elm Te LOU CaaS arc)DAIRY FARMING 1.1 DAIRY FARMING AS A BUSINESS. idty enterprise, raising Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, of more properly, an animal husba female cattle and buttalos far long-term production of milk. Osiry farming has been psrt of agriculture forthousandsot years, buthistorically it was usually done on.a small scale, Specialist scale dairy farming is now becoming popular to meet the incrénsing demarid af milk as population is increasing day by day, Milk is. vital part of human food which has a great market all over the word due to its nutritive value. Keeping in view the increase in population, the problem of milk shortage cannot be solved tintil and unless government and private sector play their roles to develop dairy farming asan industry, Bue te farm mechanization by farm machinery, dairy farming ismaw changing from a traditional to. commercial dairy farming as a source of income. Dairy farming adds value to the crop farming by: Producing milkand meat By producing natural fertilizer at farm in the form of manure. By using crop farm residues and converting them into milk, meat and manure, which increase income per acre. By optimum utilization of family labour etc. By improving the soil fertility by fodder craps. To have successful and profitable dairy farming we have to choose good dairy farrn practicesDAIRY FARMING .2 GOOD DAIRY FARM PRACTICES — Keep the recammended numberof aninals peracre (3-4 animals per acre). — Select the best available breed of animals with milk production notless then 12 litiday. Don't purchase old animals with more than threelactations. — Better housing and good management play vital rolein milk production. — Provide sufficient and clean place at least 32 sq feet covered and 200 sq feet un-covered per animal — For each animal shed there must bea courtyard double the stre of theshed! ~ Farm must be covered with boundary wall ~ Shed must be simple, comfartableandaffardable with directions east towest. ~ Animal should stay head to head and feeding path minimum 8 feet wide will be in-between the two mangers, ~ There should be a cooling system during hot weather, ~ Adequate drinking water supply with free access to animals. © Proper drainage system, ~ Keep dry, milking, pregnant and young stocks separately. ~ Farmyard manure must be at oneside made properly separate from supply side, ~ Put shady trees alllaround the boundary, LOGIC FOR DAIRY FARMING ASA PROFESSION: D> 4). Bairy farm along with Agri farm increases the farm profitability By using the farm residues like wheat straw, sugarcane tops, rice straw, rice polish, rice bran ste. = Tolinish the weeds, crop rotation between cash cropand fadder is necessary. Itincreases the fertility ofthe land by the useof farm yaret manure _* Optimum utilization of labour 2) Market = Itprovides whole year market day and night + Income on daily basis, which provides cash to fulfil the daily needs of farmers ie. “children dues, kitehon expenses ete 2) Self-employment — Dairy farming provides sell-emplayment at doorstep, especially in our society the small farmers who have their wives and children at home but thereis nojab. ay bill,DAIRY FARMING — They can create self employment by raising the dairy animals at their home where no additional labour is required, 4) Beet value [By the increase in population, beet value and demand is going sky high. The male calves are alsoadding values in dairy farming. 5) New methods To get maximum benefits against the investment of big farmers, new methods have been introduced like mechanization of dairy farming, machine milking, fodder cutter anc temperature control system ote, By the use of improved fodder varieties like multi-cut sorghum and feeding minerals and molasses, production can be enhanced at its maximum, 1.4 DAIRY FARM DESIGN IN PUNJAB: 1.4.1 Requirements of Livestock Housing: Simple, comfortable and affordable with direction east- west lengthwise, Well ventilated and temperature should be mainurined up till 20-30 C” _ Easy to install cooling system, Freeaccess to dean and fresh water, Provision of expansion, To keep shed hygienically clean, should have supply and disposal on opposite sides. Provide stress tree environment Minima labour, maximam control. ~ Quite and calm surroundings — Minimum labour, maximum control. — Manual, semi mechanized ar mechanized system — Low cast of animal housing with simple roof material &.arch door insides,DAIRY FARMING 1.4.2 Measurements for Construction of Dairy Shed Contirm the direction; it should be east-west lengthwise, Constructshed with head to head styleleaving a passage with feeding mangersi Provide sufficient and clean place at least 32 sq feet covered and 200 sq feet un-covered por animal. (But remember this is the minimum requirement; providing m animalthealth and hygiene), Provide 4 feeVanimal space while calculating length af the shed e.g, for a shed of 50 adult animals, the length of the shed would be 100 feet. As it is a two rows shed(headtahead system) and 25 animals will stand on cach side. So, for 25 animals, we require 100 feet tength of shed, site. 1 space is good for Shed Structure Measurements | @ Foieae Feng ate beter to bead toad mows of anima ict 10 F) Feeing Manger imide wath ifort Animal standing area under shed root wth dine behind. Wath from fring mange tothe edpe of cored ace 1 ft @ @ © ide paar bgt fom ground 13:/Aeet ° ° Extended inside pir to suppor ir vent rao, hexght feet ‘Sutse pila, can be with or without arch eight fom ground 12 feet Feeding Manger Depth fromthe feeding ‘able Witt | ‘G1 Pipe with 2 Inch Otameter, postin ‘et feeding manger, 3 tt above the ground Purpose ffo make batrvebetweee anim and focding passave Uncovered area berveen shad fence wall and outside pir of the caver a With 40 feet (Reference: Mechanized dairy farming in Pakistan) Here are measurements of a model chad, one can easily take 9) but consultancy is recommended before any decisionSingle Row Shed (Two Examples)DAIRY FARMING Double row shedNSA GUIS A Low Cost ShedDAIRY FARMING Good Practices In Ideally Constructed Shed Shed Cooling SystemDAN MULL Resting Area With Sand Bunker (Free Stall) Freo stall resting area Keeps the Cow can freely move shed clean and hygiene and sit in free stalls ——= Resting ares Gand bunker! = bung goes dawn, away from sitting area Sitting area Bung and une sgores down the ‘Cows stand with comfort sitting placeDAIRY FARMING FENCING Fencing ts Very Important For Free Movement Of Animals MILKING PARLOR Free Moving Animals Untied animals have Enjoying The Sunshine froe access to waterDAIRY BREEDS To produce good quality and quantity of milk, one must need to keep good breeds of dairy animals, Dairy animals have leaner bodies, good teats and fine udder placement, They are specially bred to produce large quantities of milk. 2.1 LOCAL CATTLE BREEDS 2 SAHIWAL This isknownasthe best milking breed in Punjab, Thisis.a medium sized breed with fleshy body. Female has reddish dun colour where ag male has darker color araund the orbit, neck and hindquarters Thebodyis wedge shaped with finesoftlooseskin ‘Cow has short head and dropping ears aleng with small thick horns, Polled andfoose harnsarealso commonin females. Males have stumpy horns. Cows have black muzzle, eyelids and tuft of tail with 4 voluminous dewlap and sheath, The humpin mateismassive. Sutin female itis normal » Theudder sarge and strong with prominent milk veins. The teatsare of good and uniform size, The tailis long and pointed almost touching theground, Thepolled caw orcow with loose droppinghornsand prominent umbilicus are commonly considered as good milk Producers, Bulls have broad forehead and small eyestike elephant, black muzzle, broad chest and very loose sheath and dewlap, ‘Sahiwal cows have natural resistance against ticks,DAIRY BREEDS CHOLISTANI © Theseanimalsarefound in more dried areas of Pakistan Medium sized animal having white body with brown spots or brown body color with white spots Animals have very loose skin andare much tickresistant, The body is wedge shaped with medium-short head, black muzzle, small and thick homs broadat the baseand tapering blunt at the top; females are oftendehorned. Massive hump in mates but slight in females are the distinctive features of cholistani animals, ‘Their hooves are black and well set, the tail is long with black tuft, the balanced udder and teats are of uniform sizeand length, Cows are raised as dairy animals but their male calves are a source of good! quality meat, Cholistani Cow:DAIRY BREEDS 2.2 EXOTIC CATTLE BREEDS HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN: The origin of this breed is Holland, so itis called Holstein. They are very good high milk yielding animals, Holstein cows havea very large body frame with black and white spots on skin, The animals have the ability to producelarge quantities of milk They can produce 8000 lit. milk per lactation or even more. Short production lives because of the high volume and stress an the udders. Animals of this breed like cool environment and can not tolerate heat well ‘The fatand protein yield of the animals also not very high (3.5% fat and 3.15% protein), Holstein Friesian (Bull) Holstein Friesian (Cow)DAIRY BREEDS JERSEY The jerseys originally from the Jersey Island close to England. The jersey milk has high fat percentage: Themilk of jersey is well liked around the world forits cheese making ability Theanimals have small body with golden fawn colour, Adoptable toa widerange of climaticand geographic conditions, Smallestof the dairy breeds, They also produce good quantities af mitk but less than those of Holstein, They can produce 5000 lit. milk/lactation. High fat and protein contents (5.0% fat and 4.0% protein) Relatively lang production life with 6-7 lactations. They can tolerate heat well Jersey Bull Jersey CowDAIRY BREEDS BROWN SWISS Beveloped in the mountain areasof Switzerland. Theyare considered doing well in high altitude areas. and are tough animals. They have very good feet and legs because of their Landoforigin Theanimalsarequite docile and easy te handle, Acow-can produce S000Iit, perlactation with 4% fat, 2.3 BREEDS OF BUFFALOES 2 Only in Pakistan and India, there are well-defined breeds with standard qualities, Brown Swiss Cow The best known breeds are Nil Ravi, Jafarabadi, Surti, Mehsana, Kundi, Murrah and Nagpur. Nili Ravi and Kundi are the best dairy breeds of buffaloes. of Pakistan, NILI RAVI BUFFALOES. ‘These buffaloes are massive, somewhat wedge shaped animals They aremostly black but often have white markings on their forehead, muzzle and lower part of legs and white switch of tail (buffaloes with such markings are highly desired and popularly called” Punj Kalian”).Some brown animals are also seen They possess medium well-set