) BIOCHEMISTRY RAPID REVISION HANDWRITTEN NOTESBIOCHEMISTRY RAPID REVISION HANDWRITTEN NOTES 2" Edition Based on YouTube Channel Biochemistry by Dr. Rajesh Jambhulkar 2,40,000 Subscribers and 16,691,177 views till date DR. RAJESH JAMBHULKAR MBBS, MD, DNB- Biochemistry New topics in 2™ edition . Mechanism of Hormone action . Quality control in laboratory . Automated analyzer |. Electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE 2. 3, 4 5. Colorimeter 6. 1. 8, Nutrition- SDA, Balanced diet, Caloric value, RQ, diet in pregnancy, DM and CAD 1. Metabolic integration and starvation . Thalassemia 9, Metabolism of branched cl 12, Fatty liver and lipotropic factors 13, Important clinical cases Price inclusive of all taxes-650 INRCONTENT 1. Celt x Frere senersd ees Fluid mosaic model- Diagram Active Transport Passive Transport Cellular organelles with functions Enzyme classification Mechanism of enzyme action Coenzymes Factors affecting enzyme activity Enzyme inhibition Enzymes in liver diseases Cardiac markers Isoenzymes Uses of enzymes Regulation of enzyme activity Enzyme specificity 3. Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism Ferme ae oe a Ppepgorhy Define and classify carbohydrates Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides/ GAGs Glycemic index Dietary fibres Isomers Digestion and absorption Glycolysis RL cycle PDH complex TCA Cycle Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism and regulation HMP shunt Galactosemia Blood glucose regulation DM and DKA 4, Lipid Chemistry and metabolism a Define and classify lipids b. Phospholipids ree mean Fatty acids, EFA Eicosanoids/Prostaglandins Lipoproteins- definition, classification Digestion and absorption of lipid Fatty acid oxidation FAS complex Fatty acid synthesis 103, 104 108 109j. Cholesterol metabolism mW k. Cholesterol degradation 3 1. Ketone bodies synthesis and utilization 414 tm. Lipoprotein metabolism-Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL 17 zn, Fatty liver and lipotropic factors 122 5, Amino acid and Protein chemistry and metabolism 124 ‘a. Amino acid classification 125 b. Protein- definition and classification 126 e. Structural organization of proteins 127 4. Plasma proteins and related disorders 131 ‘¢. Immunoglobulins 133 £. Biologically important peptides 135 £._ Digestion and absorption of lipid 138 Ammonia metabolism 140 i Ureacycle 142 j. Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism 144 kk Special product of phe and Tyr 146 1. Phenyiketonuria (PKU) 147 m. Alkaptonuria 149 n. Tryptophan metabolism 151 ©. Glycine metabolism 153 p. Metabolism of sulfur containing AA 155 4g. Metabolism of branched chain AA 158 6. Integration of metabolism and starvation 159 7. Biological oxidation a. ETC 164 b. Oxidative phosphorylation 166 . Inhibitors and uncouplers 168 4. Shuttle pathways 170 ‘e. Enzymes involved in biological oxidation im 8. Nucleotide chemistry and metabolism im a. Biologically important nucleotides 173 b. Nucleotide analogs 174 ¢. Purine NT synthesis 175 4. Purine NT catabolism 179 ©. Gout 180 f. Pyrimidine NT synthesis 183 & Pyrimidine degradation 185 9. Heme metabolism in6 a. Heme synthesis 17 b. Porphyrias 190 ¢. Bilirubin metabolism 193 4. Types of Hb and derivatives 196 €. Sickle cell disease ne f. Thalassemia oo10, Vitamins i 11. Mineral me ‘rm me BO TP i re 12. Nutrition a. b. © a. e f Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E in K Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid Thiamine! B1 Riboflavin/ B2 ‘Niacin/ B3 Pyridoxine/ Vitamin B6 Vitamin B7 /Biotin Vitamin B9/ Folie acid Vitamin B12/ Cobalamin tabolism Calcium Phosphorus ‘Magnesium Sulfur ‘Sodium Potassium Iron Zine Copper lodine Fluorine Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) SDA Caloric value of food and RQ ‘Nitrogen balance Balanced diet Diet in pregnancy, DM, CAD & 13, Organ Function Tests b. e 14, Acid base 15. Molecular a b. o 4. e f g b i. KFT LFT ‘Thyroid functic balance and disorders Biology ‘Types of RNAs Structure of DNA DNA replication prokaryotes DNA replication eukaryotes Telomerase DNA repair ‘Transcription Prokaryotes ‘Transcription Eukaryotes Genetic code 202 203, 209 210 212 214 216 217 219 221 26 230 231 233 234 235 236 240 242 246 247 249 251 253 254 256 258 259 260 261 265 269 274 278 287 288 292 293 295 297 299 305 309 3164. Translation Prokaryotes k. Translation eukaryotes |, Lac operon- Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes 16, Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) 17. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 18. Free radicals 19. Antioxidants 20. Biotransformation/ Detoxification- Phase 1 21. Conjugation/ Phase 2 22. Cancer-introduction 23. Carcinogenesis 24, Tumor markers 25. Extracellular matrix 26. Immunity 27. Mechanism of Hormone action 28. Chromatography 29. Paper chromatography and HPLC 30. Electrophoresis 31. SDS PAGE 32. Colorimeter 33. ELISA 34, Quality Control in Laboratory 35. Automated analyzer 37 321 329 332 340 344 347 349 351 353 355 359 361 366 368 374 375 379 381 383, 385 387 391CELL MEMBRANE | Tmpostont Diagram + Fluid mosaic model of Ploama membrane -Mitochondsia Important LAQ > Tsanspost across Hre co membrane . SAQ + collulay orgamellea wit +olr Fundion . % trganollan ——Naakor_ vay mes Mitochonda > ATP Synthase lysosomes —> Cathepein Cyleplaam —> LDH ¥ Zelwnnges_srhtome [evraomneisnenen spndoome] [Pprsoxisome biogen ove azosdos] beca | — Absouce eb Functdna) perorisom — oxdabian o long cham ey act axpected - pe fied wal RE i Ht oF ae Wl MW MW — Trunmanbrame ‘pokiy| er Susface Componoule @ Liphe - phcapholipid , Chctestero) @ Poleins — rnleqrad aud pouipheral Prolciu . @ cacvolnpArainn - de Mycollpls aud slycopmtei . polay head fryaromorse si | Prooybolipid (uonpolaz)Transpo: Aaoss the Call membrane [Mebane Hranpot cis Vesiculas Passive ‘transpost Achve i = sxanepost tronspost. |Simple | Dineck enerey — Tydiewck fom ATP Qnesdy WAU2aKon v O Waipost ONo-K’ ATPase — @ eympost @eatclum ATPase — @) ANKipost @ KH ATPase Active Transpost | SAB _ Against the Conconbwakion Qradiont Desa = Fram low Cconcombrabio —> tg concentration ~ Conrioe medloted Energy ubilizobiou uo wreck fom ATP Indivect ubtirdhBn ob omeray 4 Primary Active rouapa sede Aalive +ansporhPrimary eke transport Example - © Na*+-Kt #TPase ® catcium ArPose @® Krew AtPaue Sacomdany herve ‘onspont oer Nat, wat alu primacy Ache rrangoak Secondacy one He Nat_@lu tvansposk Sympost aspced, ty Se et sramspot* Sa i -y trancpork of Huo difierenk motecuses acs mambron 2 im Me Some diseckou ipooc Ante © Not-n* exchanger Counter TOUspork G) Q2t ur oxcly -> troudporr of two differant molecuter Lacrbee ley mombroml in He eppocite divockewPASSIVE TRANSPORT [Steric Dirton) | apie Razed | Towwsie] | Ritrabou) diypusion mae Hao concoutre om odiont ma Y olvont ba : Corie mediaind oreo of Eneray Not Taqulsed — youn the Qrodiont wi ea No need Cavey No BAOrg|y -~waquizad te ne [simple dbpfuaiou. 