms unm kotrk três kxprkssûks gbumgs cd
nksnd ngstçrgd smbrmcd gohdrpdrmcd pdr unm ruom. Koqumotd ds boøstghds k pgtmbørghds
tkocgmn m dlemr pmrm d oúnkrd hdnd unm nmokgrm ck nkcgr k cgstgobugr unm hdgsm cm
dutrm, ds vgtfmr ds vgmn hdnd pdotds ck hdokxèd k gotkr-rklmâèd kn un hdsnd pmrm
sknprk kn un kstmcd ck uxd k rkuxd.

Xgnidlgsnd ck hdr

M sgnidldbgm cm hdr od sgstknm rúoghd ç un pduhd cg`krkotk cm sgnidldbgm cm

hulturm jucmghd-hrgstè, knidrm ms motgbms trmcgâûks bkrnéoghms (kotrk nugtms dutrms)
tkoemn goukohgmcd m sgnidldbgm cm hdr hrgstè mtç hkrtd pdotd. M `dotk ckssk sgstknm ck
hdrks pdck skr kohdotrmcm ods Kccms k om lgtkrmturm cm smbm. Om prítghm ck d`îhgd rúoghd,
kssk hdoekhgnkotd ck hdrks ç vmlgdsd hdnd nmtkrgml om `drnulmâèd ck vgsumlgzmâûks
pdckrdsms k gotkosghmâèd rgtuml, ikn hdnd om hdostruâèd ck tmlgsnès nmgs hdnplkxds.
(Pkjm m Smiklm 3.=)

D Mpêocghk C `drokhk hdrrkspdocêohgms ck hdrks kspkhulmtgvms pmrm hmcm ruom, nms d

nkledr bugm ç m gotugâèd cd vgtfg gockpkockotk. Ckssm nmokgrm, hdnd om nmgdrgm cds
dutrds, m pkrspkhtgvm cm hdoshgêohgm mltkrm m pkrhkpâèd cd hdohkgtd, k ç m pkrhkpâèd
quk `drokhk m nkledr hemvk pmrm cksvkocmr d hdohkgtd.

Smiklm 3.=. Xgnidldbgm ck hdrks

hdr gotkrprktmâèd
Cdurmc
Cdurmcd
d M luz cd sdl
sdl k m luz kspg
kspgrgtu
rgtuml
ml quk
quk irglem
irglem ck
ck Msbmrc
Msbmrcer,
er, m `drâm
`drâm cd
cd uogvkr
uogvkrsd
sd k un
un sînid
sînidld
ld ck
ck edorm,
edorm,
rkputmâèd k pdckr kn tdcds ds rkgods.
 Pkrnkled Qdckr níbghd k pdckr prgohgpml, prdtktdr, vgcm kspgrgtuml k vgbdr, `drâm mbrkssgvm. M hdr prgohgpml
cms ruoms6 tmniçn un sgoml ck ndrtk. Nugtms vkzks rklmhgdomcd md durd.
Mzul
Mzul M `drâ
`drâmm nîst
nîstghm
ghm mirm
mirmob
obko
kotk
tk,, dogp
dogprk
rksko
skotk
tk k dog
dogpr
prks
ksko
kotk
tk cd
cd ounk
ounko,
o, un
un sgoml
sgoml ck ndv
ndvgn
gnko
kotd
td goq
goqug
ugkt
ktd,
d,
m hdr cd nmotd ck Dcgo. Kn skus tdos nmgs kshurds, tdrom-sk un hdn prktd.
 Pkrck Pgcm drbéoghm, m `drâm nmog`kstmcm cm `krtglgcmck om tkrrm k od nmr, un sgoml cm tkrrm k cm omturkzm,
pmssmbkn kotrk ds nuocds.
Mnmrkl
Mnmrkld
d Qdckr
Qdckr tkrrk
tkrrkstr
strk,
k, un
un sgoml
sgoml ck cksk
ckskjd
jd k ckskjd
ckskjd kn unm
unm vdot
vdotmck
mck ck nmog
nmog`kst
`kstmâèd
mâèd.. Yklmh
Yklmhgdo
gdomcd
mcd m
vkrck k durd.
 Irmohd
Irmohd M kxprk
kxprkssèd
ssèd tdtml
tdtml cm
cm luz
luz hdnd
hdnd m sdnm
sdnm ck
ck tdcms
tdcms ms hdrk
hdrkss - tdtm
tdtmlgcm
lgcmck,
ck, purkzm
purkzm,, pkr`k
pkr`kgâèd
gâèd,, odirk
odirkzm,
zm, d
cgshd cd sdl.
Qrmtm
Qrmtm D cgshd
cgshd cm lum,
lum, nucmo
nucmoâm
âm,, trmos
trmosnu
nutm
tmâè
âèd,
d, lutm
lutmoc
ocd
d pkld
pkld hdoe
hdoekh
khgnk
gnkot
otd
d supk
supkrg
rgdr
dr.. [nm vkr
vkrsè
sèd
d nktí
nktílgh
lghmm
ck irmohd.
Qrkt
Qrktd
d Odvd
Odvd hdnk
hdnkâd
âd (hdn
(hdnd
d m odg
odgtk
tk k d gov
govkr
krod
od mou
mouoh
ohgmn
gmn d oms
omshg
hgnk
nkotd
otd cd cgm
cgm k cd
cd vkr
vkrèd
èd),
), tdc
tdcd
d d
pdtkohgml, m `drâm rmgz ck tdcms ms hdgsms, d hdoekhgnkotd cms hdgsms dhultms, m dhultmâèd, d
rkhgpgkotk cm luz.

Xgnidlgsnd Qghtdbríhd

Nugtms pkcrms rúoghms k ckotks rúoghds tmniçn pdssukn rkprkskotmâûks

pghtdbríhms ck hdohkgtds smbrmcds quk mjucmn om `drnulmâèd k cgrkâèd cd pdckr
níbghd. Kstks sèd ck cdgs tgpds: (=) pghtdbrmnms, rkprkskotmâûks bríhms ck dijktds quk
dhdrrkn omturmlnkotk (vkr Smiklm 3.9)6 k (9) gckdbrmnms, ds sgomgs smbrmcds du
bmlcrmstmr cm nmbgm rúoghm (vkjm m Smiklm 3.8 pmrm kxknplds). Kssks sgomgs k sînidlds
trmimlemn kn hdojuotd hdn ms `drâms rúoghms, du sèd gohdrpdrmâûks cm `drâm kxprkssm
pkld rkstd cm `ørnulm. Klks sèd vmlgdsds hdnd sînidlds tmlgsnéoghds k tmniçn hdnd
dijktds ck nkcgtmâèd k nmtkrgml pmrm vgsumlgzmâèd níbghm.

Kstm irkvk moílgsk ckvk cmr md mspgrmcd vgtfg unm idm imsk pmrm kxpkrgnkotds
prítghds, koqumotd d nmgs hurgdsd vgtfmr prdhurmrí lgvrds sdirk sgnidlgsnd oørcghd k
brmvurms rupkstrks pmrm mgocm nmgs ckssks sgbods kohmotmcdrks.

Smiklm 3 .9. Qghtdbrmnms

XÎNIDLD GOSKYQYKSMÂÈD

Hkrhd ck skrpkotk du lgocwdrn ‘ hdotkoâèd, `drâm htóoghm k d gohdoshgkotk

níbghd.

Ednkn k hmvmld ‘ smikcdrgm k pdckr níbghd ck prdjkâèd, rmpgckz, cdnîogd

sdirk ds nuocds k rkgods kspgrgtumgs, m `drâm kstrmtçbghm.

Omvgd ‘ pmssmbkn kotrk m vgcm k m ndrtk, trmosnutmâèd, `krtglgcmck k

hrkshgnkotd (bkrmlnkotk mpmrkhk hdn mhgnm cklm).
XÎNIDLD GOSKYQYKSMÂÈD

Heg`rk du hmlckgrèd ‘ sgbod ck ØcerŘrgr, smikcdrgm k gospgrmâèd, govdhmâèd ck

kldqüêohgm.

Nmrtkld ‘ Njðllogr, d Nmrtkld ck Sedr, prdtkâèd, munkotd, `drâm irutm k vdotmck.

Qíssmrd (hdrvd) ‘ gotklgbêohgm k nknørgm kn ndvgnkotd rípgcd.

Lum ‘ trmosnutmâèd, nucmoâm drckomcm, pdckr níbghd.

Nmrtkld, d nksnd quk pghtdbrmnm.

 Pdlmotk du nmrtkld ‘ sknklemotk m , nms tmniçn sdrtk, kokrbgm

ko krbgm sdlmr, d sgoml
cm rdcm sdlmr cgoénghm, trmosnutmâèd k pdckr níbghd sdi vdotmck.

Ydcm sdlmr ‘ pdckr kspgrgtuml, lkg, drckn, `drâm rklgbgdsm hdotgcm, smotgcmck.
XÎNIDLD GOSKYQYKSMÂÈD

Embmll / Írvdrk cd nuocd ‘ pmcrèd høsnghd ck Wbbcrmsgll, d dhd ck okvk,

prdtkâèd k trmimled níbghd pklms lkgs cd nuocd.

Blühfstkro (Xtmr d` Luhf} ‘ gbuml m Embmll mhgnm. Hdnun kn sgomgs ekxmckhgnmgs

edlmocksks k unm kstruturm pdckrdsm pmrm tmlgsnès k nmbgm vgsuml.

Kstrklm hklkstgml du hruz ‘ ds dgtd hmotds cd hçu, ms dgtd pkroms ck Xlkgpogr, m

írvdrk cd nuocd k ds hçus kxprkssds kn un úoghd pmcrèd ck odvk dirms
(hkotrd: Ngcebmrcer, d nuocd cds ednkos).

 Pmlfoutr (d oø cds hmîcds du kshdlegcds) ‘ ds Odvk Nuocds gohdrpdrmcds ods

três rkgods kn ktkrom uogcmck kxprkssmocd m lkg kvdlutgvm ck: surbgocd - skocd /
tdromocd-sk - pmssmocd pmrm un odvd hdnkâd.

Srk`dt ‘ pdckr cgoénghd cds três rkgods cd skr k cm `drâm kvdlutgvm

kvdlutgvm trgplm. @kgtm m
pmrtgr ck três ruoms-L / Lmbuz (9= + 9= + 9= > 08 du 2 x 7)6 gospgrmâèd níbghm kn
tdcd d hdsnds.

"Hdrmâèd" (om vkrcmck, unm rkprkskotmâèd motgbm cm bkogtílgm `kngogom k

oíckbms) ‘ skosumlgcmck, krdtgsnd, mndr. Ods lgvrds ck nmbgm
nmbgm oørcghm motgbm, d
sgbod mpmrkhk `rkqukotknkotk kn `kgtgâds ck nmbgm cd mndr6 un sînidld
ck rklmâèd skxuml.
Hdostruâèd Smlgsnéoghm

Motks ck tkotmr hdostrugr un tmlgsnè rúoghd, d vgtfg ckvk skr ikn vkrsmcd od
hdotkúcd gotklkhtuml cm trmcgâèd rúoghm k mckqumcmnkotk mvmoâmcd oms `mhulcmcks
psîqughms okhkssírgms pmrm m hdohlusèd ikn-suhkcgcm ck unm dpkrmâèd tmlgsnéoghm. Ds
ckotks rúoghds ckvkn skr hdostruîcds ck mhdrcd hdn ms tkdrgms k m gckdldbgm kxprkssms
pkld sgstknm rúoghd hdnd skocd ck k`kgtd níxgnd.

Xk ms pkcrms rúoghms `drkn hdostruîcds ck nmckgrm, ckvk skr `kgtd ck un tgpd ck

nmckgrm quk skjm `mvdrívkl md dijktgvd cd tmlgsnè. Qmrm gstd, d vgtfg pdck hdosultmr d
Mpêocghk C, du nkledr mgocm, ckgxmr m gotugâèd go`drnmcm skr d sku bugm. Ms
pdssgiglgcmcks ck usmr nmckgrm sèd glgngtmcms. Cgshds ck nktml, plmhms du moçgs ck hdirk,
irdozk, prmtm du durd tmniçn sèd kxhklkotks tmlgsnès rúoghds. Dutrds nmtkrgmgs, hdnd
unm pkqukom pkcrm du pkcmâd ck dssd mprdprgmcmnkotk ndlcmcd, tmniçn sèd
`mvdrkhgcds. Qkcrms nmgdrks tmniçn sèd idms pmrm tmlgsnès kstmhgdoírgds, k kn tmgs
hmsds d vgtfg mhemrí útgl tkr un nmrtkld k un hgozkl ckcghmcds ás mrtks rúoghms hdn ms
qumgs hdostrugr kstms pkcrms rúoghms. D imrrd tmniçn ç rkhkptgvd md hmrrkbmnkotd ck
ruoms6 ruoms pdckn skr brmvmcms od prdcutd mhmimcd du pdckn skr hdrtmcms od dijktd
nmhgd, skn hdr, hdrrktmnkotk, k ckpdgs qukgnmcms - tucd kn un prdhkssd rgtumlîstghd
hdn un pdtkohgml pdckrdsd! Smlgsnès rúoghds tmniçn pdckn skr `drnmcds m pmrtgr ck
pkrbmngoed hdldrgcd hdn hmoktms, tgotms k tgotms ckcghmcms á prítghm rgtuml. Kstks
tmlgsnès ck pkrbmngoed pdckn kotèd skr hmrrkbmcds (kn nkcmleûks, pdr kxknpld), du
pdckn skrvgr hdnd sînidlds kstmhgdoírgds. M gnmbgomâèd cd vgtfg ç d úoghd lgngtk pmrm ms
pdssgiglgcmcks.

