Lecture 2

Lecture Objectives
MAJORDLSU
TYPES Biology DLSU Biology At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:
OF TISSUES
Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO 1. identify the basic morphological characteristics of epithelial and
connective tissues;

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2. discuss the specific functional characteristics of muscle and
nervous tissues; and
Rodel Jonathan S. VITOR II, DVM, MSc, PhD 3. understand how organs are organized.
Assistant Professor

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Department of Biology
College of Science
De La Salle University
2

Tissues Components: Cells

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Group of cells and intercellular materials morphologically and
physiologically integrated to perform a specific function or a
Living
components of a

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variety of related functions tissue flat cells

polygonal cells
• Basic Components: Vary in number,

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1. Cells
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2. Intercellular substance
shape, and
arrangement
depending on the cuboidal cells
3. Fluid

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stellate cells

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 Components: Intercellular Substances Components: Intercellular Substances
1. Amorphous Substances
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Major component of connective tissue, minimal amount in
muscle and tissues, and insignificant amount in epithelial tissue
• Literally means “without form” and
difficult to observe with routine

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paraffin technique

• Non-living material produced by cells, such as fibroblasts

(connective tissue cells), chondroblasts (cartilage cells), and • Viscous, gel-like and bind large
quantities of water

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osteoblasts (bone cells)

• Forms the ground substance or

• Fills interstices of tissues (between cells or group of cells) matrix of tissues, occupies areas not

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• Varies in amount depending on the type of tissue
occupied by cells and formed
intercellular substances

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Components: Intercellular Substances Components: Intercellular Substances

1. Amorphous Substances 2. Formed Substances
DLSU Biology
• Chemical composition: DLSU Biology • Fibrous in nature

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• Glycoproteins (mucopolysaccharides such as sulfated or acidic
mucins and non-sulfated or neutral mucins)
• Chemical composition: neutral mucosubstances (glycoproteins)

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• Proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid)
• Classification:
1. Collagen fibers
2. Elastic fibers

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• Functions: barrier to bacteria and shock absorber 3. Reticular fibers

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 Components: Intercellular Substances Collagen Fiber Appearance
2. Formed Substances: Collagen Fibers
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Predominant fiber in most proper
connective tissue – most common
• Embryonic: individual collagen fibers are fine filamentous
materials that are stained glassy pink with H&E

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protein in animals
• Adult: individual fibers are wide glassy bands with smooth edges
• Likened to a “biological” rope

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because of its immense strength

• Provides high tensile strength

• Stretched areolar connective tissue: fibers appear as wavy thick
bands of indefinite length and random arrangement

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and over-distention

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Collagen Fiber Components Collagen Fiber Types

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Type I – banded, most abundant and present in skin, bone, and
tendon

Vitor - HISTOLO Vitor - HISTOLO • Type II – unbanded, present in cartilage

T3 2022-2023 T3 2022-2023 • Type III – make up the reticular fibers

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Tropocollagen
• Type IV – unbanded, major component of basement membrane

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 Components: Intercellular Substances Elastic Fiber Appearance
2. Formed Substances: Elastic Fibers
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Form strands or sheets, but difficult
to observe in H&E sections
• Dense regular elastic connective tissue
• Example: ligamentum nuchae

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• Provide “springiness” and
stretchability to the tissue
• Individual fibers are long, narrow, straight, and branched
bands with rough edges

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• Each fiber consists of a core protein
elastin (amorphous substance)
• Stretch preparation of loose (areolar) connective tissue
• Individual fibers are thinner than collagen fibers and may have
a corkscrew appearance

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surrounded by microfibrils

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Components: Intercellular Substances Reticular Fiber Appearance

2. Formed Substances: Reticular Fibers
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Invest the outside of small blood
vessels and form part of the basal
• Chemically made up of Type III collagen, a very fine collagen
fiber

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lamina of epithelium
• Not visible with routine H&E but stain well with silver and
• Principal role is to form a delicate periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

