IJRAR22B2131

© 2022 IJRAR May 2022, Volume 9, Issue 2 www.ijrar.
org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Rising Trend Of Media Trials: An Exodus From

Ethical Journalism.1
Partha Sarathi Mishra & Tejaswini Tripathy. LLMcholars, KIIT School of Law,2022.
ABSTRACT
The Global phenomenon of “FOXIFICATION” of the news has now become a reality in Indian media.
The News in its evolution retained the very basic characteristics of transparency, objectivity and
impartiality up until the media had multiple players which competed to retain viewership and generate
revenues. We see News networks parading their ratings as empty efforts to establish supremacy while they
fail miserably in delivering to the basic standards of Ethical journalism. Facts and circumstances are
maliciously manipulated at the hands of Networks to push the Political narratives as entrusted to them by
their benefactors. These benefactors have amassed enough means to incentivise these networks to do their
bidding, i.e. the carrot or to rid themselves of any resistance through punitive acts by force if it comes to
be, i.e. the whip. These benefactors play the Public opinion to their tunes through these networks. However,
this wasn’t always the case, what changed?
KEYWORDS: Indian media, News, Foxification, Politics, Journalistic Integrity.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
The news in the past decade has been heavily commercialised and is often glazed with political narratives/
bias when delivered in the prime time shows on TV broadcasts. The fact that such sensualisation is made
in an attempt to increasingly captivate viewership, the endeavour to keep such viewers interested has led
to the blatant misuse of the concept of Breaking news. The core values of journalism remain at peril as
doctored debates take prime stage in the news platforms rather than facts. The news served to deliver facts
but that model has been altered to a point where news is fed to the average viewers, with the intent to
manufacture or alter their opinions and discard their individual rationality. This can be compared with a
waterboarding of specific information that asphyxiates the viewer’s objectivity as they slowly surrender to
the narrative in the information they are fed. Such doctored debates, malicious reporting and overly
sensualised version of news poses a very real threat to the democracy of the Indian society.
1
By Partha Sarathi Mishra & Tejaswini Tripathy. LLMcholars, KIIT School of Law,2022.
IJRAR22B2131 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 484
© 2022 IJRAR May 2022, Volume 9, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
1. To trace the evolution of news into a platform that wields power over manipulating public opinion.
2. To understand the key eventualities which led to the commercialisation of news.
3. To identify such characteristics that pose a threat to democracy and to discuss upon possible
recourses for a Media Cleansing.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The author has undertaken Doctrinal Research primarily to investigate and elaborate upon the evolution of
news media in the India and throughout the World. Comparative Analysis has been adopted to compare
the transformation of News Networks in United State to that of India. The author has also relied upon
publically available information and reports upon various News networks, their activities and their
reporting practices as elaborated in this paper.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. “Is Indian Media Free From State Control?” by Sheikh Tajammul-ul-Islam2. The Indian media,
according to the author, is state-controlled and prejudiced in its reporting. It has become an
instrument in the arsenal of the Indian government for instilling Hindutva ideology and jingoistic
feelings in the public, resulting in communal rioting. The author also discusses the topic of paid
news and false news. It highlights the rising incidences of fraud in the Indian media sector, which
the Press Council of India has also noted (PCI). The research claims that media outlets and
journalists who fail to toe the government's line fear retaliation, citing specific examples. The
research also looks at how the Indian media covered the revocation of Articles 370 and 35 A of the
Indian constitution; most Indian media sources characterised the event in the same way.
2. “Governmental Threats for media Freedom: Comparative Study of Asian Countries”, by Naveen
K. Mishra3. The author depicts Media freedom as a contentious subject in Asian countries; on one
hand, the right to information and freedom of speech are guaranteed; on the other hand, media
controls and press laws are poised to curtail media freedom. In the fast-changing world of open
communication, India's advertisements the creation of gleaming, spiritualistic images of political
leaders is a widespread trend in Indian media. The Pakistani military government restricts
journalistic freedom through a variety of legal and constitutional means. The demonstrators
demanded that the government lift restrictions on media freedom. "The situation of the press in
2
Tajammul-ul-Islam, S. (2019). Is Indian Media Free from State Control? An Appraisal. Policy
Perspectives, 16(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.16.2.0027
3
Mishra, N. K. (2008). GOVERNMENTAL THREATS FOR MEDIA FREEDOM : COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASIAN COUNTRIES. The
Indian Journal of Political Science, 69(1), 149–156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856399
Nepal following the royal highjack is shown on BBC News. Since Malaysia's independence in
1957, the country's media structure has altered. Official control of the media has increasingly
strengthened due to political parties and well-connected business people owning media outlets. The
military also prohibited any Indonesian electronic media from airing the rallies. The media and the
general public were able to obtain information through a worldwide radio broadcast held at the
Indonesia Democratic Party (PDI) headquarters in Jakarta. The bulk of Cambodian media is not
totally independent, relying on support from influential persons such as politicians and wealthy
individuals. The term "media" is as extensively used and understood in Cambodia as the term
"press." "Cambodia has a press law but no media law.