2 Mechauiems Jipid Sslubble compound [aon chawnelt| tromsported divactly les - Urea io el @ vy2d en if Bated en emt ea RAR UA crore beg ba Wty not asaeine * urea ca choumely > Gluramabe cl we natFacilitated diffusion v0” og ck BOs ANDRE i oan ‘ ° Fe Ve HEM (ii nee ° © RlOg Ping: Pome i niporl Mmechauieva Unipost. ath eBcs Omasqiee st woog—cl” exdnamge foucrese From Sma noreahne @ Tramypor of alesse fen" cho\ala). wnusde qua adlpere a _ Movamelr ob watts) Solvaink foward Wher colube concourraben, Clintcal appticakan i Edewa Sabine infin _Maanitol - ™ t/e of covelral edoma — Oemobic fragvey tb Wo hereditasy sphesocyreeefor Callulay orgauaes aud trois funclons. 1 .faucteug Qnrane qenebic makeyial - DNA DNA veplicakon amd tromscripHon occuss i she mucleus , maa 2 [Endoplasmic sericulum]- marker enzvme-> aiucose ® Membrane ee (mca) R Two types - Smoo¥n dud Rough E! Synthents of proteins ,Aipcombleiny , byopokeluy Mecrabolism of SLysosomes ‘mie Tisa bag of Aigestive ouaymes of Hae call pegridakion of Protein , Caxsoned rans , Lipias i Me \eSOsOmad. 4.[Mitochondsial- power house of cebl ETC, ATP SYAAIE, TCA Cycle ,PA oxidakion , Keone body ducrion Occurs is mitochondria. bon of Home cpntnaets , U¥ed cae, luconengarone and Pyvimbline syniinout occurs mltochondyin . ne Anlesmembrame space outer MomMprUAL TInner Membrane Makaix oad NTs dacuss wal Gold) Appar dire Mosker enzyme — FoF AT Pase Gealnciocy|omsperote [ATP syntnase]] 5 [aclat bodiaa]. 2} ic a ndtwork of Flabtened mombrausd vestial gmvdlved in protein packaging , soshng and Socrorion . 6 [Resale conerms peroxidater and Caraboses. oxdaHOn OF Ong chan PA Occurs Mm perOXiSoMe . 7, [BioDsMHO| Factosio OF prolemn spyynar Pound on ER, 3 [Gyfosol]- Ga Like mabiy surrounded by coll membrane = cle Por protein cyntnedit, alycolycic, alycogen meta- = ooLiz , Patty actd cynineatt . = pack OF home smimoxe, Used cycle ,Pycimbkine ynihest? Occurs im the Crlosol-oar WP es MCI COMPETENCY BI 2.1-2.7 ; Defing and closcigy enzyme & suitable exonpla! Mechaivicm 6+ puzyme acho # oS Factors Affecting ena¢me actvity eS Different types of eu2xme inhibition Aherapcukic Tole Diognocke Mposiance ef en2pmes # Lsoen7rmal . Regulation of ouryme attivity fempovtenr SAG. ] ® Cowdiac maskers lf Enzpme patiesn in tives diseauer . @ Comneyvmet & Funchont , Teoen2pmec Thevopeukic uses Of Compeltive inhibition Nosmal tevalt of Sot, SGPT ,ALP And interpronton of Yuoosatoxy dota Clinical Cosas Drone ® Myocaxdio infarction - chest pain, ec@ changes, Ce-MB} [by Hepatic. uundice- SGPT 4400 , pisact biirublo an SGOT #99 , gndizeck bilizubia an Slight increase in ALP ALPATAM sept, S60TT B Obsbuctive Jaundice Slivuboiy ta AN SINTAD GUT Divect b’ @® Acute Pancreatitis - Aenylase 4, Mpate 4 Abdominal pain , Feyas, naused , Vomiting:Lag. Defing amd closeify LU2¥mec Wir Ruitable Lfamples . Chccelovale He val of x2aLHn wlthowr WAdesgsing Ony change), C- Collerdal isla re Thermolabile P- potein ' - Specie io On S- L ye Eveork Pibooymo eMea Pepridyl teansPewase ,SARNA PNAseH Ribonuclease P Classiticalten aad enzyme _Commiaion number , Ec numbeo'- 4 digit number Given by TVEMS [alniemarbnal unten oF Molecular Piotoay] io weit Giochomsisy + Nomenclaruse & Classificakion Example > 2-6-1. —> SGOT 2.612 > SGPT Bl-31> ALP rea aE rai pCa andivdua ee Cubclase Classipicaon mnewmonite | OTRLIL-T EC 1» Oxidoweductases EC 22 Transfovos Ec > Hydrolases EC4 > Lyases EC 5 > Tsomerased Ece> Ligases added class in gore] Dae] ECT Translocases [Newly-Cabulysa Oxidakisn-seduchen roach - Feomttoy of Ht Gud elechons. - TW clors include pehyd AS OL Oxtdades Poroxidasor Crane - Acohol dalydrogenade Ec L.l-L-1 Led. ndividucd on 24 me samt} : t ! 1. eS dobydrogondle ghost ——— Closs. ACH 6” Bul cubclose | Oxidoveducace Alcolnol Acceptor = NADP 7 NADPT Lactob dehydrogenase EC 1.11.27 apt want tnt Lactate Aa pyruvate {Ec 2.- Transporasee Cobkalyser trometer ot group olor dum Ht iets. exompe. SGOT CAST) , EC 2-61-17 tomtambnation venue SGPT (ALT) ,EC 2-6-1-2 [ tramafer of aunoggoup Apostate + ake utawale «2575 duteman, + oraloaceaty SGPT + Glukamale Mowine + xkeeglurasa ao preuva, + 4 hexokinases tramefa ot ® fom ATP to qucere qlucose Heroine Gucosa 6-® ATP ADP ECS - Hydvolases These enaymer cobobpsor welnedrolpele o Yotious bonds dareau oF [voabda] moiecues ; oth oP par digestive Cu2ymet bolonde to dus Coss Qubclassttted on We bast: of bend cleaved.Exarople + Alkaline quosphabuse (ALP) EC B.1.3-1 7 too Beeb np Hydro \ \ ne her ou het on poepoaic tes pinkoge monoesic2— EC 4 - Lyases 0,CN Amd olen bonds AThoud Qnzyme cleave ¢-c, © Bobdocetiad ou the parc of bond oy Cleave. gyampte - Aldolase EC- 412-12 Pructose 6 bisphosphate DRAP qycoreddedy do S ® lyases ase -poponalihe Per cheorage OF yeud oihoul adden a} wales rocleube - EC 5- TsomMotosed and 45 “poncter of Mmisaernlgcwlod okont Avie fos inesconversion ot woMeTs Respon tncluded - Raceroasts Spimorate crs-teans isomosane mubage bt. Exarnple - Teese phosphate Jeormevde £C.G.2-1-| Jospha 80 DHAP vce qlyeesaldehyad 2® glucose 6@) BH, punese 6® TeomesaseA cables we Joining of two molecular win ubiUaation 7 CXomple® DNA Upate BC 6S. _ Tr is a DNA Joining on2~me- Two nuclootda ave soined bY 2!- 5) prosprodi arter Untane. @ Acetyl CoA + 0b, E> Malonyl cok loin, Acotpl coh u casboxyioa2 EC 7- Teanslocaseg Caburpras Ae teondocarten o} leud acrore ite ToMbYANe.Qubclastitied ou te baxs ob Component jpomoferred. Quin dub closeted OM Hrs bart of Lu0Lgy we. Cxomylt: ATPase > Nat fick exchanging ATPave EC 7.2.2.1 7. 2. 2. / \ ae Nat ),r ogchaugrog ain | wre ublinodMechaniem of Enzyme acho. ; LAQ' Describe Ure machaniem of ouayrne athio. | Peliosis] Add a note on different tnooriee oF Haare aneyme.auberrals complet Pormakion. fe > Joona cag : Mountain \ L =e at aR pe wey Now think alobuk energy soquisement +o climb spquirement +0 Pass trough the Mouton sine Peay] mado v9 ste mounton t Reacken withouk enzyme én ssonctien zyme (Hee tunnel 15 aueyme) tJEnzpme Lowers te Aervation 2nexSy Achyotion 2uaray > energy soquived to Comvosb He Suocsale from grouma cake +o cranstaan sate Cig onady shalt) T [transition stox] Substrate ©) Product enzyme decscasos Ht enayme Lowers the enorgy vasvies’ im the => Acvabien y peactton2.