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    Beams On Elastic Foundations

    Uploaded by

    Benjamin

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    Chapter 3 with widden text BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS (Cook and Young, 1999, Chapter 5) ed tracks derailed a train in Perugia, Italy Ten peo yews ple were mjuredin he weekend accident BA Beams on Elastic Foundations Introduction Many engineering structures have components that behave like a beam on an elastic foundation. The key feature of these components is that they contain long bending element and continuous transverse support. Such systems are often represented as a beam on a series of springs. The system of springs is a model for a continuous support known as a Winkler foundation. E,I ‘Two assumptions are made in the formulation of beam on elastic foundation problems: 1) That the deformation at one point along the beam does not affect the foundation force at any other point. The springs are independent of each other. (More complex models include interactions between adjacent point in the foundation, giving rise to much mathematical complication, but provide few additional insights, and minimal differences in deflections.) 2) The beam does not lift off the foundation. If the beam rises above its initial position, the foundation is assumed to pull downwards with a force that is proportional to the rise. (This often does not actually happen, but the model is stil! acceptable for mast practical purposes.) Beams on Elastic Foundations Examples include: Train track (original application) Pavements Strip foundation on soil Road on ice Ship on the ocean Articulated floating dock (analog is not exact) Laterally-supported column (also gives rise to a type of buckling problem) Wrinkling skin Pile foundation Microtubules with lateral support in biological cells Radial deflection of an axisymmetric cylindrical shel (Also provides an approximation for certain other types of shells) 33 Beams on Elastic Foundations The Governing Differential Equation Consider a beam on an elastic foundation as shown below. w(x) - Upward deflection y, (x) — Upward external load k= Spring constant Elastic Foundation If there were no elastic foundation, the governing equation would be at If the force exerted by the foundation is considered as an additional transverse load (x)=k w(x), itis not difficult to show that the governing equation becomes If we make the replacement 21 = g(x) + p(x) = 418) kw ax ° Beams on Elastic Foundations we get ‘Suppose that we assume the complementary solution of the D.E. to take the form Substituting this into the D.E. a‘w +4p'w=0 Ae* +4pie* = Dividing through by e“', we obtain an algebraic equation +46" =0, known as the companion equation. To solve this equation, rearrange to obtain Ifwe assume that 4 = a+bi, we find that (a+ bi)’ =a? —b? + 2abi = 2if? (“first equation”) and 21” . ("second equation”) Beams on Elastic Foundations Equating the real and imaginary parts of the left and right sides of the first equation gives ? and ab = fp’, the solutions of which are a Banda Thus, the first equation gives roots A=(+if and A=(-1-f. Following similar steps, the second equation leads to, A=(-1+if and 2=(1-)p. It can be shown that these four solutions Ae 4 BeBe 4 CoB 4 Dette Was) are equivalent to the solutions Wey =e” (€, 08 ft +c, sin Ar) +e" (c, cos Ax +e, sin Bx) where B 4EI The four components of the complementary solution are shown below. cand csapply here ce and ce apply here Note the relationship of 8 and half-wavelength to k and El. Note that the amplitude changes with position but the wavelength does not. 3-6 Beams on Elastic Foundations Suppose that sin Ax] +e" [c, cos Bx +c, sin fx] +(x) then Te, cos Bx +c, sin Br] +e" [—fe, sin fx + fe, cos fx] ~ fe [c, cos Br +e, sin fr] +e [=e sin fi + fo, cos fx]+w', (+) * ~ pePU(c, +0,)008 Ax —(c, -c,)sin Br] dx + Be [(e, ~c,)e0s fix ~ (c; +¢,)sin fir] +", (x) ee wee +¢,)cos fr —(¢, —c,)sin Br] + fe™[-(c, -€,)B cos fx —(c, +¢,) Asin Bx] ~ Be [(e, ~¢,)008 Ax ~ (6, + €,)sin fe] + Be *[-(c, ~¢;)B sin fic~(c, + ¢,)B cos fx] + w"’, &) aw Sar = Pel [-2e, sin fc + 2e, 60s Pe] + Be™ (2c, sin fax - 2c, cos Px] + w"", (x) cm = B'e*[-2c, sin Ax + 2c, cos Ax] ax + Be*[-2c, B cos fx — 2c, Bsin Br] - Be |-2e, cos Ax + 2c, sin fx) + Be (2c, sin fr +2c, Boos f+ w'", (x) ue = Bre (Xe, ~¢,) 08 ir - 2(¢, + ¢,)sin Ax] + Be™[2(c, +¢4)e0s fr ~2(c, ~c,)sin Br] + w'", (s) Beams on Elastic Foundations Summary of Beam Formulas Recall, that for a beam with an upwards deflection given by w(x), & is the slope of the beam, positive