1.

4 The Approximation Method of Euler

Graphical approach

Numerical approach

Analytical approach

January 19, 2021 1/8

y
IVP: dy/dx=f(x,y), y(x 0)=y0

0 x

January 19, 2021 2/8

(ex.) Use Euler’s method with step size h = 1 to approximate the solution
to the IVP
y 0 = y − x, y (0) = 2
at the points x = 1, 2, 3, 4.

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 60

50 y=ex+x+1

40

30
y

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x

January 19, 2021 4/8

i 1 2 3 4 ······ 37 38 39 40
xi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ······ 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
φi 2.20 2.41 2.6 2.86 ······ 38.70 42.20 46.04 50.26

60

50 y=ex+x+1

40

30
y

20

10
h=0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x

January 19, 2021 5/8

i 1 2 3 4 ······ 397 398 399 400
xi 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 ······ 3.97 3.98 3.99 4.00
φi 2.02 2.04 2.60 2.08 ······ 56.92 57.45 57.98 58.52

60

50 y=ex+x+1

40

30
y

20

10
h=0.01
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x

January 19, 2021 6/8

(ex.) Use Euler’s method to find approximations to the solution of the IVP
y0 = x + y, y (1) = 0
at x = 5 by taking 1, 2, and 4 steps.

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(HW) Textbook 1.4 Exercises: 1-7 odd

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