Kxgstkn hkrtms `drnms quk sèd nmgs mckqumcms

m ckqumcms pmrm rkhkikr `drnulírgds rúoghds. Ds nmgs
hdnuos sèd d sølgcd rktmobulmr, m nmckgrm om ck nmckgrm (=.;nn m 8nn ck kspkssurm),
d cgshd od du plmhm rktmobulmr, un skbnkotd ck bmled ck írvdrk omturml du unm `drnm
hglîocrghm ck vírgds hdnprgnkotds. Qkâms ck jøgms ck tdcds ds tgpds sèd ds prgohgpmgs
hmocgcmtds pmrm usd tmlgsnéoghd. [nm `drnm úoghm quk ç imstmotk hdnun pmrm tmlgsnès ç
kn `drnm ck un rdniøgck od, bkrmlnkotk ç hdrtmcd ck nmckgrm du dssd. M @gburm 3.==
ndstrm un kxknpld tîpghd ckssk tgpd. [smocd kstk cksgbo, d vgtfg tkn qumtrd supkr`îhgks
lgsms cgspdoîvkgs pmrm goshrgâûks nmgs ldobms. Kstm ç tmniçn unm `drnm kxtrknmnkotk
hdovkogkotk k hdo`drtívkl pmrm pkcrms ruoghms hdohkigcds pmrm skrkn trmospdrtmcds om
pkssdm.

@gburm 3 ==. @drnm tgpghmnkotk tmlgsnéoghm (rdniøgck).

 M okhkssgcmck bugmrí d vgtfg om hdostruâèd ck tmlgsnès utglgtírgds.

D prgohgpml rkqugsgtd om `drnmâèd kxtkrom ckssks dijktds smbrmcds ç quk klks

hdotkoemn un sînidld du sînidlds ckshrkvkocd d prdpøsgtd k ds dijktgvds cd tmlgsnè k
unm "mssgomturm" rkprkskotmocd m pkssdm, pkssdms du hdgsm m skr m`ktmcm du mltkrmcm
pklm `drâm cd dijktd smbrmcd. prgnkgrd sînidld. Kssm mssgomturm pdck, ck `mtd, skr d
odnk cm pkssdm du pdck skr mlbun dutrd vîohuld sgnpítghd, nksnd m prdxgngcmck `îsghm
pdck skrvgr pmrm `drnmr kssm lgbmâèd. D kspmâd od dijktd ckvk skr mldhmcd
kstktghmnkotk k cgvgcgcd ck mhdrcd hdn ms mcuklms ck ruoms, ds sgomgs smbrmcds k m
mssgomturm. ]umlqukr hdnigomâèd ckssks klknkotds ç divgmnkotk mhkgtívkl. M @gburm
3.=9 mimgxd ç un kxknpld ck unm pkcrm rúoghm pmrm munkotmr m gospgrmâèd, d pdckr
níbghd k d suhkssd bkrml ck unm pkssdm hemnmcm Krgf Seurnmo.

@gburm 3.=9. Yuom ck lgbmâèd k tmlgsnè hdn sgoml ck mtkoâèd. M) Movkrsd. [nm ruom ck lgbmâèd
`drnmcm ck: t,m(cums vkzks),` , rk b, `drokhkocd suhkssd k kokrbgm ods rkgods ck gospg-
rmâèd k nmbgm om drckn omturml cms hdgsms. I) rkvkrsm. Odtk quk hkrtms ruoms sèd lgngtmcms
ck ndcd quk m hdotmbkn ck ruoms tdtmlgzk 2, lgbmocd mssgn d odnk md pdckr níbghd. gospgrmâèd.

D vgtfg ckvk kxpkrgnkotmr vírgms supkr`îhgks k `krrmnkotms pmrm cktkrngomr qumgs

sèd ms nkledrks tçhoghms ck hdrtk pmrm hmcm unm cklms. D tknpd bmstd om prítghm ck
kshulpgr ruoms skrí ikn govkstgcd, pdrquk qumotd nmgs emiglgcdsd d vgtfg sk tdrom okssms
emiglgcmcks nkhéoghms iísghms, nmgs kokrbgm k hdohkotrmâèd klk pdck cksvgmr pmrm d
trmimled kn qukstèd. [nm tçhoghm bkrml quk `uohgdom ikn pmrm tdcds ds tgpds ck
nmtkrgmgs ç m prç-kxkhuâèd ck imocms rúoghms6 gstd ç, hdrtmocd cdgs sulhds pmrm mtumr
hdnd lgngtks supkrgdr k go`krgdr pmrm ms ruoms.

Hdrtk ck nmckgrm pmrm ckotks rúoghds

[nm vkz ckhgcgcd d prdjktd, d vgtfg ckvk kxpldrmr m vgzgoemoâm pmrm m írvdrk hkrtm
m pmrtgr cm quml hdrtmr ms pkâms quk skrèd sums pkcrms rúoghms. Ckpdgs quk kstk prdhkssd
ck kxpldrmâèd kstgvkr hdnplktd, ví pmrm m írvdrk kn unm mtgtuck rgtumlgzmcm, hdn m `mhm
ck ruom, kn un ndnkotd quk pmrkâm muspghgdsd pmrm d dijktgvd cm dpkrmâèd.
Bkrmlnkotk, ds ndnkotds nmgs `mvdrívkgs sèd hdosgckrmcds m nmcrubmcm, nkgd-cgm k
hrkpúshuld. Kohdotrk un rmnd du bmled quk sk gohlgom pmrm un qumrtd du dgtmvd (cds
hçus), pdrquk gssd ç sgnpítghd md prdpøsgtd cd pkâm. M kshdlem ck unm rmgz od ndnkotd
cm nkgm-odgtk ç khmz pmrm rgtumgs k nmlcgâûks okbmtgvds.
D hdrtk cd ckotk ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmokgrm hkrgndogml. Qrgnkgrd, ck pç pmrm d odrtk du
lkstk cd trdohd, vdltmcd pmrm `drm, kxkhutk d Emnmrssktogob 
Emnmrssktogob  du dutrd rgtd mckqumcd,
vgsumlgzmocd tdcm m írvdrk hdotgcm ckotrd cd lubmr smbrmcd. Kn skbugcm, pdsghgdok-sk
motks cd bmled, rmnd du rmgz quk vdhê prktkock hdrtmr. Pdhê pdck tkr quk suigr om
írvdrk pmrm `mzkr gssd, ç hlmrd. Pdltk sum mtkoâèd pmrm d pdckr k d pdckr cm írvdrk hdn
ms pmlmvrms:

''Xmlvk pmrm tg, pdckr ck (odnk cm írvdrk)!

Ku d`krkâd-tk
d`krkâd-tk cmr kstk
kstk rmnd!
Ckotrd cklk, kovgk m tum vkldhgcmck,
pmrm klk lgbmr d pdckr cms ruoms irglemotks TTTTTTTTT
(odnks cms ruoms m skrkn usmcms od ndnkotd!)''

Mbdrm prdssgbm pmrm hdrtmr m pmrtk cd bmled ckskjmcd, koqumotd hmotmrdlm du

hmotm ds odnks k / du bmlcrmr cms ruoms mckqumcms curmotk tdcd d prdhkcgnkotd.

[nm vkz quk d tmlgsnè `uturd tkoem sgcd rkndvgcd, d vgtfg ckvk mbrmckhkr md
pdckr cm írvdrk pdr sku cdn brmhgdsd.

''Xkr ck (odnk cm írvdrk), tdnk nkus

n kus mbrmckhgnkotds
cdrmvmotk skjm tku pdckr okstk rmnd!
Qrd`uocmnkotk lgbmcd md irglemotk (odnks ck ruoms
r uoms mprdprgmcds)
trmimlemocd pdr ngoem vdotmck hdn vkldhgcmck.''

D rmnd pdck kotèd skr mpmrmcd k prkpmrmcd pmrm rkhkikr ms `drnms cm pkcrms
rú''oghms quk pdck skr rgtumlnkotk hmrrkbmcd omquklk lubmr ck unm vkz, du pdck skr
smlvd mtç nmgs tmrck k hmrrkbmcd od Pç usuml cd d`îhgd
d `îhgd rúoghd.

Kstk prdhkssd rgtuml pdck skr `mhglnkotk mcmptmcd pmrm m sklkâèd k prkpmrmâèd ck dutrds
nmtkrgmgs pmrm skrkn trmos`drnmcds kn dijktds smbrmcds pklm mrtk rúoghm.

Ygtuml ck Hmrrkbmr unm pkcrm rúoghm

M skbugotk ckshrgâèd rgtuml `drokhk un kxknpld cd prdhkssd ck hmrrkbmnkotd hdnplktd

cd quml d vgtfg skrí hmpmz ck plmokjmr dpkrmâûks sgnglmrks pmrm tdcds ds tgpds ck tmlgsnès
rúoghds. Ms tçhoghms ckshrgtms mqug sèd vmlgdsms kn tdcds ds tgpds ck trmimled rúoghd.

Kstk tmulr ç hdostruîcd sdirk m `ørnulm ruoghm LM[FMZ, quk mpmrkhk nugtd
`rkqukotk
`rkqukotknkotk Irmhtkmtm=8  motgbds.
nkotk kn tmlgsnès Irmhtkmtm otgbds. Lgtkrmlnkotk, m pmlmvrm sgboghm "mled-
pdrø" (mllgun pdrrun), quk ç un sînidld ck hrkshgnkotd k ikn-kstmr. Kstk tmniçn ç
un odnk mltkromtgvd pmrm m Yuom-L. M pmlmvrm rmgz prdtd-gocd-kurdpçgm cm quml d
bkrnéoghd / mufmz ç ckrgvmcd ç *lkub
* lkub-- (cdirmr, bgrmr, bgrmr), un hdohkgtd pdckrdsd k un
hdnun m pmlmvrms rklmhgdomcms á nmbgm. Kstm `ørnulm prdndvk un hrkshgnkotd smucívkl
od hmnpd cms hdgsms kshdocgcms k skhrktms (m pmlmvrm rmgz ç tmniçn d mohkstrml cm
pmlmvrm "ldhf" ildqukgd kn goblês).

M moílgsk ounçrghm ckstm `ørnulm rkvklm unm ck sums nugtms `dotks ck kokrbgm. M
@gburm 3.=8 ndstrm m hdotmbkn ck ruoms hdnd 0 (núltgplm: 9 x 8). D tdtml ck ruoms ç ;9
(núltgpld: 3 x =8). D oúnkrd 0 gocghm sku trmimled om ks`krm cms mrtks níbghms
hdotrdlmcms pklm vdotmck (unm cuplghmâèd cm mâèd cgoénghm ck 8). M `ørnulm `uohgdom m
pmrtgr ck unm gotkosghmâèd níbghm (3: m) cm `drâm vkrtghml cd oúnkrd (=8: y ) md ldobd
cd mod ck ;9 sknmoms. M moílgsk gckdbríhm ç gbumlnkotk rkvklmcdrm:

=- l - lkg cm vgcm / hrkshgnkotd

9- m - `drâm oungodsm trmos`drnmhgdoml
8- u-  smikcdrgm gohdoshgkotk, smúck
3- f-  hdoekhgnkotd hdoshgkotk, hmpmhgcmck
;- m - `drâm oungodsm trmos`drnmhgdoml
0- z - prdtkâèd / vgcm "supkrgdr"

Ms rklmâûks hdohkgtumgs hdnplknkotmrks kotrk m prgnkgrm k m últgnm ruoms, k m

tkrhkgrm k qumrtm ruoms, hmrrkbmcms hdn d "kspîrgtd" níbghd cm skbuocm k cm qugotm
ruoms (quk sèd mcjmhkotks m tdcms ms dutrms) ndstrmn m pdtêohgm gckdløbghm k d kshdpd
ckssm `ørnulm.

@gburm 3.=8
=8.. M `drnulm ck lmufmz
lmufmz..

Qmrm d cksknpkoed ckstk rgtd, d vgtfg prkhgsmrí ck un mjustk mckqumcd pmrm d vç'
hdn un mltmr ck mlbun tgpd, d bmocr , m `mhm du hgozkl, smobuk mckqumcmnkotk
prkpmrmcd du pgbnkotd vkrnkled (k kqugpmnkotd pmrm prkpmrmr gstd od ldhml), m
`krrmnkotm ck hdldrgr, un pmod prktd (ck prk`krêohgm ck lgoed) brmock d suhgkotk pmrm
prkockr ms pkcrms rúoghms, unm tgrm ck hdurd du d drbéoghd d suhgkotk pmrm hkrhmr d
dijktd odvk vkzks, k qumlqukr trmjk rgtuml quk d vgtfg julbuk okhkssírgd. Qmrm ms `msks
dphgdomgs cd rgtd, d vgtfg tmniçn prkhgsmrí ck un irmskgrd (k brmvktds) k un hdpd ck
íbum du egcrdnkl. D prøprgd dijktd tmlgsnéoghd ckvk skr `drnmcd m pmrtgr ck un pkcmâd
=8 [nm irmhtkmtm ç un tgpd ck nkcmlem bkrmlnkotk ck durd quk krm usmcd hdnd dromnkotd om Kurdpm
Xktkotrgdoml om gcmck cd `krrd bkrnéoghm, prgohgpmlnkotk curmotk m çpdhm cms ngbrmâûks iírimrms.
ck nmckgrm ck smlbukgrd (du sku hdnplknkotd, nmckgrm ck mngkgrd) hdn cums supkr`îhgks
plmoms ck tmnmoed mckqumcd pmrm rkhkikr ms goshrgâûks. Kstk dijktd ckvk kstmr
hdnplktmnkotk vkstgcd k prkpmrmcd kn sum `drnm k `drnmtd oml, kxhktd pklms mcuklms
k sgomgs níbghds.

 Pí pmrm d lubmr cd vç kn sglêohgd, ck prk`krêohgm om edrm cd mnmoekhkr. Drbmogzk ds

utkosîlgds ck `drnm drckomcm od mltmr k ckgxk d rgtuml hdnkâmr.

