Processes 10 00857

processes
Article
Structural Safety Analysis of Cantilever External Shading
Components of Buildings under Extreme Wind Environment
Cheng Lv 1 , Wanjiang Wang 1, *, Zhe Wang 1 , Pingan Ni 2 and Hanjie Zheng 3
1 College of Architecture and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China;

lvcheng@stu.xju.edu.cn (C.L.); wangzhe5699@126.com (Z.W.)
2 College of Architecture, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China;
ryannico@xauat.edu.cn
3 MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; 2018323050015@stu.scu.edu.cn
* Correspondence: wangwanjiang@xju.edu.cn
Abstract: The high intensity of solar radiation and long sunshine time in the Turpan area lead to the
necessity of sunshade construction. Sunshade components can effectively block direct solar radiation
and the secondary heating of buildings. Through the analysis of the importance and sensitivity of
sunshade components, it was found that the importance of sunshade components accounts for the
largest proportion of multi-parameters, and the sensitivity of sunshade components accounts for
about 60% of the total. At the same time, the change in sunshade length has an important influence on
the proportion of air conditioning energy consumption and space comfort when the sunshade length
reached the 0.6 m–0.8 m range. The energy consumption curve of air conditioning no longer decreased
and tended to be horizontal, which showed that a sunshade could effectively reduce the energy
consumption of air conditioning, while the PMV comfort curve gradually increased and tended
to be horizontal, indicating that a sunshade could effectively improve indoor comfort; therefore, a
sunshade could reduce direct solar radiation, reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning and
Citation: Lv, C.; Wang, W.; Wang, Z.;
improve indoor thermal comfort. In view of the extremely harsh climate characteristics of Turpan,
Ni, P.; Zheng, H. Structural Safety although Turpan needs to carry out shading design, as a typical wind-sensitive component, the
Analysis of Cantilever External structural safety of the visor under the action of an extreme wind environment is the primary focus
Shading Components of Buildings of designers. The design requires wind loads as control loads. Based on the ANSYS Workbench
under Extreme Wind Environment. platform, this study used the fluid–structure coupling technology to calculate and solve for the wind
Processes 2022, 10, 857. https:// load stress and strain of a horizontal sunshade and a vertical sunshade in a cantilevered external
doi.org/10.3390/pr10050857 sunshade of different buildings orientations. In this study, by solving for the maximum principal
Academic Editor: Jie Zhu stress and maximum principal elastic strain under 10 working conditions, the results showed that the
maximum principal stress of the sun visor under all working conditions was 0.39 MPa, which is much
Received: 17 February 2022
smaller than the tensile strength of C25 concrete. The calculated maximum principal elastic strain of
Accepted: 14 April 2022
the sun visor was 0.12 × 10−4 , which is much smaller than the maximum strain value of concrete.
Published: 26 April 2022
Therefore, the wind load under this research condition had no great influence on the structural safety
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral of the concrete sunshade, which proves the structural feasibility of the building sunshade member in
with regard to jurisdictional claims in the Turpan area, and provides a reference for the future practical engineering of cantilever members
published maps and institutional affil-
in the Turpan area.
iations.
Keywords: building shading; computational fluid dynamics; wind load characteristics; numerical
simulation
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
1. Introduction
conditions of the Creative Commons Turpan is located in the intermountain basin in the middle-eastern part of the Xinjiang
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Uygur Autonomous Region. This basin is the lowest basin in China. Turpan has five
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ major characteristics: long sunshine hours, a large temperature difference between day and
4.0/). night, low precipitation, high temperature, and strong wind. It belongs to the temperate
Processes 2022, 10, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050857 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes

Processes 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW
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Processes 2022, 10, 857 2 of 38
and night, low precipitation, high temperature, and strong wind. It belongs to th
and night, low precipitation, high temperature, and strong wind. It belongs to the tem-
perate desert climate [1]. According to relevant specifications, for areas with hot sum
perate climate
desert desert climate [1]. According
[1]. According to relevant
to relevant specifications,
specifications, for areasfor areas
with with hot summers
hot summers and
and cold winters, that is, for areas with high solar radiation intensity in summer an
and cold
cold winters,
winters, thatthat is, for
is, for areas
areas with
with high high solar
solar radiationintensity
radiation intensityininsummer
summerand and long
long
periods of sunshine, the solar radiation intensity in winter is relatively low [2]. Bui
periods of
periods ofsunshine,
sunshine,the thesolar
solarradiation
radiationintensity
intensityinin winter
winter is is relatively
relatively low
low [2].[2]. Buildings
Buildings in
in such areas need to take certain measures to achieve heat protection in summer
in such
such areas
areas need
need to take
to take certain
certain measures
measures to achieve
to achieve heatheat protection
protection in summer
in summer condi-
conditions
tions and heat preservation in winter. According to statistics, in Turpan, the total a
and
tionsheat
andpreservation
heat preservationin winter. According
in winter. Accordingto statistics, in Turpan,
to statistics, the total
in Turpan, theannual solar
total annual
sunshine time solar
in sunshine
summer timemore
reaches in summer
than reaches
3000 h, more
the annualthansunshine
3000 h, the annual
rate is 70%,sunshine
and rate i
solar sunshine time in summer reaches more than 3000 h,2 the annual sunshine rate is 70%,
the and the solar radiation is 5940–6120
2 , of which, MJ/m , of which, the solar radiation intensity i
andsolar radiation
the solar is 5940–6120
radiation MJ/mMJ/m
is 5940–6120 the solar
2, of which, radiation
the solar intensity
radiation is from
intensity June
is from
to August June to air
[3]. Turpan August [3]. Turpan
conditioners air conditioners
are used are used from May tofor
October every ye
June to August [3]. Turpan air conditioners are from
used May
fromto October
May every
to October year
every more
year for
than more than five months. The air conditioner degree
◦ days are 553 °Cd. According to th
morefive
thanmonths.
five months.The The
air conditioner
air conditioner degree
degree days areare
days 553553Cd. °Cd.According
Accordingto tothe
the data
data
analysis analysis obtained by the research group, the importance analysis and sensitivity an
analysis obtained
obtainedby bythetheresearch
researchgroup,
group,the theimportance
importance analysis
analysis and
andsensitivity
sensitivity analysis
analysisof
the sunshade of the
components sunshade components
areare
shown in Figures are shown
1 and in
2. 2.Figures 1 and 2.
of the sunshade components shown in Figures 1 and
Figure 1, Analysis of the importance of shading components.

1, Analysis of the importance of shading
Figure 1. shading components.
components.
Figure 2. Sensitivity analysis

Figure of shading
2. Sensitivity components.
analysis of shading components.
Figure 2. Sensitivity analysis of shading components.
According to the analysis of the importance of the shading components, the im-
According to the analysis of the importance of the shading components, th
According
portance to the analysis
of the parameters of shading
of the the importance of theis shading
components components,
much higher than thattheof im-
the
portance of the parameters of the shading components is much higher than that
portance window-to-wall
building of the parameters of the
ratio, theshading
thicknesscomponents is much higher
of the roof insulation layer, than that of the
the comprehen-
building window-to-wall ratio, the thickness of the roof insulation layer, the comp
building
sive heat window-to-wall
transfer coefficient ratio, theexternal
of the thickness of the roof
windows, andinsulation layer, the
the parameters comprehen-
of the envelope
sive heat transfer coefficient of the external windows, and the parameters of the env
sive heat transfer
structure [4]. The coefficient of the external
order of importance fromwindows, and is
high to low thewindow-to-wall
parameters of the envelope
ratio in the
structure [4]. The order of importance from high to low is window-to-wall ratio
structure [4]. The order of importance from high to low is window-to-wall
south (WWR_S), window-to-wall ratio in the north (WWR_N), and window heat transfer ratio in the
south (WWR_S), window-to-wall ratio in the north (WWR_N), and window heat tr
south (WWR_S),
coefficient (WHTC); window-to-wall
according to the ratio in the north
sensitivity (WWR_N),
analysis and window
of the sunshade heat transfer
components, the
coefficient (WHTC); according to the sensitivity analysis of the sunshade componen
coefficient of
sensitivity (WHTC); according
the sunshade to the sensitivity
components analysis of the analysis
in the multi-parameter sunshade components,
accounts the
for about
60% of the total.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 3 of 38
Bruhwiler studied the radiative heat transfer characteristics of 26 bicycle helmets and
their associated sun visors were evaluated using a thermally simulated head shape in the
climate chamber to evaluate their ability to protect the wearer from the sun, which showed
that all the helmets of the study resisted 50–75% of the radiant heat in the case of no visor
and resisted 65–85% of radiant heat in the case of a visor [5]. With the development of
computational fluid dynamics technology, Qing et al. used ecological building ECOTECT
simulation software analysis of the influence of a sun visor on the solar radiation in a
university building, the radiation changes in the sun visor in the reading room were
analyzed, and the corresponding sun visor adjustment control strategy was given [6].
Huo et al. conducted on-site comparison tests in a cold area of China by comprehensively
studying the effects of external shading on the thermospective optical properties of ultra-
low energy consumption [7]. The results showed that the outer shading device helped to
keep the indoor temperature in the sunside area below the temperature of the reference
area in the summer and helped the indoor temperature of the sunshade area to stay below
the temperature of the reference area. Ye et al. showed through simulation and experiments
that by using high reflective materials, the inner shade can significantly reduce the cold
load. If they are used, the reduced cold load of the internal sunshade can even match the
outer sun [8]. Sun et al. used simulation software to analyze the indoor fluid environment
and energy-saving effects after setting outdoor shading devices [9]. The results showed
that through reasonable outdoor sunshade design, the indoor thermal environment and
comfort level could be significantly improved while reducing air conditioning energy
consumption. Shahdan et al. studied the effects of external sunshade equipment for
different configurations on the energy consumption of a case study building [10]. The
results showed that the energy consumption of different configurations was significant and
was best configured as an egg box sunshade. Alhuwayil et al. analyzed the energy-saving
potential and economic feasibility of implementing external passive shading strategies
for multi-story hotel buildings under the typical wet hot weather of Saudi Arabia [11].
Studies showed that implementing passive shading strategies can reduce the annual energy
consumption of the benchmark building by 20.5%. However, this study was specifically
targeted toward the Northern Hemisphere and in the main climate, the proposed sunshade
strategy was only available for a given direction. Through further research, it was found
that the sunshade components had a significant impact on the energy consumption of
the air conditioner. Arifin et al. studied indoor temperature and relative humidity using
indoor temperature and relative humidity equipment (Hobo Data Logger) in office rooms
that were affected by three different types of shading equipment in Malaysia, focusing on
vertical shading, horizontal shading, and egg-crate shading [12].
In many buildings, energy usage can be significantly reduced by adopting passive
strategies [13]. Building shading is considered to be an economic and effective passive
technology. Many scholars have conducted a series of related research on architectural
shading. The shave sunshade is preferably between the sun and the area to be cooled,
and the sunshade coefficient is between 0.29–0.33. Existing research has promoted the
development of architectural shading, but most studies are universal, mainly concentrated
in urban buildings or public buildings [14–19]. The external boundary conditions of the
building do not consider the impact of various local factors, and it is not possible to adapt
to the specific extreme thermal climatic conditions, such as those in Turpan, which cannot
be effectively combined with the geographical properties of the building. Moreover, the
optimization design of the sunshade member does not take into account the influence of
the extreme wind environment; furthermore, the research is mainly concentrated in the
southern hot areas, with less research on regional buildings in the Northwest Basin [20,21].
Moreover, wind disasters are the largest part of natural disasters, which will cause
great losses and damage to buildings and many aspects of production and life [22]. Turfan
has an average wind speed of more than 17 m/s for nearly three months. The effect of
wind on an object will affect the structural system and produce wind pressure. The wind
that plays a role in structural safety is usually formed by atmospheric movement under
Processes 2022, 10, 857 4 of 38
conditions of intense activity. The wind-induced displacements have a certain periodicity

