.

Explain:

a. Why the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.

Answer:

1. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.

2. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups
together.

3. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently. Their experiences were varied and their
notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these
groups together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict.

b. How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.

Answer:

War created a new political and economic situation.

1. Led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes:
custom duties were increased and income tax introduced.

2. Forced recruitment in villages caused widespread anger.

3. Crops failed; this resulted in an acute shortage of food.

4. 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics.

c. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.

Answer:

1. Rowlatt Act was introduced in 1919.

2. This act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council, although it was completely opposed
by Indian members.

3. It had given the Government enormous powers to repress political activities.

4. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

d. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Answer:

In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement. He felt the movement
was turning violent in many places, and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for
mass struggles.

2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

Answer:

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the
cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then the physical force was not necessary to fight the
oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be
persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, the
truth was bound to triumph ultimately. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all
Indians.

3. Write a newspaper report on

a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Answer:

On 13 April, the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd was gathered in the
enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures.
Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of
the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the
crowd, killing hundreds. His objective, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, in the minds of
Satyagrahis. A feeling of terror and awe.

b) The Simon Commission

Answer:

When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back, Simon’. All parties,
including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. In an effort to win them over,
the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified
future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.

4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Answer:

Germania:

1. Symbol of Germany

2. The image was painted by Philip Veit in 1848.

3. Carrying a sword in one hand and flag in another hand

4. Germania is wearing a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Bharat Mata:

1. Symbol of India

2. Painted by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905

3. Bharat is standing with a Trishul, standing beside a lion and elephant, symbols of power and authority.

Discuss
1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any
three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer:

Below is the list of different social groups who joined the Non-Cooperation Movement and their struggles.
Middle-Class participation in cities:-

Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and
lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where
the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power
– something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were
more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign cloth was burnt in huge
bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57
crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the
boycott movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production
of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety
of reasons. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford
to buy it. Similarly, the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful,
alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were
slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back
work in government courts.

Peasants and Tribals:-

In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured
labourer. The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded exorbitantly high rents and a
variety of other cesses from peasants. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
As tenants, they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the
leased land. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, the abolition of begar and social boycott of
oppressive landlords. In many places ‘nai-dhobi bandhs’ were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the
services of barbers and washermen.

Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in yet another way. In the
Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s – not a form
of struggle that the Congress could approve. In other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large
forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This
enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were
being denied. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people
revolted.

Workers in the Plantations:-

Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj. For plantation workers in
Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and
it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859,
plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely
given such permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would
be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a
railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter
to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of
different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging so that all classes
within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The
most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor
alike, and it was one of the essential items of food. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its
production, Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over
240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24
days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them
what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and
ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling seawater.

Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of
government salt factories. As the movement spread, the foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were
picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes, village officials resigned, and in many places,
forest people violated forest laws – going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience
meant to your life.

Answer:

Students are advised to put themselves in the shoes of women and share the experience.

4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Answer:

Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma
Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits. When the British
government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate
electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted
Gandhiji’s position, and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved
seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces
(Bengal and Punjab). Negotiations over the question of representation continued, but all hope of resolving the
issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly
opposed efforts at compromise.

Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha:

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as
‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasized truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against
injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-
violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately
triumph.

In India the first was at Champaran in 1916 to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation
system. In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda to support peasants.

In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmadabad:

Among the cotton mill workers.
‘Hind Swaraj’:
The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation to British rule in India.

New economic situation created in India by the First World War:

1. Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the
needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market

2. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories
were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hrs.

3. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it
was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local
industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919:

It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political
prisoners without trial for two years.

Jallianwala Bagh incident:

On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of
Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a
repressive measure. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without
giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This
brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation. As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took
to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings.

Non-cooperation programme was adopted at Nagpur in Dec. 1920.

Effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India:

Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth
halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. Many merchants and traders
refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing
Indian ones. The production of Indian textile mills and hand looms went up. Use of khadi was popularized.

Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside:

 In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who
demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other ceases from the peasants. Peasants were forced to
work in landlords’ farms without any payment (beggar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being
regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The demands of the peasants
were— reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

 In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the
closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze
their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
 For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space
in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under
the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without
permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation
Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes.

Slowing down of Non-cooperation Movement in cities:

  Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they
could not boycott mill cloth for too long.

 Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones.
These were slow to come up.

 So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in
government courts.

Khilafat movement:
Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in
response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman
empire by the British.

