GATE SYLLABUS Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, evapo- transpiration, watershed, infiltration, unit hydrographs, hydrograph analysis, flood estimation and routing, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing, surface run-off models, ground water hydrology - steady state well hydraulics and aquifers; Application of Darcy’s law. 2) SD (RENTERS Hydrological cycle, Ground water hydrology, Well hydrology and related data analysis; Streams and their gauging; River morphology; Flood, drought and their management; Capacity of Reservoirs, measurement and analysis of rainfall.CONTENTS QINTRODUCTION “ PRECIPITATION / ** CI ABSTRACTIONS FROM PRECIPITATION) Hoven Ue aaa ASU aa OQ HYDROGRAPH va rues O FLOOD & ITS ROUTING> ¢s¢ lel oO PNINTRODUCTION Pm aN ele) VAR ULE e le Rel lin Pa eu M Neues Mme ace me col lle nc Ce RAN Ce ee ee atmosphere. PAU ue ees (aT) Tem atte) ke Study of processes such as runoff, precipitation Come tamale odo Study of problems such as floods & droughts & develop strategies to combat them.cy 9 > 3 § 5 s @ £ - WATER CYCLE= sun Tre Seitation S - Clouds 3 w Evaporation Frecipitation erecps Tite rcepton (Wiege) lets a mae tien Recx ="fenveus PAT Eeian. The HYDROLOGIC yee Cwarer ¢verve) SE eeGLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION Pm Rm RO olde ew tM el ce PMR el RU me ol eo ee RO du OD Ree Ae RS eee ae Aa foie OD Ne ea Ce ae ae oD eer ee eee Ceca CO) rn eee Oe 5 eee ee oe a ()<) On —> moisture discharge) inte atmosphere aa ates *) May Se Ce ee Pon ear (R)s) SO ee OR osWATER DISTRIBUTION on FARTH dine Fresh Coma) weer (a4°/) Cs) [Soper] [35 ~tion Km 3] Srecaps & Ground Aurjoce weer ete. glaciers pute, (0-37-) Ce 9%) Ces 77): Aes am By NA Rivers Geet eraanre Cah) (s+) Cs re) ? aPHASES OF WATER CYCLE Hydrological cycle - It is a global Sun driven process whereby water is transported from oceans to atmosphere, from atmosphere to land & then back to sea again. Siac A Net preci [Net precipitation] ory Net evao orati OUR thon thot which (aes a ae PaO dics . sav Se am \ Ce ea TA of te aheouene rac Crag 0r Saar —> Eorth!s inclination about its syn axis (23 Y5) Sea Ome Cc sete eaten ee crednie IN fole A Coa el corey ob as eee ee a ec ree Gey rn lary its dvection MC tart aoon SNL 7 Wane ee rn ) wre i. « T>0 => AS=tve * T=0 2S AS=0 i Cy een Saa nn (Cea +H) a aad R, ears arieg fi, # Soa 7G aes bi a Bibb Say Gaara tee Rat Mer pmLeeZy) Ore iP = a = (se) G.) Cu eta TO Oeste a ra IOC crn men eerae ee eA Uae Deere ame 2) for od Srey ea P-AR-E-T=0 eects ae cen—Kisidence time = RENE Nc Racal i ya Oe CnC pose See o ‘abe Paar aes Cre ne an ere os sa Toren > Lokes > River > a) = On basis TASC actPRECIPITATION > If vapour pressure is more than Saturation vapour pressure. > When temperature decreases, SVP decreases. 8.1. 0 — Io0/, > When Relative humidity is more than 100%. Ru. = ea ees > Relative humidity = Actual vapour pressure/Saturation vapour pressure at a given temperoture ©o.> Actual vapour press #0, ey => Cyvaporat t oom of Hg.) 1a Cy > Evaporation ve Cw Leturation vap. press +e. Dey = Trecipibotion occurs > fraturation deficit = &, -2y micsTYPES OF PRECIPITATION > Convective Precipitation Air gets heoted Krizes up & it gets cooled 40 form clouds » Orogra phic »'.PES OF PRECIPITATION Geelonic Precipitation (pressure lif.) ‘Ti is @ zone of low pressure surrounded by Circular wind motion. Air is forced upwards Northern hemighere ) Syuthera CS Ate cheFORMS OF PRECIPITATION -;,.. Titers Light rain foll < 2-50 Moderate rainfall R5-F-5m