and change steadily [23]. The software used in this study was ANSYS, where the numerical
wind tunnel was simulated using CFD technology; the stress and strain were realized
through a workbench; and finally, through the Workbench platform, the fluid–structure
coupling was realized. Therefore, in modern buildings, this research can play a guiding
role in the design and application of cantilevered external shading components. Through
the studies, it can be seen that previous studies on sun visors were still not perfect, the
research on the wind load of sun visors was different, and the feasibility analysis of sun
visor structures under extreme wind environments was even more lacking. Therefore, for
modern buildings, this research can play a guiding role in the design and application of
cantilevered external shading components under extreme wind conditions [24].
2. Methodology
In recent years, the rapid development of computers has brought new research break-
throughs to wind engineering. The numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics
is similar to wind tunnel experiments and is called a “Numerical Wind Tunnel (NWT)” [25].
In the process of wind load research using computational fluid dynamics technology, con-
sidering the different sizes of turbulence vortices, the degree of convergence and accuracy
of the calculation results will be largely affected by the selection method of the turbulence
model such that different turbulence models are critical to the accuracy and precision of
the numerical simulation of the wind load on the building’s north–south horizontal and
vertical sunshades [26]. Among them, the fluid mechanics equation is the basis of the
solution [27]. Based on the different scale of the turbulent vortex, the Nmurs equation can
obtain the exact solution of the turbulence information of the fluid motion process from the
theoretical level [28].
This research was based on ANSYS numerical simulation, which can analyze the defor-
mation or movement of a deformed solid under the action of a fluid load. After establishing
a reasonable building model, the fluid–structure coupling technology of the workbench
platform and fluid field analysis was adopted. Fluent was used, and Mechanical was used
for the solid field analysis. The study used Fluent calculations, and the calculation process
used the finite volume method. By comparing the effects of different turbulence models on
the accuracy of numerical simulation, and combining with the related research results of
various turbulence models at home and abroad [29–31], in this study, Reynolds average
N-S equations model and standard k-ε turbulence model were selected for numerical
wind tunnel simulation. Among them, the turbulence model of the fluid field was the
standard k-epsilon model, and the solid field calculation used the finite element method.
Through the workbench platform, the wind field was imported into the solid field, and
the calculation results of the flow field (pressure field) of Fluent were read by Mechanical,
and the equivalent stress, strain, maximum principal stress, and principal elastic strain
were calculated, thereby completing the shading component structural safety analysis in
wind loads.
Through field investigations, it was found that many renewable energy utilization
technologies have been put into use in the Turpan demonstration area, and the compre-
hensive use of photovoltaic and photothermal technologies has been adopted. The whole
demonstration area will be the renewable energy utilization mode of ground source heat
pump cooling and heating, microgrid system operation and meteorological observation
station operation, new energy bus station, and solar roof photovoltaic power generation.
Through testing the indoor environment data of the Turpan demonstration area, it
was found that the indoor thermal environment of modern buildings in Turpan was poor
under the action of natural ventilation, and the comfort of the space is largely provided by
the active energy supply. In this area, due to the lack of reasonable sunshade components
and the large window-to-wall ratio, there are a large number of transparent enclosure
structures (such as windows), which leads to some problems in the running state of
L equipment. The air conditioning and heating of the building are all in the same group of
nents and the large window-to-wall ratio, there are a large number of transparent enclo-
sure structures (such as windows), which leads to some problems in the running state of
L equipment. The air conditioning and heating of the building are all in the same group
Processes 2022, 10, 857 5 of 38
of ground source heat pump units, and the power consumption of this unit is an important
embodiment of the overall cooling and heating load of the building. At the same time,
under the condition of using solar energy resources in the demonstration area, the energy
consumption per unit areaground
of the source heat
building forpump units, and
refrigeration wasthe power
24.17 kW·hconsumption
/m2, and theof this unit is an important
energy consumption for heating was 26.35 kW·h/m , which was higher than theofenergy-
embodiment of the overall
2 cooling and heating load the building. At the same time,
under the condition of using solar energy resources in
saving standard of 65%. Therefore, taking scientific and reasonable measures to reduce the demonstration area, the energy
consumption per unit area of the building for refrigeration
the adverse effects of solar radiation on buildings is in line with Turpan’s regional policy was 24.17 kW·h/m2 , and the
2
energy consumption for heating was 26.35 kW·h/m , which was higher than the energy-
of promoting new urbanization.
saving standard of 65%. Therefore, taking scientific and reasonable measures to reduce the
adverse effects
2.1. Optimal Parameter Combination of solarSolution
and Numerical radiation on buildings is in line with Turpan’s regional policy of
Design
promoting new urbanization.
2.1.1. Parameter Combination Analysis of Building Orientation and Shading Compo-
nents 2.1. Optimal Parameter Combination and Numerical Solution Design
Model construction is the Parameter
2.1.1. basis of finite element analysis.
Combination Analysis of This article Orientation
Building used Rhinoand Shading Components
software to model a 1:1 full-scale model and import it into ANSYS software
Model construction is the basis of finite element foranalysis.
further This article used Rhino
numerical calculations. There are many kinds of sun visor materials [32].
software to model a 1:1 full-scale model and import it into External sun-
ANSYS software for further
shading visors include sunnumerical
visors, sun-shading roller blinds, awnings, movable shutters,
calculations. There are many kinds of sun visor materials [32]. External sun-
and other types. This studyshadingselectedvisors
C25 reinforced
include sun concrete
visors,as the sun visor
sun-shading material.
roller The
blinds, awnings, movable shutters,
corresponding elastic modulus Ec was
and other 2.8 This
types. × 10 study
4 MPa,selected
the Poisson’s ratio Vc concrete
C25 reinforced was 0.2, as
thethe sun visor material. The
, and the damping
density ρc was 2400 kg/m3corresponding coefficient
elastic modulus was
Ec 0.05. The×size
was 2.8 104of the building
MPa, the Poisson’s ratio Vc was 0.2, the
was 23.46 m × 12.06 m × 18.2 m. Due
density to the
ρc was 2400difference 3
kg/m , and in the
thewidth of different
damping windows,
coefficient was 0.05. The size of the building
the length of the horizontal wassun visor
23.46 m× was
12.06generally
m × 18.2 between
m. Due1.2 m and
to the 2.0 m, in
difference andthethe
width of different windows,
length of the outer cantilever was 0.8 m; The cantilever length of the vertical
the length of the horizontal sun visor was generally between sunshade is 1.2 m and 2.0 m, and the
0.6m, the height was 1.5 m,
Processes 2022, 10, x FOR and the
length
PEER thickness
of the
REVIEW was 0.08 m.
outer cantilever wasThe
0.8partial
m; Theschematic
cantileverdiagram
length of the vertical sunshade is 6o
is shown in Figure 3. 0.6 m, the height was 1.5 m, and the thickness was 0.08 m. The partial schematic diagram is
shown in Figure 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 3.diagram
Figure 3. Schematic Schematic
of diagram
buildingofmodel
building model
with sun with sun(a)
visors. visors. (a) Schematic
Schematic diagramdiagram
of the of the so
facing horizontal
south-facing horizontal sun visors;
sun visors; (b) Schematic
(b) Schematic diagramdiagram of the north-facing
of the north-facing horizontal
horizontal sun visors.
sun visors.
2.1.2. Orthogonal Experiment Experiment

2.1.2. Orthogonal Combination Design
Combination Design
In this research, 10 numerical orthogonal experiments with 5 building
In this research, 10 numerical orthogonal experiments withorientations
5 building orientati
under the conditions of southeast wind and northwest wind were
under the conditions of southeast wind and northwest wind were carried out, carried
and allout, and
working conditions
workingwere screened.
conditions wereThe specificThe
screened. working conditions
specific working are set as shown
conditions are setinas shown
the Table 1. the
TheTable
calculation of this project adopted extreme wind conditions, where
1. The calculation of this project adopted extreme wind conditions, the where
wind speed wind
was 28speed
m/s,was
and 28
them/s,
southeast
and the southeast wind and northwest wind werethe
wind and northwest wind were selected as selected as
dominant wind dominant wind directionstoaccording
directions according the local wind
to therose
localchart.
windFive
roseorientations were
chart. Five orientations w
selected for the architectural
selected orientation, namely,
for the architectural south,namely,
orientation, south by west south
south, 15, south by west
by west 15, 30,
south by w
south by east 30,15, and south
south by eastby15,
east
and 30.south by east 30.
Table 1. Orthogonal experiment table.
Building Orientation Model Name Characteristic Wind Total