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scaffolding to anchor blood
vessels and nerve fibers to the
more robust surrounding CT
• Silver-stained individual fibers are short, black, wiry, branched
structures that interconnect with each other to form the

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 Makes up the organ
of the nervous system

Components: Fluid Four

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Liquid component of a tissue
Basic
Types of Forms the muscular

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wall of tubular organs
and the flesh of the
body
• Occurrence: Covers external
surfaces of the body, Connects and
• Within cells: Intracellular fluid lines internal surfaces
of the body, and
supports other tissues
and organs of the

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forms exocrine glands
• Between cells: extracellular fluid body

• Blood: plasma

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• Other examples of tissue fluids: lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and
synovial fluid

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Epithelial Tissue
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Tissue consisting of closely aggregated cells apposed at most of
their surfaces, having very little intercellular space, and resting on

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• Epithelioid – similar to epithelium but lacks basal lamina

Epithelial
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 Characteristics of Epithelium Characteristics of Epithelium
Chief component are cells Presents surface modifications
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
name

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Cells are generally
similar in structure and
function
Presents a free surface that faces
tight
junction a canal, a cavity, or lumen, and
intermediate
may present special
junction modifications, such as microvilli

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Closely joined together
laterally and/or basally
by junctional
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desmosome
junction

gap
or cilia that enhance the
function of the epithelium

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junction

complexes hemidesmosome
junction

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Characteristics of Epithelium Characteristics of Epithelium

Rests on a basement membrane Polarity
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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Epithelium
Epithelial cells have apex and
base where different activities
take place

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Basement

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membrane

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 Characteristics of Epithelium Embryonic Origin
Blood supply and regeneration
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Avascular (no blood supply) and are nourished by diffusion of
nutrients from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue
• Mostly from ectoderm: skin epidermis and derivatives (hair,
glands)

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• Proliferation and high turnover rate • Endoderm: lining epithelium of digestive tube and respiratory
tract

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• Epithelial cells are short-lived, typically days to weeks
• Few are from mesoderm: lining epithelium of urinary organ

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• Dead or damaged epithelial cells are regularly replaced by (ureter) and reproductive tracts (vas deferens, fallopian tube, and
mitosis of younger epithelial cells uterus)

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Functions of Epithelium Types of Epithelium

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Secretion – production of useful substances

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• Excretion – disposal of nitrogenous waste by sweating and urine formation

• Interchange with the environment – gas exchange, filtration, absorption, etc.

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• Protection – barrier to ultraviolet light, physical barrier to infection, provides
camouflage

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• Stimulus reception – chemotactic sensation, olfactory, and gustatory reeption

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 Surface Epithelium Classification of Surface Epithelium
According to Number of Cell Layers
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Covers the outer surfaces of the body and organs, lines lumen of
tubular organs
1. Simple epithelium – one layer of cells
that rest on a basement membrane

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• Classified according to two criteria:
2. Stratified epithelium – two or more
cell layers
• Basal layer – layer of cuboidal to
columnar cells that rest on a wavy or

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1. Number of cell layers
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• Middle layer – one to several layers
of polyhedral or polygonal cells
• Superficial layer – one to several

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2. Shaper of superficial layers layers of superficial cells that lie
parallel to the luminal or external
surface

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Classification of Surface Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium

According to Shape of Superficial Cells
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
1. Columnar cells – tall prismatic cells with
oval, basally located nucleus
• Highly suited to line structures
with dialyzing or filtering

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2. Cuboidal cells – cells with equal sides and
with round to oval, centrally located nucleus
function, like parietal layer of
glomerular capsule, blood vessels
(endothelium), and body cavities

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3. Squamous cells – thin flat cells with centrally (mesothelium) where its “slick”
located round to oval nucleus surface facilitates flow of fluids

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All epithelial cells when viewed from top are • Cannot withstand wear and tear
polygonal in shape.