=. Mikrturm - Ck `rkotk pmrm d odrtk, `mâm d rgtd ck mikrturm, gohlugocd d rgtuml ck

mhkocgnkotd cd irmskgrd, sk okhkssírgd, k Emnmrsskgogob du dutrm `ørnulm ck mikrturm
mckqumcm. Gssd govdhm m ruom k hemnm ds ckusks k ckusms hdnd tkstknuoems, koqumotd
imok ms `drâms prkjucghgmgs.

9. Qrkpmrmâèd ck hdrmotk (dphgdoml) - Xk d smobuk du pgbnkotd mgocm oèd tgvkr sgcd

prkpmrmcd, d vgtfg pdck trgturí-ld od ldhml. Xk gssd `dr `kgtd, skotk-sk ck `rkotk pmrm d
mltmr k trgturk ds pgbnkotds hdn d bmlcr:

''lmufmz lmufmz lmufmz 

Vskbugcd pklm bmlcrmr gocgvgcuml ck tdcms ms skgs ruoms pdr vkz^ 
Xmobuk ck Fvmsgr =3
skjm mikoâdmcd:
ruok-ngbet `ldrkshk om ngsturm!''

8. Kshulturm ck odnks - Gstd ç pmrm `drokhkr m lgbmâèd níbghm kotrk d pdckr cm `ørnulm k
m pkssdm pmrm sk ikok`ghgmr cklm. Bgrk m pkcrm rúoghm pmrm quk d quk kstí od lmcd govkrsd
kstkjm vdltmcd pmrm hgnm. [smocd m `mhm du d hgozkl, brmvk ms ruoms cd odnk
trmoslgtkrmcd cm pkssdm (hdosultk d Mpêocghk I) om supkr`îhgk, usmocd qumlqukr 
cgspdsgtgvd quk pdssm mjucmr m gotkbrmr d odnk (k m pkssdm) md pdckr cm `ørnulm rúoghm.
Hdr d odnk hdn ds pgbnkotds k rkhgtk
r khgtk un bmlcr hdnd:

''Juotms, ms ruoms irglemotks

kstèd lgbmcms k ngsturmcms
hdn d pdckr ck (odnk)!''

Gssd oèd rkqukr un oîvkl ck hmrrkbmnkotd gotkosd tèd mltd qumotd d cm `ørnulm tmu`r.
(Kstm ktmpm ç dphgdoml sk m pkcrm rúoghm `dr usmcd om pkssdm d tknpd tdcd).

3. Bmlcr prklgngomr - Kn pç cgmotk cd mltmr, bmocr  om nèd, govdquk ms `drâms ck l , m ,
u , f , m , zpdr três vkzks kotdmocd ds odnks ck hmcm un pdr sum vkz sdirk k
pkcrm rúoghm, k md nksnd tknpd mssgomocd m `drnm cd imstèd sdirk d dijktd. hdn hmcm
rkpktgâèd cd odnk. Gssd skrvk pmrm tdromr d nmtkrgml rkhkptgvd
r khkptgvd mds uxds ckssms ruoms.

=3 D smobuk ck fvmsgr ç d egcrdnkl pdçtghd cm gospgrmâèd,

gospgrmâèd, usmcd mqug pmrm
pmrm govdhmr d pdckr níbghd vgvg`ghmotk
vgvg`ghmotk ckssm
suistéohgm od pgbnkotd.
;. Kshulpgocd - Xkotk-sk cgmotk cd mltmr ck unm nmokgrm quk `dg kosgomcm md vgtfg pdr
kxpkrgnkotmâèd pkssdml. Kshulpm hmcm unm cms `drnms cms ruoms koqumotd hmotm m
`ørnulm ck sdn sgnplks cm ruom quk kstí skocd brmvmcm. Qmrm ds hdotgoumotks (sdos quk
pdckn skr prdcuzgcds koqumotd m rkspgrmâèd curmr), d sdn purd ç d nkledr. Okstm
goshrgâèd klks sèd ms ruoms-L , M, [ k Z. D sdn F ckvk skr mhdplmcd m unm vdbml k
rkpktgcmnkotk kotdmcd (fm-fm-fm...). Curmotk kstk prdhkssd, sgotm, vkjm k hdohkotrk-sk om
ruom irglemotk koqumotd klm ug vdluotmrgmnkotk cds hçus, tkrrm k rkgods suitkrréokds
mtrmvçs cd sku hkotrd, mtrmvçs cd sku irmâd k `krrmnkotm ck kshulturm, pmrm m nmckgrm om
`drnm cm ruom. D rgtuml ck mikrturm kovdlvku kssks três rkgods pmrm kssk prdpøsgtd. D
nmtkrgml ods stmcembmlcr  k uxd rúoghd tmniçn ç útgl pmrm cdngomr kstm prítghm. Pgsumlgzk
m "suistéohgm" irglemotk kn irmohd, vkrnkled du mzul klçtrghd, hdo`drnk klm ç kniutgcm
oms rmoeurms hdrtmcms pkld kshultdr du `mhm. ]umocd hmcm un cklks `dg hugcmcdsmnkotk
kotmlemcd ckssm nmokgrm, d vgtfg pdck qukrkr hdrtmr unm lgoem rktm om pmrtk go`krgdr cms
ruoms, hdokhtmocd sums `drnms pmrm uog-lms kn unm úoghm `drnm k hmnpd ck `drâm (od
hmsd ckstm goshrgâèd, m Yuom-F pmgrm, ckshdokhtmcd).

0. Hdldrmâèd - Qkbuk d rkhgpgkotk ck tgotm du smobuk, k usmocd m pdotm ck `mhm du

`krrmnkotm ck hdldrmâèd, gohrustmr ms ruoms (k imrrm ck hdokxèd) hdn m suistéohgm
vgvghmotk. Gssd ckvk skr `kgtd hdn hugcmcd k hdohkotrmâèd. Md ldobd ckstk prdhkssd
rkpktgcmnkotk hmotmr m `ørnulm ruoghm pdr hdnplktm, lllllmmmuuufmmmzzz... . Gstd cí `drâm
vgtml iísghm á odvm pkcrm rúoghm. "Okstk pdotd d vgtfg pdck qukrkr `mzkr unm pmusm k
hdohkotrmr-sk od pdckr cms ruoms skocd hmrrkbmcms om pkâm ‘ skotgocd sum prkskoâm,
koqumotd klms vgirmn hdn m suistéohgm cm nmckgrm, om hdoshgêohgm cd vgtfg. [nm vkz quk
gstd kstkjm hdnplktd, d nkstrk cms ruoms pdck ks`rkbmr lkvknkotk unm pkqukom
qumotgcmck ck ølkd ck lgoemâm sdirk m supkr`îhgk cm pkcrm rúoghm, d quk skrvk tmotd pmrm
unm omlgcmck kstçtghm qumotd níbghm.

2. Govøluhrd
Govøluhrd - Kstm ç m "emigtmâèd om kshurgcèd" motksmotks cd omshgnkotd k ko`mtgzm m
omturkzm hîhlghm cds ngstçrgds rúoghds. D ckotk rkúok k gotkosghm sum `drâm curmotk kssm
skpmrmâèd cm luz. Qkbuk d ckotk k kordlk-d od pmod prktd, kn skbugcm, mnmrrk-d odvk
vkzks md rkcdr hdn m tgrm ck hdurd. Curmotk kstk prdhkssd, gosgrm d skbugotk bmlcr , du
un ck sum hdnpdsgâèd hdotkocd hdohkgtds sgnglmrks.

''Om hdvm
cm kshurgcèd prd`uocm
ví pkld hmngoed
- oèd hdockomcd mgocm -
odgtks tdcds ds odvk
knidrm d tku `kgtgâd.
Curnm, bmoek k hrksâm
kn prdspkrgcmck k rgqukzm.''

Hdldquk m pkcrm rúoghm od nkgd cm vç k `mâm odvk vdltms (hgrhunmniulmâûks) hdn d sdl,
koqumotd hmotm m pmlmvrm hdnplktm `drnulm: llllmmmuuufmmmzzz. Ckvdlvm d dijktd md mltmr.
5. Omshgnkotd cd tmu`r vgvd - Xdltk m tgrm ck hdurd k mirm d pmod koqumotd kotdm d
vkrsd:

''Xmlvk-tk cgm!
Xmlvk ds leds cd cgm
tu çs omshgcd
-mgocm oèd mpmrkhku-
tkocd ngoem vdotmck
ví pkld hmngoed
kn cgrkâèd á luz cd cgm
hdn m lkg cm vgcm.''

Mbdrm d vgtfg ckvk mprdxgnmr m sum idhm cm pkcrm rúoghm k, hdn m `drâm níxgnm
cm rkspgrmâèd, kotdmr m `ørnulm smbrmcm ``````mmmmmm..., koqumotd skotgocd k vgsumlgzmocd
un brmock gnpulsd ck emngobjm 
emngobjm  pmrm m hrgmturm. Gssd tmniçn go`uock d pkcrm rúoghm
hdn gotkosghmâèd. Qmrm ckspkrtmr d mbdrm rksgckotk, pkbuk d bmocr  k imtm sumvknkotk
três vkzks od `drnulírgd.

7. Odnkmâèd (dphgdoml) - Xk d vgtfg ckskjm gotkosghmr d mspkhtd mognmcd cm pkcrm rúoghm

, kstm ckvk skr rgtumlnkotk cdtmcd ck un odnk. Kssk odnk ckvk rkktgr d prdpøsgtd cd
tmlgsnè k bkrmlnkotk ç `kngogod om `drnm. [n idn odnk pmrm kstm pkcrm rúoghm pdck
skr BrŘcegob(m) (hrkshgnkotd, du d hrkshkotk)). Qmssk m pkcrm três vkzks sdirk d `dbd,
kotdmocd un vkrsd gocghmtgvd cm `drâm vgtml, hdnd:

''Mbdrm m hkotklem ck `dbd

hdn vkldhgcmck kxpklk m `rkotk6
knprkstm m tum rmpgckz k vgcm.''

Kn skbugcm, hdldquk m pkcrm rúoghm od mltmr. Nkrbulek ds ckcds od hdpd k pdlvglek

hugcmcdsmnkotk sdirk klms hdn m íbum du egcrdnkl, hdn m `ørnulm:

''Ku idrrg`d-tk hdn íbum

k cdu-tk d odnk ck (odnk). =;

=1. @drnílg - Mbdrm, m pkcrm rúoghm ckvk

ckvk skr pkrnmokotknkotk hdcghmcd hdn sku
prdpøsgtd kspkhgml - sku "ckstgod" du ᛱ rlðb. Ç rkhçn-omshgcd, nms ckvk skr prdvgcd ck
"mâèd pmssmcm", pmrm quk pdssm hunprgr nmgs pdckrdsmnkotk sum `uoâèd. Gssd ç `kgtd
=; Imskmcd
Imskmcd om motgbm
motgbm `ørnulm
`ørnulm vmtog musm 
musmp  rç-hrgstè. (d rgtuml cm mspkrsèd ck íbum) motkhkck m gouêohgm
hrgstè k ç unm hmrmhtkrîstghm cm motgbm cdutrgom
cd utrgom oørcghm cd rkomshgnkotd
pdr nkgd ck un `drnílg  cgshursd `drnml ck ckhlmrmâèd. Qkrnmokâm om stmcem cm Yuom-Z /
Klemz  motks cm pkcrm rúoghm ckgtmcm od mltmr k prdhlmnk unm `ørnulm quk ckshrkvm tdcds
ds rkqugsgtds, rkstrgâûks k prdpøsgtds cd skr tmlgsnéoghd. Qmrm kstm pkcrm rúoghm, d
skbugotk ç mprdprgmcd:

''Su mrtk hrgmturm çs m ngoem vdotmck,

k kstk ç d tku ckstgod `mzkr hdnd mqug ç hdosgckrmcd:
Su ckvks prdtkbkr d nku hmngoed,
dock qukr quk ku pdssm gr,
k pdr nkgd ck Msm =0 - d pdckr k kokrbgm,
hedvk sdirk ngn
tum irglemotk lkg cm vgcm
hdn un mndr ck ckskjd k ndlcmr m smikcdrgm,
quk ku pdssm hrkshkr k bmoemr - tdcd k sèd nk nmotkoem -
hdn tum mrtk jdvkn mtrmvçs cd mod gotkgrd
Kn odnk ck Dcgo-Pglg-vç
k pkld pdckr ck [rcer-Pkrcemocg-Xfulc
mssgn skrí.''

==. Xkburmocd - Qmrm lgbmr d pdckr cm hmrbm rúoghm á pkcrm rúoghm, trmhk três moçgs kn
vdltm cd pksd hdn d bmocr koqumotd hmotm:

''@drâm rúoghm
skburk ms ruoms smbrmcms6
gotkgrmnkotk pdck klms
trmimlemr m ngoem vdotmck.''

 Pgsumlgzk unm ks`krm skngpkrnkívkl hdotkocd unm `drâm irglemotk md rkcdr cd

ckotk quk pkrngtm quk m kokrbgm ckskjmcm kotrk k skjm trmos`drnmcm, gotkosghmcm k
rkprdjktmcm, nms quk nmotkoem m hmrbm drgbgoml k gnpkâm m ckshmrbm pdr `drâms
hdotrírgms.

=9. @khemnkotd - Mpøs hdldhmr m pkcrm rúoghm kn sum ndrmcm prktkocgcm. d vgtfg pdck
hmotmr un vkrsd ck `khemnkotd hurtd:

''Mbdrm d trmimled
`dg `drjmcd
hdn d pdckr
ck pdckrdsms ruoms
mssgn skrí.''

=0 M `drnm
`drnm pdsskssgvm
pdsskssgvm ck Àsgr.
Àsgr.
 Du kxkhutk d rgtuml ck kohkrrmnkotd ckshrgtd mhgnm.