Southeast wind 28 m/s
South Orientation_S
Northwest wind 28 m/s
South by east 15 Orientation_E_S_15
Processes 2022, 10, 857 6 of 38
Table 1. Orthogonal experiment table.
Building Orientation Model Name Characteristic Wind Total

South Orientation_S
South by east 15 Orientation_E_S_15
South by east 30 Orientation_E_S_30 10
South by west 15 Orientation_W_S_15
South by west 30 Orientation_W_S_30
2.2. CFD Numerical Wind Tunnel Calculation Parameter Setting

2.2.1. Calculation Parameter Settings
The inlet velocity boundary condition was used at the inlet of the windward side
of the calculation basin to define the average wind speed and direction of the incoming
flow, the turbulence intensity was set to 5%, and the turbulence viscosity ratio was 10. The
calculation adopted the self-maintaining technology of the inlet wind profile, which further
improved the accuracy of the numerical simulation. A fully developed outflow boundary
condition was used at the outlet of the calculation basin. The ground and building surface
adopted the non-slip static wall boundary condition (wall), and the roughness constant
was 0.5. Symmetrical free-slip wall boundary conditions (symmetry) were used on the top
and sides.
In this study, the turbulence model in the analysis process used the SSTk-w model,
which has a good effect on the flow around bluff bodies. The N-S control equation, second-
order upwind style, the pressure base solution method, and SIMPLE velocity pressure
coupling algorithm were used, and other parameters were the default settings. Based on the
above parameter settings, the target building and sunshade components were calculated
in the CFD numerical wind tunnel. Furthermore, this study conducted stress and strain
analysis on the wind load of the building’s shading components under the action of two
maximum wind speeds with a certain turbulence intensity (v = 28.0 m/s, southeast wind
and northwest wind).
2.2.2. Computational Domain Selection and Meshing

When using numerical wind tunnels, one should choose a sufficiently large computa-
tional domain to minimize the influence of the computational domain’s size on the flow
field near the model. At the same time, the selection of the calculated watershed also has a
great influence on the analysis time and the accuracy of the results. Therefore, in order to
fully develop the flow and considering the calculation efficiency, the calculation domain
was 50 m × 80 m × 30 m and the blocking rate was 2.0%.
This model was meshed in advanced meshing software. Because the cantilever struc-
ture of the building changed with height, it presented different wind load conditions in
the wind environment. Therefore, the meshing process adopted a non-uniform structure
with relatively good adaptability. Structured triangular and quadrilateral hybrid mesh
patterned mesh were used in the process of generating the grid in order to enable the grid
to reproduce the shape of the building, and to obtain more accurate calculation results, the
grid sizes of different parts were different. The minimum grid size of the building surface
was 1/80 of the height of the building, the grid size at the sun visor was 1/140 of the height
of the building, and the maximum grid size of the computational domain was 1/40 of the
height of the computational domain
Processes 2022, 10, 857 7 of 38
In order to increase the calculation speed, the grid in the middle of the model was
relatively sparse; in order to calculate the accuracy, the grid on the left and right sides of the
model was encrypted. The grid model of the numerical wind tunnel in this study is shown
in Figure 4, in which the grids of the main building and the surface boundary layer were
encrypted. After the division was completed, the total number of model body elements
was 1,962,800 and the total number of mesh nodes was 342,413.
Figure 4. Computational domain meshing.
Processes 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

2.3. Numerical Simulation of Fluid–Solid Coupling for Structural Analysis of a Sun Visor 8 of 39
The sunshade component of the research object was a reinforced concrete cantilever
structure, which had a small solid deformation under a wind load. Therefore, this study
adopted the unidirectional
adopted unidirectional fluid–solid
fluid–solidcoupling
couplingmethod
methodfor the
for wind
the load
wind calculation,
load ig-
calculation,
ignoring
noring thetheinfluence
influenceofofthe
thesunshade’s
sunshade’sdeformation
deformation on
on the
the fluid field. The finite
finite element
element
analysis
analysis road
roadmap
mapofofstructural
structuralforces
forcesisisshown
shownininFigure
Figure5.5.
Figure5.
Figure 5. Road
Road map
map of
of finite
finiteelement
elementanalysis
analysisof
ofstructural
structuralforces.
forces.
ANSYS software
ANSYS software comes
comes with
with aa powerful
powerful meshing
meshing function;
function; therefore,
therefore, the
the building
building
model
model shown in Figure 4 was imported into the Mechanical computing environment for
shown in Figure 4 was imported into the Mechanical computing environment for
meshing.
meshing. The exterior surfaces of the the building
building andand the
the sun
sun visors
visors were
were all
all meshed
meshed with
with
quadrilateral
quadrilateralelements.
elements.TheThegrid
gridofofthe
thesolid
solidfield
fieldafter
afterdivision
divisionis is
shown
shown inin
Figures 6 and
Figures 7,
6 and
and then
7, and the the
then north–south horizontal
north–south and vertical
horizontal sun visor
and vertical sun finite
visor element calculation
finite element model
calculation
was
modelobtained. The number
was obtained. of nodes
The number in the in
of nodes gridthewas
grid14,415,953, the number
was 14,415,953, of cells
the number of was
cells
3,515,856, the growth rate was 1.2, and the transition ratio was
was 3,515,856, the growth rate was 1.2, and the transition ratio was 0.272.0.272.
Under strong wind conditions, the load on the sun visor in the calculation model of
this study was composed of wind load and dead load. The wind load was the static load
of the southeast wind and the northwest wind (28 m/s) under the setting conditions, and
the dead load was generated by the gravity of the sun visor itself. In this working condi-
tion, the connection between the north–south sunshade and the building structure was a
fixed constraint.
was 3,515,856, the growth rate was 1.2, and the transition ratio was 0.272.
Under strong wind conditions, the load on the sun visor in the calculation model of
this study was composed of wind load and dead load. The wind load was the static load
of the southeast wind and the northwest wind (28 m/s) under the setting conditions, and
the dead load was generated by the gravity of the sun visor itself. In this working condi-
Processes 2022, 10, 857 8 of 38
tion, the connection between the north–south sunshade and the building structure was a
fixed constraint.
Figure 6. South-facing
Figure 6. South-facing horizontal
horizontal sun
sun visor
visor structure
structuregrid.
grid.
Figure 7. North-direction vertical sun visor structure grid.
Under Results
3. Analysis strong wind conditions,
of Shading the loadunder
Components on theDifferent
sun visorWorking
in the calculation
Conditionsmodel
of this study was composed of wind load and dead load.
Wind Load on Sunshade Components under Changing Building OrientationThe wind load was the static
load of the southeast wind and the northwest wind (28 m/s) under the setting conditions,
In order to facilitate the subsequent analysis, the building’s south-facing horizontal
and the dead load was generated by the gravity of the sun visor itself. In this working
sun
condition, were
visors divided into
the connection I–IV areas
between according tosunshade
the north–south the heightand
of each floor, and
the building the sun
structure
visors of each layer
was a fixed constraint.were numbered ①–⑥ in the horizontal direction, as shown in Figure
8; for the same reason, the north-facing vertical sun visors of the building were divided
into I–XVIIIResults
3. Analysis areas according
of Shading to Components
the vertical axis,
underand the sun Working
Different visors of Conditions
each layer were
numbered
Wind Load on ①–④ in theComponents
Sunshade vertical direction, as shown
under Changing in Figure
Building 9.
Orientation
sun visors were divided into I–IV areas according to the height of each floor, and the sun
visors of each layer were numbered – 1
6 in the horizontal direction, as shown in Figure 8;
for the same reason, the north-facing vertical sun visors of the building were divided into
I–XVIII areas according to the vertical axis, and the sun visors of each layer were numbered
–
1 4 in the vertical direction, as shown in Figure 9.
sun visors were divided into I–IV areas according to the height of each floor, and the sun
visors of each layer were numbered ①–⑥ in the horizontal direction, as shown in Figure
8; for the same reason, the north-facing vertical sun visors of the building were divided
Processes 2022, 10, 857
into I–XVIII areas according to the vertical axis, and the sun visors of each9 layer
of 38
were
numbered ①–④ in the vertical direction, as shown in Figure 9.
Figure
Figure8.
8. Schematic diagramofofsouth-facing
Schematic diagram south-facing
sunsun visors.
visors.
Figure 9.
Figure Schematic diagram
9. Schematic diagramofof
north-facing sunsun
north-facing visors.
visors.
(1) The southeast wind, where the southward horizontal sun visors changed with the
(1) The southeast wind, where the southward horizontal sun visors changed with the
orientation of the building
orientation of the building
In the southeast wind conditions, the comparison of the von Mises equivalent stress
In the southeast wind conditions, the comparison of the von Mises equivalent stress
distribution cloud diagrams of wind loads for different building orientations showed
distribution cloud
that the building diagramshad
orientation of wind loads
a greater for different
influence building orientations
on the equivalent showed that
stress of the south-
the building
facing orientation
horizontal hadand
sun visors a greater influence
the overall on the
coefficient equivalent
of variation wasstress of the
96.18%. south-fac-
On the
ing
whole, the average value of the equivalent stress of the south-facing horizontal sun visors whole,
horizontal sun visors and the overall coefficient of variation was 96.18%. On the
the average
under value ofwind
the southeast the equivalent stress
condition was of the south-facing
162,422.88 Pa. When the horizontal sun visors under
building orientation
wassoutheast
the true south and condition
wind south by west
was 15, the maximum
162,422.88 Pa. Whenequivalent stressesorientation
the building of the south-
was true
facing horizontal sun visors were respectively 377.28 Pa and 577.11 Pa. When
south and south by west 15, the maximum equivalent stresses of the south-facing hori- the building
orientations were south by west 30, south by east 30, and south by east 30, the maximum
zontal sun visors were respectively 377.28 Pa and 577.11 Pa. When the building orienta-
equivalent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshades were 336,220 Pa, 194,540 Pa,
tions were south by west 30, south by east 30, and south by east 30, the maximum equiv-
and 280,400 Pa, respectively.
alent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshades were 336,220 Pa, 194,540 Pa, and
280,400 Pa, respectively.
From Figure 10a–e, it can be clearly seen that under southeast wind conditions, the
building orientation had a certain influence on the equivalent stress distribution of the
south horizontal sun visor wind load and the south horizontal sun visor wind load of
Processes 2022, 10, 857 10 of 38
From Figure 10a–e, it can be clearly seen that under southeast wind conditions, the
building orientation had a certain influence on the equivalent stress distribution of the south
horizontal sun visor wind load and the south horizontal sun visor wind load of different
building orientations. The distribution area of the effective force was different. When
the building was facing south, the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun
visor numbered III- . 1 When the building was oriented south by west 30, the maximum
equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered I- . 1 When the building
orientations were south by west 30, south by east 15, and south by east 30, the equivalent
stress of the wind load of the building’s south-facing horizontal sunshade was continuously
strengthened with the height of the story and the stress concentration area was at the top of
the building’s sunshade. Among them, when the building orientation was south by west 30,
the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor on the west side of the top
floor, numbered IV- ; 1 when the building orientation was south by east 15, the maximum
equivalent stress was to the east, distributed at the sun visor numbered IV- ; 4 when the
building orientation was south by east 15, the maximum equivalent stress was distributed
at the sun visor numbered IV- . 6 These stress concentration distributions should be paid
attention to in structural design.
(2) Northwest wind, where the southward horizontal sun visors changed with the orien-
tation of the building
In the northwest wind conditions, the comparison of the von Mises equivalent stress
distribution cloud diagrams of wind loads on the sun visors of different buildings showed
that the equivalent stress of the south horizontal sun visors under the northwest wind
conditions was smaller, with an average value of 6141.3 Pa, which was much smaller
than the southeast wind conditions. On the whole, the building orientation had a greater
influence on the equivalent stress of the south-facing horizontal sunshade and the overall
coefficient of variation was 47.80%. When the building orientation was true south, the
maximum equivalent stress of the south-facing horizontal sun visors was 4752.4 Pa. When
the building’s orientation was south by west 15 and south by west 30, the maximum
equivalent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshade were 10,573 Pa and 6335.1 Pa,
respectively. When the building orientations were south by east 15 and south by east 30,
the maximum equivalent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshade were 2571.3 Pa
and 6474.7 Pa, respectively.
From Figure 11a–e, it can be clearly seen that under the northwest wind conditions,
the building orientation had a certain influence on the equivalent stress distribution law
of the wind load on the south horizontal sun visors, and the effects of different building
orientations on the south horizontal sun visor wind loads and other effects; the force
concentration distribution area was different. When the building was oriented toward the
south direction, the equivalent stresses of the bottom I area and the top IV area were larger
and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered IV- . 1 When
the building orientations were south by west 15, south by west 30, south by east 15, and
south by east 30, the equivalent stresses of the wind loads of the building’s south-facing
horizontal sunshade were continuously strengthened with the height of the story, and the
stress was concentrated; the area was located at the sun visor of zone IV on the top floor
of the building. Among them, when the building orientation was south by west 15, the
maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sunshade on the west side of the top
floor, numbered IV- ; 1 when the building orientation was south by west 30, the maximum
equivalent stress was distributed on the top floor at the sun visor on the west side numbered
IV- ;
3 when the building was oriented south by east 15, the maximum equivalent stress
continued to shift to the east and was distributed at the sun visor numbered IV- ; 6 when the
building was oriented to south by east 30, the maximum equivalent stress was distributed
at the sun visor numbered IV- . 6
es 2022, 10, xProcesses
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2022, 10, 857 11 of 39 11 of 38
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 10. Cont.