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 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium
With Typical Columnar Cells
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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• Mainly as a lining membrane, like • One layer of typical columnar
in small ducts of exocrine glands, cells
and collecting tubules of kidney

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• Lines medium-sized ducts of
• May have a secretory function, exocrine glands
like the endocrine cells of thyroid
follicles

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Simple Columnar Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium

With Mucus Secreting Columnar Cells With Secretory and Absorptive Cells
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Lines the glandular stomach and the
cervix of uterus
• Lines the small and large intestines

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• Mucus-secreting columnar cells
• Goblet cells
• Expanded theca (apical ) that
contains mucin granules and a

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• Vacuolated apical cytoplasm due narrow stem (basal) that contains
to dissolution of mucin secretion a dense nucleus

• Fan-shaped because the apical • Absorptive columnar cell

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regions of adjacent cells expand
uniformly
• Present microvilli (brush border)
on their free surface

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 Simple Columnar Epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
With Secretory and Ciliated Cells
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Lines the fallopian tubes • Lines the epididymis (stereociliated)
and respiratory tract (kinociliated

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and with goblet cells)
• Secretory columnar cells
• Presents apical bleb (bead-like • Tall cells – basement membrane to
cytoplasmic projection) in the the luminal surface

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apical border

• Ciliated columnar cell

• Generally ciliated

• Short cells – pyramidal and rests on

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• Presents kinocilia (hair-like
projections) in the apical border
the basement membrane but do not
extend to the luminal surface

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratinized or Cornified Non-Keratinized or Non-Cornified
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Keratin – dead anucleated
squamous cells filled with keratin

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• Lines the inner surfaces of the
granules body that are exposed to
considerable wear and tear such
• Adaptation to wear and tear on as the vagina, conjunctiva, and

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abraded surfaces esophagus

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• Occurs only in stratified
squamous epithelium

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 Stratified Cuboidal or Transitional Epithelium
Columnar Epithelium Contracted, Collapsed, or Relaxed
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Lines urinary passages

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• Lines large excretory ducts of
exocrine glands
• Balloon-shaped cells with convex
free surface

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large number of zonula
occludens

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Transitional Epithelium
Distended, Extended, or Stretched
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Lines urinary passages

Specializations
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• Very similar to the stratified
of Surface
squamous nonkeratinized
Epithelium
epithelium

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• Water impermeable due to the
large number of zonula

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occludens

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 Specializations of Surface Epithelium Lateral Surface Specializations
Lateral Surface Specializations 1. Glycocalyx
1. DLSU Biology
Glycocalyx DLSU Biology • Fuzzy glycoprotein material secreted by the
cell that is renewable and expandable

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2. Junctional complexes
3. Lateral interdigitations • Functions:
4. Gap Junction 1. Protection – physical and antigenic

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functions
2. Acts as an ion trap and helps the cell
maintain normal internal levels of ions
3. Some degree of enzymatic activity and

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actually participate in digestion in the
intestine

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Lateral Surface Specializations Lateral Surface Specializations

2. Junctional Complexes: Zona Occludens 2. Junctional Complexes: Zona Adherens
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• The most superficial and forms a belt that
completely encircles cells near their apical
• Located just below the zonula occludens
and also encircles individual cells
borders

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• Provides adhesion between adjacent cells
completely

• Cadherin and catenin proteins provide

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• Controls intercellular passage of molecules
(ion flux) and osmotic pressure
adhesion between adjacent cells

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• Claudins and occludins are two families of • Actin filaments in cytoplasm insert into
proteins that form a seal to prevent flow of attachment plaques
materials between epithelial cells

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 Lateral Surface Specializations Lateral Surface Specializations
2. Junctional Complexes: Macula Adherens 2. Junctional Complexes: Macula Adherens
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Most common junctional complex that
anchors cells to each other and gives
• Cadherins present in intercellular
space