[Taoneition stair ] Te is a Intermedia Salo and high gnoray ak, between Subsrate amd Product * © ——-@ —— ® Enzyme Favoure Ae formakon of tramition Cate SLEnzyme - Substra comple POM Ake @lock and key model CFisches Template shoory] = Ache Bita of au cuzyme ts vighd 4 prosnaped — wy @pocitie Substrate cou bind to Ue aenve wie of a4 Cnzyme & Foo Dyrymo-Qubdsats Complex = This thoowy failed to oxplam We Onzyme Kinetics aud obsolete now. c+ OY) — GY Subchrake enzeme @nayme -2ubsrate compl © Koshtond_Hneory Lrmduced pit Model] up ~ Activa Ate af cAA OUZ~ME Is poxible CNob-startT - Gubstrake induces a confosmakten Yr the active to a om ODPL And favours Hre fenmarten of E-s compley Substray enapme enayme-Qubtrate Comnpleys,Paine OO | — AcHye site ic Flexiple ach) ~ tussle brings algoul confeemaonel raat tn fe acy Ate of am Qu2ype 5 ~ Sesh alo get ctrobned , amis sosult 19 cleavage oF Hee bonds prosont in guberabs wotecull - securing of ae : + Wr cleswaqe of : vor 4|Mechauiem of Cotalyee ® Acid-bate catalysts toy hte ~Thosd a4? aridic aud baste qroupe ak Hue aehve — There Jroups aback te Aubsirate = Favours fowmalion of e-S complep Be a anne groupe i terrors derive site e © covalont cakcbpers These ase posicnety and nogaivoly caaeged Groupe Hee ontive si _ Ronis with ay Substrate ,€-< complex foomation curd ukodpee occurs - OProximity effreck Lentwopy effecr] - IF Conmpirahsn eo LS1 4 Ce] B move, Hoy WII Oncounter Wir 20h OAL they WII be ® bond fooming Aktance, tak wesulic m E-S fosmatten aud catalye® 4 wonehen @D subetrute Strain y Gyniiiar to busters ehrady Sneory——___ COENZYME SAQ’ CoMZymay wWhitn ou ble & ' ve 7 roble 2tamples. SRQE Pigeror ate bekeneann comnzyme ,copacios 4 bade et POUR. Give SWialde’ example of pads exireala Coonzy mer dowived prom vit B. F ENUM auY fous nop vitamin coonzpmél . Definidon + Theee axe Non proteln, mall molecule} or metal ions| nok pasticlpae disecty tn Suloctvale. pinding and as Also Known ad | Cosubcrate| secondary subdoall [gel Lactate ep pyrurake 7” QS - QS S SS Holomzyme APOONZPME coenzyme / [ punetional past] L proteing coractos | Promnetic Goup Cron poten] eee Tat oe ara molecule or mekol N/_ Nonproteio Jons assoctaked witty 0} reantc a moht eal achey) LU Low molecodar wer Copacies ] Diodyzable Leally a&soclnt] ~— “ywone & twamsignt assoctabioy ~ pubtamnce asxsocamd @ with apoenzemes ouken = Thae ouztma are cabled ar ezine motel ackhvatad on2ymad . osfnikic 4rouP example > ATPoselmg?'d. ca] L ysually metab low! L Light & Stable assoctaen L wih apoenzyme : Wese poems ave called as z Za ie aon : ‘ampla ; 4" boi Metollozneymes - Exame ee ean Se- Glutathione pesoxdaseClacsification oF Coonzymas. Based on Prectissot On the basis of Bod 0” molecule Group trans}en— rsoqursormonk Ym moral B complex Non B compen Lous TOMY . wetranta “Sine {ond to groups B-Complex vitamins]. Fo MADDY Vitamin} Coenzyme | fundien =| En2eme. BL TPP iEransfee oF Atdende [ket Transketowne | steup B2 |FMN,PAD | Oxidation- vaduction wod Aminoackd ondaue ' Succinah DY BS | NADt,WADPF ~ Oxdahon-voduchin wear LDH, PDH, alc- DH Bs |< Coenzyme A tsonsfer oF “acyl STOUR | PDH Bé PLP "[Eransaminokion | SGOT, S@PT 87 Biocytin | Casbaxylaion ——_— cok Cok Camboranl oe tin enero BS | THE | teomspex oF One-Carvon| “Bia =| Adenocy] B12 aeiny! malonyl an aia eel Melby) B12 ‘Methionine Synmale weathn Non Q- > Complex couneyne ne, enanclaming » PreephoLipdl Seni | "ADP > Transfer of , AMP, adonocine [PAS > Adve SOx donov > in GAG srolnaie | UDP > Tromsfer of glucose, galactose ~> Glycogen cyninoets SAMMetal tons thak act aL cofactors SE OM Cofactor s [Metal 7 En2ymaa Carbonic arhydeace, supeseride dsmukace , LDH | |_20 [Ae DA, ALP, RNA Polymosate ' Cytochrome oxidase, Tyrocinage » Lysyl Oxldaa. Onddase , Tyrocinase s Lysyl oxidaae -| SUptvoxide dismujace we | Glutathione peroxidase Xantaine oxdlate ese Kinase, 6nolage, Glu Once Mt SOD, AsGiNade , Kinade enolare ACTIVE SITE ACHYO clte ie 4ho Tegion ob an enr¢me where Subsrate bing amd undergo a chemicad renciou, 7) Subavate E-S complex BD Clark or Crevice formed vp groLys fom differant porte Reqapunce. ; er ata a cubctrote binding site amd cae | cite Substrale bind ok He achive site by weak noncwen Amino oud forming, He ankye site ae QOP pm eodls ele ™ a tna ab We antive Ate &B SOiNe An pemuleg Active cite icFACTORS APPECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY LAQ: Describt tne important Feictoss appecting oeyme [T7, OnHvity 1. Enzyme Concentsatian TF Qubstruks B avoslable sate of yeaction ® disecHy wtional +0 Qneyme dnconbsohen . Velocity x Ce] This Propesty is wed fo obinan | Cencenrratiay ot voutow enzyme Jevek in Spxum. vate] fe] 2. Substrata comcenfsattor TE We gp on MY Sub concentrating | Fnittally , eal Volociey x CST oo Emymo exhausted & plateau In graph L go of veacten & divechy Propaminal to Has Rapa gaberab concenbrosten - |. wWhon all Quzymer ade occupied lot Has srubsiredts sabe of yeoten is comtlant. Michaelis Monlen constant Km ‘co Known a Brigs ¢ Haldane condor petinion'r 1b ts a Gubtrrate concentrakisn +o prbduce hale of Mae mopimum velocity Significance + 7 douoies ene sont of Odtoclatian bot” enceme ¢ ubsirate .CAtriniky ef onzymes towards substeato] More Kr —> Less affinity Leas Km > More antiniryKon valud is conclant for pasticway 229M. uy ic a Signokuse foe ueyme - substrate por. Michadis Menten equalien . Vo: IniHad velocity Voy} Maximum voocey Cs] . Qubsiwale Come trclkion Km + Michaelic Menten conshank Line weaver Buck plot/ Double veciproce! plok km \ L > — +t Vox Ls] Vimo ee i cubs cignipicance:, 3x is nok possible to adhere Yat highon © cConcoutrakion 2rery Hime SO un con calculate tm 2 Vmoay oF Anite velocity bY wink, doulke seniprocat Aor - af v sie Yes] Te is usohd in calcula He vmnap g km spout Quryrae cobeby ced: venue UllHh and Withouk Inhibitor CoTuge) |3. Product Concentsation Jncrepse im Product concemtrosten ult decreme Ho Volocity bd} Ww reackon St Ee Es —> 8 4. Tempesature NV Xx Temp OpHmum temp towp ar whic 4 Hue is magimum auivity IC O} Qu ouzpe . for most oF HAL OUZ~MEe Im He body V B7°c —> Opsmum temp Boe —> denakoreuden occuss Joc —> InacKhvakion % Ou2MeA, O10 as BOS See [exception Muncle adenylate vinarey Temp °c. -~ Bal sped cusved — Mochoutem + Collision theory AA Temp —> 44 colliswn bet” __, ES amples 6n2 ¢ Suberraie Formate - Qin = Encreaye in Qur¥me aobyvity bP increasing seam by wc 5. pH — py decide He change on A& molecular ok the alive ete of an Luzeme . 6B ~Choniye To Wy causes confeswattenad Change iy aetve sia dak affect the Cuberrake binding Opimum pH : 63 éxcephon : Pepsin pl 1-2 3uo67 8 410 eid phosphakate: 3-5 py Alic. Phosphouase. 4-10- Some Meral Tons Increases Hae somehon volool ty Example Ci» Amylase Mg, Car*_» ATPove Cu Fe —> cytocmome onrlase Zn —» Sop, Cardone anbydfate 7. Effect OF Inhibitors Innibitoss decreas the velocity oF Hu reachen This Proporty TS Wefeul tp su brootment oF vortoud ditorcters - Compakitive Reversible. < Noncompet tine a Uncomperive soon : Trrevertible 2ENZYME _INHIGITION Revossivie Inrevorsible. |. Competitive Suicide 2. Non Competitive Feedback 3. Uncompeb tive Inhibitot + substance os compound which docrentos ouryme “velocity . Reversible Inhibition Treevereible Inhibition © rnmibitos binds 1 the Qn77m|H Inhivitos bends to Ie enzeme by non Covalomk inerachOns-| pp Covaloot iintewacouc . Cweak Foscet’) {3 coun be woversod be {> Count b? royossed inhipitos ~movel #0 in ke ® antic Ouapme , casos destruction ereunplas - Thosopaitic dxuge ot cutive. atte - Exompte > poisonous gases . Competitive anhibition ot Qubsiraty Lanhibitos is a chructusad analogue Lanpibitos Compesee wolvn Yd gubdrata to bind wlth active site of ow ouzrme. “L goversivie bP Inc Peo.ang te anyanteset Supsteoto L Km increase ,Vmop remains unchauged mca, a Inbibitor _ A .. thhibitos i AcHYe Site Compeldtive nbibition [sitz fos substraie binding ]Thhibitor LL LE Via : Km Km Cs] =r i — im 4 Tnere0409 wht oa » %eq ‘Tnbibitos Uneweover - Busk plot Exomples oF comporttive ‘Inhibittan * Thasopaullic ned cOnwOI age. ® malonate inhibit Succinate den Allopusinol inbibit xanthine oedLage - In Afr OF Gout EYhaunol ded in morrancl pooning ,inhibir coo dehyrogeny Methotsexate Lefructysol an Ot Folic aeTAT Inhibit iby late weductose (DUFR] dinydrore J wed to weduce cholesteso} © stozine Clovastakin Atorvastatin inhibit HMG CoA voducrase ne F inhibits vit K epoxide I Dicoumarol is an oral anticoagulant! poductore . Noncompebitive Inhibition < Change in Supchrale aD oubive Site a ‘Inhibitor ACHye cite ‘Inhibitgr ‘Novcompebve Anhivition Allosenie Gite 23NO chUctural Amillavity bekween subchan ¢ Inbibitos NO Comperttion for loinding uatitr owkve site Bind +> ofnes cite aud causes confosmartonal changes in Vho active site oF QA 2uryme I Enzyme-inhibites Complex O% éenzeme- comployp is foomed I> mosty vevevereible, Comh Pe overcome bp AF CSA © Km - unchanged , vmax > Lowexed . Nong —~—— — = = i] Nod Inhibitor x Znibitos “inhibitor rmx inhibi fax a No Inhibitor Vin0k | > A Km ts] “T —— re s * Tim unchanged Ko rst Vox decreases | MCe example @ Auoride Inhibit enolase fluopide bulb is Wed to collect blood dampe fas plaama glucose Bolimahon - Fluostde lone ThibiF enotose guzyme ,Weuce alpcolpar - Glucoce level pre plaama pomains constant uF Nok collected iy plucride ull, Glucose lever wit aecreaie bf c-\0 mG/Al] be disp TO COM NUOLA glycolysis . complex Iv OF ETC inhibited bp cyanide, CO, H2S Arsenite inhibit « ketoglurazatie DH i) Pb /AG , HY Jhibir sexing proieates . © todoaceta inhibit Glycoraldenrds 3@® DH pubctrrabe - mnhibikoy 24Anhibitor binds: lh) E-¢ complex to posm E-s-L Complex r+ ES —— > EST km : decreaseg Venoy + decreo.en Cyomple:- Placontal ALP inbib\ted bp Phonycdanine Tereversivle ‘Inhibition covalent binding OF inhibited +o enzyme molecwle Corer distostion oF Oskve site ¢ mnactvatu He 2uzmb Cour not be reversed examples DFP Newve gas -> Inhibit Sevine Proieasa 4 acery) - Chaobn ester Ode visuifiram > inhibit Acctaldehyde DH ethanol ———> acetaldehsde ——X > acelit ose eee acer delat Ah accurnuarien DH ob Acktaddehrdt Causes - Vomiting, Aiaveben , Ned. Pain pisuificam is Ajcobo| Suicide Tnhibition] oR Mechs poted Inhibition Inhibitor ieap fs converted Mtoe more polent fowm by ae pnayme Mar ie inhibited BX i} a \pxanthl ne - iq Muopusinol Xankane mage ee comporitve Uric inhibitor acid aA\lopusinol is wed in t/F Of Qdub an amtolbuse used MH +l OF N addickon . 2SAspiain inhibit of clooxy genaLe - Anolgesit , OME plakeler dug Dipluovo methyl cunitdme (Demo) inhibits Ovnitime decastexylsse| Feedback Inhibition The Final Product of the pakhway init Hae ask vole Umiting slep of dL neadtiou . Exoupte » Qucciny! Cok + Glycine | ALA Spnhane 9 Reedvoct Gh i inhibiten ‘ v Home Reedbosk Inhibition at qoaeatc loved , ts catred as Peedpack reeqlarten . 6youmpte '- Bietor} cholesternl decronies clolestexd) eynmeris, BAQ + Enumerate fous imposant druuge thak ack i a competitive iMbihitoys. ska: Comperitive inhibitors E therapeutic user. Lag > Whak ls en2zpme mlihition e Explodo ik With Suitable Lyavupter - SAQ > Diffewentiale between Cowpertive aud noncompenive Mhibition . 26ENZYME PATTERN IN LIVER DISEASES SAQ| Clinical case © Alanine tousaminae CALT) 6g Bi H Semim @\utamate pyruvate Transasinase(saPT) EC NO! 2-6.1.2 ae =] Twansfesase - *zansaminase with PLP as Coenzyme Alanine + akq ¢ SGPT/ALT ate BLP pyruvate + Gluramae plasma nonspecttic , intracelulad evzeme dornage , Profi rotten Necwoss , oploam of hhepasocrted SGPT leaksour vival Repalltis im ployma Civelhosis of Uver- Conc. of 4 Indicates Me Uver ds. | co shongtr cugyertve et aie Liverds. ®arkatine phosphatase CALP) Tmportant oMyme to didevonttabe borWoeN hepatic cbtente and bbtwuchve paknoloaY Tr is an ectoenry me - Pratent en Busface ef wiliaay epithell 6 TSoen2y¥N La —> Bitton? Car) placenta (2He) Uver (Arne) Bene Cpre-PD Injestine CV) Leurocy re ALP dn Hepasit Azena> ALP A 2-3 Hed In obstructive disentet > 10-t> Aman ovstructien 18 bile How —> Tovitone bile duct epivnelium ds- Gauistone v canter of head of PANO —-_yatenre oF ALP From wile epiihebiym A ALP Level im Sesum In Bone daiseotel —> uPto 20 os move Hye Tacrease sdk osieomalacta Rickels merostass ™ bend ® si nucteokdase + Normal im bopakti AN i Olctruchve ATsehees © F- Gutamy| ssamczorate > 4m im Alcovolic Uvor ditense obsiuctive Viver dikemwe [oei CARDIAC M ARKERS SAQ] Clinical core SAQ> Enumeraly diferent Maskers wed fs the dragnesis Ok ML. Write about their course in ML Clinical Cage A Ap yeose old man, clrsonic emotes, had auddou onsek} ok Chest paln awd perspiration. Ec& hours ST atevardn amd T WONd invereinn . Sesum ce-Me levels Were yn erensted « Whak fs Your Provable diagnosis > Aeubs Myocandial hnfeediog Other en2rmakic markers > LDH4, SGOT Ornas markers > Sesum Troponin 24 T Eavliost On2—pmake warker jo Vise + CK-MB 2 Mosp @pecietc + cawbiac heponins maa Cardiac Markox 7 Clinical Laboratory boasts wolich are used to dekect 4 casdiac dyspurction tdeol marker @ should abte +0 detect the disease enaty. @ specific & Sonsieive ® should jeur abowk PENSE ® srourd hap > monlrosing Cardiac markert ore mainly ured for dingnoelt oF — acuke Myocardiad anfazchon CMT) coronary vasospasm weneTOCOes0LS Bre cardiac failure ~ conget 44 Blood spel 0 Heost Inability of Keatt to ictal to block pump oub He blood ba Damage Neco , tschaemia of Reaet: murche Cnaxt Pair ECG change 5“Tandicarious —> chest pain, pexspisaiton ECG changes Wistosy 6F peor dene . Important Maskewss in Myocusdial infasction Markey Release | Peak | Retuen| Remask Myoglobin | Zhys | A-€lrs | 20-24 be] Eacliest, NOF Speciar CTL wes | (2-20 te S-5 days | Eastiost, Speake CT-T 6 hve | 72bws [10-1 days | specitic CK-MB | 6-18hrs | a4-Bohm] 2-2 day} Specitic & enayme Lbwt 2 days | 3-4 days] 10-15 day] Late, Specific AST/SGOT Bd-keolns | 4-6 days} Not Spacitic ~paoponinS = ene srsopontnT z 3 3s 3 = 3 Hours creatine Kinase Cck) “Tero axe & isoenapme of CK, mode up oF twobypes a} Lubiutit Mee . CkKL—> 88—> Bain CkK2— MB—> Hear > Corliast enzyme to wise T ML cka 2 MM Muscle cardiac “troponins For bed side senting / Point of Case testingy | immedinda wasubk- Specific martes f2 MI, Non enzymatic martort. = oponin a & TOPonin T _ Rises mm AG Ws, TEAC peak m 2-72 hye and Teben to normal Sto10 dayr.Neu) Cardiac Biomarkers @ Tschaernla Modified Atloumin C2MA) J Gtytogen Phosphorplate BB @ PAPP-A LPregnamcy Ascorituked Plasma proicin AT (a) Broln Nabluvelie. peprte( BNP) Assessment o& Pukure ME roshesment oF venticwar Pure Ws-CRP (righty Rotoctive-c.voactive protem) © Myelopesoxitase CMPO) Cholin2sie2o e 3ISOENZYMES ; SMA: Whak are the Isden2ymes 2 Give isoamapmes of ie 74 7 LDH amd ALP - Definition + Differont Foon ef sume onevme cababysig Gi 4th Dome