Lab3 Completed

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard University
Experiment No. 03
OBJECTIVE:
To design and analyze the circuits of slew rate and CMRR using 741 Op-amp.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
• Function generator
• Op-amp 741
• Power Supply
• Oscilloscope
• Bread board
• Resistors
THEORY:
The Slew Rate of an op amp describes how fast the output voltage can change in response to an
immediate change in voltage at the input. One of the practical op-amp limitations is the rate at
which the output voltage can change. The limiting rate of change for a device is called its "slew
rate". The slew rate for the 741 is 0.5V/microsecond. By formula Slew rate is defined as:
Where: Vout (t) is the output produced by the amplifier as a function of time t.
The slew rate also affects sine wave (and audio) signals as well as square waves. The rate of change
of voltages in a sine wave is continually varying, it is changing at its fastest rate as the signal
voltage crosses zero, and the rate of change falls momentarily to zero (no change) at both the
positive and negative peaks of the wave. If the slew rate of the amplifier cannot keep up with the
fastest rate of change of the signal, some distortion will be produced. Therefore, to be sure of
amplifying large amplitude signals that are most likely to produce large (and fast) rates of voltage
change, an op amp needs to have a sufficiently high value of slew rate to cope with the greatest
possible rate of voltage change. If the largest possible voltage swing and the highest frequency of
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the signal are known, the minimum required slew rate for the op amp can be calculated using the
formula:
SR ≥2 Π f x Vpk
Where: f is the operating frequency and Vpk is the peak amplitude of the waveform.
Figure: Slew rate effect on a square wave: red=

desired output, green= actual output.
Applying signals with transients that exceed this limit results in distorted output signals. The
slewrate can be measured by applying a large square waveform at the input. The frequency of the
input signal should be increased until the output becomes a triangular waveform. The slope of the
triangular waveform is the slew rate.
If a square wave is applied to the input of the op amp, the output should also be a square wave.
However, the fast rising and falling edges of the square wave can tend to cause the amplifier to
oscillate for a short time after the rise or fall. To prevent this effect, the op amp’s internal circuitry
contains a small amount of compensation capacitance that slows down the rate of change by acting
as a CR time constant so that very fast transient voltages do not trigger oscillation, but this
compensation also limits the slew rate of the op amp.
PROCEDURE
To measure slew rate, configure the op amp as a unity-gain buffer as shown below.

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Figure: Unity Gain Voltage Follower
1. Apply the input voltage through Function Generator (Vp=10).

2. Select the Oscilloscope in Dual mode.
3. Select the Square waveform from Function Generator
4. Vary the frequency of Function Generator from 1 KHz to 20 KHz and observe the slew
rate effect on the oscilloscope (Difference between input & output waveform).
5. Repeat 3 for Sinusoidal and triangular waveform and notice the difference.

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S.No. Vin 1 Vin 2 Vout Theoretical Vout
1. 9.98 V 10 V 9.98 V 0.02 V
2. 4.99 V 5V 4.99 V 0.01 V
3. 1.99V 2V 1.99V 0.01 V
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
The CMRR in an operational amplifier is a common mode rejection ratio. Generally, the op amp
as two input terminals which are positive and negative terminals and the two inputs are applied at
the same point. This will give the opposite polarity signals at the output. Hence the positive and
the negative voltage of the terminals will cancel out and it will give the resultant output voltage.
The ideal op amp will have the infinite CMRR and with the finite differential gain and zero
common mode gain.
Or in other words, the common mode rejection ratio is the measure of a differential amplifier's
ability to reject signals that applied simultaneously to both inputs. Practical operational amplifiers
have a finite nonzero common-mode gain. If the two input terminals of the op-amp are tied together
and a signal Vcm is applied, the output voltage will be proportional to the input voltage by some
constant. This constant will be the common-mode gain Acm. Figure below illustrates this
definition.

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Figure - Illustration and definition of the common mode gain
The ability of an op-amp to reject common mode signals is specified in terms of the common mode
rejection ratio (CMRR) that is defined as:
CMRR =
So the common mode voltage gain (Acm)

Acm = Vo/ Vin
And, differential mode gain (Ad)

Ad = Rf / Ri
Usually the CMRR is expressed in dB's.

CMRR = 20 x log Type equation here.

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S.No. Vin Rf Ri Ad = Vout Acm CMRR

Rf/Ri
1. 2V 100k 100 1k 35.612mv 0.030 90.45dB
2. 10V 50k 100 500 89.488mv 0.015 90.45dB
3. 5V 150k 100 1.5k 0.046 90.26dB

132.876mv
RESULT:
Attach the graph of the following circuit.

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Hamdard University

Hamdard University

Hamdard University

Hamdard University

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EXERCISE:
1. Does voltage gain affect slew rate?

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Answer:
Slew rate changes with the change in voltage gain. Therefore, it is generally specified at unity (+1) gain
condition. . This means that when a large step input signal is applied to the input, the electronic device
can provide an output of 10 volts in 1 microsecond.
2. Give reason whether the triangle waves suffer from slew rate limiting or not?
3. Calculate the common-mode voltage gain for the circuit
Acm = Vout/ Vcm
Acm = 0.0024

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4. Design the given circuit in Multisim and determine the common mode output voltage having
CMRR=65db.


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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Figure: Slew rate effect on a square wave: red=

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Figure: Unity Gain Voltage Follower

1. Apply the input voltage through Function Generator (Vp=10).

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

S.No. Vin 1 Vin 2 Vout Theoretical Vout

1. 9.98 V 10 V 9.98 V 0.02 V

2. 4.99 V 5V 4.99 V 0.01 V

3. 1.99V 2V 1.99V 0.01 V

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Figure - Illustration and definition of the common mode gain

So the common mode voltage gain (Acm)

And, differential mode gain (Ad)

Usually the CMRR is expressed in dB's.

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

S.No. Vin Rf Ri Ad = Vout Acm CMRR

2. 10V 50k 100 500 89.488mv 0.015 90.45dB

3. 5V 150k 100 1.5k 0.046 90.26dB

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

1. Does voltage gain affect slew rate?

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

3. Calculate the common-mode voltage gain for the circuit

Acm = Vout/ Vcm

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University

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