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epithelium coherence and strength
• Cytokeratin intermediate filaments
• Little bodies that are distributed in a spotty insert into attachment plaques
way (macula = spot) around individual cells containing desmoplakin

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and plakoglobin

• Innermost lines are associated with

tonofibrils that extend into the cytoplasm and • The more desmosomes, the more

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form part of the cytoskeleton that supports tightly the epithelial cells are
the cell attached

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Lateral Surface Specializations Lateral Surface Specializations

3. Lateral Interdigitations 4. Gap Junctions
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Not for adhesion but for communication
between adjacent cells

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• Cytoplasmic folds on the lateral
surfaces of adjacent cells that
• Occur almost anywhere along lateral surfaces
of epithelial cells and also in other cells, such
as cardiac muscle cells
interdigitate with each other

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pores connecting plasma membranes
• Site of lowered resistance to passage of
ions

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pass through to adjacent cells to facilitate
communication

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 Specializations of Surface Epithelium Basal Surface Specializations
Basal Surface Specializations 1. Basement Membrane
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Non-living amorphous substance produced by epithelial tissues

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1. Basement
membrane • Proteoglycans particularly heparan sulfate, laminin, fibronectin,
and type IV collagen

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2. Basal folds or
caveola • Usually not seen in in H&E sections because it is thin

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3. Hemidesmosomes

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Basement Membrane Basement Membrane

DLSU Biology
Laminin
DLSU Biology Epithelial cell
• Structure: attaches epithelium to connective tissue

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(a glycoprotein)
lamina lucida Basal • Organization: arranges plasma membrane proteins in the basal
lamina densa lamina membrane
Type IV collagen

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and perlecan
(a proteoglycan)
• Filtration: regulates movement of material between epithelium
Reticular fibers
Reticular and connective tissue

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(type III collagen) lamina
Anchoring plaques Anchoring fibrils
(type IV collagen) (type VII collagen)

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 Basal Surface Specializations
2. Basal Folds or Caveolae
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
“Basal lamina” and “basement • Bulb-like invaginated of the basal cell membrane

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membrane” are sometimes used
interchangeably.
• Reverse of microvilli

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This is wrong, wrong, wrong!
The basal lamina is part of the basement
• May contain mitochondrion

• Associated with active transport of finished produces at slower

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membrane. They are not the same thing. rate

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Basal Surface Specializations Specializations of Surface Epithelium

3. Hemidesmosome Apical Surface Specializations
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Hemidesmosomes
attach epithelial cells to

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basal lamina

• Integrins attach the basal

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portion of the cell to the
basal lamina

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 Apical Surface Specializations Apical Surface Specializations
1. Villi 2a. Kinocilia
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Long, finger-like cytoplasmic
projections from the apical or
luminal border or epithelial cells,

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• Motile cilia that help in the
giving the epithelium a striated or movement of materials along a
brush border
sheet of epithelium

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• Found mainly in absorptive cells
of the intestinal and renal
epithelium where they increase • Presents triplets of microtubules
the surface area for absorption similar to the centriole
without increasing the cell size

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• Supported by actin filaments

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Apical Surface Specializations Regeneration and Repair

2b. Stereocilia of Surface Epithelium
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Subjected to a certain amount of wear and tear because of its
location

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• Structurally similar to microvilli
except that stereocilia are long
and branched • Cells die and are replaced regularly

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• Increase the surface area of the
epithelium for secretion
• Regeneration occurs by mitosis of cells at the basement
membrane

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 Types of Epithelium According to Morphology or Structure
Presence of Absence of Ducts
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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For Classroom
Glandular
Use Only For Classroom Use Only
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According to Morphology or Structure According to Morphology or Structure

Number of Secretory Cells in a Secretory Unit Shape of Secretory Unit
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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 According to Morphology or Structure According to Morphology or Structure
Degree of Division of Duct: Simple Degree of Division of Duct: Compound
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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Intestinal glands Gastric glands
(Pylorus)
Sebaceous
sweat glands
Peri and
paraurethral glands
Gastric glands
(Cardia) Brunner glands* Mammary glands Salivary glands