when uphill to the right, be 1_d*w is the curvature of the beam, positive when sagging (smling), p de is the moment in the beam, positive when sagging (smiling), dw ¥ = EI“Zy isthe shear in the beam, positive when “down on the right” 38 Beams on Elastic Foundations Infinite Beam with a Point Load Consider an infinite beam with a point load P pe * —--- a To analyze it, we apply symmetry arguments and consider only the right half of the beam. Half of the vertical load is carried by the right half of the beam and, by symmetry, the rotation at the left end of the beam is zero. I . M(0) ot _-e-- oi The description of the deflection then simplifies to w(x) =e" |e, cos Ar +c, sin Ax]+e°" [e, since the transverse load q(x) =0. The boundary conditions are At Asx >o wh) 20. In order to have solution decay as x > ©, we must have that Beams on Elastic Foundations Thus, we have that w=e*[e, cos fice, sin fx] &|2 —fe*[c, cos fi +c, sin fr] +e [- fe, sin fix + fe, cos fr] BE perPU(e, ~c,)008Br~(6, +¢,)sin fe] fw pe A((c,~c,)e08 (6, +¢,)sin Pr] de + Be ™[~(c, ~ ¢,)B sin fre ~ (cs +64) 008 Ax] 'e™[-2e, cos fx + 2c, sin Ax) Be {-2e, cos fac + 2c, sin fr] + Be [2c, Asin fx + 2c,fcos fr] e[2(c, + c,)eos fix 2c, ~c,)sin fr] Now at x = 0, aH Lg dx or Se = Ales -e)l=0 Thus, Also at x = 0, dw V(0)= El— | (= Beams on Elastic Foundations Thus, we must have that PRE, +e ))= se or we can write Deflected shape x>0 from which w(x) = Be [cos Ax + sin Ax] 3-11 Beams on Elastic Foundations The complete solution is w= FB A008 f+ sin pr] w (ve) 2k x dy =p Le Pm _ (eve) M= EIT aa [cos Bx sin Bx] «LY tL] ee 312 Beams on Elastic Foundations Standard Solutions In solving beam on elastic foundation problems, certain combinations of the basis convenient to give them new names; Fi((x) through Fa(Bx). These new, normalized functions and their values are shown below. They relate directly to the four quantities - deflection, slope, moment and shear - calculated functions recur so frequently, that on the previous page. Fr, (Bx) = BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION* F(x) = &* (cos fi + sin fx) ae 5.0 0.005, 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.002 5.0 41P DerHortog, 1952, “vanced strength of Metros, McGraw Hl 3-13 Beams on Elastic Foundations Shown below, are “standard solutions” for infinite beams that carry a point load P or a concentrated moment M. Note that they are written in terms of F1({x) through Fa({5x). Also note their cyclic nature and the “one-step offset” between the set of curves associated with the concentrated force and those associated with the concentrated moment. Concentrated Force, P Concentrated Moment, M. ot ut s 314 Beams on Elastic Foundations Note, that if we differentiate F,(Bx) =e* [eos fx] with respect to x, we get ag x) pe cos fx - Be“ sin px =-fe-**[cos fx + sin fx] =~ BF) (fx) The other F functions are related in similar differential fashion. 315 Beams on Elastic Foundations Definition of Spring Constants Two spring constants are relevant to beams on elastic foundations: ko = spring constant per unit of contact area (typical units: N/m?) k = spring constant per unit of beam length (typical units: N/m?) and they are related by the equation k=bko where b is the width of the contact area. Typical ko values for soils range from 7x10°N/m? to 140x10°N/ms (25 to 500 Ibf/in?). 3-16 Beams on Elastic Foundations Example A beam is 4m long and has properties In=5.12x10°mm*, Yma63.5mm, and E=200Gpa. It rests on a “hard rubber” foundation that has modulus ko=0.270N/mm*, The beam has a width of b=76mm. If the beam carries a point load of 6OkN at its center, find the maximum deflection and stress. Tyg = 5.12 x 10% mm E= 200 GPa wonfene 127mm kob = (0.27}(76mm) = 20.52 N/mm? IAPS Bae af hob — | __0270%76___ 1496 . ‘ Vaer ~{4@00«10" «3.1210 001496 x 4000 /) : : a pol. fscussl Beam may be approximated as an infinitely long beam. lf a : / 4 /, & i Lett Maximum quantities : _ PB _ ~60,000%0.001496 mm 2k -2x0.270%76 ___ = 60,000 4x 0,001496 10.010" x0.0635 5.1210 4El,, check: # = I -2.187mm =10.0kN +m =124.4MPa 3-17 Beams on Elastic Foundations tributed Loads Multiple and Because the governing differential equation is linear, the principle of superposition can be used to find deflections and stresses when multiple or distributed loads act. Thus, the deflection at any point due to the action of multiple point loads is the sum of the deflections from them individually. (a) = 28 (ps) BB Rp) Similarly, the deflection due to a distributed load is a) A i - oo - LY eee ff 7 wae Ff g(a) R (Ao ae Note that the observer (the loc¢ ~ outside of the