head with small active eyes and curly horns. The neckislong and thin in females where as thick and powerful in males. Thelegs are comparatively short with good bones. The tails well set, broad at the base and tapering atends that goes upto fetlock ar just below, it hasabig tuft of hair, which may touch the ground. Females have largestrang and well-developed uelder and are generally docile. Quantity of milk produced perlactation is not too high but quality and taste af milkis very good, that's why most af the people in india and Pakistan like ta drink buffalo milk EE hasteDAIRY BREEDS Buffalo Bull KUNDI BUFFALOES Kundi breed is fount in Sindh Province of Pakistan, They have solid black colour. They are massive animals, Thehorns.are smatl and spirally twisted and hence thename*Kund?" The udder is largeand strong and the longevity of production is good. ‘The quantity and quality of milkis more or less same as those of Nili Ravibutfaloes,CALF MANAGEMENT ‘The future of a herd depends upon thecare and attention given to the scientific breeding and rearing of the farm calves. Good dairy herds are raised rather than purchased. Cows well nourished and well Fooked after generally produce strong and well-developed calves, whereas weak and poorly nourished cows give birth to weak and ll-developed calves which are rathor hard to rear 3.1 CARE OF NEWBORN CALVES 2 © Clean mouth and nostrits af calf immediately after birth so that it may breath freely. © Sometimes the newborn calf shows no sign of life. in such cases artificial respiration should be done by applying alternate pressure on rib cage andar inserting a teaspoon in the nostrils and rotating © Feed colostrum within 30-120 minutes after birth at the rate of 10% of body weight (itis roughly 2 lit, for large breed calves.and 1.5 lit. for smailbbreed calves),MANAGEMENT @ Aftor 24 hours, the calf is removed from the dam and placed in a separate pen where it receives milk from abucket, bottle or artificial teat © Colostrum feeding should be continued for first 4 days of lite, Colostrum provides immunity in theform af antibodies, which are protective against diseases. © Cut the umbilical card + inch fram the abdomen and fasten the remaining cord with clean cotton thread and disinfect with tincture idodin or Piadine. © Calf should be marked immediately after birth either by ear tagorby any other means © Start giving fresh water in first 2-3 days, © Protect calf from extreme weather conditions of cold and heat. Proviele moderate temperature of 25-30 © Keepcalf inan individual cage or pen, which should be well ventilated, dry and free from dust. © Give Vit, AD3E 2 mi inj, UM in the first week of age as supportive therapy. & On Second day of life, injectedat 7" day of age in calves of cross breed cows to protect from tick fever. CALF HOUSING > ® After24hours of birth, the calfis removed fram the damand placedin a separate cage. ject Inj. Butalax or Parvon 1.5 ml S/C and Inj. vomec 1 ml S/C should be © Calves must preferably be kept in separate calf.cagesup to the age of 2 months. Cal cages should be cleaned on daily basis. © Shed where calf cages are present should be dry and have good ventilation. ‘Good housing Healthy calves So Lie oS ae Se© Fram 3” month onward calf should be shifted to a stall or pen, Stall should havea floor area 3 ft wideand 4 ftlong for one calf. Add one ft to the length for feed boxes, @ Raise7-1ealves per pen. & Maximum age difference between calvesin each group should not exceed 2-3:month © Pen should be disinfected regularly, CALF MANAGEMENT 3.3 GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CALVES © Dehorn calves up tothe age af one month: ‘Give one teaspoonful of mineral mixture (Milk Booster) daily. Start feeding mineral mixture from 3° day of age and continue tothe three months af age for healthy growth © Beworm calf after six months of age: Oxafex 1 mV10 kg of body weight © Tick control schedule should be followed to avoid sudden deaths of young calves especially for crossbred cow calves, a) 8) ° Cypermethrin or Ecofleece: 1) Tmt liLofwatertobath thecalves. 2) 3:5 mV/t lit. of water for spray in shed. Spray should be repeated weekly for consecutive weeks. Its better to spray at evening time. Inject iwome-1 ml $/C and dutalaxarParvon 1.5 mlS/Cper calf permonth. Try to eradicate the ticks from farm premises. This cauld be done by searching ticks around midnight in farm, Ticks come out of their living places in lines. Seareh the living places of ticks ancl destroy these by putting cypermethrin on the living places of ticks. A small passage of water around the farm can alsorbe a best way to keep the ticks away from farm premises.CALF MANAGEMENT ® Treat white scour with Biarroban powder and Scaur-X oral suspension, Vaccination schedule should be followed. © First vaccination should be done at the ageof weaning Death rate should nat exceed 10%. A Soparate-calf in calf cage Calf cage at Sarsaby dairy farm, Pakistan 3.4 CALF HEALTH > Success or failurein rearing calves depends te a.great extent on the farmer's attitude to the calves and their ability to react promptly to the various signs shown by calves. Do not let your senses idle when haridling calves as many problems can be picked up by close attention. Calf pen should be visited twice daily and any unusual change in the behaviour of any-cal{ should benoted keenly Before ane can recognize sick calf, one must know how healthy calves react, This allows being on the alert for changes in calf behaviourbefore clinical signs of disease become obvious. ial aS my SZCALF MANAGEMENT 3.4.1 SIGNS OF HEALTHY CALVES: © Calves charging on their kneesand running around the pen are healthy. se Such calves rest ina position with feet tucked underand headsbackalong the body. © Theyappear relaxed with regular breathing. % e@ Some healthy calves may also rest flaton their sides Calf in calf cage Good calves 3.4.2 SIGNS TO LOOK FOR e® Each day look twice over each pen of calves. © Forthe first ten days of age, check the naval area for signs of inflammation. © Be morespecificand havea keen look over individual calves and note any unusual change, © Sickcalves often havedry noses and higher body temperature. © Listen to the breathing sounds if acalf found lazyand dull in the pen. Calves resting in the corner of pens, with their heads turned away from other calves should not be ignored, Get the calf up. If it stretches, it is okay. If it does not, it may require furtherattention, © Sick ealves show general disinterest, become dull and depressed, lack vigour and often do not move when approached. © Any calf showing some or any of these sings should be isolated in a separate pen and treated accordingly.CALF MANAGEMENT 3.5 KEEP RECORDS: > - _ © Milk and.concentrate intake record should be maintained, © Body temp, should be recorded in suspected calves to assist with diseases diagnosis. 3.6 DEWORMING OF COW CALF 2 Dewarmingis anly passible by adopting the deworming schedule, which is as follows: | Months Types of worms [ Dewormers May-June Round worms and Lung worms Oxafax-1ml/3-5 kg body weight July Liver Fluke Nilzan-1 m/3-5 kg body weight August Liver Fluke |_Nizan-1 ma-5 kg body weight 3.7 CALF FEEDING > A good plan of nutrition will make the calves healthy and provides them immunity to resist against diseases. It also helps to attain puberty at an early age so the return of the capital will be quicker. Feeding should be planed from the first day of calfs life. Following are some important points, which should be keptin mind while making calf-feeding schedule, Calf cages with fresh fodder and water sup ROL 1 aCALF MANAGEMENT © Feed colostrums within 30 min-2 hrs after birth at the rate of 10% of body weight (itis roughly 2 lit. for large breed calves and 1.5 lit. for small breed calves).Colostrum has ingredients that immunize the calf against diseases. Atbirth, the ealf’s rumen is small and not fully developed. At this stageiteanrt digest roughages This rumen must therefore be stimulated te develop by giving the calf some dry feed along with milk. © Introducing rough ages and concentrate in the diet of calves at an early age will help in early ize B- establishment of microbial population and develapment of rumen; thus calf can synthe complexvitamins and proteins from simplenitrogenaus compaunds. All concentrates increase acidity in the rumen of calf and may damage the mucosa of rumen. To-avoid this acidity, good quality of forage should be given at 15th day of his age. As the calf graws older, the quantity of milk being offered to calf should remain same as itis a way of stimulating the calf ta increase its dry-meal intake as its feeding requirements increases At the age of three months, the calf started to consume adequate energy and protein through calf starter and good quality forage.CALF MANAGEMEN Breed | Atbirth |Att inom a.2 moth |At3 month Amen] ar2mnont| ALT year Buffalo 35 44 $3 | 62 107 152 197 Sahiwal 24 33 az 51 15 132 172.5 Breed 26 35.6 45.2 54.8 99.8 144.5 189.8 Jersey 25 45.7 66.4 87.1 132 VIA 221 Friesian as 53.5 64 74a 128.5 182.5 236.5 ase TEN GUIDECALF MANAGEMENT Gee eee) Duration of Age Feeding Fist 4 days of life © Colostrums 10% of body weight and fresh water in small quantity, ws Quantity of milk will remain same. 2 it at morming and 2 Iit-atevening up tothe ageot7 weeks. © Gradually decrease quantity of milk by 20% per week, from T* week of the age to three months. From 3” month of age, calf will be allowed only to suck the teats only for let down 8° -90" day of life of milk, (Growth pred SM Per |. Mineral mixture (Milk booster) one teaspoonful from 3" day of age, tobe given dailyup till 3 monthsoftheage. © As the calf attains one week of age, offer him the calf starter, mineral mixture & good quality forage. Fresh clean water should be freely available to calvesin their pens or cages. -& On 15" day of age, feed his mothers qurgitation material to. calf for2days, © Feed concentrate 1-1.5 kg daily. 