s 2022, 10, x Processes
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REVIEW
10, 857 12 of 39 12 of 38
(e)
Figure 10. The southeast wind,
Figure where
10. The the southward
southeast horizontal
wind, sun southward
where the visor changed with the orien-
horizontal sun visor changed with the orienta-
tation of the building. (a) Cloud map of sun visors in the south direction; (b) Cloud map of the sun
tion of the building. (a) Cloud map of sun visors in the south direction; (b) Cloud map of the sun
visors in the direction of south by west 15; (c) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south
by west visors
30; (d) Cloud mapin ofthe
thedirection ofinsouth
sun visors by west 15;
the direction (c) Cloud
of south map
by east 15;of(e)sun visors in the direction of south by
Cloud
s 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 40
west 30; (d) Cloud map of the sun visors
map of the sun visors in the direction of south by east 30. in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of the sun
visors in the direction of south by east 30.
(2) Northwest wind, where the southward horizontal sun visors changed with the ori-
entation of the building
In the northwest wind conditions, the comparison of the von Mises equivalent stress
distribution cloud diagrams of wind loads on the sun visors of different buildings showed
that the equivalent stress of the south horizontal sun visors under the northwest wind
conditions was smaller, with an average value of 6141.3 Pa, which was much smaller than
the southeast wind conditions. On the whole, the building orientation had a greater influ-
ence on the equivalent stress of the south-facing horizontal sunshade and the overall co-
efficient of variation was 47.80%. When the building orientation was true south, the max-
imum equivalent stress of the south-facing horizontal sun visors was 4752.4 Pa. When the
building’s orientation was south by west 15 and south by west 30, the maximum equiva-
lent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshade were 10,573 Pa and 6335.1 Pa, respec-
tively. When the building orientations were south by east 15 and south by east 30, the
(a)
maximum equivalent stresses of the south-facing horizontal sunshade were 2571.3 Pa and
6474.7 Pa, respectively.
From Figure 11a–e, it can be clearly seen that under the northwest wind conditions,
the building orientation had a certain influence on the equivalent stress distribution law
of the wind load on the south horizontal sun visors, and the effects of different building
orientations on the south horizontal sun visor wind loads and other effects; the force con-
centration distribution area was different. When the building was oriented toward the
south direction, the equivalent stresses of the bottom I area and the top IV area were larger
and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered IV-①.
When the building orientations were south by west 15, south by west 30, south by east 15,
and south by east 30, the equivalent stresses of the wind loads of the building’s south-
facing horizontal sunshade were continuously strengthened with the height of the story,
and the stress was concentrated; the area was located at the sun visor of zone IV on the
(b)
top floor of the building. Among them, when the building orientation was south by west
15, the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sunshade on the west side of the
top floor, numbered IV-①; when the building orientation was south by west 30, the max-
imum equivalent stress was distributed on the top floor at the sun visor on the west side
numbered IV-③; when the building was oriented south by east 15, the maximum equiv-
alent stress continued to shift to the east and was distributed at the sun visor numbered
IV-⑥; when the building was oriented to south by east 30, the maximum equivalent stress
was distributed at the sun visor numbered IV-⑥.
(c)
Figure 11. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 13 of 38
(c)
s 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 40
(d)
(e)
Figure 11. Northwest Figure
wind, where the southward
11. Northwest wind, horizontal
where thesunsouthward
visors changed with the
horizontal orienta-
sun visors changed with the orientation
tion of the building. (a) Clouds of the sun visors in the south direction; (b) Clouds of the sun visors
of the building. (a) Clouds of the sun visors in the south direction; (b) Clouds of the sun visors in
in the direction of south by west 15; (c) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south by west
the visors
30; (d) Cloud map of sun direction
in theofdirection
south by west 15;
of south (c) Cloud
by east map of
15; (e) Cloud sun
map of visors
the sun in the direction of south by west 30;
visors
(d)by
in the direction of south Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of the sun visors in
east 30.
the direction of south by east 30.
(3) Northwest wind, where the northward vertical sun visors changed with the orienta-
tion of the building
(3) Northwest wind, where the northward vertical sun visors changed with the orienta-
In the northwest wind tion of the building
conditions, through the comparison of the von Mises equiva-
lent stress distribution cloud diagrams of the wind load on the north-facing vertical sun
In the northwest wind conditions, through the comparison of the von Mises equivalent
visors of different buildings, it can be seen that the building orientation had a small effect
on the equivalent stress ofdistribution
stress the north-facingcloud diagrams
vertical of the
sun visors andwind load on
the overall the north-facing vertical sun visors
coefficient
of variation was 26.01%. On the whole, the average value of the equivalent stressorientation
of different buildings, it can be seen that the building of the had a small effect on
northward vertical thesunequivalent
visors under stress of the north-facing
the northwest wind conditionverticalwassun visorsPa.
133,252.4 and the overall coefficient of
When the building variation
was facing wassouth,26.01%. On the
the maximum whole, the
equivalent stressaverage value of the equivalent stress of the
of the north-facing
vertical sunshade was 152,790 Pa.
northward Whensun
vertical the visors
orientations
underofthethenorthwest
building werewind south by
condition was 133,252.4 Pa. When
west 15 and south by west 30, the maximum equivalent stresses of the north-facing verti-
the building was facing south, the maximum equivalent stress of the north-facing vertical
cal sunshades weresunshade
139,130 Pawas and 152,790
151,160 Pa,
Pa. respectively. When the building
When the orientations orienta- were south by west 15 and
of the building
tions were south bysouth
east 15byandwest 30, the maximum equivalent stresses of theofnorth-facing
south by east 15, the maximum equivalent stresses the vertical sunshades
north-facing vertical sunshade were 72,022 Pa and 151,160 Pa, respectively.
were 139,130 Pa and 151,160 Pa, respectively. When the building orientations were south by
From Figure 12a–e, it can be seen that under northwest wind conditions, the building
east 15 and south by east 15, the maximum equivalent stresses of the north-facing vertical
orientation had a certain effect on the equivalent stress distribution of the north vertical
sun visor wind load.sunshade werestresses
The equivalent 72,022 ofPatheand 151,160
north Pa,sun
vertical respectively.
visor wind loads for
From Figure 12a–e, it can be seen
different building orientations and the concentrated distribution areas that under werenorthwest
different. wind
In conditions, the building
orientation had a certain effect on the equivalent
the northwest wind condition, the equivalent stress of the wind load is concentrated on stress distribution of the north vertical
sunvisors
the north vertical sun visorofwind load. The
the building andequivalent stresses
the equivalent stressof the north vertical
concentration area sun visor wind loads for
depended on the angle between
different the wind
building direction and
orientations thethe
and building. When thedistribution
concentrated building areas were different. In
was facing south, thethewind angle was
northwest 45°, the
wind equivalent
condition, thestress was concentrated
equivalent at both
stress of the wind load is concentrated on
ends of the building,the
and the maximum
north equivalent
vertical sun visorsstress
of thewas distributed
building andatthe
theequivalent
sun visor stress concentration area
numbered XVIII-②.depended
When the on building was oriented south by west 15,
the angle between the wind direction and the the wind angle
building. When the building
was 60° at this time, the equivalent stress was concentrated at both ◦ ends of the building,
was facing south, the wind angle was 45 , the equivalent stress was concentrated at both
and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered I-①. When
ends of the building, and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor
the building was facing south by west 30, the wind angle was 75° at this time, the equiva-
lent stress was concentrated at both ends of the building, and the maximum equivalent
stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered I-①. When the building was oriented
south by east 15, the wind angle was 30°at this time, the equivalent stress concentration
position shifted to the middle of the building, and the maximum equivalent stress was
distributed at the sun visor numbered XIV-③. When the building orientation was south
Processes 2022, 10, 857 14 of 38
numbered XVIII- . 2 When the building was oriented south by west 15, the wind angle was
60◦ at this time, the equivalent stress was concentrated at both ends of the building, and
the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered I- . 1 When the
building was facing south by west 30, the wind angle was 75◦ at this time, the equivalent
stress was concentrated at both ends of the building, and the maximum equivalent stress was
distributed at the sun visor numbered I- .1 When the building was oriented south by east 15,
◦
the wind angle was 30 at this time, the equivalent stress concentration
022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15position
of 39 shifted to the
middle of the building, and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor
numbered XIV- . 3 When the building orientation was south by east 15, the wind angle was
15◦ at this time, the equivalent stress was concentrated in the middle part of the building,
relatively large, and the maximum equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor num-
the equivalent loads of the sun visors on each floor were relatively large, and the maximum
bered XII-①. When designing the structure, attention should be paid to the distribution
equivalent stress was distributed at the sun visor numbered XII- . 1 When designing the
of these stress concentrations.
structure, attention should be paid to the distribution of these stress concentrations.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 12. Cont.
2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 15 of 38
(d)
(e)
Figure 12. Northwest wind,
Figure 12. where the northward
Northwest wind, where vertical sun visors
the northward changed
vertical sunwith
visorsthe orientation
changed with the orientation of
of the building. (a)the
Cloud
building. (a) Cloud map of the sun visors in the south direction; (b) of
map of the sun visors in the south direction; (b) Cloud map the sun
Cloud map of the sun visors
visors in the direction
in theofdirection
south byofwest 15;by
south (c)west
Cloud15;map of sunmap
(c) Cloud visors in the
of sun direction
visors in theof south by
direction of south by west 30;
west 30; (d) Cloud map of the sun visors in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of the
(d) Cloud map of the sun visors in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of the sun visors
sun visors in the direction of south by east 30.
in the direction of south by east 30.
(4) Southeast wind, where thewind,
(4) Southeast northward
where vertical sun visors
the northward changed
vertical with changed
sun visors the orienta-
with the orientation
tion of the building
of the building
In the southeast Inwind conditions,
the southeast through
wind the comparison
conditions, through the of comparison
the von Mises equiva-
of the von Mises equivalent
lent stress distribution cloud diagrams of the wind loads on the north-facing
stress distribution cloud diagrams of the wind loads on the north-facing vertical sunvertical sun visors
visors of different buildings, it can be seen that the building orientation had a great
of different buildings, it can be seen that the building orientation had a great influence influ-
ence on the equivalent
on the stress of thestress
equivalent north-facing vertical sun vertical
of the north-facing visors and sunthe overall
visors andcoeffi-
the overall coefficient
cient of variationofwas 115.75%. On the whole, compared with the northwest wind
variation was 115.75%. On the whole, compared with the northwest wind condition, condi-
tion, the equivalent stress of thestress
the equivalent northofvertical
the north sunvertical
visors under the southeast
sun visors under thewind con- wind condition
southeast
dition was smaller and the average value was only 6237.8 Pa. When the building
was smaller and the average value was only 6237.8 Pa. When the building orientation orienta-
tion was true south, the maximum
was true equivalent equivalent
south, the maximum stress of the south-facing
stress horizontal horizontal
of the south-facing sun sun visor
visor was 893.76was Pa.893.76
WhenPa. theWhen
orientations of the building
the orientations were south
of the building werebysouth
westby 15west
and 15 and south by
south by west 30, westthe30,
maximum
the maximum equivalent stresses
equivalent of theofsouth-facing
stresses horizontal
the south-facing sun- sunshades were
horizontal
shades were 1170.81170.8Pa Pa
andand 5714.1 Pa,Pa,
5714.1 respectively.
respectively. When
When thethebuilding
buildingorientations
orientations were
were south by east
south by east 15 and south by east 30, the maximum equivalent stresses of the south-facing
15 and south by east 30, the maximum equivalent stresses of the south-facing horizontal
horizontal sunshades were were
sunshades 4840.44840.4
Pa and Pa18,570 Pa, respectively.
and 18,570 Pa, respectively.
In summary, theInequivalent
summary,stresses of the wind
the equivalent loadofofthe
stresses thewind
building’s
load ofsouthward
the building’s southward
horizontal sunshades undersunshades
horizontal the southeast under windthe condition
southeast were
windsignificantly
condition were greater than
significantly greater than
its value under the northwest
its value under wind condition. wind
the northwest Therefore, the stress
condition. concentration
Therefore, the stressareas of
concentration areas of
the south-facingthe horizontal sun visors
south-facing of buildings
horizontal sun visors under the southeast
of buildings under wind conditionswind conditions
the southeast
should be
should be paid attention topaid
in the attention
structural to in the structural
design. design.stress
The equivalent The equivalent
of the wind stress
loadof the wind load
of the building’sofnorthward
the building’s northward
vertical sunshade vertical
undersunshade
the northwestunderwind
the northwest
condition windwas condition was
significantly
significantly greater than itsgreater
value than
under itsthe
value under the
southeast southeast
wind windTherefore,
condition. condition. Therefore,
the the stress
Processes 2022, 10, 857 16 of 38
stress concentration areas of the north-facing vertical sun visors of buildings under north-
west wind conditions should be
concentration paidofattention
areas to in thevertical
the north-facing structural
sundesign,
visors as shown in under northwest
of buildings
Figure 13. wind conditions should be paid attention to in the structural design, as shown in Figure 13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 13. Cont.