weackion are called a» Tsoou2¥mes] rs07~mat . Exarnple + war wate! Lactoh <7 > pyruvale LDH, LDyo LDS, NN isoenzyme) coucdyses Lpky Same seookeon Loans How thoy are feomed 2 Mnemonic - Tsue vady Is Anowed Toe tsoenzynas- Original trom Adthewent Gene , may b2 praont Lactate damedroqnase (Lox) ~ alt ooneymat CLD# badly) Ore prosouk: t Game Mdividual £ au dividual of populatin . Tsofowms - formed Alle to poth-trandiakonad mpditicgHen oF porein. ene ndivdlug - Chavacenistics [How Prey differ] I® Glechophorokic mobility + Lot, 7 LDR Loug7 LDR 7 LDRE ck ee > CK-MB 7 ckK-MM & souwility te Heak > ALP ot 2AL (Liver) —Souslive fo Haak ALP Kans Cplacenta) - seattant 1 weak: gusceprabiity to Inhibitoss » Tastarain Labile cute phosphokate Requirement oF Cfactort +cytosolic. tsocltsatte Dy -> NADP mitodondlal peodtral Oy > NADT AnHbodiad produced - piterent audbodia are produced tm voy Pe Yo isoenzymes a a Bo© Tissue oF oxtgin: ALP —Bone Placenta, Livel., Inteakine , Bidar hack @ Km vous ¢ afPmity : Glucorinae ¢ Hexotinaie tagnosic. ULOd OF Tsoam2ymer © LD» Cractate debydrognate] speames composed oF 4M Uults , g isoenzyme . qecentyme | Subunlt |“ Tscue oF Ongin | Seoum Concontrahoy LDL Ha | Heast e749 | LDMa [tem | gee Brain yea _ PLD WoM2. - Brain, Leukocyles | 1g_ acy, LR 4 | HMs i Liver | aes [ume My Skeletal muscle | 2- ZG Elecropiorews = LDR L > LDR2> Lot a> Lona > LORS Puipped patkert °- Nowmally LoW2>LDH 4 ZN ML Concenbraken of Lt imcroouet . Seis specihc amd Lae marker in MI @ creakine einase Ck) Dimes, composed OF M4 @ ule. Creaking <—————> phosphocreatine ceL cee cK Fsoenzyme] Gubunit | tissue | piceases feet | Ba | Brain | Brain dicensa . {| ck2 | Me Heosk Myocasdial infesction cK3 | MM | Muscle [Muscular destrophiat ,myopathiat cee is Qusllat gnzpmakit master ® aisein ME Started wising A Ghee, YeACheS Pere we 21k be ond yeum > Newal % 2-3 days. Elechophorabie oloilty ckir ck27 CK3 Nowa Leyeb + Bro 25 U/L OR StoB% of tad ck achviby . 33® Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) -Tmportant omyme to diMeraitints between hepabic dieses and aArructive pabwloay I-Ie is an ectoonzyrme, Prodent on cath Ausface Tsoen2¥me | Tissue % onan [Dideusa | AvALP Bilary canadiculifie” obdrucive wundte . | Xo. HL- ALP Hepatic colbt [asxJ | Hepakttis — Hos -ALP | Placenta __ [ face | mesg | Leukocyte AL P Or Leurocrles | & Regan Tsoen7me + Cascinoplacentas Vastenr . found in aorecinoma of P Wing ver aud ET. OF ALP Kasahasd Leoenzyme : Fetal westmal vanionk - Inappoprnk expraden tn malagnamcy- Nagao ‘Ascompme : Gesmcel vomient- [nceppropARUn. 2p peacton %) malegnancp . ALP in Obstructiv2 Jaundice Ai One Te is Om ectoenzyme Praont on Susface ef biliary epitelium Obstruchdm 40 Flow oF bile Trritakion oF biuosy epithelium ¢ wlease OF ALP Into Mae blood. 10-12 times o} He nomial Im Hepakic Aseates CVival Hepat)» 9249 2 Hmmat a® ALP in obstructive Saundire ( Gall stone’) > j0-12 Himes @ @® in Bone disorders ¢ tums of Bona +» 26 Himes oF @) level LP Bore-ottechlastfsai]] Pagers de, Rickeke, Oskeomalacta tur 34© Diagnostic utes @® TWesapeutte war @® Laboratory Wa ® tndusiol uses Tmpostant LAR + Describe the user of enzyma In dingbat OF vorious diceotos, Enaymer Plasma specific, plosma non specie —Funckignal in plaama ~ Prasdnk tn cele - contentrakin % more th = Nonpumctionad a plasma Plasma = Low concontraion 7 eyurple - clotting factors pone Upopen Lipase se wow oor whenever Prolferarbn Necroviz Neppasm of Cell Conconrrukton) Mcreasas m COU and bear ouy th plane Ah» Concontrain * planva { uted mm diagres2 of diveaoer , © tiver diseases Hemolytic ddundice] Wepabic daundice | Obstructive Joundico orma! iT SQpT ttt ALP TA N sept SGOT 4% GGT TAY ALP ALP * SINT 144 Gat qat * SGPT # SINT SINT Sh SGOT 4 keEnzyme = Numas vd SQPT (ALT) 5-36 T/L Move gecitic for tive db. SGOT CMT) 5-40 W/L increora m Uver 4 Heard AS. ALP 4o-125 JujL Marker fr olarructive ewer d- ACT: ALT roHo 2 GGT %-Glutamy) tromsfer are ~ (Doardiac markers Ck-MB- eae enzymatic master In ML ASO Important in Aegnest= oF aeinkacr Stask wing m 4-6 Hor peak 24 Ws “yekurm bo nownal % 2-3 days. Lou 1 > Speciffc € Lats marker SGOT—> Nonspecific , Lata marter— Glycogen Phoephosylace Chounesic2ose Noneneymakiz Cordtac Maskess — -peponm + T Myoglobin bmn dizenoec - serum Amylase: 4 in feue and chon PomcreniHE mca}, 22° hm Bolivary Gland ditosdast - sevum pase - SPeoiftc fer Angnerz of Acute Puwreahis. Bone dideager ALP- prep oon2yme > Increase m Rievore, odzomaladia Pagel di, Bone tunies - (8) Prostate _couscer— posta Spee aukizen (PsA) > Prerenser Meg Aetd Prosphakate CACE)-» Increasa m Prodabe 1 26— muscle diedexe Cle MM —> Muscular detpoPhier myopaktel . LOR US —» Mutde dimsdore . ' Decrease mh Lnzyeme towed Wilsons dizense —> Vi Cerwloplasmin GEPD daicloncp —s YL Glucose 6 Prosprata dahydroyena 2 Severe diver dt —-» yy, Ammylare Que; Enurrsain Omy four Htropeuriz. ULLAL oF QUZ¥MeL, Mnemonit- ASPARamaso | ® Aspasginas e. — Jn Aeuin Louromins. ee ME & steproumase | UreMage- thromolptiz < deep vorow Hovowbese ® Papain - Avni melammatory ce ® Arkotitry sm — Emphysema © Recombimant EPA Clits plasmmoqen aetVvates)—he Mt © Pancreak ~ Diyestive, Aitordexe Quo Enumerate four Tmprtont Labosatooy ura sp Oneymed | uses & estimation of D Glucose > He~oKinase , GOD- POD ® vyeg > Vrease ® uric ackd > Yncace © Cholesterol > Cholestexo! uxtdase -Peroxidare © Thacyiglycerc\ > Lipase Ao ty ELISA > Howsewadich Pesoxttove (wer Alkane prosphatata Glucose epitage ¥ DNA technology + TA4 polymesase Resbictinn endenucleare DNA Ligate 37Re. iow OF evzyme ackvi + Describe Hao Mechanieme Involved tn the aa © Tn of Uaztme aueivity oF chamge Requiation oF tm activity oF chamge th enzyme BfiBHing 2nzy~m~E core tneun lo Aupsoda regulator O Inducton B Covoleur modiptcarton @® Reprosston ) Probeoipsis ® Degradarteve a) Compaytmontabizaron IS Cascade mechaunitm © Pron - proted Inlerackau GAC Dering allopleate regulation and give deme Lpauuptes. {.| Atioslesic zequiattan, | [SAQ] Allo ~ other ] Smal woguiatosy oleae binds to He Gkestc- site | auotieste sli of ou zyme en2¥met Moving cle old Haan AcKvo cite OF aur enzprle are known a1 allosteric VAzemer GP) _NOES Posmation BG) __ES comtep Reswatihn B=» rirostedic. Q—> riiosteric inhibltow arkyotor Tense form ee am Enrpme Reboyed fosm of om” En2¥me 3eAlosleste Inhibitos —] Favors tho fomvakion of lense thats Negokye modulates | Aecrenses sre enzyme acrviey Increntes fe km vou. Nloslevie Culvator ae ieee oF wataxed stoke yey enzeme Clunvity positive modulator | pocrouse, ve km VOlult positive Wodulakoy Shirt tho Qodtvation Curve to me Lert, Jowardd He Lowe gubstraly concoububion heuce decrsoues Kim volun while eqave wodulatos incase te Km VOL exoupton Allostesic enzyme | Rilosiewe ooHvalox Allosteric Inhibits (rae ee clivote Palmitoy! CoA Fricmdive orien) | ATP ere Phosphopructokinase AMP citar (aiycolysis 2.) Covalent Modirfcakfow | sag Rapid in action and Yao term sequiaktew, DaphaarTanen Addition 6 @) Removal sp ®) Donoy fe ATP en2yme- Prosphabose Enzyme. Protein Kinagar arp MP Enz-sev-0# > Enr.