10" th af life eid Feed green fodder of good quality with CP value 14% of It is very important period : total mixed ration. Sag teeciing +9 formales as <& Startmolasses feeding from 6 monthsafage. female genitalia develops © Milkis given only forlet down from udder. during this period. I Buffalo and cow calf shall achieve daily minimum 500 gm ‘growth during this period body weight up to the achievement of 300 kg body weight. is poor or extremely high, @ Follow vaccination schedule. Calves should be vaccinated at this will negatively affect weaning. the females and age of puberty maygetdelayed. | Note: Roughages alone arenot enough to abtaindesired results inthis ageforgrowth, Eres is QECALF MANAGEMEN 3.8 FEED FORMULATIONS FOR CALVES 2» 3.8.1 CALF STARTER ‘An ideal calf starter contains 20-23% DCP (Digestibte Crude Protein} and 70% af TON (Total Digestibte Nutrients), ‘The compositions of different calf starters are given below: Formulation # 1 Formulation # 2 Cotton seed cake 20 parts | Ticake 30 parts Fish meal 20 parts | Meatmeal 20 parts Crushed/presse Maize SOparts | Cnushedpresseu oatwbaitey aM parts Wheat bran 1Oparts | Rkcebran ‘VOparts Formulation # 3 Formulation # 4 Linseed meat 30 parts Groundnut cake 30 parts Dried skim milk powder 30 parts Fish meal 10 parts Cnushed/pressed barley grain 40 parts Crished/pressed maize 50 parts Rice bran 10 parts ‘The constituents can be replaced as given below. © Barley can be replaced completely by maize and partly by oat, sorghum, millet and rice polish of good quality. © Ground nut cake can be replaced by linseed meal, tl cake, cotton seed meal, soyabean meal, © Rice brancan be replaced by wheat bran ormaize bran. In 100 kg calf starter of any formulation following may be added, © Molasses 5-10% © Mineral Mixture 5-6% See aCALF MANAGEMENT 3.8.2 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CALVES DEP. Digestible CrudeProtein CP Crude Protein TON Total Digestible Nutrients é __|_tgrmeday) | 1 100-200 10-15 ws 200-280 15-20 VS2 280-350 20-25 225 350-400 25-30 3.8.4 CALF MILK REPLACER Vitamins (ADE, K&B Complex) Lime (Calcium)HEIFER MANAGEMENT 4.1 CARE OF HEIFERS. > © Heifer must have suffictent body weight and size at the age of puberty, From 12-20 months: Feed normal green fodder with 25. qm mineral mixture. From 21" month to the age ‘of puberty (in breeds with late puberty): Feed normal green fodder plus 1 kg concentrate plus 35. gm minerat mixture daily Early breeding will not AGE OF PUBERTY reduce the herd life F Helfers Estimated age | ody weight panies dertiRey cate of | a cttets heifers 24.36 months 300.350 kg ao be 70% OF) sahiwal heifers 18-24 months 250 kg Cross bred heifers | 12-18 months 300 ka | For minimum calving problems, bred heifers to a bull rated for slightly smaller BODY TS (FIGURE IN KG calves. atfat bith | Sabo yan" ewe ae] acute Buffalo | 3040 kg 180 350 | 500 sahiwal | 25-30kg | 150 250 450 30-35kg | 200 350 600 X BreedHEIFER MANAGEMENT 4,2 CARE OF HEIFERS FROM BREEDING TO CALVING © The genetic ability of a call is determined at conception ® Proper management of heifer during her pregnancy especially during two months before she {reshans. This also affects the future productivity of the heifer. © Keep accurate record of breeding date, service sire, health and expected date of calving © Follow a herd health program, pregnancy diagnosis and disease prevention. © Regular deworming and vaccination. © Shift the heifer trom heifer herd to dry cow here! betore 2 manths of calving, ® Start concentrate feeding two month before calving @ 1 ¥ kg daily © Mineral mixture feeding should be started 30-50 gm daily from 5” manth of pregnancy and stop minerals feeding 15 days before calving, 4.2.1 GOOD PRACTICES OF BREEDING © Buffalo breeding season starts when daylength isdecreasing i.e. fram October onward whereas local cowbreeding season starts when day length is increasing ve, from April onward, © Heifers should weigh about 60% of their mature body weight when bred, © Fertility ratio should be 70%or above, © Prerequisites to achieve better breeding and fertility results of 70%, © Minimize stress especially heat stress to achieve better breeding and fertility targets. © Alter calving there should bre no negative energy balance at least up to 8-10 weeks, Itis most important period especiallyin crossbred cows, © Mineral feeding is important both for dry and milking animals to achieve required targets in breeding, 0 Use Alservices at farm, '@ To achieve puberty in heifers at proper age, strictly follow feeding program given below, ‘Special care should be given to feeding during 9-12 months of age, asitis very critical period, © Buffalo heifers attain puberty at later age than cattle. But by good feeding practices, the required body weight of 300 kg and the early puberty.at24 months of agecan be achieved. © The good feeding practices are good roughages plus 1-2 kg concentrate plus mineral mixture along with deworming and vaccination at right time. enue 39 f eS GyHEIFER MANAGEMENT 4.3 RATION FOR BUFFALO AND CATTLE HEIFERS ‘Age (year) | Body weight (ia) | Green fodder (ha) | Straw tka) [ Bry matter (ko) 1 160-200 15-20 05-1 34 WAS 200-280, 20-25 12 a6 15-2 280-350, 25-30 12 67 225 350-400 30-35 23 78 | 335 450-500 40-45 | as 9-10 | GOOD PRACTICES TO INCREASE REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF HEIFER AGES OF PUBERTY Crossbred Heifers 12-18 months Local Cow Heifers 18-24 months Buffalo Heifers 24-36 months (__ Ifheifer does not show signs of heat after attaining age of puberty ‘) Inj. AD3E 10 ml Inj. GnRH (Delmeralin) 2 ml UM “After this, look for the signs of heat and inseminate the heifer, inseminate buttaloes with good quality semen after 12 hrsof the start of heat and inseminate cows with good quality semen after 12-18 hrs after the initiation of heat signs,HEIFER MANAGEMENT 4.4 SIGNS OF HEAT: » © Swelling of vulva, © Mucousdischarge © Restlessness, remain standing with ather animal mounting her, © Mounting an other animals ® Drop inmilk production © Bellowing 4.4.1 POST PARTUM ESTRUS (HEAT) Induction of post partumvestrus helps to control calving interval, ® Provide good feed with grain after parturition. © Givemineral mixture (Milk booster) 80-100 gm daily. © InjectGnRH (Delmeralin) 2ml VMat 14 days after parturition © Ifanimal does not show signsof heat then inject Dalmatin or synchromate © 2ml VM at 45-50 days after parturition Itisthe no. of animals pregnant out of total adult animals, Pregnancy rate af herd should be 90% for successful farming. Following measures could be taken to achieve 90% pregnancy inthe herd, Give balanced total mixed ration, Mineral mixture (Milk Booster) 50-100 gmdaily, ‘Timelyinseminate the buffalo 8-12 hours and caw 10-18 hours after heat, © Avaid orminimizestress to theanimals. 4.5.1 Factors effecting the pregnancy rate and intra calving interval © Feeding to the animals © Late puberty orimpropergrowth © Seasonal disease oratherstresstotheanimals Heatdetection Deficiency of minerals Anoestrus (animal nat showing Hormonal imbalance heateycle) Insemination technique aguer oe IADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT 5.1 GOOD PRACTICES AT DAIRY FARM 2a». © Adult animal mortality should natexceed 1%, Average daily milk production shouldbe at feast 10 liter (3000 liter perlactation), Calving interval should be 12-14 months. Fertility rate should be minimum 70%. ; Good green fodderavailability throughout the year with legumes and non legumes together. Minimum labor and maximum control through best farmdesign and partially mechanized farm s activities Rotation of green fodder throughout the year Farm economics for best practices, ‘One man (labor) for 15 animals. Practices for breeding & Animal should be bred within 90 days after calving, 9 ‘use good semen and follow Al practices at farm, WEE oes aa CTE ON GUEADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT © Injection Delmaraline 2 mI VM is recommended after 25 days af parturition. © Environmental high temper jure in summer cause early embryonic death, so parturition in December and insemination in February is better, © Plan to inseminate after two month af calving (which is the best time for heat). It can be achieved by proper feeding to avoid negative energy balance during eight weeks after freshening, ©. Give mineral mixture to avoid deficiency of minerals and vitamins during two months after calving ‘© After calving with in a week, Inject 8 ml of Selenium and Vit. E injections for reproductive efficiency, Mastitiscontral ‘9 Maintain complete cleanliness and hygienic conditions of the shed because 80% mastitis cases occurdue to poor hygienic conditions of the shed, ‘©. Surf test (3 teaspoonful in 250 ml water, then mix equal quantity of milk an! solution) is to be done monthly to diagnose the sub clinical mastitis. © Dry Mastitis tube er long acting antibiotic PPS 2 times in a week, This therapy should be given at the time of drying andone month before calving, ‘© Teat dipping after milking should be done (take bromosept solution of 9 ml in 1 liter water) especially during stress period and raining season. © For subclinical Mastitis eantral: 1. Vit. Cof Abbott Company:40 tablets daily oF ammonium chlaride (60 gm) daily (2 times. i.e, moming + evening) 2. Garlic 250 gm in one it. milk kheer for 5 days (morning + evening). ee (un TO GantADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT (© Milking of first ealver should be done first then adult and lastly diseased ones. © When animal is under stress, give Vit AD3E 10 mI injection once » month as a supportive therapy. © Mineral feeding tips: z ‘© If farmer is not feeding mineral mixture then it is essential to give S am daily phosphors to buffalo especially in winter (| kg of S, S. phosphate dissolved in 3 kg water remove supernatent fluid) isenough for 15 days for ¥ buffala, Alfalfa is rich in calcium and low in phosphorus so it is better ta give additional phosphorus When you feed buffalo with alfalfa or micalfalfa with oat or ricebran, © Oilseed cakesarerich in phosphorus ‘© Vit A60000 IU, Vit D'120001U, Vit E 150-409 IU daily are needed for adult animals especially When green fodder is of poor quality. (© Drycow have substantial requirement of Vit A, 0 & E; 0, administer nj. Vit. AD3E 10 mi/Mto dryanimats monthly for reproductive efficiency. © Feed grains to animats when lush green berseem is fed for long time during winter to avoid milkctewer, © Deworm 5 days before freshening, © Start grain feeding one month before freshening with ' kg daily. It helps to avoid off feeding problemsof animals after calving. (© Niacin (Vit, 83)6gm daily, start 7 days before freshening and continue 2 months after calving for moremitk production especially inhealthyand high producer animals. © Inject once 8 mi selenium plus Vit. E for reproductive efficiency after calving, © PreventionofHemog!. © Copper sulphate2 gm per animal (one timein a month) orally alter dissolving in water. . (© Onceina month inject 10 mlof Vit. ADE UM. . © Mineral mixture 100 gm daily to milking animals and 50 gm daily to dry animals, then there would be no need to give any other mineral or DCF It will increase milk production and also minimize disease at farm by strengthening body defensesystem, © To avoid heat stress during summer keep shed cool by putting mist with fan or free access far bathing of animals in water pond. tt will not only increase the milk production but also minimizes many diseases at farm. urea aes Tao SSS ae* ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT Nutrition © Green fodder: 10%of bodyweight © Dryfodder: 10%of