Chauri Chaura incident:

In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were
taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the
police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was
turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle.

Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru for return to council Politics. Simon Commission 1928
and boycott. Lahore Congress session and demand for Puma Swaraj in 1929. Dandi march and the beginning of civil
Disobedience movement.
Features of Civil Disobedience Movement:

 People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.

 Foreign cloth was boycotted and people were asked to picket liquor shops.

 Peasants were asked not to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.

 Students, lawyers and village officials were asked not to attend English medium schools, colleges, courts
and offices.

‘Salt March’:
On 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, one of which was
the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike
and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter
was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil
disobedience campaign. So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of
Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi
wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peace-fully defy the British.
On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This
marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Who participated in the movement?

Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country. Gandhiji led the salt march from
Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. In the countryside, the
rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. As rich communities were very
hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience
Movement. Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by
refusing to buy and sell the imported goods. The industrial working class of Nagpur region also participated in the
Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway workers, dock workers, mineral of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in
protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

Limits of the movement

less participation by untouchables—Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, Luke warm
response by some Muslim Political Organization.

Provisions of Poona pact of 1932:

Signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils
but they were to be voted by the general electorate.

The sense of collective belonging:

Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured
the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belonging:

1. Use of figures or images: The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat
Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism
2. Indian folklore: Nationalists started recording and using folklore’s and tales, which they believed, gave a
true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation
of these became a way to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of price in one’s past.

3. Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags: Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it aloft during marches
became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.

4. Reinterpretation of history: Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in
ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was
followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the
colonizers.

NOTES

The concept of nationalism was developed amongst the people of India during the Indian independence movement
against the colonial British Rule. The chapter deals with the events that took place in the country from the 1920s to
free India from the shackles of foreign rule.

Mahatma Gandhi’s Role in Nationalism

 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915.

 His method was known as Satyagraha, which means Agitation for Truth.

 He organized the Champaran Satyagraha to support the oppressed plantation workers in 1917.

 He went to Kheda to show support to the peasants in 1918 with Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

 The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 which gave them the power to repress any political
activities and authorized the detention of any political prisoners without trials for up to 2 years.
  On 13th April 1919, the villagers attended the Baisakhi fair at the Jallianwala Bagh when there was
countrywide martial law.

 General Dyer blocked the only entry/exit of the park and opened fire at the civilians.

 He ordered open fire which killed thousands of men, women, and children.

 This brutal act enraged other Indians. There were nationwide partials, attacks on government buildings,
and clashes.

Khilafat Movement

 The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay and Mahatma Gandhi supported it.

 It was started by Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

The Salt March

 Mahatma Gandhi demanded from Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India which included the abolishment of the
Salt tax.

 He began the Salt March with 78 volunteers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to manufacture salt.

The Poona Pact

 The Dalits refused to participate in the movement without separate electorates and reservation of seats.

 Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar formed the Depressed Classes Association and signed the Poona Pact with
the Congress in 1932

Important Questions and Answers

1. Explain the three main events that took place under Gandhi's Satyagraha Movement.

Ans: The three main events that took place under Gandhi's Satyagraha movement were as follows:

 Champaran Satyagraha in 1917

 Kheda Satyagraha in 1918

 Mill Workers Support in 1918

2. When did Gandhiji return from South Africa?

Ans: Gandhiji returned from South Africa in 1915.

3. What was observed on April 6th, 1919?

Ans: 6th April 1919 was observed as the Satyagraha Day where people went on fast and strike across the nation.

4. Write down the effect of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Ans: The effects of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre were as follows:

 Government buildings were attacked by the people

 There were clashes with police officers and numerous strikes

 The British suppressed the agitations with brutality and humiliation

 The villages were bombed and destroyed

5. In which session of the INC was the demand of 'Purna Swaraj' formalized?

Ans: 'Purna Swaraj' was formalized in the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress at Lahore.

6. What did the Rowlatt Act impose?

Ans: According to the Rowlatt Act, the British Government had the power to prohibit the political activities and
detain the political leaders without trial for up to two years.

7. Who started the Khilafat Movement and why?

Ans: It was started by Muhammad Ali and Shakaut Ali. It was started in response to the unjust treatment given to
the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire who was regarded by the Muslims around the world as their Spiritual Leader.

8. Which act prohibited the plantation workers from leaving the tea garden without prior permission?

Ans: The Inland Immigration Act passed in 1859. The plantation workers couldn't leave the tea gardens without
prior permission from their superiors which they seldom got upon asking.