- Sor-0-®) Kinase Some enzyma are oskive in phosphorylated chat epompte + Glycogen phacphosylase , Phosphosylate b Kinase Me * comme ourzeme dre askive m dophospbrosplaked etait gromagh 4 ay cogen, eynthate ,Aceryl cok Caboxylare , WMG coAredu > ‘pyrudats lenaoqanate” oe! 263. [Protects _ | i Inmachye precursoe of 2nz¥maa ce converted into ave. fow) by cleavage of pephie - Proanz¥mes | anaciive Bymnogeus Pepsinogen ——Persin ___ pepsin i: Entexopeptidas p TVoypsinogen = —Enksnpeptidasre _, reypsin Chymotsy psinogtn. ——sarq————> chymotsypcin proelastase ——EN OE lastase ProcasboxyPeprdage —_______, He e ea Esin carboxy peptidane ' [Compastmental ization | Controlling He troutlocation oF enzyme to tre Quibcollular Compartment G\yeine Wve wn Sint SALA >>> Home Quetinyt Com ee a = = Z ome inhibit the bramcport OF Ata Synthase to m\tochondsl, 5. | Cascade Mechauwism Amplification af mall cigndl Ito Large wexpouse - Exompte - O alycogen ynotaboliem rrogulahBn through Rosuona ® Ackvouton OF Cloling Facens 6. | Prokein- Pxdtein interaction Regulation cours Hosough @ swat Polsin molecule Grom caz® codmodubin compleyt ReHvaes vwuNour Yinates Ad7.| INDUCTION Pr requnaon oF dau. exproeiou In + 4, ak nase toon AMMAR in vosponte to cpocitic Inducer. occurs © Giucogon induces pyruvals alucagon Cartvonylave ( gluconeoqpuaste] 4 «mnie Coupled soc opie re v ATP Sam CAMP crclane \ Achve Poet Mane hy jounsesiphin Rudort obage0t0at DNA Am QNA tp Poem Levruvale casborylare] (D teu Mauteat Glucovinare Catv colysit]} 2. | REPRESSION by requkatten ab Goud Rpprescton Dectenrer enzeme Rynimeris by auking at Geustiz foveg © Pyfuvale Kinane La\ucolyss] & weprenced vy glucagon @ prruvale Cor vony lore [hlutoneegenet] is roprated byincully qluc —> G-piilein coupted woceptos —> GTP ayer ‘ A cAME v ; Actvads Pate’ KinaeA WP <— |mr ¢— Dh < srafucriphin ary+ 4.| ENZYME DEGRADAT IO! pecuss by © ATP amd ULyuitin dependant proteotycie @®AtP indepondonr poteoiysis n2zme gpecrsicity e opplatn Wh g ae Qpampre - SAQi: Whak are He ALepenane EPPA OF Specipicicy oF Enzymao whe feat 1 SaQ Fa spect Fictty Specifelty ‘Ade onlp of One EPR ob Soa, Q lute Quiche enzyme © (O Absolute Suloctrake gpectetc. to Compourns Syn flor LAA oxidase ade Bh L-Aminoadtd Specipctty _- Ade only on Oud Rubstral BRON, to Map guodcvalt pone oxraane ault Ge D-Ammno Pap yreq LAL» renmonia +> Glucobi nas! quucose MUeHOMS giuo® Jn eon por Fates Alanine ® Cobative ubsrrote eolPiclty Locals, Ss peokel Oxedoacekato deb on Pe ON, - “en Baty rae las Teypciny " ayeom ie different cozanpred bP chymo}ry pein Lipase on alex bond ~ Lon lene Abrkront Sarre, eee Fosmned by dit? Ak) @D Broad sutcate posible p ~Repolinase Gok 6 AU hexeead Glu, Prucose, UaUn ese KEY POINTS-DIAGNOSIS Acule Myocardial —Pyyycreakiis —petrulive@ —Tpoane topewcrion Gaundice HopaHteisClinical Caney A 45 Year ela moa : werd soited . wa + wave Ivorsin. grim CK-MB levdle What fs your Probable Adgnedis ? Wha OFe Hho ether. marrere fey above mentioned conditim®| Oboe MATKENS — Toponin st ¢T, LDA-L Mb, SGOT ete. 2. & 56 Year eld Malo paint wos brought 4 Om at. 4 dh oral mont vith Chi} Cmplamis oF nausea, vomninngy aud a » AC $ sh Upper quadsant oF abdomen - pam wal sword, dishurbiny aud vebieved by crouching - Serum cymylase levoh WaAl- 790 WiL- vihak & your probalste. ngyoeis? ‘A Acule PoveTeaiHtTe | xMea Enzyme spodric to Famctoarys Ws Sorte Mpare > Amylare More epeotrre S. an old MAMA CoMnOF to Hospital vA Complainis GF abdomina) a0 PUBS amd Yellow colored urine. Lab YOKYALtEN! SGOT- 72 LIL, SGPT- 83 au) ,ALp- 926 19) Diseck BitirUb® - 16 mg/dl -Indivoch— \e2m@lal Whak is your probable Snes g Enumorabd Hoo COUser of condition . ~ A obsisuchve JAUMAICE | Causes - Common bile duck stones Gaustone Chotaugiocascinoma, Cancer OF ead of pancreas shicture of CBD 4. & AS yrs old BOY WING AY Like Spmplome came to OPD ti Nason, VOIX avid YOO ATSCOLOTALIOM EF svi 4.ScleNa - Lop mrokaakon gnowe- SQOT- 923 WIL ;SsQPT- 247 JIL ALP- 190 LUIL Divect biltsub® > 4.e m3] oilirubm ° Whab 1S Your Provalte Abagnoeks 2 indirect bllirubih > 8-7 B Vepabic Taundite / infective Hepat 43CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES |}. : MCI COMPETENCY BI 3.1 [Sa] . Dering and cloasiry carcohrdratet With Ruitable 2ynenples . 2.Biologically tmposiank Disuccharides . [B- Homopoly saccha sides 4. Rete poly sacchavides and GAGE (Mosk 2?) 5. Dietary Fibres aud its vole tm Aigk. le. Glycemic index 7. Funchons ef Dextran IS - TSomexs OF Menora: mpostant clinical caves. Mucopolysaccharidosis. —O Huslex syndrome @ Runes sndrome A \aye old child presented with distention of abdomen, edoma Peer amd stunted roth On Qeaminakion + Shosk Shoxure Coarse facies Shost neck Cosneos clouding Heparosplenomegaly |. X-way - cketerad Abnosmatiel Loboratosy eth- 4 Reporan Sulfate £ A Dewcuan Sulfa decreased [sduromiddze] actvity in wect piagnoss - Mucopolysacchasidosis - Huzles 2: Partoeds teks As monosacechontdes onby si i S e WS. s it IsReducing \. Lactose : Glucose + Galactose BCI-4) gveosidic bend 2. Maltose ; Glucose + Glucose ACL) Py wordt bond Osazone ] Caroonyarate derrrakives Formed wnen woaucing cugars awe retided Wih Phenyl hydtaznne. ak bolting, temp. Lactosazone - Powder push-thaped coystals - IMalfesazone - petal chaped WIZ A~-A Polysacchanide. Cun Power Raped coysalt - Glucose ] Diffs around _ This ditnence Needte Fructose | C12 Cp > & mated whan > Shaped Monnose. Phomyphpdrartne Ger attached ak ker HomopPolysacdarides Reteropoly.saccharides Leomposed oF Sumo Suaay uulis] — Leonchtuent monosaccharide — Non-seducing \. Sucrose (at ucose t Pouctese] AKi- Ba- Become Ur) Ci and Co both Ore involved > Hho. Lineage fosmatien, Nok avoslaete for arene Fexahdn | ¥# Doo’ Nok form HSa70nd| Oe diferent] [Ae: HomoPorysaccuariDes : ao eta Constituent menosaccharide are 3: Cellulose ome. & -Dextin exomple G-G-4-G-G-@ 144 6. Dexhon 6. dnubin 7. chiby 1 .[gtasclh Fstorage fom oF canboly b> pant Composed [ayn = eRe] tL © shaight dain — © Branched chain Polymer oF polymer oF D-gtucoce D-glucose @® 207. oF staxch @ gor. oF sasch @ woo souvle ® Insoluble dy ® ACi-4) gyyoosidie @® 40-4) > shrodght Uancage ber? Chain & «CI-6) qpcose molecules. tm bpramch pomr 2 [earycogen| ‘; MulHbronchod polysacchamide oF qtucese- Malo srorage Foam of qtucoee 10 Hive. Stalekal musele in animale - Wornopolycacchavide oF glucose wi *Ci-4) S\ycostdic. Lanage Im Leds auin and x (i-6) a branching pomnk. ponent makos molecule move dlobutar ,Compacy amd leas space cemsuming « Z Jett ser Polymer op gtucose wh BAI-) grcoetdic Lnroy con't digested by Wwmant dw 4p lack. of Ou2¥me Coplubore Ads a a dekaoy Pore ancrepsee PUlcoF stool, mbievad conch patton Pecrodya abcomplieny oF Glucese oud duolerlerd} bom Miakine important In managemenE oF DM aud oberity4 [Dextein 5.) Dexwan TE 18 a Comples ,oranched, homopolymror oF grucese . of by poyotumic shock. (mw > 60000 Da) Aico has awkittrombobe activity CMW 40000 Da) ab ts Uced m 2yedwops ag a tubsicant It Provider porenteral oubition - 6. Tnubin |—polymes of fructose Urea “" cepakinine . Filtered Horough qo sonal tubuler- Polymer OF N- acekylgtucoca mine Carmine dort oF Pucoce] SAQr Enumerate tnpostant omopolysacchastdas .wroit. about thei Punch ove - Postiad dogradakien product of ctaach. Hemopolyrmer op ghucsre, , Tk iC a Plasra Volume LxPANdes and used the treakendnH Used im ascercmant oF glomenulas lirakibn wall Bobier marker for monguromonr eF GPR over j¥Mq esl Neitnos, weabeobad Nos secreted by the 7.