green fodder © Concentrate: Tg for every 3 liter of milk © Harvest fodder at pre-flowering stage to get maximum nutrients and maximum milk production at lowcost © Nosudden changein ration © Balance the ration by maximum balancing through green fodder plus supplement for economical ration balancing, Itwill be helpfulif one feed green fodder by mixing legumes and. non-legumes together. © Feed concentrate to the animals after caughages feeding or feed roughages plus concentrate mixed twice adoy (© High yielding animals should be fed veith mixed balanced ration plus yeast 20 gm daily to-avoid negative energy balance. Record keeping © Itis important to have control on losses and make better planning of fodder availability, animal selection 8 culling andte calculate yearly profitability of the farm: itis good practiceif farmer have two weeks training on animal husbandry practices 5.2 CARE OF DRY AND LATE PREGNANT ANIMALS The dry period should bbe considered as a start of new lactation, rather than an end of an ald lactation. An effective dry period program can greatly increase the health and production capacity in next lactation. Provide dairy cow and buffalo with a dry period of 6-8 weeks and 8-12 weeks respectively, Dry period is required to repair worn mammary gland tissue and build up body reserves for energy, protein and minerals. Dairy animals deprived of a normal dry period may have a reduced production during the next lactation, The best drying off procedure under most ae EEPDO MAN UM NANG ayo conditions is te gradually increase milking interval period. Stop concentrate feeding five days before fast milking. Alum (50 gm daily for 3 days after heating an a hot plate) isalso very good for deying off the lactating animals. © Disinfect teat ends.and treat animals with dry mastitis therapyatthe timeof drying. © Separate the dry animals {ram milking herd for proper ration balancing - 5.3 GOOD PRACTICES > . © Drycows have substantial requirement for Vit. ADJE for reproductive efficiency. © Vit and selenium reduce the incidence of retention of placenta, metritis, cystic ovary and improve the reproductive health, Inject 7-8.mV/month WM. © During the last four months of pregnancy the mother has additional requirements due to the fast growing calf, © An addition of 1.5 kg concentrate plus mineral mixture 50 gm daily to the maintenance ration should be started two manths before calving, Mineral mixture should be stopped 2 weeks beforecaiving, © Deworm the animal 5 days before freshening. Requirement of Cattle and Buffalo During The Last Four Months Of Pregnancy [esis i) DEP fom) TON tk) Dm intake (ka) | 350 340 3.40 9410 400 365 3.80 1012 50 400 420 13 : 500 440 460 1245 550 470 5.10 146 : 600 500 5.50 15518ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT Combination of Different Fodders for Dry and Late Pregnant Animals ‘A few practical rations for different seasons are presented! here (Figures kg of fresh matter) Dry Cow Dy + (500k) Late Prognaney| liter 6 % B-Fat 20 20 20 20 15 20 30 35 2 3 3 3 © o o 2 20 20 40 40 5 10 wz 15 a 4 3 3 o ° 0 2 20 35 40 40 5 10 15 6 5 6 6 5 0 0 0 3 Hy 3B 35 60 60 5 6 5 4 0 o 0 3 0 20 0 0 0 10 Not 5 5 5 Pomble 4 5 5 20 8 50 cy 5 6 3 0 0 0 a 3 5 20 30 40 5 5 20 5 4 5 2 0 0 o o 3 Fra 30, 50 ca 4 5 3 2 CS cake 0 0 a 2 Sorghum hybrid 20 25 35 50 8 Cowpens 5 0 15 15 Wheat straw 3 3 3 0 5 cake o o o 2 Maize 5 5 40 a5 10 Wheat straw 5 4 z 2 8 cake 0 0 0 2 Note: Add mineral mixture for dry and pregnant cows, @ 50 gm daily and 80-100.gm for milking animal, San a eeADULT ANIMAL MANAGEMENT 5.4 CARE OF DAM 5 100 days of Transition Period It starts 30 days before calving and goes to 70 days after calving. This period is important from milk production point of view'in coming lactation. Ithas four phases, Phase # 1 (Begins drying off to 21 days before calving): Dry off the cow, Give dry mastitis therapy. Give normal forage with 12% crude protein. Give 1-2 kg concentrate daily. Give 60-80.gm calcium and 30-40 gm phosphorusdailyand givetrace minerals, Limit salt intake to 30 gm daily, sees oe Phase # 2 (Close up dry cow period, starts 21 days before calving) ‘Start grain feeding 2 to3 kg daily. Increase crude protein to 15% in ration, ‘Limit added fat 100-150.4m daily, Feed daily3-5 ka long forage. Reduce supplemental sodium. Add anionic salts to prevent low blood calcium level. Add yeast culture 10-50.gm daily. ‘Add Niacin 6 am daily, Drench with propylene alycol (225 gm) oF calcium propionate (150.gm), if sub-clinical Ketosis is occurring © Stop feeding all minerals supplement 15 days before calving. eseesescau Phase # 3 (Begins at calving and goes up till 14 days after calving) Feed gaod quality long grcen forage (5-8 kg) daily along with chopped fodder (35 kg). Maintain a healthy level of fiber and avoid high starch levelsteading 1 off feeding risk, Giveun-degradable protein and digestible fiber, ‘Supplement yeast culture 20:50 gm daily. Give 12.gm of Niacin daily. Give propylene glycol 225 gm or calcium propionate 150gm. Give 150gmoil daily mixed in feed. eeeecenADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT Phase # 4 (Starts fram 14" day and ends at 70” day after calving) ® a ° Feed requirements of Dam up te six weeks after parturition Feed high quality forage. Provide source of un-degradable protein like fish meal 80-1 00 9m daily, Increase grain energy gradually (maximus Yi kg daily). Limit the supplemental oil not more than 200 gm daily. ‘The peak of milk yield in any-case isa severe stress for the animal. High yieldinganimals nevercan take in as much energy as they lose due to milk production during the first sixweeks after parturition, The animal then can mobilize body fats for keeping up the milk productian to a certain extent, and loses ‘weight during this period and may suffer with unwanted changes in liver, ‘Once the milk yield has dropped because of a deficient energy and protein balance aver a longer period, it will never reach the previous level, no matter, haw much is given to the animal later on. Feeding fo calves at early age (6-8 weeks) is of much importance, to keep them ina good condition, growing and to-be bredatthenormal time for follawing cycle, 5 GOOD PRACTICES Isolate pregnant animal-10 days before expected dateof calving Animal should be kept in clean bedding and put rice straw instead of sand or whoat st Givesoftand green fodder with 1-2 kg concentrate. Donot givedryroughages, Moderate exercise for half an hour daily, Feed Niacin (Vit, 83) 6 gm daily. Start feeding 7 days before freshening and continue for 2 month after calving. It helps more to increase the milk. production in healthy animals from 1"to a" lactation. ® Do not transport animal or take from top to step down places. (liken step down water pound) to avold complication like torsian of uterus, © Observe the animal 2-3 times a day inlast few days. © During last few weeks, extra care should be taken by keeping the animal on proper floor to.avoid vaginal prolapse. © Invease of vaginal prolapse, truss should beapplied, © Teavoidudder oedema, use diuretics, © When signs of parturition appear, ligament around the tail and pelvis relax andl calf will born within one-hour, © Afternormal birth, the dam will become alert and will be willing to-eat and drink with in 1-2 hour aftercalvin ee SaADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT Do not draw whote the milk from the udder after the bitth of calf, ® After calving up to 15 days only energy source is recommended (wheat cut, wheat bran and molasses) and concentrate with protein source should not be given (like cottan seed cake), 5.6 CARE OF LACTATING ANIMALS ‘ Complete recard of expenses on fodder, medicine, concentrate, machinery, labour ete, Record of milk production, animal breeding, herd strength should also be kept and yearly balance sheet has to be established. Animal should be tagged Proper dairy shed design has to be constructed. Dairy shed should be hygienically clean with proper drainage and clean floor For sanitation of the shed, uselime or KMnO4 or phenyl Animal should have 24 hours free-access to clean fresh water. Protect the animals from extreme weather canditions especially during summer since animal can produce maximum if shed temp is 10-20 C” Grazing should be avaided after 10:00 AM during summer Incase-of but buffalo and cows, shed have mist spray with fan for cooling during summer. alo, for bathing animal should have free access to water pand, for cow or both for Common salt should be available all the time in themangers. Fix place and time for milking with equal intervals between the two milkings uring the ly season (March and October), animal should be in water pond at sunrise and sunset to protectagainst fies © Deworming and vaccination schedule must be followed to have cheapest disease control at to have lowest death rate tee b 32 KesADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT Milker's hands should be clean and free from lesionswounds ‘Quarantine measures for newly purchased animals for 7 days before entering into the herd. Deworm the newly purchased animals for endo and ecto parasites. Vaccination against FMP and HS should bedonebeforeallowing them toenter into shed. 5.7 FEEDING REQUIREMENT OF LACTATING ANIMALS 5.7.1 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS: ; During the first two months of lactation, proper feeding of animals plays a major role on its following milk production and breeding cycle. Buffaloes have a more flat curve compared to cows, Where as cows show sudden peak in production after parturition, then milk yield declines fast campared to the buffaloes, For this reason it is slightly easier to meet the requirements of buffalo during the peak lactation as compared to highyielding cows especially fr crossbred caws. 14] 13] 10 Milk per day . 7 1 5 Months H the animal is provided with good quality fodder as much as she can take plus-concentrate as per requirement for mitk production plus maintenance plus growth during the first two months after parturition, the total lactation yield will be much higher and waill have less breeding problems as compared to those who received poor quality of fadder in the initial stages of lactation, 5.7.2 NUTRITIONAL FACTORS RELATED TO MILK FAT: ‘The milk fat is widely influenced with nutrition. Lack of energy and protein decreases the milk fat as well as the milk quantity. Crude fiber of high digestibility is veryimportant for high milk fat. Immature ‘or F over mature fodder will provide less digestible crude fiber, Digestible crude fiber should be 20% of ‘the ration, which can be achieved only, when the bulk feeel is fram green fodder, which has to be cut at flowering stage. Higher or lower quantity of crude fiber than 20% in the ration can negatively ‘effect milk fotpercentage.ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT 5.7.3 FEEDING AT THE END OF LACTATION At theend of lactation, any excessive supply of energy should beavoided. ‘Animals in good health condition will hardly face problems during parturition. ® Animal fed according to the requirements will be able to build up enough body reserves and will not suffer from the negative energy balance during the first sixweeksof lactation. 5.8 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY ANIMALS Maintenance requirements are always to be seen in connection with the body weight. 350 220 2.70 400 245 3.10 | 450. 280 3.40 00 300 3.70 | 550, I BO 4.00 | | 600 360 425 |ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT 5.8.1 ANIMAL MILK PRODUCTION Buffalo Sahiwal Cow 290 3500 X Bred Cow. 305 4500 5.8.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR LACTATING ANIMALS These are based on the protein and the energy requirements of the animals far the production of one liter of milk. The protein contents of milk remain almast the same where as the fat contents varies considerably, Nutrient Requirements for production of 1 kg of Milk Fat % DCP Gm TDN 3.50 43 4.00 46 4.50 48 5.00 3 5.50 54 0.40 6.00 57 0.43 650 60 0.46 7.00 62 0.48 oa _ a eyan EGON GO ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT 5.9 CONCENTRATE FORMULATIONS FOR MILKING ANIMALS se Winter Summer [Green | ® Ka | ko | ko | ko | Ko | Ko | ko 1 Cotton Seed cake o 7 oO 8 8 0 o ” 2 Rape seed cake s oO 0 6 10 5 s 3 Dall kara 0 15 16 10 7 1s 10 4 1s 8 oO 5 o | o 6 1S 7 8 | Rice parkly 9 | micepotisn o | o | ws | w|i | ws | 30 10 Wheat bran o o 0 0 o 0 10 Ww Pulses outer shell (sorri) 10 15 9 20.5 15 20 Ws 2 Molasses: & 10 as 10 15 65 20 13 Urea o o o 1 1 a 2 14 | Mineral Mixture z [3 | 3 [2/3 [3 1 1s Yeast os os Os Os os Os os Total 100, 100, 100 100 100, 100 100, © We have taken assumption that farmer is feeding 30-40 kg barscem daily +other straw, © We have taken assumption that farmer is feeding 20-30 kg sorghum + straw daily. ‘Note: Ory matter taken by the animal is not more than 3% of its hody weight.ADULT ANIMALS MANAGEMENT 5.9.1More Concentrate Formulations for Milking Animals Formula # 1 Formula #2 Formula # 3 Mineral Mixture Total Proven TON EaScmpenet Cotten /Rape/Mastard/seed cake Wheat brand Molasses: Salt Mineral Mixture Mineral Mixture 1 Total 100 Protein 17% TON. 50% eeCes any EERO CE STRESS MANAGEMENT 6.1 STRESS MANAGEMENT DURING SUMMER 2 © Its always better to provide fresh clean water 24 hauts for drinking freely accessible to the “animaisn the shed There shall bea manger in the shed with clean water. Oncea week 3 Kerlime (after cooling ih the water manger will keep the water free fram green grass. = Keep animals under shade since if ambient temp is above 20 degree centigrade animals start to suffer with Neat especially high yielding animals (%- bred cow) suffer more, ‘Shed design shall be east to west with cross ventilation, For animals-cooling, water mist spray by spray nozzie under pressure with fan on side (1200 RMymin} in shed can help a lot. Fan to-fan distance 30 feet and nozzle-to-nozzle 15 feet. Incase of buffalo shed, the second option is there shall be free access af animal (24 hrs) to attached water pond for free bathing, Shed must be kept clean and dry: drainage must be kept clean in working order especially during rains. For sanitation of shed use lime or patassitsrm permanganate solution spray, Common salt should be available-all thetime in the manger. © To protect the animals from flies in July and August, spray Ecofleece on the backbone of animals at2to 3 weeks intervals, Free access to water can reduce stress level to a greater extentSTRESS MANAGEMENT 6.1.1 Feeding during high summer period. © Feed early morning and lateevening, © Feed good quality green roughages mixed with concentrate having less grain but more cakes id barns, © To high milk yiolder feed oil 120 grams daily by mixing in the roughages or concentrate (Half of this morning and half evening). Seda bicarb can also be fed 100 grams daily by mixing in the Foughs or concentrate, With concentrate feeding one can mix 60 gm liquid daily oF 30 gm dry yeast daily for better digestion. Feed 80 to 100.gm mineral mixture daily to milking animal. 6.2 STRESS FACTORS ON DAIRY ANIMALS & RECOMMENDATION FOR ITS CONTROL STRESS FACTORS Heat factors (when environmental t ‘goes above 32 C*) during May to ‘ond September [ RECOMMENDATIONS Shed design, cross ventilation, free access to clean water, ‘water pond in side the shed for free bathing or mist spray with fi Rainy season ‘Cleanliness, good fodder and feeding caving Follow precaution ¢ mentioned for feeding and give supportive vit. ADE injection, Peak Productian There should be no negative energy balance and ‘mineral feeding should be proper, Sudden change of fodder Gradual change of fodder & concentrate minimum in 10 days period.RESS MANAGEMENT When animal in heat cycle Must be properly fed and mineral feeding btave heat cycle should starts. Disease Proper vaccination and feeding schedule to be implemented. Woim infestation Regularly deworming with changing dewormer and. drinking water source must not be contaminated, Transporting / Shifting of animal ‘Avoid transportation in stress period and when animal isin late gestation. Horn, foot and toe enlargement ‘Regutarly trim if you see enlarged. Stress of Vaccine ‘Give supportive feeding for ane week and select Proper timing, ‘Stress of early calved! heifer (Negative oneray balance) Never allow negative energy balance to animal and ‘give proper mineral feeding, Wet BeFODDER AND FEEDING 7.1 ANIMAL FEEDING REQUIREMENTS DEPEND ON FOUR FACTORS. 2 1, Maintenance requirement (bodyweight) 2. Production requirements (Milk production } 3. Pregnancy Requirement. 4, Growthrequirement 7.1.1 Principles of Animal Feeding. 1. With high roughage, give high protein «.g with Jawar / Maize (35 kg ) give oil cake and meal which are richin protein. Give bone meal for calcium & phosphors 50 to 100grms daily. With barseem / Lucerne , give high energy feed , maize and oat . Give phosphors source singlesuper phosphate 100 grmsdaily 2. Feeding total mixed cation to cow / buffalo is a good practice. 2nd option is the mixture of concentrate plus mineral should be fed to cow and buffalo inaddition to forage. 3. As per thumb rule , one kg concentrate far 3 kg milk is enough for cow where as in case of buffalo, 1 kg concentrate for 2.5 kg mil 7.1.2 Important tips about feeding 1) Economical feeding (Molasses feeding) 2) Feed lequmes plus cereals or grasses is considered accept 3) Harvest fodder when havemaximum nutrients eat flowering or pre flowering stage: 4) Harvestfodder afternoon 5) Iffodder change is to be made, it should be gradual in two weeks. 6) Whentemp. changes to <5 or >35.C, animal feed requirement changes 7) Feed roughage plus concentrate mixed together as ration, 8) During summer, feed when itis cool 9} Give oil of fat 100 to 120 grams daily to the high yielders, mixed in ration especially when thore is temperature stress of belaw 5 degree and above 35 degree,FODDER AND FEEDING 7.2 NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS AND ITS IMPORTANCE > 7.2.1 FEED Food isa combination of water, protein , carbohydrates, minerals ® vita Which isrequired for maintenance of growth and production of animals. 7.2.2 COMPONENTS OF FEED Water is 70% of bodyweight. I is a good source of energy . e.g. Maize, Sorghum , Grasses , Wheat, Rice, oats, millets & Molasses It is required for growth of the body . It contains Nitrogen . Its source are Barseem, Lucerne, Guara,Jenter and oil cakes, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium etc. These are required for theanimal body. 5) Vitamin: These are necessary part of food . in rus Produced by ruminal flora . In ruminant important feed additives arevit A,D3 &E 7.2.3 Principle of feeding for Ruminant wants these are ‘Variety in Ration Variety in ration adds to the palatability provide minerals & vitamins & ‘trace elements as a result digestibiityimproves 2 No Sudden Change ‘Sudden change in feeding often causes digestive disorders . Any InRation change in feeding must be slow and gradual . A change af major fodder component like change from Barseem to Jumbo or from Maize to Barseem should take place avera period of at least one week 3)RegularityinFeeding Any marked change in routine will lead to restlessness as a result milk production is decreased The time of feeding should be distributed evenly so that the animals are not kept too fong without food 4) Application of Concentrate should be given twice a day or mixed with raughages . Concentrate aoe aFODDER AND FEEDING '5)Water Application 1. Animal should always have free access to water . To produce fone titer of milk, animal requires at least four to five liter of ‘water Drinking water shouldbe free from faces, urine and parasites, 2. Watershould be fresh at 25 cand shallot besaltyor blackish. (@)Environmental Factor ideal temp 5 22 c, Bolow 5 cand above 22 ¢ will affect its digestion . 1 below 5 «, give non fermentable energy source like oil if temp goes abave 35 ¢, give oil to animal as additional source of energy especially 10 those animals which are at peak milk production. Table: Chemical analysis of feed Ingredients Baya ‘ats lack grams Maize ‘Green grams Sorghum Wheat ‘Cotton send coke Cotton seed meal aru seed cae Sunflower Seed cake ape Seed cake ‘Maite gluten 20% ‘Maize gluten 30% ‘Maize gluten 60% Thee poling MolassesFODDER AND FEEDING 7.3 MOLASSES: > Molasses is a by product of sugar beat and sugarcane industries, energy. INcontainabout 700.qnvkg dry matter one of the cheapest source of 7.3.1 Importance of Molasses feeding 1. Molasses is the cheapest source of energy during green fodder shortage ( October, November and May, June). makes the dry roughages palatableand more digestible Itkeeps the body condition in good shape, First 1 kqof molasses with 4% urea provides energy to ahimalequalto 1.5 kacatton seed cake, Ithelps to fulfil shortageof potash in wheat straws, Rice straw, mare and sugarcanetops, increases the milk production (rom 15 t20% along with fatand meat. It helps te maintain reproductive system healthy Urea with molasses . @ Sourceof Protein : Increases fermentation process in rumen so the digestibility of dry roughage improves @ Lignoceliuloses bound in straw is broken and digestibility of straw increases from 20 to 50%, 9. In silage making if one uses molasses it will improve to silage quality but keep dry matter contentsof silageat 35%. SNA whwH Average composition and nutritive value of different concentrates on dry matter basis Table: 96 Cotton seed cake 20 86 Rape seed cake 32 a Wheat éran 9 70 Rice polish a 80 Maize Gluten 40 aa i eee SS SeeFODDER AND FEEDIN Concerning above said value of TON (Total digestible nutrient) from different sources, Itis very clear, molasses has the highest value of TON If we campare cottan seed cake and molasses regarding TON and Cost wise molasses will bethe cheapest source of energy, Cotton Seed cake 1 860 Molasses 1 960 7.3.1 METHOD OF MOLASSES USAGE 1) Mixequal quantity of molasses with water. 