2022, 10, x Processes
FOR PEER REVIEW
2022, 10, 857 18 of 39 17 of 38
(e)
Figure 13. Southeast wind,
Figure 13.northward
Southeastvertical sun visor changes
wind, northward withvisor
vertical sun the orientation
changes withof the
the orientation
build- of the building.
ing. (a) Cloud map(a)ofCloud
sun visors
map of sun visors in the south direction; (b) Sun visor cloud map inofthe direction of south
in the south direction; (b) Sun visor cloud map in the direction
south by west 15; (c) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south by west 30; (d) Cloud map
by west 15; (c) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south by west 30; (d) Cloud map of the sun
of the sun visor in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of
visor in the direction of south by east 15; (e) Cloud map of sun visors in the direction of south by east 30.
south by east 30.
4. Discussion
4. Discussion 4.1. Appropriate Combination form Analysis and Discussion
4.1. Appropriate Combination form
In order to Analysis
avoid theand Discussionof wind disasters in extreme convective weather, it
occurrence
In order to avoid the occurrence
is necessary of wind
to reasonably disasters
avoid windin extreme
load damageconvective weather,
to the external it
shading components
is necessary to reasonably avoid wind load damage to the external shading components
of the building when designing buildings in Turpan, where a reasonable combination
of the building when designing
of building buildingsand
orientation in Turpan,
shadingwhere a reasonable
type should combination
be selected. of
Therefore, the numerical
building orientation and shading
experiment type
results ofshould
the von beMises
selected. Therefore,
equivalent the numerical
stress exper-
of wind loads on the south-facing
iment results of horizontal
the von Mises
sun equivalent stress
visors and the of wind loads
north-facing on the
vertical sunsouth-facing
visors underhori-
10 working conditions
zontal sun visorsare
andsummarized
the north-facing vertical
in Table sunmaximum
2. The visors under 10 working
equivalent conditions
stress are
of a southward horizontal sun
summarized in Table 2. The maximum equivalent stress of a southward horizontal sun
visor was 336,220 Pa, the minimum was 377.28 Pa, and the average was 84,279.39 Pa. The
visor was 336,220maximum
Pa, the minimum
equivalentwas 377.28
stress of aPa, and vertical
north the average was 84,279.39
sun visor Pa. The
was 152,790 Pa, the minimum was
maximum equivalent stress of a north vertical sun
839.76 Pa, and the average was 68,590.71 Pa.visor was 152,790 Pa, the minimum
was 839.76 Pa, and the average was 68,590.71 Pa.
(1) The best architectural orientation of a south-facing horizontal sun visor
Table 2. Von Mises equivalent stress of wind
The maximum load on von
equivalent sun visors
Misesunder
stress10under
working conditions.
wind loading of the south horizon-
tal sun visor under various working conditions is shown in Figure 14 and the optimal
Von Mises Equivalent Stress
Working Condition Serial Number
equivalent stressSun Visor Type
of working conditions No.1–No.4 and No.6/No.8/No.10 are shown in the
Maximum Value (Pa)
figure. First of all, this shows that for the different building orientations in No.5, under the
South-facing horizontal sun visor 377.28
outh to southeast wind No.1
northwest wind conditions, the equivalent stresses of the wind load of the south-facing
North-facing vertical sun visor
horizontal sun visors were all smaller. Second, the building 839.76 orientation corresponding to
No.1 and South-facing
No.2 working horizontal sunwas
conditions visorsouth, and the4725.4
building orientation corresponding
outh to northwest wind No.2
North-facing vertical sun visor 152,790
to No.3 and No.4 working conditions was south by west 15, whether it was in the southeast
South-facing
wind condition or inhorizontal sun visor
the northwest. 577.11 the equivalent stress of the
Under wind conditions,
by west 15 to southeast wind No.3
wind loadNorth-facing
was relatively vertical
small.sun visor for other building
However, 1170.8 orientations, the south-facing
South-facing horizontal sun visor
horizontal sun visors were greatly affected by the 10,573
wind direction, where the maximum
by west 15 to northwest wind No.4
equivalent stress under the southeast wind condition
North-facing vertical sun visor 139,130 significantly greater than its
was
value under the northwest wind condition.
South-facing horizontal sun visor Therefore, for the south-facing horizontal
336,220
by west 30 to southeast wind No.5
sunshade, when the building orientation was true south and south by west 15, this was the
North-facing vertical sun visor 5714.1
most suitable combination.
by west 30 to northwest wind No.6
South-facing horizontal sun visor 194,540
by east 15 to southeast wind No.7
by east 15 to northwest wind No.8
by east 30 to southeast wind No.9 South-facing horizontal sun visor 280,400
Processes 2022, 10, 857 18 of 38
Table 2. Von Mises equivalent stress of wind load on sun visors under 10 working conditions.
Von Mises Equivalent Stress