[Chitin | - prevont tm exoskeleron oF Msocks , cel Walls In Pu r~ 48HETERDPOLYSACCHARINES Composed oF More than Lo su: 1 7 ; Cmonosaccharidat) are cite aud constituent Utlte \. Glycosaroinoalycans Gane) | mycopeysacchanidas -Ma Conran 2. Rgas Made up oF Gacoee dalacase, Wed a a bacleriol cultuse IS. Agasose wade up er Galactose + anhydro galacopyrandse Wed For protein amd Nude add Clechophorasis . by. Pectin: Main conient fe galaduronic atid , ured tn fod 28 Gelli g agent, a\so \é ic a digtary Pitst. GLY COSAMINOGLYCANS (4N4] Mucopotysacehas' deg Hobesopolysacdnaatd ae composed of spponl units of " Y) composed of Amino sugars [+] Uvonic Glucosamine —--Glucuronic acid Golactosamine L-aduronic ach GAGs contains nepal charged groups [coos Oy", Reakyl] Repulclon from doch onde \ ation ‘chotk. abecxbent in ronan at, —_C Synovial pludd, vitreous humor, mucous} ; extraceltular ynokslx] Fyamplea + Hyaluronic ald Chondroitin Sulfate Mca ¥ Dexmatan Sulpate- NACH 4: ropavin veparon culpal mce * Kerakan SulFatd > No uronic acid N-Acebyl qlucocamine + Galactose alactesamine+ L-Lduront acid 44[GAGs __| Composition __| Praiont in Lundin - \ Ryaturonic N-Acety| glucosamine | synovies Rudd] Lubricant ach + Shock alpsoeben! p-qlucuronie act itr urna eo nctgralien No sulfate aur wound repats. 2}Chondroitin |N-aceky\ qpuacistnn cuage Bhapo. and suifaie + crt Ip-gucuronte acid endow ares Z)pesmakan — [N-AceHT galactesaming erin Shape ond Suipale Taauionle ack} Voids ructura, r © T | Heposn Glucosamine lun Ancoagquicunk* 84 ” qlucu cante aor / wa Pensa bers act Bl LPL Prom capill aurore sin Sena 5] Heparan | atuocamine stein -Nogavive charge.6n ® Sulpabe Kednoy coutmont mon Feune, eaeate a.chd/ |Bosement — + Avachment oF LPL to i diucuronic. ahd YmembitMe| capniary andotreltur 6] Keraton N-acety| gluusmine| — Comed “Poansparency oF culpate + cart asnen aalacrece. * MEX KE | shope & Stoudry Glycoproteins y 7 357 potelyt Proleca\ycann + Mainly antalns corpdhyaralns acs. bea |__GLYcemtc Invex [41] pepmition: Tt is a value wed to meacure how much speciic Feods incrense® your blood sugar Jovel- Tr is a System ep asciguing a number +o carooty Containing -Reods accosding to how much food inc blood Sugar. Impostance + To lose weldrr OF to maintain a healthy weight In Pre Management oF Ononic diseased seated tp obagiey- Buch 02 Dm € Coronary artery dizenoes . Exampler 1. Low Avcomlc mdex fords |. green vanerables , 6342 2. Mediuen ghrceneic. Mae Feed: sweet con Bananas 00k lz, He comic Tdon Poods: White vice, Poratoes , broade, Sugary peodt & doimks GI oF Glucose > loo Rice + 27 Ice cream > 51 etdney boots O4 Seyobeaus 16 sag Dering alycomic Index. Menton glycemiz Mdep of Some immpastont feoderurts ISAQ + Describe the impedance of Blycomiz indoy._ DIETARY FIBRES ___—— _ © ‘iors « BAG! Enumerate fous wopostont dietary AQ» Whakis a role of didtor7 rose inhuman hearth? Denison’: pnt components mk are NOT PrOEDP down by humay digestive enzymes Names : Ceutose Hemicebusesé Pectisy Lignin Gums Resistant staxch ouige sactharid ot Lactulose ekc- |Souscas: Pruits , davk green vegetables , wbtle grains , Legumes, dots , ye , Book tubers pasnonds ekc- Mechauiem or achon —> euning CApsor watts) viscosity Cthicken He content oF GIT Fesmentalian sumposrank Pumcrions (znerengor bulk oF steol and velioves constipation Herprur in webghtioes 2amd helps Decrensee absesprion oF glucose ibm intestn. jo TedUchDN ef blood Sugar leyal in DM. (@) Dectenses absorption oF Choleseznl Prom MHicshne ond holy fo veduce cholesteve in paktonr with CAD , Athordscler0es, DM ee. Roduce, Pid VISE OF Colon Concer Relppul m qashointesinal dberdess ®Steceoisomess: Compounds having some moleculas Romula bus ditfer in oxlentukion oF Qroupe In space. Eyample. D- Glucose amd L- Glucose cuo ato . W-¢-o We G-8H Ovientatten oF -OH group Mo -c - yo-c-4 to Wght/Lert around the w-E-on — y-d-6y Penultimate anton atorn W-E-0R Wo -b-n 1 apr one) D-Glucose, [Le Glucose | Funckonal 1S0Mexs + Compounds having, Some mnolecwiad- fosnula uk different funcramal {Tours . example Glucose Ccito] , Fructose £6707 Epimess + Compounds having Loma molecular fosmula bub dipter- around Qngte C- atom ,obhex HrcA conormenic carbon . MCD cvamplon > Glucose Gad Galueiose Are Optmore at Ut Giucosd. and Mannose Oe oprnerc ak 24 Oplical isomers’, opHoublp ovtive compounds tak ditterin MOT diseche OF THAD of Plane polavized Wet Eo tho. wight C4) or d foom to te kept (-) ov | Form Anomers '- Sore molecutas Fommula bus differ m Osiortatisn BE |rOUPS aNOWNd AMoMoric C- Akom. [Carbon Carbon ist in qaacose] CH20R CRDY Hn t _ # on a OW HOW &-D Glucose B-D Glucose 0 Plane X> OH is boow te Plame P- ow Ts above ty eal oway Prom Oryy yowards Oxygen arom soMETABOLISM OF MCI ‘COMPETENCY BI 3.2-3.10 LAQ: Regutakion : oF blood gtucos® level. LAG’, Glycogen °F ot eqao 4 digowdest. LAGE Gluconeogendsiz with * aon LAQ:! Glycolysis wih anorgercs amd soqanoy) LAQ © TCA cycle with onerqencs - SAQ-© MP shuot ® qatractosom'q @® BL cycle amd importance 6 21 @® dyruvale debpdrogenaie complex © Alyoogen stovage disosderc Clinsca) cases DDiabotte Kotoncidoete [Max TE) (@ Diaberet meuitus ® Qoloctosom’a @ von Giexké disease © GePp depicioncy © Lactose Iwtolesomce. I sucrose Irvlesance 3 BPG CARBOHYDRATES iDigestion and absosption ap Gsbohydratas ] Dierary Carbohydrates . chasdy —— lyco' cahuioce Sucrose loctose Prucose Glucose arc. Digeaton Mou! By the AcHon SF Solivary avnylare es Acmylode Devas x Ci-%4) glycosebiz bend Stomach | Snly hydrolysis oF Sucrose by HCl qn) Low pi Stops Achtn oF Amylate [rome | Ponereabic amylate ats on a Ct-L4) alycosebte Vinkay compe | pisaccharidase ads onLsucrace ;Lactace,maltace digestion |“ dicacchasider Icomaliace] Antestinal amylate att om terminal «Cr-4) Lrage aud Sibsralas feop @ucose - [Lactesd] ack en Lactose Lactose ——> Glucose + Galactose ack on 0-6) drmcage ‘rears Hno branching Piaf [matre22 ] Maltose ——> Glucose + qlucose SUCTOSEL ueeose > Glucoge + Fouctoce ssMCA ¥# Tolectinal Lumen | anieatinad cats Capiiiar}es 1 I ‘Souvary ammylage Deyn Tsormoitoce Glucose maltose Uactace { Gata jane achy! Chose No Arnyl HY | sucroce Prucinge, Lactose Diagram - Digestian 6F Cartonpdrats [AbsospHon “> by sorondony active wauspoot abong & Nat (symted Glucoce : Pouctore—> by Pacilitared diffurron Dontoses > br passive. ditbusion Glucose Glucose. Na A Symport 6F Glu with Nat ' i Nat Nagcarn » tromcposter Glucose