9. Who wrote the book 'Hind Swaraj'?

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi wrote the book Hind Swaraj.

10. What is the meaning of 'Beggar'?

Ans: Beggar means forced labor without income.

Nationalism in India -Summary

The class 10 history chapter 2 notes PDF is created in a manner that will help you prepare well for your
examination. You can create a nationalism in India class 10 PPT or nationalism in India project using the summary.
You can also use the information for creating slides of nationalism in India PPT.

First World War, The Non-Cooperation and The Khilafat Movement

The want of freedom from colonial rule connected people across the country who were forged under the Indian
National Congress by Mahatma Gandhi. From 1919 the movement spread to various sections of the society. The
first World War had created a scenario which led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which created
hardships for common people. To worsen the conditions there was crop failure and an epidemic of influenza which
led to people perishing. The common man thought that their hardships would end after the war but nothing
improved.

The Idea of Satyagraha

The idea of Satyagraha was conceived by Mahatma Gandhi when he returned from South Africa in 1915 where he
had actively fought against racism. Satyagraha emphasized the power and need for truth. According to him the
concept of Satyagraha would be the string that would unite the country. Gandhiji led Satyagraha in Champaran,
Kheda and Ahmedabad to help the peasants.

The Rowlatt Act

The Imperial Legislative Council, despite the collective opposition of the Indian members, passed the Rowlatt Act. It
allowed the British government to curb down political movements in the country and allowed detention of political
prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji wanted a nationwide Satyagraha against these unjust laws. A non-
violent Civil Disobedience movement was launched against the law on 6th April. Nationwide protests took place.
The British government wanted to curb the upsurge so they arrested leaders from Amritsar and Gandhiji was
detained to enter Delhi.

On 13th April, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place. A large but peaceful crowd had gathered in the
grounds of Jallianwala Bagh. Dyer entered the area and blocked the exit points and opened fire at the crowd killing
hundreds of people.

The news of Jallianwala Bagh spread across the country like fire. People were infuriated and strikes, clashes, and
attacks on government buildings took place. There was utter confusion and violence in the country which led to
Gandhiji calling off the movement.

Gandhiji then took up the Khilafat issue which brought unity amongst the Hindus and the Muslims together. The
Khilafat Committee was set-up in Bombay in 1919. Gandhi urged the leaders of the National Congress to start a
non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Why Non-Cooperation?

As per Gandhiji British rule was established in India because of cooperation of the Indians. If Indians did not
cooperate then British rule would collapse in a year. The movement was proposed in stages starting from the
renunciation of titles. There was a boycott of civil services, army, foreign goods, police, courts and legislative
council. In December 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted.

Differing Strands Within The Movement

In 1921, January the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was launched. People from all sections of the society
participated in the movement.

Foreign goods were boycotted. This led to the rise in the production of Indian textiles and handlooms. Teachers,
students, headmasters, lawyers gave up on their services at government institutions.

In the countryside, the movement demanded a boycott of oppressive landlords. In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru
visited the villages of Awadh to understand the problems of the peasants there. In October he set up the Oudh
Kisan Sabha. In 1921 the peasant movement spread.

Towards Civil Disobedience

The Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 because of it taking a violent turn. In 1928 the statutory
Simon Commission arrived in India only to be greeted by the slogan- ‘Go back Simon’. In December 1929, the
Lahore Congress headed by Jawaharlal Nehru formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence.

Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement

In demand to abolish the salt taxes primarily, Gandhiji put eleven demands in-front of Viceroy Irwin. In case the
demands were not fulfilled the Congress would start the Civil-Disobedience Act. The famous salt march from
Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi took place. Gandhiji violated the salt laws by manufacturing salt from boiling water.
The Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed after enormous confusion in the country. The Civil-Disobedience had lost its
momentum by 1934.

Limits of the Civil Disobedience Act

The Dalits wanted a separate electorate and demanded a reserved seat in educational institutes. After the
suspension of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, the Muslims felt alienated from the congress and there
was tension between the Hindus and the Muslims.

You will get all these points and much more in detail if you get your copy of Class 10 History Chapter 3 Notes in
Hindi as well.
Vande Mataram

People across the country came on the streets to fight against British rule. History nationalism in India was further
fostered by patriotic and historical fictions, folklores, songs, etc. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed ‘Vande
Mataram’. Abanindranath Tagore painted ‘Bharat Mata.’ India emerged as a nation which wanted freedom from
colonial rule. This collected sense of common belongingness finally led our beloved country to freedom.