INTRODUCTION
The World as we live in today revolves around the actions and consequences of Global as well as Local
players in a very dynamic ecological system. The consequences so to speak, are often mired in the form of
political narratives and agenda, specific to the intent of calibrating a favourable stand point for the
influential strata of any society. News, or rather the disclosure of facts as it were, plays a very crucial role
in the picture as it exists as a medium to dictate public opinion and as a tool to surveil the society at large
with its players, big or small and global or local. The evolution of societies into Lassiez-Faire States has
emanated greater discussions upon life, rights and liberties which demand a unilateral acceptance as well
as adherence of any established institution entrusted with public awareness through broadcasting of “the
News”.
Yet one might observe, the idealism of news especially in its deliverance, has in time lost its previously
glorified sanctity and accountability through the last decade. This trend goes beyond the local perception
of news through a very global trend. To a context specific to India, which had a very liberal approach
towards media narratives has witnessed a rising rate of transformation towards more radical narratives.
This change is more differentiable in broadcasted (mainstream television) media than the printed media.
Journalism as a study exists to govern the various facets and ethical dilemma that so exist in the due course,
from generation till the broadcasting of events to the general public. It prioritizes accountability, factual
correspondence and above all general public discretion, which in fact are the key factors that ideally should
govern the news broadcasting, as an ideal tool to facilitate democracy. While the medium of news exists
as a tool; as any tool in existence it is more often than not, utilised in contravention to its true purpose. The
study of Journalism thus exists to ensure integrity and uphold the Public benefit at large.
Media houses today on television, can be seen adhering to case sensitive and politically motivated
narratives, as such often misguiding the public opinion and at times, the public’s outrage. A tool for
democracy has now become an all too convenient whip, for the political ringmasters in a Circus of various
political, social and emotional stunts. This is indeed unbecoming to the true spirit of democracy as idealized
by the freedom fighters of this country as well as the spirit of constitutionalism as entrusted to us by our
constitution makers. The rampant diversion from facts and inclusion of theatrics in the delivery of news
has contributed to an increasing toxic trend of sensationalization of news. Material facts are often
disregarded while prime time shows feature repressive political debates between “experts” on material
issues which often result into chaos as the participants fail to maintain decorum and often resort to profanity
and disparagement. The hosts can be seen fuelling such deviation from discourse as targeted acts for
manipulating the viewer opinions. Thus, the problem subsists first and foremost, as an ethical and moral
conundrum.
THE EVOLUTION OF NEWS AND ITS MEDIA THROUGH THE

AGES
It is said that the invention of the industrial printing press was a key factor for the ascension of the Age of
Revolution, and subsequently the First Industrial Revolution. Print media through gazettes, books and
journals for a long time were the preferred medium for the storage and broadcasting for information. The
public access to such mediums increased steadily through the age of industrialisation as the cost of printing
reduced along with the resources of the working class. The rise of democracy in several societies led to a
unanimous acceptance of printed press as the ultimate medium for social awareness on governmental
schemes, general affairs of state as well as the promotion of industries, art and culture. Thus, printed press
commanded enormous significance in all forms of State which took consideration of General Public
Opinion.
The print media started as a state sponsored endeavour for the ends of Public awareness as publication of
books and literary works existed in the private domain. The dissociation of print media from State
sponsorship can be seen in the French Society in the late 1800s wherein the principles of a Lassiez-Faire
state mandated the acceptance of democracy with all its principles. These principles dictated the ideal of
free media which shall work for the public benefit and enforce a sense accountability upon the State for its
actions. A similar trend can be traced in the other European counterparts wherein a general consensus of
free media houses gained momentum. Thus the first newspaper to ever circulate was created by Johan
Carlous from Strasbourg, Germany and was named (translated) “Relation of Strasbourg”. These
newspapers under the imperial states often made their way into several colonies and thereby familiarising
rather primitive countries with this efficient tool for general awareness.