Working Condition Serial Number Sun Visor Type
Maximum Value (Pa)
South-facing horizontal
South-facing horizontalsun visor
sun visor 280,400
377.28
SouthSouth
by east 30 to southeast
to southeast wind wind No.9
No.1
North-facing vertical
North-facing verticalsun visor
sun visor 18,570
839.76
South-facing horizontal sun visor
4725.4
South South
by east 30 to northwest
to northwest wind wind No.10
No.2 North-facing vertical
North-facing verticalsun visor
sun visor 151,160
152,790
South by west 15 to southeast wind
4.2. Subsubsection
No.3
(1) The best architectural orientation ofhorizontal
South-facing a south-facing
sun visorhorizontal sun visor
10,573
South by west 15 to northwest wind No.4
The maximum equivalent North-facing
von Mises vertical
stress under wind loading of the
sun visor south horizon-
139,130
tal sun visor under various working conditions
South-facing is shown
horizontal sun visor in Figure 14336,220
and the optimal
South by west 30 to southeast windequivalent stress
No.5 of working conditions No.1–No.4 and No.6/No.8/No.10 are shown in the
figure. First of all, this shows that for the different building orientations in No.5, under
South by west 30 to northwest windthe northwestNo.6
wind conditions, the equivalent stresses of the wind load of the south-fac-
ing horizontal sun visors were all smaller. Second, the building orientation corresponding
to No.1 and No.2 South-facing
working conditions washorizontal
south, andsun visor 194,540correspond-
the building orientation
South by east 15 to southeast wind No.7
North-facing vertical sun visor
ing to No.3 and No.4 working conditions was south by west 15, whether 4840.4it was in the
southeast wind condition or South-facing
in the northwest.
horizontal Under
sun visorwind conditions, the equivalent
2571.3
South by east 15 to northwest wind No.8
stress of the wind load was relatively small.
North-facing However,
vertical sun visorfor other building72,022
orientations, the
south-facing horizontal sun visors were greatly
South-facing horizontalaffected
sun visorby the wind direction,
280,400 where the
South by east 30 to southeast wind No.9
maximum equivalent stress under the southeast wind condition was significantly greater
than its value under the northwest wind condition. Therefore, for the south-facing hori-
South by east 30 to northwest windzontal sunshade,
No.10when the building orientation was true south and south by west 15, this
was the most suitable combination.
3.5×105
The maximum equivalent stress (Pa)
3.0×105
2.5×105
2.0×105
1.5×105
1.0×105
5.0×104
0.0
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8 No.9 No.10
Condition
Maximum equivalent
Figure 14. Maximum
Figure equivalentstress under
stress 10 10
under working conditions
working of south-facing
conditions horizontal
of south-facing sun visors.
horizontal sun
visors.
(2) The best architectural orientation of the north-facing vertical sun visor
(2) The
The best architectural
maximum orientation
equivalent von Misesof the north-facing
stress from windvertical
loadingsun visorhorizontal sun
of north
visorsThe maximum equivalent von Mises stress from wind loading of optimal
under various working conditions is shown in Figure 15 and the working
north horizontal
conditions
sun were No.1/No.3/No.5/No.7/No.8/No.9.
visors under various working conditions is shown The equivalent
in Figure stress
15 and thewas small.
optimal First
work-
of all,
ing this shows
conditions thatNo.1/No.3/No.5/No.7/No.8/No.9.
were for the five different building orientations, the equivalent
The equivalent stress wasstresses
small.
of theofwind
First loadshows
all, this on thethat
north-facing vertical
for the five sun visors
different buildingwere all relatively
orientations, thesmall under
equivalent
the southeast
stresses of the wind
wind conditions.
load on the Second, No.7 vertical
north-facing and No.8 sunrespectively
visors werecorresponded
all relatively to the
small
southeast wind and northwest wind when the building was oriented south
under the southeast wind conditions. Second, No. 7 and No. 8 respectively corresponded by east 15, and
thethe
to maximum
southeastequivalent
wind andstress of thewind
northwest windwhenload was relativelywas
the building small. However,
oriented southfor
byother
east
15, and the maximum equivalent stress of the wind load was relatively small. However,
for other building orientations, the northward vertical sunshades were greatly affected by
Processes 2022, 10, x857
FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of
20 of 39
38
building
the wind orientations,
direction, andthe northward
the maximumvertical sunshades
equivalent were greatly
stress under affectedwind
the northwest by thecondi-
wind
the wind direction,
direction, and the maximum
and the maximum equivalent stressthe
under the northwest wind condi-
tion was significantly greater equivalent stress
than its value under
under northwest
the southeast wind
wind condition
condition. was
There-
tion was significantly greater than under
its value under the southeast wind condition. There-
fore, for the north-facing vertical sun visors, when the building orientation was south the
significantly greater than its value the southeast wind condition. Therefore, for by
fore, for the north-facing
north-facing vertical sunvertical
visors, sun visors, when the building orientation was south by
east 15, this was the most suitablewhen the building
combination form.orientation was south by east 15, this
east
was 15,
thethis
mostwas the most
suitable suitable combination
combination form. form.
(Pa) 2.0×105
stress(Pa)
equivalentstress 2.0×105
1.5×105
1.5×105
maximumequivalent
1.0×105
1.0×105
Themaximum
5.0×104
5.0×104
The
0.0
0.0
Condition
Condition
Figure 15. Maximum equivalent stress of north vertical sun visors under 10 working conditions.
Figure15.
Figure Maximumequivalent
15.Maximum equivalentstress
stressof
ofnorth
northvertical
vertical sun
sun visors
visors under
under 10
10 working
working conditions.
conditions.
(3) The
(3) The best
Thebest architectural
bestarchitectural orientation
architecturalorientation
orientationof of the
ofthe comprehensive
thecomprehensive north–south
comprehensivenorth–south sunshades
north–southsunshades
sunshades
(3)
Based on the above analysis, it can be seen that the south-facing horizontal sun visors
Basedon
Based onthe
theabove
above analysis,
analysis, it can
it can be seen
be seen thatsouth-facing
that the the south-facing
horizontalhorizontal sun
sun visors
and the north-facing
visors vertical sun visors had their respective best combinations of archi-
and theand the north-facing
north-facing verticalvertical
sun visorssun had
visors hadrespective
their their respective best combinations
best combinations of archi-of
tectural orientations.
architectural However,
orientations. However,in actual situations,
in actual the north–south
situations, the north–south sun visors are all nec-
sun visors
tectural orientations. However, in actual situations, the north–south sun visors are allare all
nec-
essary
necessarybuilding
buildingcomponents;
components; therefore,
therefore, they
theyneed
need to be integrated by considering the
essary building components; therefore, they need to tobebeintegrated
integratedby byconsidering
considering the the
south-facing
south-facing horizontal
horizontal sun
sun visor
visor and
and the
the north-facing
north-facing vertical
vertical sun
sun visor
visor to
to find
find the
the best
best
south-facing horizontal sun visor and the north-facing vertical sun visor to find the best
combination
combinationof of sun
ofsun visors
sun visors and
visors and building
and building orientation.
building orientation. Figure
orientation. Figure
Figure16 16 depicts
16depicts
depictsthe the maximum
the maximum
maximum von von
von
combination
Mises
Mises equivalent
equivalent stress
stress of
of the
the sun
sun visors
visors when
when the
the five
five building
building orientations
orientations were
were in
in the
the
Mises equivalent stress of the sun visors when the five building orientations were in the
southeast wind
southeast wind
wind andand northwest
and northwest conditions.
northwest conditions.
conditions. The The comparison
Thecomparison
comparisonshows shows that
showsthat when
thatwhen
whenthe the building
thebuilding
building
southeast
orientations
orientations were
were south
south and
and south
south by
by west
west 15,
15, the
the comprehensive maximum
comprehensive maximum equivalent
equivalent
orientations were south and south by west 15, the comprehensive maximum equivalent
stress of the
stress of
of the north–southsun sun visor was smaller. Therefore, when the south-facing hori-
stress the north–south
north–south sunvisor visorwaswas smaller.
smaller.Therefore,
Therefore, when the south-facing
when the south-facing horizontal
hori-
zontal sun
sun visors visors
and the and the north-facing
north-facing verticalvertical sun
sun visors visors
werewerewere used
usedused at the
at theatsame same time,
time,time, the
the best
zontal sun visors and the north-facing vertical sun visors the same the
best architectural
architectural orientation
orientation was
was wassouth south by west
by west 15, followed
15, followed by theby the south direction.
best architectural orientation south by west 15, followed bysouth direction.
the south direction.
3.5×105
(Pa)
3.5×105
stress(Pa)
3.0×105
equivalentstress
3.0×105
maximumequivalent
2.5×105
2.5×105
2.0×105
2.0×105
Themaximum
1.5×105
1.5×105
The
1.0×105
1.0×105 South SBW15° SBW30° SBE15° SBE30°
South SBW15° SBW30° SBE15° SBE30°
Building Orientation
Building Orientation
Figure 16.
Figure16. The comprehensive
Thecomprehensive
16. The maximum
comprehensivemaximum equivalent
maximumequivalent stress
equivalentstress of
of555building
stressof building orientations
buildingorientations under
under222wind
orientationsunder wind
wind
Figure
direction
direction conditions.
conditions.
direction conditions.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 20 of 38
4.3. The Structural Safety Analysis of Sunshade Components under Wind Loading
4.2. Under
The Structural Safety
the action Analysis
of wind of Sunshade
loading, Components
the structural under
safety Wind
of the Loading construction
sunshade
needsUnder
to be paid
the action of wind loading, the structural safety of the sunshadeor
attention to; otherwise, it will cause damage to the sunshade the build-
construction
ing
needs to be paid attention to; otherwise, it will cause damage to the sunshadeofor
structure, affect the use of the building, and cause harm to the personal safety peo-
the
ple moving
building around affect
structure, the building. Therefore,
the use of the most
the building, unfavorable
and cause harm tosituation of structural
the personal safety of
safety
peopleunder
moving various
around working conditions
the building. needs to
Therefore, thebemost
paidunfavorable
attention to.situation
Based onofthe above
structural
analysis, this study
safety under further
various calculated
working the maximum
conditions needs toprincipal stress andto.
be paid attention maximum
Based on prin-
the
cipal
above elastic strain
analysis, under
this study10further
working conditions.
calculated the maximum principal stress and maximum
Figures
principal 17 and
elastic 18 under
strain show the maximum
10 working principal stress cloud diagram of the south-
conditions.
facingFigures 17 and
horizontal 18 showwith
sunshades the different
maximum principal
building stress cloud
orientations diagram
under of thecondi-
two wind south-
facingWhen
tions. horizontal sunshades
the most stressedwith
partdifferent
appearsbuilding
below, itorientations
means thatunder twoofwind
the root conditions.
the lower sur-
When
face most stressed
of the horizontal sunpart
visorappears below, when
was stressed; it meansthethat
most the root ofpart
stressed the lower
appearssurface of
on the
the it
top, horizontal
means that sun visor
the rootwas stressed;
of the when
horizontal sunthe mostwas
visor stressed
stressed.part appears on the top, it
means that the root of the horizontal sun visor was stressed.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 17. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 21 of 38
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Figure 17. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 22 of 38
(h)
(h)
(i)
(i)
(j)
(j)
Figure17.
Figure 17.The
Themaximum
maximumprincipal
principalstress
stress clouddiagram
diagramof ofthe
thesouthward
southwardhorizontal
horizontalsun sunvisor.
visor.(a)
(a)
Figure 17. The maximum principalcloud
stress cloud diagram of the southward horizontal sun visor.
Southto
South to southeastwind.
wind.(b)
(b)South
Southtotonorthwest
northwestwind. (c)South
wind.(c) South bywestwest 15to tosoutheast
southeast wind.(d) (d)
(a) southeast
South to southeast wind. (b) South to northwest wind. by (c) South15by west 15 to wind.
southeast wind.
South by
South (d) west
by South 15
west 15 to northwest wind. (e) South
wind. (e)wind. by west 30 to southeast wind.
wind. (f)(f) South by west 30
bytowest
northwest
15 to northwest South(e)bySouth
west by
30 west
to southeast
30 to southeast South
wind. (f) by west
South by30west 30
to northwest
to northwest wind.
wind. (g)
(g) South
South by
by east
east 15
15 to
to southeast
southeast wind.
wind. (h)
(h) South
South by
by east
east 1515 to
to northwest
northwest wind.
wind.
to northwest wind. (g) South by east 15 to southeast wind. (h) South by east 15 to northwest wind.
(i)South
(i) Southbybyeast
east30
30totosoutheast
southeastwind. (j)South
wind.(j) Southby byeast
east30
30totonorthwest
northwestwind.
wind.
(i) South by east 30 to southeast wind. (j) South by east 30 to northwest wind.
(a)
(a)
Figure 18. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 23 of 38
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure 18. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 24 of 38
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Figure 18. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 25 of 38
(j)
Figure 18. Cloud diagram of the maximum elastic principal strain of southward horizontal sun vi-
sors. (a) South to southeast wind. (b) South to northwest wind. (c) South by west 15 to southeast
(j)
wind. (d) South by west 15 to northwest wind. (e) South by west 30 to southeast wind. (f) South by
Figure
west 30 to northwest 18. Cloud
Figure
wind. 18. diagram
(g)Cloud
South diagramof of
by east the15maximum
the maximum
to southeastelastic
elastic principal
principal
wind. strainby
strain
(h) South ofofsouthward
southward
east horizontal
15 tohorizontal
northwest sunsun vi-
visors.
sors.(a)
(a)South
Southtoto southeast
southeast wind.
wind. (b)(b) South
South to northwest
to northwest wind.
wind. (c) South
(c) South by 15
by west west 15 to southeast
to southeast wind.
wind. (i) South by east 30 to southeast wind. (j) South by east 30 to northwest wind.
wind.(d)(d) South
South by west
by west 15 to15northwest
to northwest
wind.wind. (e) South
(e) South by30
by west west 30 to southeast
to southeast wind.
wind. (f) South(f)bySouth by
west 30
westto30northwest wind.
to northwest wind. (g) South
(g) South by east
by 15 to 15
east southeast wind.wind.
to southeast (h) South
(h) South by eastby15east
to northwest wind.
15 to northwest
Figures 19 and 20 show
(i)(i)
South the
by east 30 maximum
to principal elastic strain cloud diagrams
wind. wind.of the
wind. South by east 30southeast wind.
to southeast (j) South
wind. by east
(j) South by30east
to northwest
30 to northwest
southward horizontal sunshades with different building orientations under two wind
conditions. When the Figures
most 19 and 20 show
strained the maximum itprincipal elastic strain cloud diagrams
lower of the
Figures 19 and 20 part
showappears below,principal
the maximum meanselastic
that the root
strain of the
cloud diagrams of the
southward horizontal sunshades with different building orientations under two wind
surface of the horizontal
southward sun visor was
horizontal stressed;
sunshades when
with the most
different strained
building part appears
orientations under on
two wind
conditions. When the most strained part appears below, it means that the root of the lower
the top, it means that the
conditions. root
When of the
the horizontal
most sun
strained part visor
appears was stressed.
below, it means that the root of the lower
surface of the horizontal sun visor was stressed; when the most strained part appears on
surface of the
the top, horizontal
it means sunroot
that the visor washorizontal
of the stressed; sun
when thewas
visor most strained part appears on
stressed.
the top, it means that the root of the horizontal sun visor was stressed.
(a) (a)
Figure 19. Cont.

