TOPIC -6

PART -
A
Area Control Service

Controlled Traffic is usually separated from each other

either
A) Horizontally/ Longitudinally
B) Vertically
C) Composite (Combo of Vertical & Horizontal
Separation)

A) Horizontal Separation
Divides into 3 types-
1) Lateral separation
2) Longitudinal separation
3) Separation minima based on ATS surveillance
system
1) Lateral Separation
Can be achieved either by knowing the geographic
location (visually or via NAV-aid)

a) VOR
Both a/c established on
radials diverging by 15
deg. & at least one a/c
15NM from facility
(RNAV – 15 deg)

b)NDB -30degrees

c) DR ( Dead Reckoning)

-45 degrees
B)Longitudinal Separation
Track meanings
A) Same Track

B) Reciprocal Track

C) Crossing Track

A) Aircraft at the same cruising level

 A/c flying on the same track(Sepration

based on Time)
a) 15 minutes (without NAV-aid);
b) 10 min, if NAV-aids present to give position;
c) 5 min, if preceding a/c is 37 kmph (20 knots) or
more;
d) 3 min, if preceding a/c is 74 kmph (40 knots) or
more.
  A/c flying on crossing tracks

a) 15 min
b)10 min, if NAV-aids present

B) A/c climbing or descending same track

a) 15 min
b) 10 min, with NAV- aids
c) 5 min(If they report
within 10 min from same
NAV-Aid)

 Longitudinal separation based on distance using

DME (DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT)
 Same cruising level
A) Same Track
1) 20NM (37km)
2) 10NM if leading a/c TAS is 20kts or more
 B) Cross Tracks
1)20NM provided that the
relative angle between the
tracks is less than 90
degrees
2)10NM if the leading
a/c’s TAS is 20 kts or
more

C) Climbing/Descending
10NM

D) Reciprocal Track
10NM

Separation minima based on ATS surveillance system

5NM horizontal separation upto 60NM from radar

10NM horizontal separation beyond 60NM from radar
 RNAV Distance-based Separation(150km (80NM))
It may be applied between RNAV equipped a/c when
operating on designated RNAV routes or on ATS routes
defined by VOR.

 Essential Traffic is that controlled traffic to which the

provision of separation by ATC is applicable, but which,
in relation to a particular controlled flight is not, or will not
be, separated from other controlled traffic by the
appropriate minimum separation.

 Separation between departing traffic

Leading Following Separation Minim Time

a/c a/c
Heavy Med/ Light a) Same runway 2 min
Medium Light b) Parallel runwa
(less than
760m)
Heavy Med/ Light Departing from 3 min
Using full a) An intermediate
runway Light part of runway
Medium b) Intermediate part
of a parallel
runway
  Separation between arriving traffic

Leading a/c Following a/c Sep. Minima

Heavy Medium 2 min
Heavy/Medium Light 3 min

When taking off behind a heavy jet, rotate prior to his

rotation point to avoid vortices. Maximum hazard for
incoming a/c is during a light tailwind.
Vortices circulate outward, upward, & inwards in
clockwise direction for left wing.

Wake Turbulence Category (As per MTOW)

Light L 7000kg or less
Medium M 7000kg < X < 136,000 kg
Heavy H More than 136,000 kg
 TOPIC -6
PART -
B
Approach Control Service
Procedures for departing a/c

1) If departing a/c are going

on tracks diverging by at
least 45 degrees
immediately after T/O

1 Min

2) Same track after departure

and preceding a/c is
40kts or more faster
2 min

3) If a departing a/c
is to be flown
through the level
of a preceding
departing a/c

5 min
 Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft

In straight in-approach

1) 5 min before arriving a/c to be estimated over the

instrument runway
2) If the direction of departure is different by at least 45
degrees from reciprocal of direction of approach of
arriving a/c
3 min

 Reduction of separation minima/time

1) When each a/c visible to controller and separation can

be maintained
2) Each a/c visible to flight crew of other a/c and the
pilots report that their own separation can be
maintained
3) In case of one a/c following another-
 Commander of following a/c report that the other a/c in
sight and separation can be maintained

 Information for Arriving aircraft

Info such as rwy-in-use, met. Info, current rwy surface
conditions, etc. to be passed on to the a/c.

1) If change in wind information in form of

components by-
Mean head-wind – 10 kts
Mean tail-wind – 2 kts
Mean cross-wind – 5 kts

 Visual Approach
Can be performed by IFR flights too if request by pilot or
initiated by controller

Also, needed if that the flight crew has runway in sight

and the pilot can maintain visual referent to terrain and
they are not completely unfamiliar with the terrain

In visual approach, the ATC controller will provide

traffic separation with other controlled traffic while
PIC responsible for terrain clearance.

Onward Clearance Time- The time at which an aircraft

can expect to leave the fix at which it is being held.

 In case of arrival under IFR flight plan in VMC condition,

the traffic avoidance is responsibility of PIC.
Time Approach Procedure – Requested by aircraft to pass
the specified point inbound at the previously notified time

TOPIC -6
PART -
C
Aerodrome Control Service

Aerodrome (AD) control towers shall issue information and

clearances to aircraft under their control to achieve a safe,
orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic on and in the vicinity
of an AD with object of preventing collision between:

AD Traffic
A/c flying within designated area of responsibility of
control tower, a/c on maneuvering area, landing and
taking off; etc.

Different working positions in AD control tower:

1) Aerodrome Controller – For operations on the
runway and a/c flying within control area of tower
2) Ground Controller – For traffic on the maneuvering
area with exception of runways.
3) Clearance delivery position – For delivery of start-
up and ATC clearance for departing IFR flights.

Controlled AD- An AD with a control tower giving an ATC

service.
Priority for landing
1) A/c in distress (engine failure, shortage of fuel, etc.)
2) Medical A/c
3) A/c engaged in SAR operation
4) VVIP aircraft

Circuit Pattern
Short Finals – Up to 4NM
Long Finals – Beyond 4NM, up to 8NM

AD Terms
1) Apron (APN) – A defined area, on a land AD,
intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of
loading or unloading passengers,mail, or cargo,
fueling, parking, or maintenance.
2) Maneuvering Area- The part of an AD to be used for
T/O, Landing, and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons.
 3) Movement Area –Maneuvering Area + Apron(s)

o A person should remain at least 60m (200’) away

from a jet engine.

Runway-Holding Position
Unless cleared by ATC, No a/c can be held closer to a
runway-in-use than at a runway-holding position. All taxiing
a/c and vehicles shall stop and hold here unless otherwise
authorized by ATC.

In no condition, should any part of a/c extend past the

hold line.

Broken line towards runway

Coefficient of Friction
Estimated surface friction, for each third of a runway as seen
from pilot’s point of view needs to be informed, if needed.