load application 3-18 Beams on Elastic Foundations For a UDL g(x)=9, and because J F\(Br) ab Note that if Ais inside the interval from xz to x2, the problem must be considered in 2 parts. The reason is that the F functions are defined only for positive values of x. Thus, to find w/A) for the case shown below, use ay =A (Bx) dx Bi F(Bx) de oe as 2 = 3p Bole ~ SEF BOhy 3-19 Beams on Elastic Foundations Example Consider two point loads on a rail. ke =1500lbs/ in? given B= 0.02in" Find BM and deflection at A Note that these curves are not the deflections and moments produced by the point loads, but are the values of the functions Fi and F3 used to evaluate their contributions (see calculations below). In a sense they are like influence lines (if you are familiar with | that concept) Aoordo, 1954.88 For P1=50000 Ib, P2=100000 Ib, x=! 0 in and x2=120 in, the sol PAB PLB A= PE fx.) + BE p w(A) 2k 14x.) 2k (x) (50,000)+0.02 ¢ (9.09. go) 100.000)x0.02 21500 21500 0.333 0,635 ~ 0.667 x (~0.006) 0.212 + 0.004 (The deflections at A from the 2 loads partially cancel) 0.208 in (0.02 x 120) and af Pa M(A) ap en) ape) M(A) = ~1.66% 10" in - Ib 3-20 Beams on Elastic Foundations Semi-infinite Beams Consider a beam that carries a point load at its end te, eet cS To find the deflection of this beam, we could start with the 4-term complementary solution, set c1=¢2=0 and solve for cs & cson the basis that M(0)=0 and V(0)=Pe. The result would be that Alternatively, the solution to this problem can be found by superimposing two known infinite beam solutions ~ one for a beam with a concentrated transverse load and one for a beam with a concentrated moment. Superposition has certain advantages for some of the more complex problems we will consider later, and so we demonstrate it here. 3-21 Beams on Elastic Foundations Suppose that we had an infinite beam loaded at x = 0 with a upward point load P and a ccw moment M. Se ‘The moments and shears that these generalized loads would produce at x=0 are shown in the second and third rows, respectively, of the following table. Load Moment Shear Pp P and M together Required moment and | M=0 Vere shear at x=0 to replicate | | semi-infinite beam | If we applied just the right amount of point load P and moment M, we could reproduce the conditions that exist in the semi-infinite beam. ‘The resultants in the original semi-infinite beam at x=0 are Mrota=0 and VrotaPe. Thus, we want, a ot =F P_MB_p M, a2 ‘These two equations in two unknowns have the solution, 2, P=4P, and M=—!. B 3-22 Beams on Elastic Foundations The total deflection associated with these P and M values is Mp’ k wotbe [cos fx + sin fr] — *{sin fx] GP )B 1 e* [sin Br] [cos Bx + sin Bx] CRIBB” a 3-23 Beams on Elastic Foundations The behaviour along the beam length is shown below. are TTP TITTTT TTTTD: 3-24 V = PrP (Bx) Bx +sin Bx] V = P.e™ [cos fx sin fr] Beams on Elastic Foundations To find the deflection of a semi-infinite beam that carries a point load a distance “a” from its left end, one would need to solve for 4 coefficients for the part between the end and the applied load and 2 for the semi-infinite segment to the right of the load (6 equations in 6 unknowns). In this case, it is much better to use superposition, which can be done with 3 loads, resulting in 2 equations in 2 unknowns (2 unknown loads): 1) The actual point load a distance a from the end, 2) A point load P at x = 0 to partially correct for the cut there and 3) Amoment M at x = 0 to also partially correct for the cut there. By super position: Note: a is in the negative x direction, therefore the value of Vi, which is an odd function of Ee M;=-75hO oe %=5F.0 V,+V,+V,=V, =0 M,+M,+M,=M, Free end conditions require tha 3-25 Beams on Elastic Foundations so that: £ r(pay-MP r(0)+Er0)=0 ~ FA 0+Z O- TRO =0 Now, > FO=1 , FO Therefore, Solve for M and Pto get P= P,(2F,(Ba) + F,(fa)) P, M = Fla) + FB) The resulting components of the total deflection due to Pi, Mand P are 2B 3k Fi (Ba) 3-26 Beams on Elastic Foundations The total deflection under the load is found by superimposing the deflections there due to each of the three loads P,, M and P, and gives, a k oe 2h) Polen F,(Pa)) *3(Ba) 2k B +e, 2F aa = Fr pan (pa) (F,(Ba) + F,(Ba)) F(a) + FOR (bay ' FBO) Ba) | The deflection at the free end is (0) = 28 Fay +, 2F (B+ (Bay) (0) = 2A Fr (fa) + 2F (Ba) + Fa] Check: When a= 0, then F1=Fs= Fa=1 and Fo= 0. FB k ‘The end deflection is w=——, which agrees with the corresponding result from the previous section. 