Mbdrm, d elutr vgvd ckvk skr hdldhmcd dock ç vgvkr sum vgcm k kxkhutmr sum `uoâèd.
Xk m pkcrm rúoghm `dr usmcm om pkssdm, klm ckvk kstmr md lmcd cm pklk, suspkosm pdr un
hdrcèd, tgrm ck hdurd du hdrrkotk `kgtm ck nmtkrgml sgnpítghd.

Dutrms `ørnulms tmlgsnéoghms

Ds dhgds rúoghds nmgs mvmoâmcds oèd prkhgsmrèd ck nmgs pgstms pmrm m prítghm
ikn-suhkcgcm cm nmbgm cms pkcrms rúoghms, nms pmrm mquklks vgtfmr mspgrmotks k
tmlkotdsds quk pdckn prkhgsmr ck nmgs pgstms, ms skbugotks `ørnulms ck rgtuml k goshrgâèd
ckvkn skr ck mlbunm mjucm. Ds três prgnkgrds gotrdcuzkn nçtdcds rgtumgs motgbds k, kn
mlbuos hmsds, úoghds, quk skrèd ck kspkhgml gotkrkssk pmrm tdcds ds vgtfmr mgocm oèd
rkvklmcds oms lgtkrmturms motgbms k níbghms cms smbms k cds Kccms. Om últgnm skâèd,
hgohd `ørnulms tmlgsnéoghms sèd `drokhgcms pmrm vírgms dpkrmâûks níbghms. Mlbunms cklms
sèd kxtrmîcms ck motgbds hdoekhgnkotds rúoghds, koqumotd dutrms sèd `ørnulms hrgmcms
od sçhuld UU. Mqug, odvmnkotk, ckvk skr ko`mtgzmcd quk ds rgtumgs nmgs khmzks skrèd
mquklks ckskoemcds pkld tmlkotdsd vgtfmr, imskmcds kn sum prøprgm rklmâèd pkssdml hdn
d nuocd rúoghd.

Ms três `ørnulms du pmcrûks rgtumgs kspkhgmgs mprkskotmcds oms skâûks m skbugr

cgzkn rkspkgtd m três cds gnpulsds nmgs iísghds cm nmbgm: (=) mndr, (9) vgobmoâm
(nmlcgâèd) k (8) smikcdrgm. D prdpøsgtd prgohgpml pdr trís cm gohlusèd ckssms `ørnulms ç
subkrgr hmngoeds pmrm un nmgdr pdckr rúoghd mtrmvçs ck unm vmrgkcmck ck tçhoghms
ckotrd cd rkgod bkrml cm nmbgm tmlgsnéoghm.

Mndr

Ds rgtumgs pmrm bmoemr d mndr ck dutrd tên sgcd un cds prgohgpmgs tknms cm kxkhuâèd
cksck ds tknpds motgbds. Od kotmotd, hdnd un kxknpld motkrgdr ndstrdu, ms tkotmtgvms
ikn-suhkcgcms cm nmbgm cd mndr rúoghd `drmn rkmlgzmcms hdn d quk edjk pdcknds
hemnmr ck "idms gotkoâûks". Gssd oèd sk drgbgom ck qumlqukr mhrçshgnd ndrmlgstm od
sgstknm rúoghd, nms sgn cm omturkzm hdnplkxm cms kokrbgms k rklmhgdomnkotds skxumgs.
Qmrkhk sgnplksnkotk quk m nmbgm cd mndr `uohgdom nugtd nmgs khgkotknkotk, k ms
vmrgívkgs sèd rkcuzgcms md nîognd, qumocd m kndâèd nmgs
n mgs sgnplks cd "mndr vkrcmckgrd"
kstí kovdlvgcm.

[nm `ørnulm rúoghm pmrm nmbgm ck mndr ikn suhkcgcm ç hdnpdstm pklms pmutms
ndstrmcms om @gburm 3.=3. M hdotmbkn ck ruoms ç 0 (núltgplm: 9 x 8). D tdtml rúoghd ç 01
(núltgpld: 0 x =1). Pkjm m skâèd sdirk sgnidlgsnd ounçrghd.
 [nm pkcrm rúoghm ckvk skr hrgmcd, tmlvkz usmocd m ruom ck lgbmâèd ndstrmcm om
m ltkromtgvm cm Yuom-K, o .
@gburm 3.=;. Kstm ruom ck lgbmâèd usm m `drnm mltkromtgvm

@gburm 3 = 3. [nm `ørnulm rúoghm pmrm nmbgm ck mndr ikn suhkcgcm.

@gburm 3.=;. ruom ck lgbmâèd ck unm `ørnulm níbghm ck mndr.

Curmotk d prdhkssd ck hmrrkbmnkotd, hmcm pkâm cms rúoghms ckvk skr

prgnkgrmnkotk kshulpgcm k hmrrkbmcm skpmrmcmnkotk, ckpdgs uogcms kn un úoghd
hmnpd ck `drâm curmotk m `msk ck hdldrmâèd. Od vkrsd cm pkcrm rúoghm (du md lmcd cm
bmlcrmstm`r, sk d kspmâd ç un prdilknm) ds odnks cms pkssdms m skrkn rkuogcms ckvkn
skr brmvmcds. Gstd, divgmnkotk, mhdotkhk od pmssd três cd rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd. Ckvk-
sk tdnmr nugtd hugcmcd pmrm trmzkr m níxgnm `drâm gnmbgomtgvm k kndhgdoml pmrm m
gckotghmâèd cms três kotgcmcks kovdlvgcms - ds cdgs mnmotks k ms `drâms rúoghms ck
mtrmâèd, lgbmâèd k mndr. M pkâm hmrrkbmcm pdckrgm skr usmcm pkld vgtfg pmrm mtrmgr d
mnmotk pmrm klk / klm, du pdckrgm skr hdldhmcm kn un ldhml prøxgnd md ckskjmcd, hdnd
ckimgxd ck sum hmnm, mimgxd du mhgnm ck un lgngmr mtrmvçs cd quml d mnmcd
rkbulmrnkotk pmssm k mssgn pdr cgmotk.

[nm `drnm mltkromtgvm ckstk `kgtgâd kovdlvk brmvmr tdcds ds klknkotds cm `ørnulm
tmlgsnéoghm kn unm pkâm ck jdmlekrgm quk ç kotèd cmcm md `uturd mnmotk cd vgtfgs. Gstd,
divgmnkotk, pdck skr `kgtd mpkoms kn hkrtms hgrhuostéohgms kspkhgmgs. D vgtfg ckvk
hdoekhkr d ckskjmcd d suhgkotk pmrm quk gssd skjm mckqumcd k khmz, k ckvk-sk smikr
quk klk du klm vmg usmr du hmr pkrtd cd dijktd pdr pkld nkods mlbun pkrîdcd ck
tknpd. Kstk tgpd ck nmbgm ruom tmniçn pdck rkqukrkr d usd ck høcgbds rúoghds
skhrktds. D `uturd mnmotk pdck suspkgtmr ck "sgomgs nîstghds" brmvmcds om jøgm. Xk, pdr
kxknpld, un nkcmleèd ç d dijktd kn qukstèd, d lmcd rkvkrsd pdck skr hdcghmcd,
hdnd ndstrm m @gburm 3.=0. (Pkjm m skâèd sdirk høcgbds rúoghds od Hmpîtuld = pmrm
nmgdrks go`drnmâûks).

Ds odnks pdckn skr goshrgtds usmocd d nksnd høcgbd ods kspmâds lmtkrmgs od
mrd cd `drnulírgd. Kn tmgs hmsds, d vgtfg ckvk rkmlgzmr d rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd cm
nmokgrm usuml, kxhktd quk qumocd ms rkprkskotmâûks hdcghmcms sèd brmvmcms, m ruom
ckvk skr `drtknkotk vgsumlgzmcm k hmrrkbmcm od sînidld ounçrghd. M gnmbgomâèd k d
tmlkotd cd hdrrkcdr sèd ds úoghds lgngtks pmrm m kobkoedsgcmck quk kssk tgpd ck tmlgsnè
pdck mlhmoâmr. Nms ç prkhgsd skr `drtk oms emiglgcmcks níbghms iísghms k kstmr nugtd
`mnglgmrgzmcd hdn d sgstknm rúoghd pmrm `mzkr kssk tgpd ck tmlgsnè `uohgdomr. [nm cms
pmrtks nmgs pdckrdsms ck un rgtd ckssk tgpd ç m `drnm, om quml un pdknm ck mndr
vkrcmckgrd k ckskjd mrckotk ckvk skr hdnpdstd k hmrrkbmcd ck kokrbgm skxuml
mpmgxdomcm.

@gburm 3.=0. @drnm hdcghmcm ck unm `ørnulm níbghm ck mndr. Ms nmrhmâûks od tdpd `drnmn 8: =,
sgboghmocd tkrhkgrm lgoem, prgnkgrm ruom.
 Pgobmoâm k Ck`ksm

Gssd ç hemnmcd ck "vgobmoâm" k "ck`ksm" k oèd nkrmnkotk "nmlcgâèd", pdrquk

ckvk skr rkmlgzmcd mpkoms qumocd d vgtfg `dg prkjucghmcd ck mlbunm `drnm pklm vîtgnm cm
dpkrmâèd du qumocd m vîtgnm tkrgm prkjucghmcd d vgtfg du sum / skus kotks qukrgcds
tgvkrmn d tkngcd pdstk ck gsdlmnkotd oèd `dg lkvmotmcd pmrm ksnmbmr d mcvkrsírgd.

D pdstk mnmlcgâdmcd du ogcegob (lgtkrmlnkotk "pøld ck gosultd du hmlúogm") ç

un ldobd pdstk sdirk d quml sk kshulpkn `ørnulms ck gosultd k nmlcgâèd6 kotèd d
nmstrd ç pmrhgmlnkotk m`uocmcd od heèd, vdltmcd pmrm m hmsm cm vîtgnm. M hmikâm cd
nmstrd ç prdvgcm ck unm hmikâm ck hmvmld du unm rkprkskotmâèd cm vîtgnm kn mlbunm
pdsgâèd diskssgvm. Ms smbms sèd miuocmotks hdn egstørgms sdirk kssks pdstks ck xmâèd.
Qmrm rkmlgzmr un rgtuml ck ogcghmâèd, d vgtfg prkhgsmrí ck un imstèd du pdstk ck 01hn du
nmgs ck hdnprgnkotd, unm kshulturm ck unm hmikâm ck hmvmld du unm rkprkskotmâèd
kshulpgcm cm vîtgnm. Ods tknpds motgbds, ds msmtumr-sfmlcs `rkqukotknkotk hdnpuoemn
pdknms omtgvds k pdstks lkvmotmcds hdotrm ds hlçrgbds hrgstèds quk kstmvmn govmcgocd m
tkrrm cd odrtk.

D pdstk mtum hdnd un înè pmrm ms `drâms ndrtmgs ck Ekl, quk sèd mrrmstmcms cd
pøld pklms hdrrkotks suitkrréokms k prdjktmcms mtrmvçs cm hmikâm cd hmvmld, du dutrm
rkprkskotmâèd, pmrm m vîtgnm. M goshrgâèd od pdstk `drnm d hørrkbd k cí sum ngssèd.

D cksknpkoed rkml ck un rgtuml ck ogcghmâèd ç un pduhd nmgs sgnplks cd quk

dutrms dpkrmâûks tmlgsnéoghms. Kohdotrk un ldhml mckqumcd pmrm ndotmr d nmstrd (oèd ç
okhkssírgd kstmr pkrtd cm vîtgnm, nms ç nkledr quk kstkjm ckotrd cd hmnpd ck vgsèd ck
sku lmr). Pí pmrm d ldhml ck trmimled á nkgm-odgtk k `mâm un rgtuml ck mikrturm mprdprgmcd.
Qmssk mlbun tknpd kn sglêohgd nkcgtmtgvd, trmimlemocd sku pdckr kndhgdoml hdotrm m
vîtgnm. Okstk kstmcd, hdnpdoem unm `ørnulm prdsmghm du pdçtghm ck ogcghmâèd. [n
kxknpld skrgm:

Srês trgds ku jdbukg pmrm tg ,,,

(teurgsmz teurgsmz teurgsmz) k três
ghks tmniçn ggg {gsm gsm gsm).=2 
Sdcms ms hrgmturms sklvmbkos k tdcms ms
`krdzks trmbmn-tk prkdhupmâèd k cdkoâm
pksmrdsm mlnm - Ekl lek tên mbdrm
(odnk cm vîtgnm)!

Srmoslgtkrmr d `drnílg kn ruoms (vkjm d Mpêocghk I) k rgtumlnkotk kshulpgr od pøld.

Ç okhkssírgd hdldrgr mpkoms ms ruoms ,,, k ggg. Ckogr m burm od pøld k
m`uocmr od heèd rkpktgocd m `ørnulm ck ogcgob. Gnmbgok ms `drâms ck Ekl - m Ckusm cm

=2 Hmotk
Hmotk ds odnks k `mâm ds
ds sgomgs.
Ndrtk - kovgmocd tdcm m sum `drâm kn uxds ck kshurgcèd (du qumlqukr hdr quk d vgtfg
pdssm mssdhgmr á ckstrugâèd) "luz" pmrm m vîtgnm hdockomcm. Mbdrm d vgtfg ckvk gnmbgomr m
vîtgnm ckstruîcm pklms `drâms ck Ekl k rktdrodu md sku mirmâd kshurd. M mlnm nmrhmcm ç
ksnmbmcm pklms ruoms-SE ,  k ksnmbmcm k rkstrgobgcm pklms ruoms-G g. D rgtuml ç
hdohluîcd qukirmocd m ks`krm ck trmimled k prdjktmocd tdcds ds rksîcuds mtrmvçs cm
burm pmrm d mlvd. Ckgxk d pdstk ck pç mtç quk d rksultmcd ckskjmcd skjm mlhmoâmcd.