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According to Nature of Secretions

DLSU Biology
Branching DLSU Biology
of Ducts
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within a
Secretory
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 According to Nature of Secretions According to Nature of Secretions
1. Mucous Secretory Cell 2. Serous Secretory Cell
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Abundant rough ER, Golgi and secretory granules

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• Large rounded nucleus and abundant
• Produce mucins (protective, lubricant rough ER, Golgi and secretory granules
glycoproteins)

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• Examples: T3 2022-2023
• Mucous cells in stomach
• Examples:
• Pancreatic acinar cells

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• Goblet cells in small and large intestine
• Mucous cells in salivary glands
• Serous cells in salivary glands

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Mucous vs. Serous Secretory Gland According to Manner of Elaboration

1. Merocrine (Eccrine) Gland
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Secretes by merocrine mode of secretion
• Exocytosis of product at apical end of

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• By far the most common type of exocrine
gland based on mode of secretion

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 According to Manner of Elaboration According to Manner of Elaboration
2. Apocrine Gland 3. Holocrine Gland
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
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• Secretion occurs by loss of large amount • Secretion occurs by loss of large amount
of apical cytoplasm of apical cytoplasm

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• Example: mammary glands • Example: mammary glands

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Regeneration and Repair

Types of Epithelium
of Glandular Epithelium
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Regenerate by mitosis of the remaining cells in the secretory unit

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• Secretory cells of the intestinal gland are replaced by mitosis of
undifferentiated cells at the base of the gland

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• Differentiated cells migrate to the surface lining epithelium
where they eventually die, slough off, and replaced

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Special
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 Special Epithelium Special Epithelium
1. Ciliated Epithelium 2. Neuroepithelium
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology
• Lining epithelium with ciliated
cells
• Cells are modified to receive and
transmit sensory information

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• Kinociliated epithelium lines • Associated with special sensory
respiratory tract and fallopian organs

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tube
• Examples: olfactory cells,

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• Stereociliated epithelium lines the gustatory cells, hair cells, rods
epididymis and cones

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Special Epithelium Special Epithelium

3. Pigmented Epithelium 4. Myoepithelium
DLSU Biology DLSU Biology • Composed of cells with
contractile myofibrils in the

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• Composed of pigmented
epithelial cells cytoplasm

• Associated with the secretory

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• Examples: lining epithelium of
ciliary process and iris units of most exocrine glands
where they are commonly known
as myoepithelial basket cells

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 Other Special Epithelia Epithelial Tissue

DLSU Biology DLSU Biology

1. Endothelium –modified for transport of materials between the
vascular and connective tissues spaces Simple
Surface

Stratified
Glandular

Exocrine
Special

Ciliated

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2. Mesothelium – lines body cavities (e.g., peritoneal, pericardial,
and pleural cavities) and covers the visceral organs
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Typical Columnar
Cells
Pseudostratified
Columnar
Squamous

Keratinized
Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Endocrine Neuroepithelium

Pigmented

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3. Reticuloendothelium – produces T lymphocytes in thymus
Summary of
Mucous Secreting
Cells

Secretory and
Absorptive Cells
Nonkeratinized Myoepithelium

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Epithelial Tissue Secretory and

4. Endocrine endothelium – hormone-secreting cells in the Ciliated Cells

gastrointestinal tract and endocrine glands

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References
DLSU Biology
Eroschenko, V. P. (2013). diFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional
Correlations (12th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Gartner, L. P. (2017). Textbook of histology (4th ed.). Elsevier.

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Mescher, A. L. (2018). Junqueira's basic histology text & atlas (15th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.

Ross, M. H., & Pawlina, W. (2015). Histology: A text and atlas with

For Classroom Use Only

correlated, cell and molecular biology (7th ed.). Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.

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