India stands today as the nation with the most newspaper subscriptions, although the early newspapers
were published semi-regularly and under the British seal of approval, one of the Prime examples being the
Hicky’s Bengal Gazzette found by the Irishman James Augustus Hickey with the official motto of
delivering impartial news to the public, which was later reined in by the British Administration when the
paper published about corruption in the British Governor general Warren Hastings of Corruption and
Maladministration. Hickey was sued for libel and Hastings funded a rival newspaper, The Indian Gazette
which eventually pushed the Bengal gazette out of circulation. The rise of familiarity to newspaper led to
the birth of several local newspapers and weekly/monthly magazines by several influential personalities
such as Shri Bal Gangadhar Tilak, titled Kesari which was followed by several others as the Freedom
struggle gained momentum. These newspapers were often weekly and consisted of messages from the
Indian leaders, articles on cultures, traditions and customs overall, the Indian way of Life, thus playing the
role of a social adhesive to unify people against the British Administration with the common cause of
Independence. Several landmark movements such as the Chauri Chaura, Dandi march and other non-
cooperation movements gained immaculate momentum owing to the reach of these local newspapers.
While radio broadcasts were not quite popular at the time in India, The British Broadcasting Corporation
was a global trailblazer in terms of Radio broadcasting of important news, imperial addresses and several
modes of entertainment. Functional since 1927, and operated from the Marconi’s London studio for the
first time in the year 1922. The radio revolutionised primarily the entertainment industry through time as
radio technology continued to be cheaper and more compact to be fitted in motor vehicles. The radio
stations also served as forums for a more simultaneous broadcast of important news on the ongoing World
War, as well as the warning systems for civilians in times of emergencies. The technology has saved
countless lives throughout the world in the midst of war and disaster as the societies continued to be volatile
up until the end of the Cold War in the 90s. Radio technology has also played a somewhat crucial role as
the Congress Party had its own Clandestine radio frequency, The Congress radio that was functional under
the supervision of M.K. Gandhi and other Congressional leaders which enabled a systematic dismantling
of the British administration throughout the country, simultaneously. The All India Radio, initially the
Indian Broadcasting Company started broadcasting in 1923. The broadcast primarily consisted of
programmes from The Bombay Radio Club and was operational in Bombay and Calcutta. Subsequently,
the government undertook the broadcasting experimentally converting it into Indian State Broadcasting
Service (ISBS) which was later fully functional under the government under its current name.
All India Radio, or as referred to as Akashvani since 1957, continues to function as a network that caters
to the news, music and entertainment till today. The first recorded news broadcast was made by a female
news presenter by the name of Saeeda Bano in Urdu, in the year 1947. The broadcast for the news section
lasted for 20 minutes and comprised of brief and summarised factual presentation of Global and local
events, followed by sports. In contrast to reporting as we see today (which shall be elaborated further), the
broadcast was confined to pure facts and the script had to go through several rounds of fact checking,
political narratives were especially avoided until the time of emergency as the government reserved and
exercised absolute control over all forms of media.
In the later stages as the radio units through the countries rose, All India Radio diversified into making
regional broadcasting stations with their own set of programmes on culture and entertainment however, the
news and script for the delivery of news in local languages were to be approved by the Delhi headquarters.
While notably, a few existing Radio stations were undertaken under All India Radio such as the Hyderabad
based, Deccan Radio Network which was owned by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Television Broadcast started in Delhi in the year 1967 after its brief experimental phase with brief five
minute bulletins read by the news anchors. In a similarity to the Radio counterpart, this news broadcast
shred the exact same modus operandi added with visual presentation of text, pictures and later, video
footage. This Television Broadcasting Network as Developed under Prasar Bharati and experimented under
All India Radio, was soon segregated to form its own Broadcasting Network, i.e. The Doordarshan. This
network further accommodated the Channel Krishi Darshan that played programs on Agricultural
procedures, techniques and other basic know-hows as a part of the green Revolution. In the year 1982, the
network started its first Colour Broadcast. The network had now evolved as media network and thus hosted
a plethora of shows which included interviews, drama and comic reliefs etc. to convey relevant messages
and information4. The News had now developed from a one dimensional delivery of audio feedback to an
experience of both audio and visual presentation of the incidents and events as they were broadcasted to
the public.