Ods cgms ck dutrdrm, ds pdstds ck ogcghmâèd bkrmlnkotk krmn lkvmotmcds hdotrm

gogngbds pdlîtghds du rklgbgdsds, kn vkz ck gogngbds purmnkotk pkssdmgs. D vgtfg ckvk
sknprk pkrbuotmr md sku ku nmgs prd`uocd sk d pdstk ck vkcmâèd ç du oèd m sdluâèd
hkrtm ( :r:) pmrm m sgtumâèd.

[nm nmlcgâèd tmniçn pdck skr lmoâmcm kn unm `drnm tmlgsnéoghm quk ç cmcm
skhrktmnkotk á vîtgnm du hdldhmcm kn mlbun lubmr prøxgnd m klm, cm nksnm nmokgrm
quk m nmbgm cd mndr `uohgdom.

Ksidâd ck Xmikcdrgm

Hdn d ksidâd cm smikcdrgm, d vgtfg hmrrkbm unm pkâm rúoghm, rmspm ms ruoms kn
unm ikigcm ck egcrdnkl du du hkrvkjm, k ikik tucd! Om skxtm
skxtm kstrd`k cd "Xgbrcrg`unml"
lknds un idn kxknpld ckssm prítghm od hdotkxtd ck un rgtuml goghgítghd. M vmlfyrjm,
Xgbrcrg`m, cgz md ekrøg, Xgburcer:

Ku tk trmbd hkrvkjm
tu bukrrkgrd cm imtmlem =5
ngsturmcd hdn pdckr
k pdckrdsd rkodnk6
kstí hekgd ck núsghms
k mcuklms hmlnmotks
idm nmbgm=7
k pdckrdsms ruoms.

M vmlfyrjm kotèd kosgom m trmcgâèd cm ruom cd ekrøg.

Qmrm misdrvkr unm cdsk ck smikcdrgm rúoghm, d vgtfg ckvk hmrrkbmr ckvgcmnkotk
unm pkâm rúoghm ck mhdrcd hdn m `drnm rgtuml - kxhktd oèd hdldrgr ms ruoms hdn
pgbnkotd, kn vkz cgssd, ndleí-lms hdn egcrdnkl du hkrvkjm. Mlçn cgssd, oèd ds kshulpk
prd`uocmnkotk, nms sgn ds brmvk ck lkvk om supkr`îhgk cm pkâm. Ckpdgs quk d
hmrrkbmnkotd kstgvkr hdnplktd, pkbuk m `mhm ck ruom k pmssk ms ruoms od rkhgpgkotk ck

=5 D fkoogob usmcd od drgbgoml ç iryotegobs

iryotegobs mpmlcr, lgtkrmlnkotk "nmhgkgrm
"nmhgkgrm cm hdrtk cds iyrogks".
=7 Bmlcr od drgbgom
drgbgomll
egcrdnkl koqumotd hmotm unm `ørnulm hdnd:

''Ku rmspkg ms ruoms irglemotks,

k sku pdckr ck `drnmr
cm nmckgrm cm smikcdrgm6
od imrrgl klks hmkn!''

Kn skbugcm, ngsturk ikn d hdotkúcd hdn m `mhm ck ruom, rkpktgocd unm `ørnulm hdnd:

''D pdckr cm ruom m skr ngsturmcd

hdn kstk egcrdnkl ck smikcdrgm,
ngsturmcd kn un kld ck `drâm.''

Mbdrm skburk d hdpd du heg`rk od mltd hdn ms

m s pmlmvrms:

''DcerŘrgr rubgu ckotrd cd imrrgl!''

Ikim d hdotkúcd cd hdpd du heg`rk mt d n. Curmotk tdcd kssk rgtuml, m mâèd
hdohkotrm-sk om ngsturm ck `drâms, om sum vgvghmâèd od smbrmcd egcrdnkl cm gospgrmâèd k
od sku sgstknm pkssdml k om misdrâèd ckssms `drâms. Kstm tçhoghm pdck skr mcdtmcm pmrm
unm vmrgkcmck ck dpkrmâûks níbghms du nîstghms, k ç unm `krrmnkotm pdtkotk od
trmimled ck brupd k ods rgtds goghgítghds.

Dutrms `ørnulms rúoghms

[nm cms `ørnulms rúoghms nmgs motgbms k mgocm nmgs khmzks cm ML[, quk mpmrkhk
kn pkcrms k tmlgsnès m pmrtgr ck 311 H.K. M pmlmvrm sgboghm lgtkrmlnkotk "mlk". Mlu
drgbgomlnkotk krm un tkrnd pmrm pdckr níbghd k gospgrmâèd cgvgom. D tkrnd `dg
pdstkrgdrnkotk trmos`krgcd pmrm un cds prgohgpmgs sînidlds ckstk pdckr k gospgrmâèd, m
ikigcm gotdxghmotk. Kssk pdckr nugtms vkzks `dg usmcd pmrm prdtkbkr ds ldhmgs smbrmcds
cds oèd goghgmcds. M `ørnulm pdck skr ndculmcm ck vírgms `drnms k pdck skr goshrgtm m-l-
u du u-l-m6 m ruom M pdck sk hdnpdrtmr kn qumlqukr cgrkâèd. M `ørnulm ounçrghm
tmniçn ç imstmotk pdtkotk. M @gburm 3.=2 ndstrm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms ck 8
(núltgpld: = x 8 Vprgnd)). D tdtml ck ruoms ç 92 (núltgpld: 8 x 7). M `drâm ck mlu pmrkhk skr
un ndvgnkotd qumsk pkrpçtud, bgrmocd hdostmotknkotk sdirk sg nksnd k sk
gotkosghmocd. [nm pkâm rúoghm hrgmcm Hdn kstm `ørnulm, emvkrí prdtkâèd bkrml,
prdpdrhgdomocd smikcdrgm, gospgrmâèd, pdckr níbghd k idm smúck ckotrd ck unm vgcm
lkbml.
 @gburm 3 =2. M `ørnulm ck mlu.

M úoghm pkâm rúoghm quk rkprkskotmvm d tkgxd sknprk `dg un pdckrdsd sînidld ck
prdtkâèd (kotrk dutrms hdgsms!). M `ørnulm ndstrmcm om burm 3.=5 ç unm "trmcuâèd" k
unm mcmptmâèd níbghm ck unm motgbm `ørnulm ck nmbgm cd tkgxd. M moílgsk ounçrghm
rkvklm unm hdotmbkn ck ruoms ck =8 (núltgpld: = x =8 Vprgnd^) k un tdtml ck ruoms ck
=01 (núltgpld: =1 x =0). M `drâm cd tkgxd ç rkmvmlgmcm k trmzgcm á nmog`kstmâèd nmtkrgml.

@gburm 3.=5. Mcmptmâèd ck unm motgbm `ørnulm pmrm nmbgm ck tkgxd.

Odtk tmniçn ms ldobms pmutms oms ruoms M. Gstd ds cgstgobuk pdr unm
gotkrprktmâèd pmrtghulmr (8 x 3 > =9), quk sk ckstgom m cgzkr "ms iêoâèds ck mosuz (0
`drâms cgoénghms) kn tdcds ds três rkgods md ldobd cd mod" (: j  :). Xk pdssîvkl, kstk
ckotk ckvk skr `kgtd ck nmckgrm ck tkgxd. Kssm `ørnulm ç un idn kxknpld ck qumotm
prd`uocgcmck pdck skr hdokhtmcm mtç nksnd kn unm vkrsèd goblksm ndckrom ck unm
`ørnulm rúoghm.

D skbugotk bmlcrmstmr tmlgsnéoghd subkrk mlbunms cms goúnkrms nmokgrms pklms

qumgs kssms ruoms ck lgbmâèd pdckn skr usmcms.

Qmrm d suhkssd bkrml kn tdcds ds mssuotds cd cgm-m-cgm, ms ruoms ts,

pdckn skr hdnigomcms hdnd om @gburm 3.=7 ‘ unm `ørnulm pdckrdsm pmrm mrtgstms,
nmbds k mnmotks ods cdnîogds cm mâèd, tmniçn nmbghmnkotk pdckrdsm hdnd unm
govdhmâèd ck `drâm kn tdcds ds odvk nuocds. Nugtds dutrds oîvkgs ck pdtêohgm tmniçn
pdckn skr go`uocgcds okstk bmlcrmstm`r.

Qmrm ditkr justgâm, skjm ck un trgiuoml du cm "hdrtk cm vgcm", usk unm hdnigomâèd
cms ruoms trj om `drnm ndstrmcm om @gburm 3.91.
 [nm cms prkdhupmâûks høsnghms k níbghms nmgs øivgms cd sgstknm rúoghd ç m
prdspkrgcmck k d ikn-kstmr. Gssd ç `mhglgtmcd pdr unm pdckrdsm bmlcrmstm`r hdnpdstm ck
cums ruoms @, qumtrd ruoms SE k ms ruoms OB k D om hdoburmâèd sgnçtrghm ndstrmcm om
@gburm 3.9=. [nm moílgsk rípgcm pkld nkstrk rúoghd rkvklm ms nugtms `dotks ck pdckr
hdotgcms okstms ruoms ck lgbmâèd.

Odvmnkotk, pdck skr idn rkssmltmr quk, om kotmlek k od hmrrkbmnkotd ck tmgs

ruoms ck lgbmâèd, hmcm kstruturm prktkocgcm ckvk skr kshulpgcm gocgvgcumlnkotk du
rk`drâmcm ckotrd cm hdoburmâèd hdlktgvm k, ckogtgvmnkotk, klms ckvkn skr goghgmlnkotk
hmrrkbmcms gocgvgcumlnkotk. M drckn ck kshulturm cm ruom ck lgbmâèd tmlgsnéoghm
ndstrmcm mhgnm ç ndstrmcm om @gburm 3.99. Mpøs d qugotd kstíbgd, ms qumtrd ruoms SE
kshdocgcms om burm ckvkn skr mprd`uocmcms hdn d oúnkrd mckqumcd ck rkpktgâûks
cd bmlcr.

@gburm 3.=7. [nm ruom ck lgbmâèd pmrm d suhkssd. M moílgsk ounçrghm

o unçrghm ç ........4

@gburm 3.91. [nm ruom ck justgâm. M moílgsk ounçrghm rkvklm unm cuplghmâèd cm
`drâm cm ruom S

@gburm 3.9=. [nm ruom pmrm prdspkrgcmck k ikn-kstmr.

 @gburm 3.99. Qmcrèd pmrm kshulpgr unm ruom igoc.

Ndrtk cms pkcrms rúoghms

Om nmgdrgm cds `drnílmrks rúoghds, oèd mpkoms d dijktgvd ckogcd cd skr

tmlgsnéoghd ckvk skr ckhlmrmcd, nms tmniçn d pkrîdcd ck tknpd quk m hrgmturm ckvk
vgvkr, gstd ç, skr vgvghmcd hdn `drâm níbghm. [nm `ørnulm hdovkogkotk pmrm gssd ç "mtç
quk d tku trmimled skjm `kgtd". Hdnd d skr cm pkcrm rúoghm ç un skr vgvd, sum ndrtk ckvk
skr mhdnpmoemcm ck un rgtuml mckqumcd. Gssd ç pmrm msskburmr quk m `drâm níbghm
mrnmzkomcm om `drnm skrí rkcgrkhgdomcm ck vdltm á sum `dotk (d vgtfg), du hdnd unm
`drnm ck smhrg`îhgd.

Kxgstkn cdgs nçtdcds prgohgpmgs pmrm k`ktumr kstk gnpdrtmotk mtd rgtuml.

D prgnkgrd ko`mtgzm m omturkzm mognmcm cm ruom k ç ndcklmcd kn rgtumgs `úokirks.

Kxgstkn cdgs tgpds ck rgtumgs `úokirks ck rkmisdrâèd: hrknmâèd k skpultmnkotd. D
prgnkgrd ç nmgs khmz kn ckvdlvkr d pdckr á ks`krm pkssdml cd vgtfg mtrmvçs cms
hdrrkotks hklkstks, koqumotd d skbuocd ç un ndcd pdckrdsd ck cgrgbgr d pdckr mtrmvçs
cds uxds htóoghds.

D skbuocd nçtdcd, quk ko`mtgzm m omturkzm cgoénghm cd pdckr cm ruom,

prkshrkvk unm rkndâèd rgtuml cms pkâms rúoghms, usmocd m `mhm. Ms rmspms sèd kotèd
qukgnmcms od irmskgrd. (Kstk tmniçn ç un nçtdcd ck imogr m nmbgm rúoghm ck dutrd
nkstrk rúoghd.) Kn tdcds ds hmsds, gssd ckvk skr `kgtd hdn cgbogcmck sgnplks, hdn m
prkskoâm ck un `drnílmr cm prøprgm hdnpdsgâèd cd vgtfg.

D rkspkgtd mckqumcd ckvk skr prkstmcd md pdckr cm ruom, k d ndcklmcdr cm pkâm

‘ d vgtfg. Kssm "khdldbgm cd pdckr" ç nmgs du nkods hdnd
hdnd m motgbm trmcgâèd oørcghm cd
rkomshgnkotd, quk pdstulm quk d pdckr gomtd cds mohkstrmgs ç hdotgoumnkotk rk`drnmcd
ods ckshkockotks.

Xtmcembmlcr
Kstm cgshgplgom ç `drtknkotk ckvgcm mds trmimleds cds níbghds rúoghds cm
Mlknmoem, cd sçhuld UU, quk ckskovdlvkrmn un sgstknm quk klks hemnmn ck
Yuokoydbm. Ods kshrgtds ck Xgkb`rgkc Mcdl` Funnkr, @rgkcrghe Ikroemrc Nmriy k Fmrl
Xpgksikrbkr eí nugtd sdirk Yuoko-Msmom, Yuoko-nucrm k mssgn pdr cgmotk. Ck `mtd, klks
pmrkhkn un pduhd ckpkockotks cknmgs cm cgshgplgom gocgmom. Od kotmotd, sums
kxpkrgêohgms prítghms, pgstms gokstgnívkgs k `ørnulms rgtumgs sèd m imsk pmrm d skbugotk
trmimled.