2) Both Moming &Evening equal quantity should be given tothe animals. 3) It should be started from 250 gm / animal / day and gradually increased upto one ka / animal / day morning and 1 kg fanimaliday evening according te the animal production and roughagesdryness. 7.3.2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES 1, Molasses should be given always with fodder, roughages (Dryonlyor dry + Green). 2, Store in well clean drum with albig hole, Drum should be free (rom mobile oil and Diesel, 3, Molassesshould not bedrenched with drinking bamboo to avoid drenching pneumania, 4. Water should be offeredin excess to animal 5. Molasses should not begiven to calvesup to theage of 6 months 6. Molasses should not begiven to horses and donkeys.FODDER AND FEEDING 7.3.3 MOLASSES FEEDING TRIAL PERFORMA Centre Name: MCSName: Date: Farmer Name: TotalLactating Animal: “4, Before Trial NoAlame of Cow/ Buttalo ‘When Calved Fodder Name & QTY. ‘Wanda Nomed& QTY. Morning Milk Vol Fat Ue Evening Milk Vol fa Lk 2. Feeding Trial a Feeding Group. After 10Days. When 1 kg /day Morning Milk Vol Fat Evening Milk Vol Fat 2 Observation ‘Water in Take, Fodder in Take Defecation Farmer Remarks After 20 Days, When2 ka/day, Morning Milk Vol Fot_____ AR EveningMik Vol Fatt @ Observation Water in Take Fodder in Take. Detecation Farmer Remarks After 30 Days When 2 ka /day, ‘Moming Milk Vol. Fat. un ‘Evening Milk Vol Fat ue 2 Observation Water in Take Fodder in Take. Dofecation Farmer Remarks BSFODDER AND FEEDING SILAGE MAKING > Silage making is an economical way to fulfil the deficiency of Green Fodder to animals in Green Fodder scarcity period At the same time, itis a good tool ta preserve green fodder with its: max. nut tional contents, when surplus green fodder is available TARA Fodiders Which can be Used for silage making Silage the best preserved fodder far animals 1. Maize, Sorghum and oats 2 Silage can be made of green Rice Straw , Sugar Can top and Maize stem with molasses spray to have desired sugar contents @ Harvest the Maize or Sorghum at 25% flowered stage when itis an his peak production or with ‘too much availability @ Fodder should be dryupto sucha level that it cantain 65% moisture @ Cut the fodder . let them as such if required to have 35% dry matter and then chop the fodder by chapper ® Dig a PIT tor one cre App.19 feet long, 8 feet wide and 3 feet deport feet long, 10 feet wide and 3 feet deep( abou 450 cubic feet ) for an average crop of one acre fodder. Pi should be oma place where rainwaterean natgo It should be arrow at base and wider on tap. Fill pit in such a way that at the end itshould havea shapelike heap Take a polythene sheet which can cover bottom of pit, its wallsanditstop @ Make one foot high layer of fodder, Spray molasses containing 4% Urea to make it moist @ Press itasmuch as possible with the helpof Tractor armen, © Makelayers and press on each stage © Caver it with polythene sheet (coming from bottom) and cover it with clay @ Use itany timeafter40 Days Green Foe tor 7.5.1 ADVANTAGES Silage making Provision of nutritive fodder during shortage days ® Provention of spoilage of excess fodder or avoid to over mature the fodder in the field ane Sa ewFODDER AND FEEDING mewhenitismaximum, Jo preserve the nutritive valueof green fodder at right \Weean store more fodderin less space (Fadder of oneacer in 19x8 feet area) ‘over come labor prablem eevee Te over come fodder cutting problem in nom: favorable climate (During rain) @ Animalstike it "7.5.2 PRECAUTIONS © All process of harvesting , chopping and putting fodder into the pit has to be completed in one day and close the pit @ Press the fodder as much as possible to make it air tite @ Usethis silage any timeafter40 days @ Make sure that fodder used in silage should contain app.65% moisture @ Try to preserve green part of fodder (leaves) as much possible Silage opening @ Put sand bags on plastic shoet to keep it in place after closing the pit Opening of pit for feeding @ Opentrom one side and cutlike you cut cake @ Cover wi silage h plastic the open end after slicing the @ Feed Ist day in small quantity (2 Kg /animal)mixed with other fodder OR just putting in manger at evening and then gradually increaseits quantity | 7.5.3 CONSTRAINS @ Hugelaboris requieed whilesilage making @ Silo Pitisrequ fed which istaboriousand expensive @ We need machinery if we want to make it on large ale Cow eating Silage @ Due to fermentation it smells and some people do not like itssmell ree Met orocotFODDER AND FEEDING 7.5.4 SILAGE BUNKER © Yo assoss the requirement and size of bunker, itis very important to ki quantity of green fodder inside. the amount / © Theassessment of sizeand measurement of bunker is basic and important for expert © Thebunker must bein accordance wheretractor can move upand down. Note; 1 cubic feet of bunker can hold 25-30kg of green fodder (pressed) ‘ Height Maize OatFODDER AND FEEDIN 7.5.5 HOW TO FIND MOISTURE LEVEL IN THE GREEN FODDER FOR SILAGE MAKING Moisture level should be at least 60-65 %in the fodder torsilage making 1) Take some (chopped) fodder in hand and press good for silage making, if it gives wet fecling to hands-fodderis not 2) If chopped fodder looks like a ball and maintains its shape-even after opening of hand and aives wet feeling to hand-not good forsitage. 3) Qn opening your hand, if (chopped) fodder is not like 2 rounded ball and loose its shape and doesnot give wet feeling / maisture to hand-gaod for silage making 4) On pressing the (chopped) fodder, if it does not shapetike a ball-good for silageas well EneFODDER AND FEEDING Preparation of sail Seed / Acre Sowing Time oe) Fertilizer / abaya « acre Viton sere Lo in Time Eduction cllFODDER AND FEEDING 7.8 FODDERS. » 1 2 3 Forldersaredividedin to two groups © Legumes - Whicharerich source of proteins. Example: Barseem, alfaaifa,quar,jinter, cowpeas, sersoon and ryegrass Cancentrate which are source of proteins are oil cakes, meal, pulsesand maizeg © Cereals or non legumes Example: Sorghum, Maize, Millet , Oat, Sugarcan top , wheat straw, Rice straw, Maize stove, Baja Napier kal mar grassete Concentrate which are source af carbohydrate or energy . Grains like maiz seed sorghum seed, paddy , Molasses and Fodder has to be cut when it has maximum nutritional value i.e at flowering stage Young and old (late after flowering) fodder have law nutritional values. Always feed fodders by mixing both legumes and non legumes likeFODDER FEEDI j 7.9 FODDER CROP COMBINATIO! 1 | Barscem + Wheat Straw Barseem + Sarsoon @ 2 | Barseem + Oat © | traseem + Alfa alto ® 3 | Barseem + Sugar can top | sarghurs + Matz 4 | atieem + Maize oF gy | Setghum + fice or Sorghum Silage wheat straw g 5 | Alfoaifa + oat Jinter + Compeas or guar Alfa alfa + Wheat straw 1 | atta alta + Cowpeas or quar |] Al Sugar ain top ‘Sarghum or maize + Do tia [Napier hybrid | Wheat or Rice straw + | Alfa alfa + sorghum or maize Banra Napier Hi Sorghum or male + Cow 9 | pester guar 4 10 | Sorghum + guar or jintar | ala alfa + Baja napier hybnd ‘olor mar grass 8/8 rs] 12_| Sorghum + janter Barseem or Alfa alfa + Maize Stem & 14 | Millat + Guar 15. | lta alfa hay + sorgum or mai B/8\|8 16 | Qats + Sarsoon or Turnip. pannaA 77Chapter 7 ‘unr exTRON IEFODDER AND FEEDING FODDER CALENDEAR SUMMER CROPS | Sra ce ee ers —=z=z Eg [mar | apr | may [sun | an | auc | sep | oct | FODDER CALENDEAR WINTER CROPS | —FODDER AND FEEDING ‘Cowpens (arly Bloor) 15.07 265 |z2.12[ 105] 4530) 1.20] 048 | 7.43 . ‘Cowpeas (ful Bloor) wa0 [125 | 178 [34.68] 1253] 3855) 149 | 026 | 061 ‘Guara (Full bloom) v8 [v9.50 | 217 [2751| 1603|3475| 0.72 | oss [2.22 Jantar (warty born) v0 [7021 | 503 [2021|e5z [46.03] 106 | 038 [026 Jantar (ol bloom) 325/195 | 451 [zani|osa [azs8/o [oe lucerne (early vegetative) ‘390 [300 [izzy] az.t6| 108 | 023 | ae owcern (vegetative 387 222 toucern (earybloarn) 2a 163 TLoucesn (ull loo) Er 154 ‘Manze (oar ull bloom) 192 131 ‘Maize (mak staged 239 [azio] ear |as.c4| 047 | 049 | ost ‘Maize (ate eum) 2 025 | 024 | 024 Oats (early bloom) 203 ot | o29| 120 Oats (ful Bloom) 129) ats (mk stage) 17 Sadia Bahar(eaily vegetative) an ‘Sola BahariMih stage 1a Sadia Bahar teary bloom) Serghue (mk stage) Sugar Gan Tops 328 Borseem + Rape 79 Berscem + Ihe grass 100) Bersver + Oats a Bersger + Oats 1409 ‘Maire + Rape 1856 Maize + Sugarcane opr | 25.56FODDER AND FEEDIN Table; Animal (Buf) in milk & fodder availability Cotton + Rice growing area 120 100 ao 60 40 20 0 Table: Animal (Buf) in milk & fodder availability Maize + Sugar cane growing area o ‘Now | Dec [et | | | = |e fees vali I I re | => Animal in milk fodder availability ager _—GiarerTNon ceFODDER AND FEEDING ttle Amount of Groen fodder awutticlenn Farmers eut barseem ald wares in Dee fertilization right at the bottom and January Beryeur ts covered Siow rearonth |g | sudden cai stess with rape star eaten cus | in December Second ait of arvcem ; iersecrs rach ‘apessu together ben HOW THIS PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED ‘THE PERIOD OF DEC. AND JAN, To bridge the fader gap in the cold season, The options are given below, ‘Option 1 Sow burseem / Oats mixture starting from 15” af Sep. @ 1° cut will be ready after six weeks at the beginning of Now, 1B 2° cut will be roady at the beginning of Jan. @ Sufficient qty at both cuts in case of N-Fertilization after the 1" cut WeOption 2 : Sow pure Oats field in Sep © Oats field is ready in Dee and January FODDER AND FEEDING © Harvested Oats field is ready for sorghum hybrids in Feb / Mat Option 3 : Sow Pure Rape or mustered field in Oct. © Pure rape or mustered field és ready in Dee and Jan, © Harvested Oats field is ready tor sorghum hybrid in Feb / Mar Option 4: Silage of sorghum & maize in September can be used in Dee & Jan, REASONS FOR FODDER SHORTAGE IN MAY & JUN Fader grown on oor quality of land Good tand occupied | , | Fodder grown in the |_, | Late maturity fodder by cash crops stable of wheat ‘cut to0 early Shortage of Irrigation water in summer Buffaloes are at the ‘end of foration in summer Farmer feels, buffaloes don't require much fodder Shortage af fodder in May & JuneGee ‘mer eS CUE FODDER AND FEEDING THE PERIOD OF MAY AND JUNE IN PUNJAB. 1. Grow early maize in February and March , which could be harvested at the end of May . ‘This option was recommended far a number of years, but can not be recommended any more because, Demerits 2 Minceds too much irrigation , which farmers do not like to give. 2 Severe attack of shoot flyin March is very frequent. 