0, x FOR PEER REVIEW 27 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 26 of 38
(b)
(c)
Figure 19. Cont.
x FOR PEER REVIEW 28 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 27 of 38
(d)
(e)
Figure 19. Cont.
x FOR PEER REVIEW 29 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 28 of 38
(f)
(g)
Figure 19. Cont.
ses 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 30 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 29 of 38
(h)
(i)
Figure 19. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 30 of 38
(j)
(j)
Figure 19. Maximum principal stress cloud diagram of north vertical sun visors. (a) South to south-
east wind.
Figure (b) South
19. Maximum to northwest
principal
Figure 19.stress cloud (c)
wind.
Maximum Southofby
diagram
principal westcloud
north
stress 15 to southeast
vertical wind.
sun visors.
diagram of (d)vertical
(a) South
north South by west
to south-
sun visors. (a) South to
15 wind.
east to northwest wind.
(b) South to (e) South
northwest by
wind. west
(c) 30
South to southeast
by west 15wind.
to (f)
southeastSouth by
wind. west
(d) 30
South to northwest
by west
southeast wind. (b) South to northwest wind. (c) South by west 15 to southeast wind. (d) South by
15wind. (g) South
to northwest bywest
wind.east 15
(e)15 tonorthwest
South
to southeast wind.
by west wind.
30 (h)South
to southeast
(e) South by
wind.
by east
west 3015
(f) toto
South northwest
by west
southeast wind.
30
wind. (i) South
to(f)northwest
South by 30 to northwest
by west
east (g)
wind. 30 to southeast
South wind.
by east 15 to (j) South
southeast by east
wind. (h)
30 to northwest
South by eastwind.
15 to northwest wind. (i) South by
wind. (g) South by east 15 to southeast wind. (h) South by east 15 to northwest wind. (i) South by
east 30 to southeast wind. (j)toSouth
east 30 by east
southeast 30 to(j)northwest
wind. South by wind.
east 30 to northwest wind.
(a)
(a)
Figure 20. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 31 of 38
(b)
(c)
Figure 20. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 32 of 38
(d)
(e)
Figure 20. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 33 of 38
(f)
(g)
Figure 20. Cont.