Skdrgm k [sd

Kn hdnpmrmâèd hdn d quk m gdbm sk tdrodu ods sçhulds pdstkrgdrks, stmcembmlcr

ç un sgstknm mtgvd ck nmbgm quk hdosgstk om supdsgâèd ck pdsturms rúoghms du bkstds ck
k`kgtd níbghd, tmotd ckotrd cd vgtfg qumotd kn sku mnigkotk. Mnids ds sgstknms sèd
prdvmvklnkotk ckrgvmcds cm nksnm trmcgâèd rmgz gocd-kurdpçgm hdnun ck bkstds
níbghds k sgniølghds.

Bkstds k pdsturms `drnmn pmrtk ck qumsk tdcms ms kshdlms nktm`îsghms du

níbghms. Klks pdckn skr vgstds cksck d sgnplks cdirmr cms nèds kn drmâèd mtç d
kxtrknmnkotk hdnplkxd sgstknm ck msmoms om kshdlm gocgmom ck emtem ydbm. D
Xtmcembmlcr ç kquglgirmcd m kssk rkspkgtd. D oúnkrd k m hdnplkxgcmck cms pdsturms sèd
vmrgmcds d suhgkotk pmrm kxprkssmr m brmock vmrgkcmck ck `drâms prkskotks, nms
okoeunm kxgbk trkgomnkotd kxtkosgvd du ks`drâd cd hdrpd. M brmock vmotmbkn cd
stmcembmlcr od sgstknm rúoghd ç quk klk pkrngtk quk m `drnm rkml cm mcuklm skjm
gohdrpdrmcm md mpmrmtd `îsghd cd vgtfg. Gssd pdck rksultmr om gohdrpdrmâèd ck tdcd d
ngstçrgd rúoghd om hmrok cd vgtfg, trmos`drnmocd d hdrpd kn unm `krrmnkotm níbghm
gohrîvkl! Ds dijktgvds bkrmgs cd stmcembmlcr sèd:

=) Hdotrdlk cd hdrpd mtrmvçs cm pdsturm (stmcem) 9) Hdotrdlk cd pkosmnkotd

mtrmvçs cm núsghm (bmlcr)
8) Hdotrdlk cm rkspgrmâèd
3) Hdotrdlk cm kndâèd
;) Sdromr-sk hdoshgkotk cds rkgods rúoghds cd ku k cd nuocd (s)
0) Hdotrdlk k cgrkâèd cm vdotmck

Hmcm un ckssks dijktgvds ckvk skr iushmcd, pdr sum vkz, mtç quk tdcds ds skgs
tkoemn sgcd cdngomcds.

Ckvk skr ko`mtgzmcd vgbdrdsmnkotk quk d hdrpd oèd ckvk skr vgstd hdnd mlbd
nmu du hdnd un gogngbd m skr ckrrdtmcd du heghdtkmcd kn suingssèd, nms sgn hdnd
unm `dotk ck kokrbgm brmock k smotm, ditgcm mtrmvçs ck okoeun dutrd nkgd, sk mpkoms
cgrgbgcd kn emrndogm hdn d eubr. D hdrpd ç m pdrâèd pkssdml cd vgtfg ck Ngcebmrcer, d
hkotrd kquglgirmcd cd nultgvkrsd quk hdotçn d pdtkohgml ck tdcds ds nuocds.

D Xtmcembmlcr ç usmcd hdnd un ndcd ck gotkbrmâèd psghdløbghm k trmosnutmâèd

pkssdml, k tmniçn ç knprkbmcd kn tdcds ds dutrds tgpds ck dpkrmâûks níbghms. D
vgtfg pdck, pdr kxknpld, lgtkrmlnkotk hdostrugr un tmlgsnè rúoghd oungodsd k vgvd ckotrd
cd hdrpd mtrmvçs cd stmcembmlcr, ck ndcd quk klk du klm sk tdrok unm rúom mniulmotk!

Ds prgohîpgds cm hdnigomâèd rúoghm k cm ngsturm `uohgdomn hdn d stmcembmlcr

kxmtmnkotk cm nksnm nmokgrm quk `uohgdomn hdn m pkcrm rúoghm du hdn d sgbod
níbghd. D stðceur ç mpkoms un ndcd mltkromtgvd ck kxprkssèd pmrm m ruom.

Kotrmcm ck hdrrkotks cd nuocd k cm tkrrm

M prítghm ckstm `drnm níbghm kstí gotgnmnkotk lgbmcm mds ngstçrgds cms hdrrkotks
rúoghms. Ms pdsturms rúoghms mtumn hdnd motkoms ck `drâm pklms qumgs d vgtfg pdck mtrmgr,
ndculmr k rkprdjktmr m ruom pmrm prdpøsgtds níbghds.

Hdnd d vgtfg smik, kxgstkn três tgpds ck uxds rúoghds: d hklkstgml, d tkrrkstrk k d
suitkrréokd du htóoghd. Ms hdrrkotks hklkstks k htóoghms sèd uxds nuocgmgs du høsnghds
k oèd sèd pkhulgmrks m kstk plmoktm, mssgn hdnd ms hdrrkotks tkrrkstrks quk ukn ldbd
mimgxd k mhgnm cm supkr`îhgk cm Skrrm. D gocgvîcud sklkhgdom hdotçn hdotrmpmrtks pmrm
hmcm unm ckssms hdrrkotks, quk mbkn hdnd unm nmtrgz mtrmvçs cm quml ms hdrrkotks ck
ruoms mbkn k ods m`ktmn. Kssms hdrrkotks sèd pkrhkigcms ck nugtms nmokgrms cg`krkotks:
mlbunms sèd vgirmâûks6 dutrms sèd docms, uxds, rmgds k mtç hdotrmâûks. M gocuâèd
ckssms `drâms ç d kstkgd cd stmcembmlcr.

D pdckr ç rkmlnkotk mtrmîcd mtrmvçs cms nèds k/du pç k m hmikâm, cgrktmnkotk

pmrm d kgxd hkotrml cd vgtfg. Mlg klk ç misdrvgcd k ndculmcd, ckpdgs rkkngtgcd pmrm
prdpøsgtds kspkhîhds du mssgnglmcd pmrm mltkrmr d ku cd vgtfg. Hmcm pdsturm rúoghm
rkhkik k / du trmosngtk `drâm kn un pmcrèd pmrtghulmr, k ck vírgds rkgods, ck mhdrcd
hdn sum `drnm. Kstk pdckr kstí cgrktmnkotk lgbmcd md nuocd `îsghd mtrmvçs cd nkgd cd
sgstknm okrvdsd eunmod. Md kxkhutmr ms vírgms ruoms cd stðceur, d vgtfg ckvk vgsumlgzmr k
skotgr ds uxds ck `drâm skocd rkuogcds du prdjktmcds kn un pmcrèd pmrtghulmr mtrmvçs
cd hdrpd, quk kstí om `drnm cd imstèd. Gssd `mrí hdn quk m hdrrkotk klçtrghm kstkjm
pmssmocd pkld sku hdrpd k mpmrkâm hdnd rmgds ck luz hdrrkocd kn pmcrûks mobulmrks.
Hmcm vgtfg gocgvgcuml ckvk pkrngtgr quk m kxpkrgêohgm pkssdml tkoem prkhkcêohgm sdirk
qumlqukr hdgsm lgcm okstk du kn qumlqukr dutrd lgvrd. Xkotgnkotds k rkmâûks pkssdmgs,
kn vkz ck prdhkssds ck pkosmnkotd "løbghds", sèd cgrktrgzks nmgs khmzks od hmnpd cm
nmbgm prítghm. Gstd ç kspkhgmlnkotk vkrcmck kn stmcembmlcr.

M Smiklm 3.3 ndstrm qumtrd kxknplds ck `drnms rúoghms, skus pmcrûks ck pdckr k ds
rkgods cd skr kn quk sk kobmjmn, k pdckn cmr mlbunms cghms prítghms pmrm un
ckskovdlvgnkotd nmgs `rutî`krd. Ms sktms gocghmn ms cgrkâûks oms qumgs m `drâm ug. Kstks
imskgmn-sk om prítghm k diskrvmâèd pkssdml k oèd ckvkn, ck ndcd mlbun, skr tdnmcds
hdnd cdbnm. Diskrvk quk ms cgmbdomgs ás vkzks pmrkhkn hdnd sk `dsskn klds
tkrrkstrks k, ás vkzks, hdnd sk `dsskn klds hdn ds rkgods hklkstks du suitkrréokds. Gstd
ç vkrcmck nksnd hdn m nksnm ruom kn cg`krkotks dhmsgûks, pdgs d nuocd rúoghd ç
cghglnkotk kstítghd! [n idn' vgtfg cms ruoms tkotmrí kxpkrgnkotmr tdcms kssms `drâms
knpgrghmnkotk k, hdn nmgdr emiglgcmck, hdnkâmrí m cgvgcgr k hlmssghmr ms `drâms irutms
kn sums hmrmhtkrîstghms rúoghms nmgs rkomcms. Hdn unm prítghm mckqumcm k pkrsgstkotk,
surbkn rksultmcds knpîrghds.

D motgbd vgtfmr hdoekhgm ikn d pdckr cms hdrrkotks cm tkrrm, pdgs klks `drnmvmn un ck
skus nmgs pdckrdsds ngstçrgds. D nkledr ldhml ck trmimled pmrm d stmcembmlcr ç un
hdoekhgcd "pdotd ck pdckr" dock ms hdrrkotks cm tkrrm k cd nuocd (m edrgzdotml k m
vkrtghml) ukn juotms. Kstks sèd hdoekhgcds pdr tdcms ms hulturms kn tdcd d nuocd. D
vgtfg ckvk prdhurí-lds pdr gnpdrtmotks rgtds ck stmcembmlcr.

D skr eunmod ç hdostmotknkotk idnimrckmcd pkld pdckr quk ug ck hgnm pmrm imgxd k
ck tdcds ds hmotds cm tkrrm6 m tmrk`m ç hdotrdlmr kssk uxd k cgrkhgdoí-ld. Ykhkiknds d
pdckr cd irgled cm mnplm kxtkosèd cd kspmâd k gocutmnds m `drâm hdostrgtgvm cms trkvms
quk sk mbgtmn od hkotrd cm Skrrm. Ç nugtd gnpdrtmotk pkrhkikrnds ds kxtrknds k
hdoshgkotknkotk prdhurí-lds, ckskovdlvê-lds mtç skus lgngtks k hkotrmlgzí-lds kn odssm
hdoshgêohgm.

Motks ck tkotmr qumlqukr trmimled níbghd prítghd okstk sgstknm, d stðceur ck tdcms ms
ruoms m skrkn usmcms om dpkrmâèd ckvk skr cdngomcd mtrmvçs ck un prdbrmnm gotkosd
ck kxkrhîhgd nkcgtmhgdoml hdn ms pdsturms rúoghms kn qukstèd.

Smiklm 3.3. Mlbuos Qmcrûks ck @drâm Xgrkmns

uxds suitkrréokds sèd lkvmotmcds od vgtfg k hgrhulmn ck vdltm á sum

`dotk.

@drâms hklkstgmgs k suitkrréokms ukn pmrm d vgtfg. Lí klks sèd

sgotktgzmcds k kovgmcds pmrm d rkgod tkrrkstrk hdnd mâèd
nmog`kstm.
 [nm hdrrkotk hruzmcm ck `drâm tkrrkstrk cgrkhgdomcm ug mtrmvçs cd
kgxd vkrtghml cms hdrrkotks nuocgmgs, rksultmocd kn unm
gotkosghmâèd hdohkotrmcm ck kokrbgm od pdotd ck hdouêohgm.

@luxds hklkstgmgs k suitkrréokds sèd rkhkigcds k mssgnglmcds, k

tdcds sèd rkcgrkhgdomcds pmrm d rkgod hklkstgml.

@ørnulm ck Mikrturm od Xtmcembmlcr

[nm dirm ck stmcembmlcr pdck hdnkâmr hdn d rgtd ck mikrturm bkrml cmcd om
skâèd ck nmbgm tmlgsnéoghm, du d vgtfg pdck usmr un stmcemsktogob (rgtuml ck pdsturm)
kspkhgml pmrm kovdlvkr ms `drâms rúoghms. Kstk ç un rgtd pdckrdsd hdn d quml prmtghmr
symcembmlcr k, pdrtmotd, kssks três seðceur tmlvkz ckvksskn skr cdngomcds prgnkgrd.
Mqug, hdnd ods rgtds m skbugr, un hmjmcd mprkskotmcd md lmcd ck unm bmlcr/`drnílm
gocghm quk d vgtfg ckvk mssungr d stmcem cm ruom k hmotmr sku bmlcr/`drnílg quk hmrrkbm
ms mâûks rgtumgs hdn gotkoâûks nmgs rkomcms (vkr Smiklm 3.;).

Smiklm 3.;. Xtðceur pmrm kovdlvkr `drâms rúoghms

Mutd-hdoekhgnkotd, ku sdu un imstèd, un pglmr cms docms cd pdckr

cms ruoms.
 Mutd-hdoshgkotk, ku ndlcd d pdckr cd Migsnd prd`uocds cds rkgods
cm tkrrm `drm cd útkrd ck Ekl (du m nèk tkrrm).

Mutd-hdoekhkcdr, ku ndlcd d pdckr cms mlturms nmgs mltms cd nuocd

mnpld `drm cd rkgod ck Ekgncmllr.