THE BREAKING NEWS THEORY, A PRECURSOR TO THE

DOMINO EFFECT
In 1992, Zee TV was the first privately owned broadcasting network that was available on cable
connections. This was followed by several other entries onto the broadcasting market by Private players
such as the Asia Television Network and New Delhi TV. While networks such as Zee TV broadcasted
different genres under different channels, few others were genre specific such as NDTV and Times Now
that focussed primarily on the News. These channels function with the help of revenues earned from
advertisements, and to determine their advertising tariffs, the TRP system from America was introduced to
India. This system was not specific but an approximated one that gave very crude data which was
interpreted to give the channels their TRP rating. Needless to say, higher the rating higher the tariffs
charged by the channels to broadcast advertisements. This led to a surge of competition amongst networks
as they scraped on to bag the ratings by pushing greater and better audience attraction. We see a rise of TV
reality shows such that fetched popular response through active invocation to emotions of the general public
by way of their sympathies, aspirations and in several instances patriotism.
In true nature capitalism, the Networks with multiple channels endeavoured to maximise their profits at all
fronts and thus, the mainstream news media evolved into a prime time experience. News channels pushed
unscientific stories and fictional contents in order to retain viewership throughout their portfolio of
programmes. As for the overall evolution of the news media, the increasing usage of theatrics with respect
4
DNA Special: Evolution of Indian media from pre-Independent era to present times. DNA India. (2022). Retrieved 12 May
2022, from https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-special-evolution-of-indian-media-from-pre-independent-era-to-
present-times-2856859.
to facts proved to actively contributes towards the overall viewer engagement and was thus prioritised. The
phrase, “A picture can convey a thousand words” in its intensity pales before the influencing potential of
video footages and an eye-catching narrative.5 This became the core business model of the “relatively”
new-age media. The fact that these networks had the capability to broadcast news through field reports was
not a new trend, but the concept of “Breaking News” meant that the reports came in directly to the studio,
unfiltered from the scene would initiate greater discussions in the field of journalism to dictate what shall
be considered to be “Breaking news” and whether such reporting be relaxed from the existing journalistic
standards of verification and accountability. The era from 1990s till early 2000s witnessed some of the
more infamous instances of communal violence in the history of India. These instances of prejudice and
violence although was not new, in the era of an evolved media, they were covered with an overwhelming
dynamism and promptness if compared with the reporting of such instances in print media or radio
coverage for that matter.
Panel Discussions had already made way to the Prime Time slot where the discussions were primarily
factual and practical, usually with subtle political narratives when panellists were in occasions, politicians.
The Political narratives were however ensured to be subtle and acceptable under the purview of
professionalism of journalism. The media houses slowly but steadily rose into active tools that helped guide
public opinion towards the real issues of society and promote public awareness of pertinent matters of the
nation and the World. The trend of captivation of viewers was in a way, a positive outcome when it came
to enhancing public awareness and enforce the accountability of the government. Panel experts in several
cases made remarkable suggestions to the state in the Public sphere of prime time news media that later
resulted into further meaningful deliberations which had a very a real impact on the viewers, i.e. the public.
In order to identify what changed in the Indian television media network post 2010, we should look at the
US counterpart networks and the general trend in which the American media divulged into political
narratives through the early 2000s. In the Bush administration, the US Government took some questionable
measures in their campaign in Iraq and Afghanistan which called for huge backlashes in the country. Thus
the Administration required an immediate control of the Public disposition, thus the CNN with its democrat
alliances lobbied for the democrat narrative to the US’s act in retaining its Global hegemony. Its competitor,
The FOX News network with Republican and conservative roots took a similar approach but with an
intensified focus on political narratives that often called for personal attacks on democrats. The FOX
adopted the model of Panel Discussions on political topics and effectively pitted experts and political
spokespersons against each other while consecutively pushing republican narratives. Anchors could be
5
News, I. (2022). Sensationalism, paid news are the bane of modern day journalism: Venkaiah Naidu | India News - Times of
India. The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2022, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sensationalism-paid-news-
are-the-bane-of-modern-day-journalism-venkaiah-naidu/articleshow/67808834.cms.