2 Production costs are very high in case of optimum cultivation because it needs high fertilization and plant protection, 2. Grow sorghum/ sudangrass hybrissstarting from 15th March to theend af May Merits and Benefits ~ This option is recommendable because. “J. The first cutis ready after 6 weeks cultivation , when barseem is over. Ly Insecticides like Neem powder or other normally used insecticides in lower concentration will be helpful 4) tease of shoot fly attack or stem borer, it will never kill the plant , but only reduce the yields and it will take longer for the plant to mature. )) Another advantage of sorghum hybrids over maize, that it can grow in saline Soil sow cowpeas ( lablab} from 15° March to middle of August. This option is recommendable again and followed best in combination with option 2 Benefits _) Its growth isvery fast it needs less water, J Costof production is very low, bttle fertifization is sequired J It fits very well in the existing cropping pattern of the cash crops, €.9. Cowpess can be sown after wheat, after Cowpeas Paddy can be transplanted, Farmer do not need any additional land for fodder THE PERIOD OF OCT AND NOVEMBER Barseem is not ready to harvest when summer fodder Sorghum , maize and guar are finshed. That period of searcityis shart and last for only three to fourwecks. Option: 1. Sorghum silagemade inJuly, Augusteanhelp, 2. Sow milletand maizein made Augustand mix sarsoonin millet alongwith first watering , 3, Leave last eut of Bajra napierin late August which will beavatlablein first week of October,FODDER AND FEEDING Options for different Rations ‘A few practical rations for differemt season will be presented hare, The figures express by kg fresh mater ‘Combination Berscem coats frye Wheat strave cS cake Berscem Sugar can top Wheat straw CS cake 6 6 s o 3 35 60 | 60 6 5 “ o o 3 20 40 | Not Rape 10 10 10 | Possibte Sugar ean tops 5 5 5 Wheat straw 4 5 5 @ | Sorghum 20 25 so | 60 Wheat straw 5 6 3 ° cS cake o 0 o 3 7 | Sorghum 15 20 30—«| 40 Cowpeas 5 5 20 1s Wheat straw a 5 2 o cS cake o o 3 | Sorghum hybrid 3B 30 so | 60 Wheat straw 4 5 a 2 CS cake o 0 oO 2 © | Sorghum hybrid 20 2 | ‘Cowpeas 5 0 5 3 ‘Wheat straw 3 3 3 ° CS cake o 0 o 2 76 | Maize 5 28 ao | a8 ‘Wheat straw 5 4 2 2 CS cake 0 ° ° 2FODDER AND FEEDING ‘Animal feed per Acre from different Rabi and Kharief fodders RABI FODDERS Crop No, af days crop Production tha) | scone soit Burseem 180 (Nov Ap) 40900 4 lucerne 365 40000 z Oats 60 (Dee Jan) 18000 3 Sarsoon 69 (Nov Dee) 10000 z KHARIF FODDERS No, of animals fed on crop ‘No. of days crop Production (kg) ete animal Hybride | 60 — Killed vaccines ~ Live attenuated vaccines Killed Vaccine: Killed vaccines are prepared from the microorganisms that have been killed with chemicals or heat. ‘These vaccines cannot cause an infection, but they stil can stimulate a protectiveimmune response. Microorganisms are inactivated with chemicals such as formaldehyde e.g. vaccines of HS. and FMD. Live Attenuated Vaccines: ‘This type of vaccines are prepared from the naturally occurring microorganisms (bacteria or virus) itself. The microorganisms used in these vaccines are weakened (or attenuated) by growing them: ‘over and overin a laboratory, Vaccine of anthraxis an example of live attenuated vaccines. Some other types of vaccines like Recombinant DNA vaccines, Gene deleted vaccine and live vectored ‘vaccines have also been developed but these vaccines are not yet availablein market.Iwmuinityis the defense mechanism of animal's own body, which protects the body from infections. immunity is of two types: 1) Innate (Natural) Immunity 2) Acquired immunity Innate (Natural) Artificial ‘Natural Artificial mantitton —‘colosturt Serums “Naturally present in the body of an animal from birth, which protects the animal against certain diseases e.g. a butfaloisnaturally immune to New Castle disease (disease of poultry),VLU aA Yee el VA ito) 8.1.2 ACQUIRED IMMUNE Immunity which an animal gathers from external sources ¢.g. vaccines, serums and infections. - ‘Acquired immunity is divided into two types: 4) Active immunity: : Active immunity is further subdivided into two types a) Natural Active Immunity b) _Antificial Activeimmunity a) Natural active immunity: This type of immunity develops after a natural infection &.g.an animal gets immune to theletiasis tor3 yearsafter having an infection of theleria. 6) Artificial active immunity: This type of immunity is produced by the administration of woccines. It gives protection against specific diseases for a specific period of time. Vaccines can provoke effective, often very specific, long-term immunity Passive immunity: Passive immunization involves the production of immunity (antibodies) in one animal by: active immunization, followed by transfer of these antibodies to susceptible animals to ‘confer immediate protection, Passive Immunity is a short-term immunity and provides immunity only for few days. Passive immunity is also further subdivided into two types: a) Natural Passivelmmunity b) Artifical Passive Immunity a) Natural Passive Immunity: The transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring va the ‘placenta or colostrumis the natural (and very important) form of passiveimmunization, * |b) Artificial Passive immunity: This is produced by the administration of serums e.9. FMD serum and Anti-Tetenus serum, 2 ‘The process of generating immunity in the body against infectious diseases by the administration of any external substance oF infectious agents is called vaccination and this external substance which contains the causative agents of that particular disease in five or killed form is called vaccine. Vaccines pravide immunity against infectious diseases, immunity develops 14-21 days after vaccination. When properly used, vaccines are highly effective in controlling infectious diseases. It is worthy to remember that the use of vaccines does not guarantee the 100% protection from the disease. This is only a preparation of animat's immune system to fight against the disease when itis required. eee ey 2 VACCINE AND VACCINATION,IMMUNITY AND VACCI NATION . Immunity Duration: Longer SDOTRE Immunity Power ‘Strong ee . Shel Life in refrigerator | 2 Years ars Dangersatey wat wo day aerate ney late pcce” stonsenunaing [ESE ama e | gee emumeree= Vaccines camtalso be categorized on the basisof carrier substances like water and ols, Water-based vaccines: In those vaccines, water is uséd as carrier substance e.g. VRI HS and FMD vaccines. Oll-based vaccines; In these vaccines, specific oli used as carriersubstancee.g, NIAB HS vaccine, Immunity is determined in terms of titre. A high titre means strong immunity and a low titre means inderstanding, ‘weak immunity, Here we will cal titreas power of immunity for easy u TABLE: Immunity Duration Immunity Power Average % Shelf Life in refrigerator | 2 Year 2 Year Danger/Satety Safe Better to inject deep intram- Uuscular injection as it can cause benign tumer (cancer) at the site of injection. If mistakenly injected to.a human then imme- diately consult the physician, Brotect from light i Stoemtiaitiog 4106 temperate Protect from light, Keep at 4-10 C temperature Booster Dose* Alter 21 days After 3 months Repetition 3-6 months 9-12 months. * Asa thumb rule, booster dose of both type (water and oil-based) of vaccine may be given after 30, daysof fist dose. oe EeeIMMUNITY AND VACCINATION see 5-ml for large . ws |e ell) aacier |||" Se. | semonth VR le 23 for HS ere small animals Buffalo HS oil Large animals co adjuvant |May-June| 30ml vial | 3ml&small | sic | & On Year NAIAB 42m Buffalo 320ml FMD VAI | Feb-Mar 5-mi for large lonawcenal—& | PH" | a zamitor | sic ates | é month Emo | Sep-ocr| 200M" | sma animals ey 2m for large Cow, FMD eee AnyTime| 10m viat| 8 tmitor | sic | $408 | on Year era small animals elt AFTEBIN | ary Time] 200m! ees sc | CO | on Year (Dyntec) bottle na Buffalo ents 3m . (VR) Flurry 3 mlvial wm | a Rabies. |(single shot)| Any Time} Imi vial & Animals | On Year . fabicin Om! vial | sic (Mesia Bq | aq | April ami |_9 | pata, | on ear Mar-Apr Anthrax| Anthrax | & before tml sic | fow8 | onvear Antumn —— peeIMMUNITY AND VACCINATION 8.6 PRECAUTIONS OF VACCINATIO ~ Animals should be in goad health condition. Never injectvaccinetothe diseased animals. ~ Deworm theanimols, if worms are present, a few days beforewaccination. ~ Keep vaccines at 4-10 temperature and protect fromlight. — tis better toinject vaccine at morning oF evening times to minimize stresson animals. = Inject Iwomec 3 days before injecting tick vaccine. Give booster of tick vaccine after 3 ‘months and repeat annually. Imizole have the ability of stenlizing any antigen within 90 days: of its injection, So, do ‘not inject live vaccines e.g, babesia and theleria vaccines during this period, Remember Imizole does not have any effect on killed vaceines so, vaccines against FMD and HS can be injected during this period. 8.7 ADMINISTRATION (OF VACCINES ( ~ Must see the expiry date before administering vaccine. — Do not apply any antiseptic solution at the site of vaccine injection. — Inlarge animals, vaccine is injected through sub-cut or deep intramuscular routes. 8.8 VACCINATION OF NEW BORN CALL Vaccinate the new born at 15° day of life. Inject vaccines against HS and FMD on the same day on ‘opposite sides of neck Give booster dases of both vaccines after 21 days (in case of waterbased vaccines) of 3 months (in-case of oil-based vaccines). After this, vaccinate the calf regularly on annual orbiannual basis depending upon the typeof vaccine. — Passive immunity is not transformed from dam to calf in buffaloes and cows through placenta. It does transform from colostrum but it protects calf only for 7-8 days. So, we: should inject vaccines of HS and FMD at the age of 15° day of life as there would be no. threat of inactivation of active immunity by the passive immunity as no passive immunity is present in the body af calf after 10" day of life: — Yeecination against theleria should be done at 8 week of age but vaccination against babesiashould be daneat 12 week of age, BSNTITAA 93IMMUNITY AND VACCINATION 8.9 VACCINATION OF NEWLY PURCHASED ANIMAL > Newly purchased animals from markets often have traveling and overcrowding stress. Such animals, should be allowed to take rest for 3 days in a comfortable place so that they may become stress free io (Stress is usually after long distance traveling, short distance traveling doesn't exert much stress upon. animal), Deworming of these animals before vaccination is also recommended. After ceworming, Vaccination against FMD and HS diseases is done on same day. Booster dose, after 21 days (water based) or 3 months (oil-based) of priming (first) dase, must be injected. After boaster animals should be vaccinated annually or biannually depending upon the type of vaccine. — Many killed vaccines along with one live vaccine can be injected at the same day to the animal but two or more live vaccines.can not be injected at same day. Amang the vaccines available in Pakistan, only Anthraxvaccine islive vaccine, allather vaccines are killed vaccines 8.10 ADVERSE REACTIONS OF VACCINATION. 