Ygtds Xgnplks

D cksknpkoed ck qumlqukr ruom stmcem pdck, omturmlnkotk, skr hdosgckrmcd un

rgtd. Gstd ç kspkhgmlnkotk vkrcmckgrd sk d vgtfg hdnpûk un `drnml pmrm skr rkhgtmcd
ckpdgs quk d bmlcr ç hmotmcd. Kstk `drnml cmrí `drnm k prdpøsgtd kspkhîhd á `drâm
rúoghm bkrmcm pklm dpkrmâèd. Ms pdssgiglgcmcks ck trmimleds pdtkotks ck iklkzm sgnplks
sèd qumsk glgngtmcms. Ds skbugotks rgtds ck `drâms rúoghms hdnigomcms sèd ksskohgmlnkotk
hdnpdstds ck vírgds ckssks rgtds nmgs sgnplks ngsturmcds pmrm `drnmr un k`kgtd níbghd
nmgs hdnplkxd. Klks ckshrkvkn uxds du prdhkssds ck pdckr vdltmcds pmrm un dijktgvd
kspkhîhd, hdnd Munkotmr kn Qdckr Níbghd (Smiklm 3.0 om píbgom =97), Xuhkssd k
 Pgtørgm (Smiklm 3.2 om píbgom =81), Munkotmr kn @drâm Hrgmtgvm (Smiklm 3.5 om píbgom
=8=). M Smiklm 3.7 om píbgom =89 ç un rgtd ck okhkssgcmck. M vmotmbkn cd trmimled
rgtumlîstghd cd stmcem ç quk klk `drokhk hemvks pmrm vírgds rkgods cm hdoshgêohgm, k gospgrm
d vgtfgn md nmgdr pdckr, sk rkmlgzmcd mckqumcmnkotk kn tdcds ds oîvkgs cd skr.

Odssd dijktgvd ods rgtds ck stmcembmlcr ç m ngsturm

n gsturm ck vírgms `drâms rúoghms kn un
úoghd uxd hdohkotrmcd k cgrgbgcd ck pdckr hdn un dijktgvd du dijktgvd ckogcd. Gstd ç
pmrm skr mlhmoâmcd hdnigomocd ms `drnms k sdos ck vírgms ruoms kn un úoghd hmnpd ck
mâèd ck `drâm. D sînidld cm dpkrmâèd pdck skr unm sçrgk ck ruoms du unm ruom ck
vgohulmâèd trmâmcm od heèd du od heèd du kn unm tíium sdirk d mltmr du pkocurmcm od
oîvkl cds dleds om pmrkck kn `rkotk md vgtghek. Kstm `drnm ckvk skr d pdotd `dhml ck
hdohkotrmâèd curmotk tdcd d rgtuml.

Kssms `ørnulms rgtumgs tmniçn pdckn skr mcmptmcms hdnd rgtds tmlgsnéoghds du
ck sgomgs níbghds.
Smiklm 3.0 Munkotd od pdckr níbghd

Nmoomz, lgikrtk d uxd ck pdckr cgvgod kn ngn.

Qdckr Yúoghd ç ndlcmcd pdr uruz.

Qdckr mrckotk ck @keu um pmrm ngn.

D pdckr ck Dcgo ug kn ngn.

D cdn cds Ckusks hrkshk kn ngn.

M
  s ruoms ukn k sk kohdotrmn kn ngn k vèd
p
  mrm dock ku ms kovgd ‘ hdn plkod hdoekhgnkotd.

Mutd-hdoekhkcdr, ku cgrgjd m ngn nksnd k md uxd.

D pdckr cms ruoms ug kotrk ngn k ds nuocds md ldobd cm luz cd mrhd-îrgs.
 D pdckr rúoghd trmimlem kn ngn.

D pdckr rúoghd trmimlem mtrmvçs ck ngn.

Smiklm 3. 2. Xuhkssd k Pgtørgm

M
  ruom cms Odro m`mstm ds brgleûks cd sk tdromr k trmos`drnm m okhkssgcmck.

Hrksâm k prdspkrk mtrmvçs cd `keu.

M vkldhgcmck trguo`m kn ngn!

D pdckr cm cgrkâèd ck sdwgld (d sdl) nk hdocuz cd suhkssd md êxgtd.

Syr-Syr
@rutd cm vgtørgm cm lutm!

Nkus `kgtds nk `mzkn hrkshkr pmrm sknprk kn pdckr k kokrbgm.

 Nmoomz! Qmlmvrm ck plkogtuck ç d hunprgnkotd cds nkus ckskjds.
cksk jds.

@  mâm tucd hrkshkr brmocgdsmnkotk.

 Xmlvk k plkogtuck `uohgdokn md ldobd cd mod!

D ikn-kstmr munkotm m `klghgcmck kn sg nksnd.

Odssms mâûks ods `mzkn hrkshkr pmrm sknprk kn pdckr k kokrbgm.

Yuom Odro m`mstk ds brgleûks k vgrmr pmrm d okhkssírgd!

Qdckr ck bumrcm cd nuocd, um pmrm ngn.

Qdckr ck bumrcm cd nuocd, trmimlek kn ngn.
Qdckr ck bumrcm cd nuocd, trmimlek mtrmvçs ck ngn.
Smiklm 3.5. Munkotd om `drâm hrgmtgvm

Qdckr mrckotk ck @keu ug kn ngn.

[ruz ndlcm d pdckr rúoghd.

Hdrrkotks rúoghms sk kohdotrmn kn ngn k pmssmn pmrm dock ku ms kovgd.

D pdckr cm ngoem pmlmvrm munkotm.

Od hmngoed hkrtd, ku mocd.

Emiglgcmck vên m ngn

mtrmvçs cd pdckr ck fkomz
hdoekhgnkotd k smikcdrgm cd nuocd
hrksâmn kn ngn mtrmvçs ck fkomz.
 M vkldhgcmck cd sdwgld (d sdl) nk bugm.

Syr-Syr
M vdotmck ck ndlcmr hdn rmpgckz ug hdn suhkssd mtrmvçs ck ngn.

Emgl k plkogtuck - prkskotks cd idn mod!

Smiklm 3.7. Ygtd ck okhkssgcmck

Yuom cms Odro m`mstmr ds brgleûks cd wyrc, vgrk m okhkssgcmck.

Su çs ngoem okhkssgcmck
mtrmvçs ck tg ku supkrd okhkssgcmck.

Qksd cd Nuocd - nmckgrm

cê idm vkldhgcmck k mjuck!
Ku pkbd ms ruoms
Ku lkvd ngoem okhkssgcmck!

@dbd okhkssírgd, qukgnk kn ngn

Nmoomz! Qmlmvrm ck plkogtuck

skr d hunprgcdr cms ngoems okhkssgcmcks
k lgikrmr d uxd k d pdckr cms ruoms.
 Qdckr ruoghd ug kotrk ngn
k ds nuocds
md ldobd cd mrhd-îrgs ck luz.

@dbd okhkssírgd, qukgnk kn ngn

M cgrkâèd cd sdl nk lkvdu pmrm `rkotk.

@dbd okhkssírgd, qukgnk kn ngn

(Ykpgtm gssd mtç quk d `dbd sk mhkocm kn sku pkgtd.)

D Smlgsnè Ygtuml
]ukr d vgtfg kstkjm du oèd rkmlgzmocd un rgtuml ck hmrrkbmnkotd tmlgsnéoghd, un
sînidld ckshrkvkocd m dpkrmâèd rúoghm kn pmrtghulmr pdck skr `drnmcd pmrm skrvgr
hdnd un sînidld kxtkrod curmcdurd cd prdhkssd gotkrod smbrmcd quk dhdrrk od rgtd.
Gssd bkrmlnkotk ç unm ruom du ruom, quk ç gohgsmcm du pgotmcm kn unm plmhm du pmpkl.
Gssd ckvk skr kxgigcd kn mlbun lubmr dock d vgtfg d vkrí rkbulmrnkotk k, mssgn,
hdostmotknkotk rkmrnmr sum lgbmâèd hdn m `drâm níbghm. Smniçn pdck skr rktrmtmcd
kn un pkqukod dijktd quk d vgtfg hmrrkbm.

Kssm tçhoghm ckvk skr usmcm mpkoms ods hmsds kn quk d vgtfgs ckskjm k`ktumr unm
nucmoâm gotkrom kn sum prøprgm hdoshgêohgm. Qmrm dpkrmâûks quk prktkockn m`ktmr d
mnigkotk kxtkrod, d vgtfg ckvk bmstmr tdcm m kokrbgm pdssîvkl curmotk d rgtuml, k kotèd
rdnpkr hdnplktmnkotk hdn m `drâm, lgikrmocd-m pmrm `mzkr sku trmimled. Okstk últgnd
hmsd, un lknirktk hdostmotk sø gnpkcgrgm d hunprgnkotd ikn-suhkcgcd cm vdotmck cd
vgtf.
 Xgoml ck nmbgm
M prítghm cm nmbgm cds sgbods kovdlvk m ngsturm cms tçhoghms ck mssgomturm k kovgd
hdn ms ck bmlcr (kohmotmnkotd). Kstm `drnm ck nmbgm ç m nmgs cg`îhgl pdrquk rkqukr m
nmgdr hdohkotrmâèd k vgsumlgzmâèd pmrm skr nmxgnmnkotk k`ktgvm. [nm vkz quk ms
tçhoghms tkoemn sgcd cdngomcms, od kotmotd, klm prdnktk skr m `drnm nmgs cgrktm k
khmz ck kokrbgm cgspdoîvkl pmrm d vgtfg. Ms tçhoghms ck mssgomturm k kovgd jí `drmn
nkohgdomcms, k d vgtfg jí kstí imstmotk `mnglgmrgzmcd hdn vírgds mspkhtds cd
kohmotmnkotd. Mqug vmnds mprd`uocmr kssk hdoekhgnkotd k cgrkhgdoí-ld kn hmomgs
tçhoghds nmgs kspkhîhds pmrm `drnulmr m imsk cm mssgomturm (m nmbgm cds sgbods). M
prgohgpml cg`krkoâm kotrk m mssgomturm kohdotrmcm okstm skâèd k mquklm usmcm od
hmrrkbmnkotd ck ckotks ç quk mqug ds sgomgs sèd cgrkhgdomcds pmrm k `uocgcds hdn
sgstknms jí vgvds, skjmn klks pksds du hmnpds cgoénghds ck `drâm rúoghm.

M gcçgm pdr trís cm nmbgm cds sgbods ç quk d vgtfg pdck rkmlnkotk hdrtmr ruoms od
tkhgcd vgvd cd nultgvkrsd, `uocgocd kssm ruom hdn un "mlvd" sgniølghd quk `dg
`drnulmcd pkld eubr cd vgtfg mtrmvçs cm vgsumlgzmâèd hdohkotrmcm, trmzkocd mssgn unm
nucmoâm. okssk mlvd. Kstm ç mpkoms unm cms nugtms nmokgrms ck usmr ms tçhoghms cm
nmbgm cds sgbods. Kssk prdhkssd pdck skr rkmlgzmcd od eubmubll (tdtmlnkotk pdr
vgsumlgzmâèd nkcgtmtgvm) du pdr trmimled rgtuml kxtkrod. Kn mnids ds hmsds, ms tçhoghms
sèd ms nksnms6 od kotmotd, d vgtfg pdck qukrkr hdnkâmr hdn d nçtdcd ck vgsumlgzmâèd k
trmimlemr kn un cksknpkoed hkrgndogml nmgs cg`îhgl.

Ms três ktmpms okhkssírgms pmrm m mssgomturm cd sgoml sèd (=) m `drnulmâèd k / du

hdohkotrmâèd kn un mlvd, (9) m `drnulmâèd k m prdjkâèd cm ruom ckskjmcm, k (8) m `usèd
cms cums motkrgdrks kn un úoghd hmnpd ck `drâm tml quk d skbuocd goukohgm d prgnkgrd
cm nmokgrm ckskjmcm.

Qmrm `drnulmr un mlvd pmrm m `drâm níbghm prdjktmcm, d vgtfg prkhgsmrí mtgvmr unm
"írkm mlvd". Kstm ç unm kstruturm ckotrd cm quml d mlvd vgsumlgzmcd ç nmotgcd, pmrm quk m
ruom pdssm skr cgrkhgdomcm pmrm klk. Gssd pdck skr ck `drnm rktmobulmr du trgmobulmr. Xk
un trgéobuld ç usmcd, m `drnm tᚼ ç prk`krgcm. Kn trmimled rgtuml hdnplktd, unm mrnmâèd
pdck skr hdostruîcm kn nmckgrm k mckqumcmnkotk pgotmcm du ckhdrmcm ck dutrm
nmokgrm. D qumcrd pdck hdotkr unm `drnm ck sînidld cd mlvd (unm gnmbkn, pdr
kxknpld), nms om nmgdrgm cms vkzks d vgtfg vmg nmbghmnkotk hdostrugr m `drnm cm gnmbkn
mlvd ckotrd cm kstruturm usmocd skus pdckrks ck hdohkotrmâèd k vgsumlgzmâèd.

[nm vkz quk d mlvd kstkjm rnknkotk kstmiklkhgcd k prksd ckotrd cd qumcrd, d
vgtfg hdnkâm m `drnulmr m ruom ckskjmcm od hkotrd ck sku hdrpd. Kssm kokrbgm ç kotèd
prdjktmcm om írkm ck ckstgod k mssgomcm cm nmokgrm ckshrgtm om skâèd ck kovgd k
mssgomturm. D bmlcr k / du `drnmlg quk ç hmotmcd du `mlmcd ckvkrgm cmr gotkoâèd k `drnm
rkomcm md pdckr rúoghd. ]umocd d hdrrkcdr mssgom m ruom, ckvk skr hdnd sk m `drâm cd
sgoml kstgvkssk skocd go`uocgcm od tkhgcd vgvd cd mlvd. D vgtfg vkrí gnkcgmtmnkotk m
nucmoâm od mlvd mssgn quk m `usèd cms `drâms kstgvkr hdnplktm.
 Knidrm m prítghm ck kovgd k mssgomturm skjm imstmotk hdoekhgcm mtç mbdrm, d usd
ck bmlcr tmlvkz prkhgsk ck nmgs ckskovdlvgnkotd od hdotkxtd cm nmbgm cds sgbods. Md
ldobd ckstk lgvrd, vgnds tmotd ms `drnms pdçtghms k sdodrms ck bmlcrmr. Om nmbgm cds
sgbods, mnims ms `drnms pdckn skr usmcms, nms d vgtfg ckvk sknprk vgsmr m `drnm
pdçtghm nmgs hdnplkxm, ckvgcd md brmu ck kxgiglgcmck k kxmtgcèd quk klm d`krkhk. Kssms
"hmoâûks níbghms" sèd kohdotrmcms oms motgbms lgtkrmturms bkrnéoghms k, ck `mtd, pmrm ds
motgbds tkutûks (mssgn hdnd tdcds ds dutrds pdvds gocd-kurdpkus), m mrtk cm pdksgm
surbgu cd pdckr cm nmbgm.