FOR PEER REVIEW 35 of 39
Processes 2022, 10, 857 34 of 38
(h)
(i)
Figure 20. Cont.
Processes 2022, 10, 857 35 of 38
(j)
Figure 20. Cloud diagram of the
Figure 20.maximum elasticofprincipal
Cloud diagram strainelastic
the maximum of southward
principalhorizontal sun vi- horizontal sun visors.
strain of southward
sors. (a) South to southeast wind.to(b)
(a) South South towind.
southeast northwest wind.
(b) South to (c) South by
northwest west(c)
wind. 15South
to southeast
by west 15 to southeast wind.
wind. (d) South by west(d)15South
to northwest wind. (e) South by west 30 to southeast wind. (f) South
by west 15 to northwest wind. (e) South by west 30 to southeast wind. by (f) South by west 30
west 30 to northwest wind. (g) South by east 15 to southeast wind. (h) South by east 15 to northwest
to northwest wind. (g) South by east 15 to southeast wind. (h) South by east 15 to northwest wind.
wind. (i) South by east (i)
30 South
to southeast 30 to (j)
by eastwind. South by
southeast east(j)
wind. 30South
to northwest
by east wind.
30 to northwest wind.
Based on the above 18Based cloudon the above

diagrams, 18 cloud
Table diagrams,
3 summarizes theTable 3 summarizes
specific values corre- the specific values cor-
sponding to the maximum principal stress and maximum principal elastic strain of the elastic strain of the
responding to the maximum principal stress and maximum principal
south-facing horizontal south-facing
sun visors horizontal sun visors vertical
and the north-facing and the sunnorth-facing
visors undervertical sun visors under 10 work-
10 work-
ing conditions. It can ing conditions.
be seen from TableIt can3 be seen
that, from Table
according 3 that,
to 4.2.3 ofaccording
the “Codetofor 4.2.3 of the “Code for Design of
Design
of Concrete Structures” Concrete Structures”
GB 50010-2010, theGB 50010-2010,
standard valuethe standard
of C25 concretevalue of C25
axial concrete axial compressive
compres-
sive strength is 16.7 MPastrength
and is
the16.7 MPa and
standard the standard
value value ofstrength
of compressive compressive
is 1.78strength
MPa. In is 1.78 MPa. In general,
the maximum tensile strain of concrete is 1 × 10 −4 and the maximum compressive strain is
general, the maximum tensile strain of concrete is 1 × 10 and the maximum compressive
−4
× 10 −4 . The data in the comparison Table 3 shows that the maximum principal stress of
strain is 3.3 × 10−4. The3.3
data in the comparison Table 3 shows that the maximum principal
stress of the sun visorthe sun all
under visor under conditions
working all workingwas conditions
0.39 MPa, was 0.39 MPa,
which is muchwhich is much smaller than the
smaller
tensile strength of C25 concrete. In the same way,
than the tensile strength of C25 concrete. In the same way, the maximum principal elastic the maximum principal elastic strain of
− 4
0.12 × 10 to according
strain of the sun visorthe sun visor
under under all
all working working was
conditions conditions
0.12 × 10was−4 according the pro- to the provisions of
4.2.3 in China’s current “Code for Design of
visions of 4.2.3 in China’s current “Code for Design of Concrete Structures” GB 50010-Concrete Structures” GB 50010-2010, which is
2010, which is much smaller than the maximum strain value of concrete. Therefore, the the wind load under
much smaller than the maximum strain value of concrete. Therefore,
wind load under thethe working
working conditions
conditions of of thisstudy
this studyhad hadno nosignificant
significant impact
impact on on the
the safety of the concrete
structure. However, considering the dynamic
safety of the concrete structure. However, considering the dynamic abrupt changes and abrupt changes and duration characteristics
duration characteristics of wind loads in nature, the wind loads in actual use may exceedset range in this study.
of wind loads in nature, the wind loads in actual use may exceed the
Therefore, in buildings using concrete external shading components, it is still necessary to
the set range in this study. Therefore, in buildings using concrete external shading com-
strengthen the shading by paying attention to the stress concentration of the slab in the
ponents, it is still necessary to strengthen the shading by paying attention to the stress
structural design when necessary. According to the wind tunnel test research conducted by
concentration of the slab in the structural design when necessary. According to the wind
the State Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Disaster Prevention of Tongji University
tunnel test research conducted by the State Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Dis-
on the wind load of horizontal cantilever sunshades, the results showed that the maximum
aster Prevention of Tongji University on the wind load of horizontal cantilever sunshades,
value of the most unfavorable net wind pressure of the horizontal cantilever sunshades
the results showed that the maximum value of the most unfavorable net wind pressure of
of high-rise buildings appeared on the top sunshade on the board [33]. This confirmed
the horizontal cantilever sunshades of high-rise buildings appeared on the top sunshade
the wind pressure distribution and the force of the horizontal sun visor in this study, but
on the board [33]. This confirmed the wind pressure distribution and the force of the hor-
the test did not consider the structural safety analysis of the cantilever sun visor under
izontal sun visor in this study, but the test did not consider the structural safety analysis
multiple parameters. On this basis, this study further considered the structural safety
Processes 2022, 10, 857 36 of 38
performance analysis of the sunshade components under different building orientations,

different sunshade forms, and different mechanical parameters, and the results were sum-
marized, analyzed, and discussed accordingly, and some practical results were obtained.
Finally, there were some valuable conclusions from the project.
Table 3. Maximum principal stress and maximum principal elastic strain under 10 working conditions.
Maximum Principal
Stress and Maximum
Maximum Principal
Working Condition Serial Number Principal Elastic Strain
Elastic Strain
under 10 Working
Conditions
South-facing horizontal sun visor 30.69 8.05 × 10−9
South to southeast wind No.1
North-facing vertical sun visor 254.38 2.43 × 10−8
South-facing horizontal sun visor 5245.8 1.65 × 10−7
South to northwest wind No.2
North-facing vertical sun visor 1.74 × 105 5.21 × 10−6
South by west 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 58.14 1.22 × 10−8

No.3
southeast wind North-facing vertical sun visor 348.67 2.42 × 10−8
South by west 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 11,709 3.68 × 10−7

No.4
northwest wind North-facing vertical sun visor 1.57 × 105 4.70 × 10−6
South by west 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 3.87 × 105 1.15 × 10−5
No.5
South by west 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 7082.8 2.20 × 10−7

No.6
South by east 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 2.23 × 105 6.70 × 10−6
No.7
South by east 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 2963.5 8.81 × 10−8

No.8
northwest wind North-facing vertical sun visor 81,875 2.45 × 10−6
South by east 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 3.09 × 105 9.76 × 10−6
No.9
southeast wind North-facing vertical sun visor 20,884 6.46 × 10−7
South by east 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 7158.3 2.26 × 10−7

No.10
No.1–No.10 South-facing horizontal sun visor 3.87 × 105 1.15 × 10−5
Max
No.1–No.10 North-facing vertical sun visor 1.74 × 105 5.21 × 10−6
5. Conclusions
In this study, by considering the wind load characteristics of sunshade components
and the structural safety of sunshade components on the structure, flow field simulations in
an extreme wind environment were carried out to undertake a structural safety analysis of
building exterior sunshade components. By demonstrating the importance and sensitivity
of the sunshade component, the importance of the parameters of the sunshade component
was much higher than the window-to-wall ratio, the thickness of the roof insulation layer,
the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient of the outer window, and the parameters of
the envelope structure. The sensitivity of the sunshade component accounted for about
60% of the total proportion of multiple parameters; therefore, it can be seen that the
sunshade component is the most important and sensitive part of the influence of building
performance in Turpan. However, the Turpan area has a bad wind environment, which
causes great damage to the building components. Therefore, considering the safety of
sunshade components in a wind environment was the focus of this study.
By analyzing the influence of different forms of sunshades on air conditioning energy
consumption, heating energy consumption, and comfort in the Turpan area, the structural
design parameters of different forms of sunshades in the Turpan area were obtained, as
Processes 2022, 10, 857 37 of 38
well as the dimensions of cantilevered exterior sunshades suitable for buildings in the
Turpan area. The length of the horizontal sunshade was between 1.2 m and 2.0 m, the size
of the external cantilever was 0.8 m, the length of the vertical sunshade was 0.6 m, the
height was 1.5 m, and the thickness was 0.08 m. The analysis showed the importance of
setting sunshade structures in the Turpan area. Using the finite element method for the
fluid–structure interaction analysis of the shading component under the environment of
extreme wind, and adopting a full-size scale modeling method for the main body of the
building to ensure the accuracy of the results of the analysis, solutions for different building
orientations for the south and the north building outside shading, cantilever horizontal
visors, and vertical wind load stresses and strains of the visors were obtained. In this study,
the maximum principal stress σ max and maximum principal elastic strain ε max were
calculated under 10 working conditions. According to the solution results, the maximum
principal stress of the sunshade under all working conditions was 0.39 MPa, which is far
less than the tensile strength of C25 concrete. The calculated maximum principal elastic
strain of the sunshade was 0.12 × 10−4 , which is far less than the maximum strain of
concrete. Therefore, the wind load in this study had no great influence on the structural
safety of concrete.
Author Contributions: Formal analysis, H.Z.; resources, Z.W.; data curation, P.N.; writing—original
draft preparation, C.L.; project administration, W.W. All authors have read and agreed to the pub-
lished version of the manuscript.
Funding: This subject was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region University Scientific
Research Program Key Project (XJEDU2019I006), and the project name was “Research on the Heat
Protection Mechanism and Structural System of Buildings in Turpan Region”.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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1 College of Architecture and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China;

Processes 2022, 10, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050857 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes

Figure 1, Analysis of the importance of shading components.

Figure 2. Sensitivity analysis

conditions of intense activity. The wind-induced displacements have a certain periodicity

2.1.2. Orthogonal Experiment Experiment

Table 1. Orthogonal experiment table.

Building Orientation Model Name Characteristic Wind Total

Table 1. Orthogonal experiment table.

Building Orientation Model Name Characteristic Wind Total

2.2. CFD Numerical Wind Tunnel Calculation Parameter Setting

2.2.2. Computational Domain Selection and Meshing

Figure 4. Computational domain meshing.

Processes 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Processes 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 39

Figure 7. North-direction vertical sun visor structure grid.

Processes 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 39

Figure 10. Cont.

Figure 11. Cont.

s 2022, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 40

Processes 2022, 10, 857 16 of 38

Figure 13. Cont.

Von Mises Equivalent Stress

Figure 17. Cont.

Figure 17. Cont.

Figure 18. Cont.

Figure 19. Cont.

Processes 2022, 10, 857 26 of 38

2, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 31 of 39

Processes 2022, 10, 857 31 of 38

Figure 20. Cont.

Based on the above 18Based cloudon the above

performance analysis of the sunshade components under different building orientations,

South by west 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 58.14 1.22 × 10−8

South by west 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 11,709 3.68 × 10−7

South by west 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 7082.8 2.20 × 10−7

South by east 15 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 2963.5 8.81 × 10−8

South by east 30 to South-facing horizontal sun visor 7158.3 2.26 × 10−7

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