2 ‘The more common risks associated with vaccines include residual virulence and toxicity, which may ‘cause injection-site reactions, allergic responses, incomplete inactivation, disease in immunodeficient animals and neurologic complications, Vaccines that contain killed gram-negative ‘organisms may also contain endotoxins, which can cause stress with fever. Although such a reaction isusually onlya temporary inconvenience to males, it may be sufficient to induce abortion in females. In general, itis prudent toavoid vaccination in pregnant animals. Use of antihistamine drugs like Avi 1, ‘Meproson and steriodes (Dexamethasone) is recommendedin case of vaccinereaction, 8.11 VACCINATION FAILURE 2) “Whenever, an animal get disease even after having been vaccinated against that disease: This called ‘vaccination failure, 8.11.1 REASONS FOR VACCINATION FAILURE — Administration of expired vaccines. ~ Presence of unvaccinated animals in aherd. — Aneffective vaccine may fail ue to unsatisfactory administration, For example, avaccinemay be inactivated as a result of improper storage, use of antibiotics in conjunction witha live bacterial ‘vaccine, chemical stenlization of syringes, or use of antiseptican skin. 2SIMMUNITY AND VACCINATION — Vaccine may not be effective because it contains strains of organisms that are different from the disease-producing organisms, — Administration of vaccine in calves while they are taking passive immunity from, their damsin the form of colostrum (during first 7-8 days of life). A — Presence of any medicine in body, which can suppress the effect of vaccine e.g. aminoglycocides, cephalosporins. Administration of vaccine other than recommended routes may also affect efficacy. = fan animal is having the disease before vaccination, the vaccine may not be protective. = Vaccines also can fail when the immune response is suppressed, eg, in heavily parasitized ‘or malnourished animals (such animals should not be vaccinated), Stress, including pregnancy, long traveling, extremes of cold and heat, and fatigue or malnourishment, ‘may reduce a normal immune response. — The immune response, being a biologic process, never confers absolute protection nor is equal in all individuals of a vaccinated population, Because the response is influenced by many factors, the range in a random population tends to follow a normal distribution: the response will be average in most animals, excellent in a few, and poor in a few. itis difficult to protect 100% of arandom population by vaccination. ‘Mace Flt Convest Incorrect ‘Administration ‘Aamenivivaton Inappropriate Death oftive Administered (0 Route veccine —_panively protected ' eal ‘Aina ‘nia a S sesponds Wo respond Viecine given too late, Wrongatiain ——onpratectve ‘anita aleady infected or orgarsim used antionn useIMMUNITY AND VACCINATION 8.12 MEASURES TAKEN DURING DISEASE OUTBREAKS. > HS Outbreak: Inan ovtbroakat HS diceasein a village, wehave to treat affected farmand village separately. Affected Farm: Diseased animals: Isolate theanimals and provide proper trest ment. — Healthyanimats: Inject vaccine against HS along with long-acting antibioticse.g. Ampicillin. Avoid injecting immunosuppressive antibioties in this situation, immunosuppressive = antibiotics are Chloremphenicol, Gxytetracyclines and sulphadimidine. Rest of the Village: Inject vaccine against HS along with longacting antibiotic e.g. Ampiaillin, FMD Outbreak: ‘Affected Farm: Diseased Animals — Isolate from the healthyanimals: -— Inject FMD Serum @ 50 mlirrespective of age or Take blood from a recently recovered animal from FMD and transfuse to the diseased animal. This is also very usoful to treat diseased anithal but following thing should be considered before administering blood to animal: — Recovered animal should have faced the diseaseat least 1 month before. = Inject at least 300ml blood to the diseased animal. flood from animals which have suffered from FMD can be taken and stored in refrigeratorat 4 C after the addition of EDTA.as anticoagulant. This blood will have a shelf life of ‘6month and during this period this can be transfused to any FIMO affected animal. Healthy Animals — Inject FMD Serum @ 50 ml inespective of age — Vaccinate against FMDUVLO ae AY C@l eau TO) Rest of the Village: stonly vaccinate the animals against FMD — Have a keen look on animals vaccinated in this situation, if aniy animal show signs of disease then administer FMD Serum @ 50 ml irrespective of age. 1) Never store vaccine outside the refrigerator and always protect from light 2) Always. 3) Always read the label of vaccine and follow the directions given by manufacturer, insport vaccines in a box having ice in it 44) Always see the expiry date of vaccine. 5) Never inject vaccine to the diseased and immuno-compromised animals 6) Do not inject vaccine if passive immunity is present in the body. 7) Always keep antivallergic drugs with you at the time of vaccination 8) New born calves should be vaccinated at the age of 15° day of life against HS and FMD, 9} Always inject booster dose to calves and the animals being vaccinated for the first time. 10) Follow the reqular vaccination schedule,DISEASES OF DAIRY ANIMAL How to deal animals with disease 9.1 CASE HANDLING » Following are some points, which should be followed while dealing with a case of diseased animal. This willhhelp to make an accurate diagnosis. = History © General Inspection = Physical Examination © Tentative Diagnosis © Treatment 9.1.1 HISTORY: History is very important part of case dealing and helps a lot to make a diagnosis. While taking history use simple language for communication to farmers and ask simple questions, Before taking further history, first of all be sure about the species, sex, age and physiological state (e.g. pregnancy et.) of theanimal. Then ask the questions like = When disease occurred? = Anysignysymptoms observed? = Any unusual change in fodder intake, water intake, milk production, urination, defecation and sweating ete? © Ask about feeding, what animal have eaten? Any changein normal diet? © Incase of aherd, ask about theno. of affected and non-affected animals. © Anypriortreatment given to affected animals? | Askaboutany control measures, vaccination, and hygiene etc. 7 9.1.2.GENERAL INSPECTION © Look for the general behavior of animal; dullness, depression and disinterest of animal in the ‘environment are indications of diseasesiliness, | Abnormality of voice should be noted. Soundiess bellowing is commonly seen in cattle. Respiratory sounds coming out of lungs are very commonly and easly found in respiratory tract diseases. = Observe the feed intake attitude of the animal and also observe the left over feed in the -manget and compare it with the previous day or with the daily routine of the animal, It is ‘important ta determine the total amount of feed, thatanimal is eating per day, © Observe thedefecation pattem of the animal. Look for constipation ordiarthes. Wire weDISEASES OF DAIRY ANIMALS "© Observe the colar of urine. Red colored urine is seen in PPHb urea or babesiosis, Also note the ‘way animal urinate. Urination would be difficult when there is partial obstruction and completely absent in case of total obstruction of the urinary tract. it may be painful in case Of inflammation of the bladder or urethra. = Abnormal posture is not necessarily indicative of disease, but when associated with other ‘signs it may indicate the siteand severity ofa disease. s Skin abnormalities can usually be seen at a distance. It includes changes in hair, wool and abnormal sweating. 9.1.3 PHYSICALEXAMINATION: Head: The facial expression may be abnormal, The rigidity due to tetanus or maniacal ‘expression due torabies, swelling below the jaw may beinflammation asin lumpy jaw: “or rigidity of tongueasin wooden tongue disease. IF there is enlargement or swelling of the throat as in HS disease and some inflammatory conditions due to injection of some irritant injectables e.g. Oxytetracyclines. Respiratory rhythm: (the normal respiratory cycle consists of equal length phases, inspiration & » 2 3) a) Abdomen: expiration.) Prolonged inspiration is usually due to obstruction of upper respiratory tract and prolonged expiration is due to failure of contractile movements of lung tissues, In dyspnea, respiratory movements became more prominent; there is extension of head and neck and dilation of the nostrils to make easein respiration. Abduction of the:elbows and breathing through mouth, increased movements of the thoraxand abdominal wall Loud respiratory sounds, Respiratory noise includes coughing due to irritation of the pharynx, trachea and bronchi, Sneezing due to nasal irritation and wheezing due to stenosis of the nasal passages, Variations in abdominal size are usually appreciated during the general inspection of the animal. An increase in size may be due to the presence of excessive feed, {luid, feces or the presenceofa fetus,DISEASES OF DAIRY ANIMALS External Genitalia: Gross enlargement of the prepeutal sheath or scrotum is usually inflammatory in origin. Discharge of pus or bload from vagina/penis indicates infection of the urogenital tract. MammaryGlands; Abnormal size of udder suggests acute inflammation that may lead to atrophy or hypertrophy of the gland Temperature: Normally the temperature is taken per rectum, it is taken with the hetp of thermometer, ensure that the mercury column has shaken well down. As per general rule the thermometer should be left in place for one minute along with index figure of the technician. It is also necessary that the thermometer must touch the rectal mucosa to get accurate temperature of ‘animats rectum; for this purpose we have to tilt the thermometer to left or right side, If it will be in the center of the rectum then it may show false temperature that would be from the fecal material Increased body temperature due ta environmental heat is an indication of hyperthermia that may then ead tobeatstroke, Hypothermia isa subnormal body temperature due to environmental factor i.e. when there is too much cold environment, Due to hypothermia the animal may become ‘unconscious. ‘The pulse should be taken from the middle coceygeal artery (at the base of tail, or facial artery (at the upper side of face), or sub-mandibular artery (at the inner side ‘of themandibular arch) in cattle