3-27 Beams on Elastic Foundations If we had tried to solve this problem from first principles, we would have needed to find two deflection functions 1, (x), a function that applies to the left of P w,(x), a function that applies to the right of P Walx) Wax) The function w,(x) would contain all 4 terms of the complementary solution while w(x) would contain only the two decaying terms (C, 0). Six boundary conditions would be required: M(A)=0 w'(B) = w,'B) V(A=0 M,(B) = M,(B) w,(B) = w,(B) V,(B)+ P =+¥,(B) Six simultaneous equations in six unknowns would have to be solved. Clearly, the first approach shown, in which three infinite beams are superimposed and one must solve two equations in 2 unknowns, requires less algebra than solving 6 equations in 6 unknowns, As this example demonstrates, itis difficult to analyze a BEF where one end is a finite (but non-zero) distance away from one or more of the applied loads. Beams with ends that are considered to be an infinite distance away are easier to analyze because the coefficients on any terms in the complementary solution that increase exponentially as one moves away from the load can be set to zero. Anatural question to ask is, “How far away from any load must the end be so that it can be considered to be an infinite distance away?” and that is one of the topics considered in the next section. 3-28 Beams on Elastic Foundations Discussion of Beam Length Recall that the deflection pattern of a BEF with a point load is as shown below. we The first zero crossing is at x = 32/4 = 2.36 or x= 3n/(4B). The moment at this crossing is 13% of its value under the point load, and the next deflection maximum, at x=3.2, is 4% of its value under the point load. Thus, for most practical purposes, whether a BEF continues beyond a distance of 3x/(48) beyond a given load does not matter because its influence there will be sufficiently small as to be negligible. This cutoff value is somewhat arbitrary, but is the value commonly used. Consequently, if the end of a beam is at least a distance of os 4p away from any loads (point or distributed loads, or moments), the calculations can be simplified by assuming that it is infinitely long in that direction. idered finite The beam shown below smust be cor dered infinite to the right. ‘0 the left, but can be rd 3a 4B 4p a ANOTHER EXAMPLE (MAYBE WITH MULTIPLE LOADS - POINT, DISTRIBUTED AND MOMENTS ~AND MAYBE FINITE IN BOTH DIRECTIONS): 3-29 Beams on Elastic Foundations Finite Beams For analysis purposes, itis useful to categorize finite beams further based on their length. Remember that the length is not a physical length such as L, but is associated with the number of half wavelengths in the oscillatory BEF complementary solutions, and that is governed by BL. To understand these categories, consider a beam with end loads as in the spreadsheet shown below. Pi P2 Bor eno oP Stet snd)——26pLon te i Tae een oer vor f $b 4 We | 2D asaase erat 0098 sour wear | 2 Eigen tron coms otomrs Meee Oe TE, "fe Samara ‘ocr? sunset aust | 3-30 Beams on Elastic Foundations Case 1 - Long Beam (8L237/4 plus other conditions) ‘As the spreadsheet shows, when BL is sufficiently large, loads at one end of the beam do not meaningfully affect the other end. Such beams are called “long” and the L>3n/(4p) condition is usually used to define them. In those beams, the components of the complementary solution have the character shown below — they essentially decay to a negligible value before reaching the other end. The functions are written in a symmetric form, but they could just as easily be expressed in terms of the 2 exponentially decreasing and 2 exponentially increasing functions used elsewhere in this chapter. Using the symmetric form in the figures and in the spreadsheet produces similar coefficients regardless of which end has the applied load and it prevents the coefficients ‘on the exponentially increasing terms from having very small numbers if BL is large. ax © Gos AX, x e “Sin dx Under these conditions, the deflections, slopes, moments and shears at one end are independent of the conditions at the other. Thus, one can solve for cs and ca based solely on the conditions at the left end of the beam and for ci and cz based solely on the conditions at its right end. Sometimes, as suggested by the figure, the equations describing the right end are written in terms of new functions that mirror the functions for the left end, and that decay with position towards the left. For a beam with unit point loads acting downward at both of its ends, the deflected shape for a beam with BL = 12's: w(beta*x) beta*x 3-31 Beams on Elastic Foundations intermediate Beam (1

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