mm/h, 1. Rain- 0.5mm < drop size < 6mm Flaovy ronfoll > F5mn/}, 2. Snow - Avg. density = 0.1g/cc , it is opaque 3. Sleet -— Mixture of snow and rain, small pellets of size < 5mm parent ie 4. Hail—Large pellets of size ranging between,5 to 50 mm. 5. Drizzle — Drop size< 0.5 mm, Intensity < 0.1 cm/hr 6. Glaze — Water freezes on contact with cold ground. Trace — Drop size < 0.1mm \endash Drop sizeWLAN OL sO) ed Ol UO) eC ete pa ene ee a ec CCRC Nee cect 1, SYMON’S RAINGAUGE SR ee UC cui) everyday at 8:30 AM. Sey eee et arcane uras RE Ua een eke retea +— Funnel Metal casing Glass bottle (75-10 cm dia.) 1¢— Rim (30 cm above GL) Ground level Fsxx GL ana (inten) 25cm C12 F oom) +Fegt= REG Cee ted CC : 55cm Masonry foundation block 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm }¢+——————60 cm >| Symon's rain gauge zy) Measuring jar (glass) Pee b aren reer ne Caron WE ao Pee pesca PRCMEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION Contionys type /Trtegrating Ragouge Recording Raingauge —> |i meosures variation of Sata PaO fa « Pele NR Sue AERO ic) aries Pe AC i PA eee Pe ae Toa ce Nee StL ee ea) is collected2.Weighing Bucket Type ae ea ee ae lo UTERO ete A>—— Receiving funnel (etal cov Spring balance Revolving drum (chart mounted) lock mechanismMEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION PRES Cay lt) Pee Ru acl Cee PaesRAIN GAUGE NETWORK > Rain gauge density:- It is the ratio of total number of gauges in the foro alas ala om Ugo let Melman Reta LaLa > At least 10% of the stations should be recording type Hala Cte i RUB pong) Y at eae ai 1. Plain area :- 1 station per 520 Sq.km 2. Region of Avg. elevation 1000 m :- 1 station per 260-390 Sq.km 3. Predominantly hilly areas with heavy rainfall :- 1 station per 130 Sq.km Peed eal ee eee aa ar ae omADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE STATIONS Number of raingauge in catchment must be sufficient so that error in precipitation is not more than accepted value. ena ae aay Bed intin 2) Saea = | ECi=Pn)* al Cra a i Ch ae mera) ) Eo ecard of aN Coes Be ca) CauGeefficient of variotivn = CC a aaa —> isused to make comparison of rainfall voriability. — Th counts the veriation ai otal eas lorg a) 4 USE > Narviation— Say ae ast 7 ON et Cr oreo ae a eS oa ates aoa ong ons Area CLAN lhl oa Sand Quality oyQUESTION The average normal rainfall of 5 raingauges in the base stations are 89, To ee wale Bo Ro a eee Ra LE acol elo not exceed 10%, how many additional raingauges are required? re i) Meon ppt.7,.S94 54+ U5 #4U+55 _ po 5 _ Oe pia (Cee ea cee Dea (Eee Ea es DETerET pied Ak SA i SEY A de 1d) as Cee CO erase en OPS a ELE cas els ers Fe Cea Ne oe tae Ter ae Coes qk Ric= rae -Nee (2 zy rena TA < aA Sn enw A NIA — > £ aT Eek) ene EEESTIMATION OF MISSING DATA 2. NORMAL RATIO METHOD If normal precipitation of selected station is outside 10% of that of normal precipitation of missing data then this is used. iron Cina is Oa har ae Oa Ln ea) N,=/00 ee) hot cco Le en 3) eerINCONSISTENCY OF RECORD Theonsistent > Consistent Sudden change in trend of precipitation is termed as inconsistency. i ReleCol Lee of Lor Rolie * Change in ecosystem such as cloud burst, forest fires etc. Peery ao Ue LLL * Change of observer Seem keke seca elon DOUBLE MASS CURVE - It is a technique which is used to remove Riteacut macesa an ee ee a Oe ey ? iret Anconsistest —> Grpistent date eRe Plotted in reverse [latect chromlogical orderPRESENTATION OF DATA SEA Aces a rainfall v/s time Ree A P| Comuletive 6/6 (com) ae ea 5 es ns a