AcrOSS inteinal epimellum Clinical case A month otd baby had loose stool anes every brett feed He wal csying comlinuously and lritable-yic pedintaican pur lim 6” Loctose-Pree Commescial Preparation and misacle happened , Now baby te Noval. Probable diagnosis - Lactose intolerance Depiciont enzyme : Lactase Cinlechnal brush boxdex enzyme) “Tsearment + Lactose free diel Commercial Proparabiom are available in marker &— Symptoms of Lactose mtolesance. _or—eo—AaNCe Aedomina) Pain, Cramps , diaxvhea , plarulouce etc. A Boyer old Male had a loose ctool arer ConsumpHton oF sucrose Bichdieb-He had Abdominal paln cramps and PlaUILNCe - Evesy Hime Whon he taker Sush tppe oF Ader ;he gore Gimillas Srmproms. probable diagnosis :- Sucrose intolerance pepiciont enzyme : | sucrase Teearment'- Avoid Quctose in det Sugar-tsee in Aor .GLYCOLYSIS Embden -Meyeshor pathway LAQ@> Descsibe the steps in alycolysis- hdd a Note on site, imposrance , enesgetrrs and BRQUIOHOV oF atycolysis 2 Tmpostant otpects _ lL Te occuss in alt ceble of the body ln. Aerobic amd andtrobic paknway ; 2. Tk ts Hoe ouly Source of Onexay 1” eece le Anakyobic aycolysit provide WAerey to muscle 6. Qycolysie povides cosbon skeleton fos Sponea®- of neneesentiad auinoacids and glycerol pastor Par. 6. Tnis pakhwoy Te Laas aorve im casdiac mustces 7. Revorsivie steps im gycol~as ave alto Mvolved 7% Fuconecgevonte - 2. comcer Rete derive motk of Hhoiv 2nerar bDro Omannonre g\ycolpers - Glucose Pycuvote/ Lockake. © Twxovovcivie creps ( HoxoKinace @ Phosphopsucra kinase © Pyruvate einase Commited slep Rotr Limiting step Phosphopsuctoeinase key enzyme @ Substsote lever ooylaHon, O1/2-bisphosphesiyceraty vinase _______—® PYruvate Kinase clinical Lobosatovy APPUCOEON FOE OSHMAHON oF PlaIma goACCe, WO Col fluostde bulb - Aluomde ius Inhibit pace hie aul Whonoyes Herd ischaeme CHAT , IE Nae poor Prognosis | non-compekitive Inhibitien in Prcolyas 2 erops uli oF qu[Nak < K oxalab] t.3 vaso Fluoride bulb DRAP TF We donor add Fuowlde tomo Yample, ploama quacese wd UNI be decreniad bp Vemalal hour? "e # Pluovide bulb > NOP — prevent Slycol pele Potacsium oxalate -> Ambcoa guiamir pap tuctse__ app 04 [HeteKinase/aivctinace | Glucose 6 phosphati. Isomerase Pouctose 6 Phosphate ATP >) Phosphopructoxinase, ADP fouctose 16 bisphosphate Adolace Feomerace _. ciycoraldeneds 5 ® vo ol eloategenaee fs Napa - bis pesphog\ycorale ADP. 73 bisphcsphog\ecorato ATP kinase ® Phosphoglycerate ] murase 2 Phosphog\vcorale ca mgt] Enotace ©by Fluo’ Phosphoencl pyruvate med Pyruv MALe Pyruvate Napaentoy Lactate dekpdrogenate Napr CAnacrobic condiion] Lactote@ Hevokinase | Clucotmas e B Trevor @ Prosphopructo kinase 1 ® versie seps OO ta emase ® Romons - insulin | qucagen |}_H&xokinase Gluakinace C Heyokmase wiz) | Acton Hexoce cugas Ack emily On Glucose High aFinity for glucose | OW aspinl ty Low km value wih em value Ivhibitien by Gius® No mbibiken by alu 6é@® Not inducible anducible enzyme Act even ak low core 3| Ack when Glucose 7 100 I coucentration, ta malay ver, pancreas present m aneeeues sHmulatad by Insulin eG AcHvakion Gnhivitien Heyoxinare alucose 6@) Glucokinase Tecabn Glucogen Phosphofructotinag [THsulin], AMP [Glucagon] (ex) - Fructose 6 @) ATP Pructose 2,6 bephosphate Citrate | Pree. cAMP Pyruvate Frost) ructose | ia Kinase Sphocpralé co Fructose €@ ee PPK AL Prucose 1,6 bt phosphate Pructes? 26 bitphospate Pyruvain Kinase —> Aetive m dephosphorplatad chats > Ravers Cinsutin | Qkecolynt—] Enawgebice Aerobie palhuoy — Glucose ———> pyruvate (2) 2NADH = 2X2SATP = BATP 2 Substrat Lover Prosphyoplakion = AATP 2 STP ubuzed = —2ATP Nek SpnHAs Anaerobie Pakhwoy :- 2 Subechrab leve phosphorylation 4 ATP 2 ATP Wired moat Net Spnen= 6tRopopost Leuberng Qecle LAG Daxcribe tho Siepe oF RL cycle Ae sa en Importance oF 2/2 BPA. ERAS SAMs Impatance oF 2:3 26 in onttroceyls, | Ll Ir ic a supplementary pouunway ten gonorabioo or 2,2 bisphoophogtyceratE 19 expire: FRumctions oF 2/3- PG Tr occupy Phe Centsal Pocker GF Hb molecube and werponeTble Rar Umioading oF OXPGeN to Whe tecune. BMaintenance ob bufter im acs . RE a Glucose onder 6® fructore 6® J fructose Ve baephosphate aceriderede 2® DAP 4 @arphosphod intel cgnietewnce } 1 Mutace “ 213 GPG level Wcreoser 1,2 bisphospalecarall io ID Anernia ADP BL cycle aS iaigh abittuds art (e5ee] paar) Petod He | 2 cera cCopb phosphoale Prowphatoue sp COULD velease oF O2- to Mme Hess . 2 phosphoghecosato PEP Pyrurate AD 62SAQ* Describe the euzymes and coenzymes of Pyruvate Aebydrogana.e Complex 7 Napt —NADNEHT & Pyruvate on, Acetyl CoA Cok “Cog Mult onzyme _| Connecting Umk between aiycoycic 2-724 cycle Ivreversitie and committed step im oxidaribn of glucose Te is composed oF 3% en2ymea & 5B Coenzyme, *MCQ - Pytuy! TP Ea-Dityarouipey wokancehiace a £3 - Dihydrolipoy) dehydrogenase coe oct ao Urabe CO TH] ones ters Coo, mn, PP ot =. Regulation Fab. nN ce 2) 1D Allosteric wequbaHen bp produc - NADH, ACeHYICOA f) Covodon- modi Kicohbn + Phasphooplasion eens pow is achve dophosprosylatd San Clinica) stanieicance + Wornicko- orSaKoRe Syndrome In chron adcoholice déeticluncy eF TPP oecuss because’ Defechve abssepten ef Thiamine Defective Conversioner Thiamine—> TPP Symptons » Global oa » Pyruvake leved Ophtnadmopleai eal ¥ symprend due to Ly ATP Memory 10ss nines psychosis =KREBS CYCLE 0k TCA CYCLE Citic acid cycle LAG Decemibe the cleps ep TCA Cycle. Add 4 See Site PeQuiaxBnr ,Amphivolic vole AM anopl Teachone ep TCA Cycle - Sit Hans kebs -1437 7 (TE is Final Common extdaktve pathway for comorsion into C2. Tb giver NADH + FADHL (3 Catalyst - oxcdoacckats for convercion oF FAL tio energy ® Impostant for syathaxt oF nonedswnha Ate Home | Pures B® Provider imlesmediasy for voriow’ PAMWAPS (2 Provider OUdrgy CATP Mnemonic te robe ctasting, Substratn fee maxing, to sernombos ? Citral aONC Oey ik Acebyl Co ene Malan oxaloacetate. 7 NADY rH | Mala apt Fumarase Isodtvate Be cna wnt acne | NADI K2-5 =7: . LPADHg 9 =1BATP soda ‘ FAD, =oL@tp 9 = LATP BH Sucei —— “ 6 Jo rrp | Neptntt FAD Oxalosuceinate [Suecinaty| GTP “ye my Tsocrate DY GoP —“[Buccinyl eo consy [ox Feta glare | NaDH+HT NADYLnhibitors | FAM -AKS Lunomonicy Pluotoacerate —» Aconitase Arsoulte =—> “keloghsarate Molonaa —> Succinake DH ® Mca Requarien| @ Availablity ot cupctrate ® elivas cyntrare acocltrae DY { ‘Lmpoiant steps A-Kekoglurasale dH} AI losiewtoayp rogusabed ATP € Nady will inhibit the Pathway Ampubolic tole \o ® Anobatie wvle Corabolit Bole —_—_—_— att ar oxoloacekake —> Aepart Aeeby\ CoA —> eby\ Cok —> Op. citsoke—> Acesyl CoA A keogluraralz—> ajutamale , 4neh Succiny) Cok —> Home Sy ONCE kerolycis. Anaplerotic seacHons|- Roploniting Ye inlemmadiatey oF TC @ Pyruval —> oxaloacetate 2 @ Qlurama —> « eelogluierral Reqining ,Prouine wstidine —> « rdhoglutarata B Popiony| CoA ——> Succiny| CoA Vobine , Metntonine , scoleuclne iThreonine—> Succiny) CoA {© Phonyladauine Tyrosine —> Funosala Uren Cycle —> fumasaie © pycuvak. ———* Motato fp Aeparcrake ——> Oxasoacerente