D bmlcr skrvk pmrm muxglgmr om govdhmâèd / kvdhmâèd cm ruom k kn sum `drnmâèd

ckotrd cd vgtfg. Nms tmniçn mjucm om prdjkâèd k vgohulmâèd ckssm `drâm md mlvd pdr
nkgd ck sum prgohgpml vgirmâèd ck qumlgcmck.

Ms skbugotks tçhoghms ckvkn skr skbugcms md ldobd cm prítghm ck kovgd k

mssgomturm, pdgs tdcds ds klknkotds nkohgdomcds okstm skâèd ckvkn skr kotkocgcds
hdnd m kxprkssèd núltgplm ck unm úoghm `drâm - m vdotmck cd hdrrkcdr. M rkspgrmâèd
ckvk skr d pdotd `dhml ck hdohkotrmâèd kn tdcd d bmlcr. Curmotk ms gomlmâûks, d vgtfg
hdohkotrm-sk od uxd cm ruom od hkotrd pkssdml.

Lí, klk ç ndnkotmokmnkotk nmotgcd pmrm m `drnulmâèd kxmtm, k kotèd, om

kxpgrmâèd, m pdrâèd cd bmlcr quk skrí prdjktmcm ç gotkosmnkotk hdohkotrmcm. M nmgdrgm
cds bmlcrmrs ck tdcds ds tgpds rkqukr vírgms rkspgrmâûks pmrm kxkhutmr hdnplktmnkotk.
[nm lgoem cd kohmotmnkotd pdck skr kxkhutmcm m hmcm rkspgrmâèd. Od hmsd cm bmlcrmr
pdçtghm, d vgtfg ckvkrgm "hdrrkr" hdohkotrmr-sk kn hmcm lktrm sdodrm ck hmcm pmlmvrm cd
kohmotmnkotd - skotgocd sum `drâm. Oèd pkosk okhkssmrgmnkotk sdirk d sgboghmcd
cklks6 sk `dr ikn hdnpdstd, d bmlcr pmrkhkrí `mzkr sku prøprgd trmimled. D quk ç
gnpdrtmotk mqug ç d uxd ck `drâm, sum `drnulmâèd k sum prdjkâèd kn un pmcrèd
hdohkotrmcd sumvk quk sk tdrom qumsk gohdoshgkotk pmrm d vgtfg rkmlgzmcd. [nm uogcmck
ç hdostruîcm kotrk m ruom, d vgtfg k d mlvd ck tml nmokgrm quk m omturkzm kspkhgml ckssm
`drnm níbghm ldbd sk tdrom mpmrkotk.

M prgohgpml uogcmck níbghm om quml d hdrrkcdr ckvk sk hdohkotrmr

hdoshgkotknkotk ç m cd sdn (cd kohmotmnkotd) k cm `drnm (cd imstèd k cd `kgxk ck luz
mtrmvçs cd quml ç prdjktmcd), tucd ckotrd cm "vgirmâèd rúoghm" hdnun. Kxkrhîhgds ck
nkcgtmâèd mjucmrèd nugtd okstk prdhkssd. Kohmotmnkotds pdckn skr hmotmcds kn vdz
mltm du ckotrd cd eubr. Mlçn cgssd, qumocd klks sèd `mlmcds kn vdz mltm, d bmlcrmr pdck
skr sdodrmnkotk k hmotmcd du sumvknkotk sussurrmcd. D prgnkgrd pmrkhk nmgs k`ktgvd
qumocd d vgtfg kstí rkmlgzmocd un rgtd om sdlgcèd du om hdnpmoegm ck un hdnpmoekgrd
vgtfmr, koqumotd d skbuocd ç `rkqükotknkotk nmgs pdckrdsd qumocd d oèd-vgtfmr kstí
prkskotk.

Hdnd kssm `drnm ck bmlcr hekbm tèd pkrtd ck unm midrcmbkn nkcgtmhgdoml
gohdoshgkotk, ç nugtd okhkssírgd nkndrgzmr tdcds ds mspkhtds cd rgtd motks quk klk skjm
rkmlgzmcd. Kstm ç bkrmlnkotk unm idm subkstèd pmrm tdcds ds rgtds, nms ç kspkhgmlnkotk
okhkssírgm mqug. [nm tkotmtgvm ikn-suhkcgcm od sgbombmlcr ckpkock ck unm ngsturm
hurgdsm k nmboîhm ck tdcds ds skbnkotds cd hdnplkxd psghdssdnítghd cd hdrrkcdr.
Ds gokspkrmcds "ikok`îhgds mcghgdomgs" nîstghds ckssms dpkrmâûks sèd nugtms vkzks
surprkkockotks.

Smlvkz unm odtm mcghgdoml ckvm skr mhrkshkotmcm m rkspkgtd cd bmlcrmr pdçtghd.
Kstks hkrtmnkotk pdckn skr hdnpdstds kn goblês. (Pkjm d Mpêocghk 1 pmrm subkstûks
tçhoghms sdirk kstk mssuotd.) Nugtd ckvk skr hdosgckrmcd kn sum hdnpdsgâèd qumotd á
`drnm k md hdotkúcd. D vgtfg ckcghmcd knprkkockrí d kstucd cds oørcghds motgbds k /
du ck dutrds cgmlktds bkrnéoghds motgbds (pdr kxknpld, goblês motgbd, bøtghd k mltd
mlknèd motgbd), pdgs kssms lîobums vgirmn hdn qumlgcmcks nîtghd-nîtghms quk sèd cg`îhkgs
ck kvdhmr od goblês ndckrod. Nms d nmgs gnpdrtmotk ç quk d vgtfg kohdotrk unm
lgobumbkn nmbghmnkotk pdtkotk k unm `drnm pdçtghm quk `mlk hdn m vdz ck skus rkgods
gohdoshgkotks.

Dutrms `drnms ck nmbgm

D sgstknm rúoghd kobldim vírgms írkms quk, ckvgcd md kshdpd ckstk lgvrd, sèd
gnprmtghív
gnprm tghívkgs
kgs trmtmr hdnplktm
hdnplktmnkotk
nkotk.. Od kotmotd,
kotmotd, sum kxgstêohgm
kxgstêohgm k mlbunms
mlbunms ck sums
hmrmhtkrîstghms ckvkn skr mpdotmcms pmrm quk qumlqukr pkssdm quk kotrk od nuocd cms
ruoms hdoekâm mlbunm cm vmstgcèd cd sgstknm, k kspkrm-sk quk gssd lkvk m govkstgbmâûks
mcghgdomgs pdr tmlkotdsds vgtfmr kn tdcd d nuocd.

M mcgvgoemâèd ç un usd ikn hdnprdvmcd cm trmcgâèd rúoghm ods tknpds motgbds,

k ç unm mrtk mnplmnkotk prmtghmcm pkld vgtfmr ndckrod. D kxpkrgkotk vgtfmr pdck `mzkr
un hdnkâd okstm írkm mprkockocd m "lgobumbkn cms ruoms" prgnkgrd, ckpdgs mplghmocd
kssk hdoekhgnkotd kn unm tçhoghm nugtd sgnplks cklgokmcm pdr Síhgtd om Bkrnéogm.
Kstk nçtdcd pdck skr utglgzmcd cm skbugotk nmokgrm pklm ruok vgtfg ndckrom. Qrgnkgrd,
rgtumlnkotk hdostrum vgotk k qumtrd ldtks ck ruoms (elulmrks) ck nmckgrm ck hmrvmled du
`mgm, hmcm unm hmrrkbmcm hdn unm ruom cg`krkotk cd Pkled @utemrf. Kssks ldtks sèd nmgs
hdovkogkotks qumocd `kgtds ck tgrms oms k oms ck nmckgrm, hdnd un vkrogz, hkrhm ck
unm pdlkbmcm pdr cums pdlkbmcms. Mlçn cgssd, prdhurk un pmod ck lgoed irmohd, hkrhm
ck un nktrd pdr un nktrd. Kn un ndnkotd muspghgdsd k, ck prk`krêohgm, cd lmcd ck
`drm, kspmlek d pmod od heèd hdn sums idrcms plmoms cgrkhgdomcms pmrm ds qumtrd
qumcrmotks. @gquk pkrtd ck sum idrcm sul, vdltmcd pmrm d odrtk, k knimrmlek ds ldtks,
hdohkotrmocd-sk od mssuotd cm mcgvgoemâèd. Hdn ds ldtks nmotgcds kn sums nèds, quk
o m z  slmcem k hdohkotrk-sk om qukstèd du prdilknm. [nm vkz quk unm lgbmâèd rnk
tkoem sgcd kstmiklkhgcm, hmotk d bmlcr:

''Yúomr ríce rçtt ríce! 91

(Yuoms cdngokn m ckhgsèd hdrrktm!) ''
91 Lgtkrmlnkotk trmcuzgcd gssd skrgm lkr "Yuoms, sussurrd hdn d hdoskled hdrrktd."
Kn skbugcm, jdbuk ds ldtks od pmod, rkpktgocd ds odnks Oøroghds:

[rcer- Pkrcemocg-Xfulcl
motks cds ldtks imtkrkn od pmod. @khek ds dleds k hmngoek mtç d pmod. Mlkmtdrgmnkotk
pkbuk três ldtks. M prgnkgrm gocghm d pmssmcd du m rmgz cm qukstèd, m skbuocm glungom m
hdocgâèd prkskotk k m tkrhkgrm rkvklm d quk ckvk mhdotkhkr, cmcds ds dutrds cdgs
`mtdrks. (Pkjm m ruom Q.)

Dutrms `drnms ck bmlcr tmniçn kstèd hdotgcms od sgstknm rúoghd. Nugtd cgssd
kstí lgbmcd ás `drnms lgtúrbghms ck Msmtru. Jurmnkotd níbghd, kovdlvk jurmnkotds kn
dijktds smbrmcds hdnd d mokl ck mltmr du un mognml ck smhrg`îhgd, ç unm ckssms `drnms.
Ckusks, ckusms, dutrms hrgmturms k mspkhtds cm mlnm pkssdml tmniçn pdckn skr
govdhmcds / kvdhmcds pmrm sk hdnuoghmr hdn d eubr cd vgtfg6 od kotmotd, kssms `drnms
pkrtkohkn nmgs prdprgmnkotk á `uoâèd cd krglmz. Kxgstkn tmniçn vírgds tgpds ck
goghgmâèd quk sèd prøprgds cm vgcm cd vgtfg k / du krglmz.

Xkgcer ç unm `drnm níbghm imstmotk gockpkockotk cd sgnidlgsnd rúoghd, nms ç

unm pmrtk gotkbrml cd nuocd rúoghd. Xkgcer gohlug ms tçhoghms ck nucmoâm ck `drnms,
prdjkâèd ck "mlnm", vgmjmr pklds nuocds, nmbgm skxuml k dutrds prdhkcgnkotds quk tên
un hmrítkr xmnmoîstghd. Md lkr ms Kccms k ms smbms, d vgtfg kohdotrmrí nugtds kxknplds
gospgrmcdrks k nugtms dutrms `drnms `mshgomotks ck nmbgm.

Brmock hm m pdrtm

mds vkotds cds nuocds rúoghds
mltd tdhmr ds sdos cms sums núsghms
mtrmvçs cm odgtk cd odrtk:
ds síigds skbukn d sku hmngoed
kn cgrkâèd md pdckr k kssêohgm,
odvmnkotk pmrm mprkockr kssm smikcdrgm smbrmcm.

Ms grnès omshgcms cd sdl

k grnèds irglemotks
hlmnmn kn sum odgtk ck okhkssgcmck:
ruoms `drtks k smbrmcms
d pdckr rúoghd kn pç
mhkockr d d`îhgd
k nmokgrms mstutms
pmrm bmoemr prdspkrgcmck k smikcdrgm.

Kn unm plmoîhgk irglemotk

nkstrks rúoghds cdirmn sum emiglgcmck
kn un jmrcgn cds ckusks
om luz cd odrtk -
ms ruoms drkshkn,
rubgocd sums hmoâûks,
mtrmvçs ck unm hmsm tdcm gotkgrm
sgn odvmnkotk od hmngoed hkrtd.
Mpêocghk M

Qrdoúohgm cd oørcghd motgbd

Ds vmldrks `doçtghds `drokhgcds mimgxd tmniçn skrvkn hdnd un bugm hdovkogkotk pmrm
m `doçtghm cd bmlcrmr.

Ms hdosdmotks i, c, `. f, l, n,
n , o, t k v sèd kxmtmnkotk hdnd od goblês ndckrod.

M hdnd kn 'Mrtîstghd'
á hdnd kn '`mtekr' (pmg kn goblês)
k hdnd kn 'nko' (ednkn kn goblês)
ç hdnd
dnd kk od Mlkn
Mlknèdèd 'Xkk
'Xkk'' (hdn
(hdnd
d my kn 'imy
'imy'' kn gob
goblês
lês)
g hdnd gt
î hdnd kk kn '`kkt' (pç kn goblês)
d
ø
ð
r
u
ú
à
Ř
y
þ
mu
kg
ky
b
ob
e
 j
p
r
s
te
ce
rl
ro
oo