seen gaslighting targeted panellists in order to demoralize and denigrate their opinions before their target
viewers.6
This model resulted into two things, the demographic was divided by political beliefs and the Corporations
that entrusted advertisements to these channels received a more specific market demographic for the
products which were subsequently advertised as per the general political opinions of the viewership of such
respective networks. This, was referred to as the “Foxification” of the US Media, a crude term to identify
political motivation of media houses which is out in the open and the Viewers get to choose how they want
their News delivered to them7.
The “Foxification” of the Indian media can be observed rather vividly after the inception of newer key
player in the Indian Broadcasting networks, i.e. Republic TV. Established in 2017, this news network
broadcasts news in English, pan India. The editor in Chief Mr. Arnab Goswami was heralded as one of the
leading journalists in the early 2000s and had been known to have been a professional journalist to the
truest sense as he posed difficult questions often fearlessly before controversial political figures. However,
his demeanour and approach towards the news drastically changed after he quit the Times Now News
network to set up his own News Network, which was the Republic TV. It was indeed one of the first
channels that took an unhindered approach towards mimicking the Fox business model as it was heavily
funded and guarded by the present party in power, i.e. The BJP. The Channel with its highly radicalised
political narrative, chaotic debates during prime time and bold statements by anchors in the panel
discussions grabbed a huge chunk of viewership in the first quarter of Arnab Goswami joining the Network
in 2019. Goswami pushed the right wing interpretations, capitalised on fear and nationalism actively and
continued to gaslight non-right panellists on a daily basis in his prime time show.8 Thus converting the
news to a circus and acting as its ringmaster, he whipped panellists to dance to his tunes.
These discussions are primarily emotionally motivated and contradicting opinions are pushed away as
“anti-national” as a clear tactic to manipulate public opinion on the issue in favour of the BJP, which was
no longer produced before the people as a political party, but in the nationalist sense, BJP was now to be
made synonymous with India. This achieved another benefit for the party, with the constant negative
publicity of the only national opposition, the Congress throughout the programmes all day, the image of
the Congress party reduced to an incompetent opposition.9 While the actual performance might have been
degrading through the time, hate mongering upon the private lives of Congress party leaders Sonia Gandhi
6
Meade, A. (2021). Kevin Rudd says Sky News is using Fox model to radicalise politics in Australia. the Guardian. Retrieved 12
May 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/feb/10/kevin-rudd-says-sky-news-is-using-fox-model-
to-radicalise-politics-in-australia.
7
Mustafa, S. (2022). Retrieved 12 May 2022, from
https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/4/21818/world-press-freedom-day----sad-tidings-for-the-indian-
media
8
Deshmukh. (2022). Media Trials in India: A Judicial View to Administration. Retrieved 12 May 2022, from
https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2021/01/vishwajeet-deshmukh-media-trials-
india/#:~:text=The%20phenomenon%20of%20declaring%20the,by%20the%20court%20of%20law.
9
Nazakat, S., & Ananthakrishnan, V. (2022). Media and Political affiliation in India | Media Monitor India. Retrieved 12 May
2022, from https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/politicalaffiliations
and Rahul Gandhi and other senior leaders led to an eventual dissipation of the Congress party’s influence
in the Indian Politics. The modus operandi remained, sensationalize the news first and then politicise it
where one party wins and the opposition loses.
Witnessing the massive success of Republic TV in such short while, we see other news channels following
suit. Channels now started giving communal narratives and angles to news and thus hoping to capitalise on
the hate and fear against the minorities in the country. With demonetisation, we see that, a move that did
not have any actual scientific explanation, the mainstream channels jumped into the parade with great
fervour to defend the move by the Ruling Government and shunning any opposing opinions publicly on
their network. The sheer creativity in generating fake news and feeding to the general public which, more
often than not, takes the narrative for granted. Sensationalization of news goes against the core values of
journalism. The reporting of Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput’s death was reduced to a full-fledged
media circus as channels such as the Republic TV, Aaj Tak and Times Now discarded their integrity and
professionalism by framing and narrating an actor’s suicide into a political angle where the film industry
which has in several instances crossed swords with the BJP, was accused of Nepotism that ruined the late
actor’s career. The debates and discussions were further escalated to outrageous levels as the Bihar
elections came close, BJP was seen in support of a Bihari actor who was wronged by the liberal film
industry. The privacy of the actor was invaded; his romantic partner was publicly shunned baselessly for
providing him with drugs. This was the most vivid example of what went wrong with News networks.
