Pipe Sizing 22.

Table 4 Summary of Test Data for Ells, Reducers, and Expansions

Rahmeyer Datab
Pasta 1.2 m/s 2.4 m/s 3.6 m/s
50 mm S.R.c
ell (R/D = 1) thread 0.60 to 1.0 (1.0)d 0.60 0.68 0.736
100 mm S.R. ell (R/D = 1) weld 0.30 to 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.33
25 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld to 1.0 — — —
50 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.50 to 0.7 — — —
100 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.22 to 0.33 (0.22)d 0.26 0.24 0.23
150 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.25 — — —
200 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.20 to 0.26 — — —
250 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.17 — — —
300 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17
400 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11
500 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.10
600 mm L.R. ell (R/D = 1.5) weld 0.07 0.098 0.089 0.089
Reducer (50 by 40 mm) thread — 0.53 0.28 0.20
(100 by 80 mm) weld 0.22 0.23 0.14 0.10
(300 by 250 mm) weld — 0.14 0.14 0.14
(400 by 300 mm) weld — 0.17 0.16 0.17
(500 by 400 mm) weld — 0.16 0.13 0.13
(600 by 500 mm) weld — 0.053 0.053 0.055
Expansion (40 by 50 mm) thread — 0.16 0.13 0.02
Licensed for single user. © 2009 ASHRAE, Inc.

(80 by 100 mm) weld — 0.11 0.11 0.11

(250 by 300 mm) weld — 0.11 0.11 0.11
(300 by 400 mm) weld — 0.073 0.076 0.073
(400 by 500 mm) weld — 0.024 0.021 0.022
(500 by 600 mm) weld — 0.020 0.023 0.020
Source: Rahmeyer (1999c). cS.R.—shortradius or regular ell; L.R.—long-radius ell.
aPublished data by Crane (1988), Freeman (1941), and Hydraulic Institute (1979). d() Data published in 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Funda-
bRahmeyer (1999a, 2002a). mentals.

Table 5 Summary of Test Data for Pipe Tees

Rahmeyer Datab
Pasta 1.2 m/s 2.4 m/s 3.6 m/s
50 mm thread tee, 100% branch 1.20 to 1.80 (1.4)c 0.93 — —
100% line (flow-through) 0.50 to 0.90 (0.90)c 0.19 — —
100% mix — 1.19 —
100 mm weld tee, 100% branch 0.70 to 1.02 (0.70)c — 0.57 —
100% line (flow-through) 0.15 to 0.34 (0.15)c — 0.06 —
100% mix — — 0.49 —
300 mm weld tee, 100% branch 0.52 0.70 0.63 0.62
100% line (flow-through) 0.09 0.062 0.091 0.096
100% mix — 0.88 0.72 0.72
400 mm weld tee, 100% branch 0.47 0.54 0.55 0.54
100% line (flow-through) 0.07 0.032 0.028 0.028
100% mix — 0.74 0.74 0.76
aPublished data by Crane (1988), Freeman (1941), and the Hydraulic Institute (1979).
bRahmeyer (199b, 2002b).
cData published in 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.

Table 6 Water Velocities Based on Type of Service Table 7 Maximum Water Velocity to Minimize Erosion
Type of Service Velocity, m/s Reference Normal Operation, Water Velocity,
h/yr m/s
General service 1.2 to 3.0 a, b, c
1500 4.6
City water 0.9 to 2.1 a, b
0.6 to 1.5 c 2000 4.4
3000 4.0
Boiler feed 1.8 to 4.6 a, c 4000 3.7
Pump suction and drain lines 1.2 to 2.1 a, b 6000 3.0
aCrane Co. (1976). bCarrier (1960). cGrinnell Company (1951). Source: Carrier (1960).