oe) \s 304 i re PA Cec ne a 7 ; Gary) 5 = - | al Ci 3. Moving average method > trend of rainfall ma ae eee Car em neoAVERAGE DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION 1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD Pee R Re ool lm alee ym eee le) Role te Pa CR CUnC Tt ct cee te tune CLs eae (ae n nAVERAGE DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION re accurate than 2. THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD erat mean ) > It gives weightage to area. Pia esi) (Riel) el R-Le > It takes care of non uniform distribution of rain gauge. ioe ae ayBie £— Join the stations using straight lines aa non-overlapping 4riangles . Uae ee Cae 2 Axe & Pe nT pny Presser Folygon for Pes cme erry Lean An Pay yee eee ee) * lanimeter > used to determine area cea ee ee RCC Rca TCan INSQUESTION CREM oR eee Ree Penn en kam ce ce Ley Bee RAINFALL(mm) Leno ay PKs outsi le ubside Inside 1 ° 1Renae’ ry oer) _ nea 6 ra} df rinfol ee pe Dee eee SO eA LU SP ere eRe Clee citer eee ee cree eee SY ware) are aes Se os ee ee Cee econ O00AVERAGE DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION 3. ISOHYETAL METHOD mR ete eel RT 1aele PaaS) ee ola iale Vee Maelo Gt accouits Sor aor eine i re A ENiteakeeey > It takes care of non uniform distribution of rain gauge. [nen ees ad Bas Cs OL) Tog ea) 7 aan ac i See. ACea mere ak ) ee a time consuming 2) Pa coe DOE CSC SC aan ae aeQUESTION Be ma Re ae eee ee ee Ecol tenes 105-115 1000 115-135 900 135-155 Find average precipitation using isohyetal method. eae era an (224) ron Bee) 3000 +/954108). 28004 (io5+n5). loo aflis+t85) gun a ra za ee) Foo a Ere ee eeeDAD CURVE —> Th represents areal Cia unm = Depth Area —Durotion curve (Duration constact) (ON cree op era ee (Area constert) ee (ck a P= hen KA] Par eens iors Fisheat ont of rial ot shrm canbe Te arcecetFREQUENCY OF POINT RAINFALL Rainfall data when arranged in chronological order is time series. T= Reccurence interval (Return period) m/NtL m/N cael oa lity of any event : m-0.5/N = ; i aia agli y Eras are Zo 80 ae va ar More the return period, Fisher is the it ceaen oe near Ve “IeBridge is designed for 30 years against 00 yeor fled O 3 Y ue oh a el ar] Fae ee eae POA ea oe aac ad flood occurs exactly Z times? te Ee = 30) 7 aa = BS Ce Fy ) us lity = ¢ aS a Ly ee ii) aan oy aol meres i) mies a c r Oe “ 720 6 nC ai) = = 0-032# Trobability thot event occurs x times out of timer ay - Coreen a y eed eae een) STesign it for 100 year flood a Td ) Selo ee Os ee eae ee a? ES mins aay ae ts Ao Ee ne ee, Cees na re 2 nr a a ce oe a he ed a Ue ae ae tee se ie Pia 16a) eee oe ee ee oa vo ( 7) 30 aay On 1 Crs ieesQUESTION MRR) an eee aane) uci a suns aCe ece) a eee ~ 2005QUESTION DCm Ne Nels ane Formula) Calculate the probability of having PUES Sed mt Ue Cee aa a Ue eee ne can ec eal \ Para eae 100-119.99 120-139, e Aa 0 aeTntessily =Durotion- Frequesey curve - aa Stan Otek Ree eae ea a ia fee ea K,%,a,n—> Constont (Cx ahr nN eg dt a he r oot) (= very Ss rove (@) ie) aa Z5yr RRC) Eee 7 aos ee cee ie av fptca orc& es a eC ee a) a Tey ghorm of giren retura period ae rst CORES u) A d (an) (cel dealt ° i — ‘ el | Sem i ce cee | eySe ee eer a ee oe i ets 7 coal foe 0-30 | Sem 30-60 } Z5em ea EO 90-120 | 0-5em | O-5em } H i Rainfall in ory possible interval Mox. intensity for 30 min duration = 5< Bre) r Orr fe NY Can Te on eee Ty c be i ci Cee) Sener e Aine ra vg oon a ror hr “Duration (mina)Maximum roinfoll thet is observed in ony port of the world - ae ae Somers) rr ers TU ue)