Debates and discussions at prime time included panellists from Bollywood and BJP who cat called each
other before the public as the private chats were discussed and the deceased was berated over and over
again.
Arnab Goswami peaked into controversy as he continued to charge on against the Congress party and
subsequently the local opposition to the BJP, the Shiv Sena. He alleged the opposing Shiv Sena of
corruption, abuse of power and several other accusations which, resulted into Maharashtra police creating
a Special Investigation Team to look into Arnab Goswami.10 His WhatsApp chats were leaked into the
public forum where he can be seen joyously acknowledging the Anchor’s clear collusion with the top-brass
of the BJP and the RSS. This investigation led to the exposure of the TRP scam where it was found that
the Ratings of Republic Bharat, the Hindi channel was high right from the start in 2016, this was indicative
of bribery to low income individuals in the rural areas to keep their televisions turned on and set to Republic
TV even though they did not comprehend English. The TRP system works through the data accumulated
from BARC Bar-o-Meters fitted in a specific number of Television Sets through the country that record
and transmit the duration of the television’s engagement into particular frequencies. Goswami denied such
allegations but his collusion with the former BARC CEO Partho Dasgupta uncovered several red flags in
10
Trp scam: Arnab Goswami named in chargesheet by Mumbai Police. (2022, May 12). The Indian Express. Retrieved May 12,
2022, from https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/republic-owner-arnab-goswami-named-as-accused-in-trp-
scam-7370481/.
lieu of manipulation of ratings and other vindictive illegal practices against Times Now TV, Goswami’s
previous employer.
The news thus became a tool to propagate political narratives and manipulate public opinion, as it still
continues to be. This is referred to as the Dark Ages of Indian Journalism where News networks compete
to bring exclusive news the fastest, without divulging material facts and capitalising on the collective hatred
towards minorities and any opposition to the existing government. The Farmer’s Protest, the Delhi Pogrom
and various other instances can be depicted tantamount to India’s own Radio Rawanda incident where the
mass media took the role of aggravator of conflict and sparked outrage against countless victims of the
mob by reducing them into an anti-national narrative.
THE WAY AHEAD
While the situation has been bleak and the system that governs or regulates media houses has failed to
serve its purpose, there exists hope in the Internet. The medium that provides a greater level of
independence and relaxed regulations for free media channels to exist and present news as it is, without
any communal spices or the salts of hatred. Channels such as the Print, Quint, Newslaundry and WION
can be seen delivering news to the masses ensuring the standards of journalism. These channels primarily
function the platform of YouTube and have amassed a considerable chunk of free thinking viewership.
These channels have played an ever increasing role in the re-establishing of a free media that voices the
opposition and most importantly, the public opinion. In contrast, these channels often engage expert
panellists into various debates but on topics that affect the general public, such as economic policies, public
healthcare, administrative efficiency etc. unlike the mainstream media houses which divide panellists into
narratives and pit them against each other.
Yet, the road is not easy for free media channels as they undergo various malicious lawsuits, executive
harassments and are constantly berated by the mainstream networks for being (ironically) “unprofessional”.
Networks question the revenue systems of these channels which primarily function on user subscriptions.
The rule of the jungle can be seen at its finest, as the bigger networks become predators to these newly
established media channels. Yet, the channels with immense support of their viewers and under the
protection of Law have now become significant sources for news as they are here to stay. The Public
subscription model ensures that the interests of the viewers shall remain important and that news is not
commercialised. Perhaps, these independent entities shall be the flag bearers of Ethical Journalism for the
foreseeable future until capitalism and over competition pushes them into the same loop of corruption as it
has been for the major news networks we see today.

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© 2022 IJRAR May 2022, Volume 9, Issue 2 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Rising Trend Of Media Trials: An Exodus From

THE EVOLUTION OF NEWS AND ITS MEDIA THROUGH THE

THE BREAKING NEWS THEORY, A PRECURSOR TO THE

THE WAY AHEAD

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